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Throughout the ages the temple of LordJagannath, Puri had been invaded and

plundered for eighteen times in the annals ofhistory. The temple was a lucrativeplace of wealth for invaders toplunder. To non-Hinduinvaders the temple was agood place to display Zihad(Religious War). To loot itsproperty and profaneidols were motivesbehind everyinvasion. Owing toseries of inroads onthe temple of LordJagannath the triadwere exiled atvarious regions ofOrissa.

The invasionof Raktavahu on thetemple of Lord Jagannath isconsidered as the first one as per the record ofthe ‘Madalapanji’, the temple chronicle. AndrewStirling has reproduced the description ofRaktavahu’s invasion of the ‘Madalapanji’ in hiswriting in 1822. The story of Raktavahu’s invasionrecorded in the ‘Madalapanji’ indicates that hehad defeated the King Subhanadeva of Orissa.

Invasions on the Temