introduction to. what is forensic science? forensic science -the study and application of science to...
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Introduction To
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What is Forensic Science?
Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law.
Criminalistics – the examination of physical evidence for legal purposes
Forensic Science and Criminalistics are used interchangeably.
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Criminology
Includes the psychological angle: studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence
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Why do we look to science for assistance in
our legal system?• Increasing Crime Rates• New or Changed Laws• New Crimes• New Weapons • Response to Public
Concerns• Response to Law
Enforcement Concerns
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What are some goals of a Forensic
Scientist? To collect, test, and
preserve evidence. To determine the cause,
location, and time of death To provide timely,
accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system.
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History and development of Forensic Science “Forensic” comes from the
Latin word “forensis” meaning forum.
During the time of the Romans, a criminal charge meant presenting the case before the public.
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History and development of Forensic Science Both the person accused
of the crime & the accuser would give speeches based on their side of the story.
The individual with the best argumentation would determine the outcome of the case.
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History and development of Forensic Science Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
popularize crime detection methods through his fictional character Sherlock Holmes
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History and development of Forensic Science
The character, Sherlock Holmes, first applied these principles in Doyle’s novels:Serology (testing)FingerprintingFirearm IdentificationQuestioned-document examination
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History and development of Forensic Science
The following is just a brief list of those who have made the earliest contributions to the disciplines that now make up Forensic Science.
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Alphonse Bertillon
(1853-1914) “Father of Anthropometry” “Father of Personal Identification” Developed a system to distinguish
one individual person from another based on certain body measurements.
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ANTHROPOMETRYThe science of anthropometry: a systematic method of taking body measurements
Anthropometry was eventually replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900s
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Francis Galton(1822-1911) “Father of Fingerprinting” Developed fingerprinting as a way
to uniquely identify individuals. Studied fingerprints and
developed a method of classifying them
Proved the uniqueness of individual fingerprints and their use for personal identification
His ideas describe the principles used today in fingerprinting
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Hans Gross(1847-1915) “Father of Criminal
Investigations”
Wrote the book on applying all the different science disciplines to
the field of criminal investigation leading to the concept of
scientific crime detection.
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Leone Lattes(1887-1954) “Father of Bloodstain
Identification”
He developed the first workable procedure for determining the blood type (A, B, AB, or O) of a dried blood stain.
Developed the concept that blood typing could be a useful identification tool in criminal investigation.
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Calvin Goddard(1891-1955) “Father of Ballistics” Developed the technique to examine bullets, using a
comparison microscope, to determine whether or not a particular gun fired the bullets.
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Edmond Locard(1877-1966) “Father of the Crime Lab” Strong advocate of the use of the
scientific method in criminal investigation
In 1910, he started the 1st crime lab in an attic of a police station in France
With few tools, he quickly became known world-wide to forensic scientists & criminal investigators & eventually founded the Institute of Criminalistics in France.
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Edmond Locard(1877-1966)
His most important contribution was the “Locard’s Exchange Principle”
Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, there is always a transfer of material
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Locard’s Exchange Principle
“Every Contact Leaves a Trace.”
He believed that every criminal can be connected to a crime by particles carried from the crime scene.
When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.
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1. Metal particles carried on clothing from a crime scene can link a suspect to a crime
2. Soil samples found on the vehicle of a suspect can link the suspect to a crime scene
3. Plant material found on cars or clothing can link a suspect to a crime scene
Locard’s Exchange PrincipleExamples
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J. Edgar Hoover(1895-1972) “Father of the FBI” Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation during the
1930’s
Hoover's leadership spanned 48 yrs & 8 presidential administrations. His reign covered Prohibition, the Great Depression, WWII, the Korean War, the Cold War, & the Vietnam War.
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J. Edgar Hoover(1895-1972)
He organized a national laboratory to provide forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the U.S.
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation
Was created in 1932
The FBI Laboratory is now the world’s largest forensic laboratory, performing over one million examinations per year
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation
Opened the Forensic Science Research and Training Center in 1981
Center is dedicated to conducting research and developing new and reliable scientific methods that can be applied to forensic science
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LAPD & California
1923 - The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States was established by the L.A.P.D. under Director August Vollmer
1972- California Department of
Justice created model system of
state-operated crime laboratories
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Crime Laboratories
Crime labs can be government-run at the federal, state, or local level, or they can be private consulting businesses.
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Crime Laboratories
1. The Police Department2. The Prosecutors or District
Attorney’s Office3. The Coroner or Medical Examiner’s Office4. Universities as independent
testing facilities
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Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
Will assist any local agency that
requests assistance in investigative
matters
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
Housed under the Department of Justice
Largest lab Responsibilities:
1. Broad, investigative powers that exceed jurisdictions of state and local authorities
2. Expertise and technology support for criminal investigations
Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
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Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
Housed under The Department of Justice
Responsibilities1. Analysis of drugs seized in
violation of federal laws that regulate the production, sale, and transportation of drugs in the U.S.
Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Housed under The Department of Justice
Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)
Responsibilities:1. Analyzing alcoholic beverages and
documents relating to tax law enforcement
2. Examining weapons, explosive devices, and evidence relating to the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970
Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
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U.S. Postal Inspection Services (USPS)
Housed under The Department of Justice
Responsibilities:1. Investigates criminal acts relating
to the postal service2. Inspection of mail
Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.
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Other Federal Crime LabsFDA – Food and Drug
Administration Are responsible for protecting
food, drugs, cosmetics, and other FDA regulated products from theft, counterfeiting, fraud, tampering, and false advertising.
FDA Forensics Chemistry Lab is located in Cincinnati
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Other Federal Crime Labs
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Ashland, OR)
1st & only lab that specializes in wildlife
forensics.
Prevent poaching and hunting of
endangered species.
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Other Federal Crime Labs
Department of Homeland
Security
Department of the Treasury
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Physical Science Unit
This unit applies principles and techniques on chemistry, physics, and geology to the identify and compare crime scene evidence.
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Arson & Geology Units
(Sometime within the Physical Science Unit) Arson Unit
This unit deals with evidence from fires and looks for their causes
Geology Unit This unit would deal with trace evidence such as sand, soil, minerals, and rocks
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Biology Unit
Is for the purpose of identification and DNA profiling of dried blood stains and other body fluids, hairs, fibers, and botanical materials.
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Toxicology Unit
The unit for the examination of body fluids and organs for chemicals, drugs and poisons
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Serology Unit The unit for the
examination of blood and other bodily fluids (semen, saliva, etc.) for infection, diseases, and for diagnosis.
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Firearms & Tool mark Unit The unit for the examination
of firearms, bullets, cases, shells, and other types of ammunition
Some also examine tool marks and other weapons for identification.
Ballistics - the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets
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Polygraph Unit Polygraph or lie detector used
primarily as a tool of the criminal investigator
This unit is more of a tool for the criminal investigator than the forensic scientist.
Polygraph result are not admissible in court.
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Voiceprint Analysis Unit
Cases involving telephone threats, tape-recorded messages may use unit to identify persons
Sound patterns are suppose to be unique to the person & and are captured on a voiceprint
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Evidence Collection Unit
Trained personnel dispatched to a crime scene to collect & preserve evidence collected at the crime scene
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Photography Unit
They examine and record physical evidence via digital imaging, infrared, ultraviolet and x-ray photography. This area also prepares photographic courtroom presentations.
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Document Examination Unit
Ascertains authenticity and source of questioned documents and hand writing analysis, indented writings,
obliterations, erasures, and burned/charred documents.
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Latent Fingerprint Unit Develops, evaluates, and
compares latent fingerprint evidence by use of magnifier, microscope, and fingerprint comparator.
Determines identity of individuals and enters information into the Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(AFIS)
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Art –sketch composite drawings, age progression, image modifications, post-mortem skull reconstructions
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Medicine– doctors of medicine with special certification in pathology and forensic pathology. Most are M.E.s
They are concerned with determining cause
and circumstances in cases of questioned death.
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Forensic Disciplines **
Forensic Anthropology – studies human skeletal remains for identification
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Forensic Disciplines **
Forensic Psychology- evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime (profiling)
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Pathology -investigates the sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths. An autopsy is usually performed to obtain the answer.
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Odontology– examination of bite marks and dental features to identify a victim when the body is otherwise unidentifiable
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Entomology –studies lifecycles of insects and their relationship to crime scene investigation
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Forensic Disciplines
Forensic Palynology–studies pollen and spores
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Forensic Disciplines Forensic Engineering – is
concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, involvement of mechanical items and causes and origins of fires or explosions
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Role of a Forensic Scientist Analyze evidence and prepare
reports on the analyses
Testify in court as an expert witness.
***The emphasis is on SCIENCE!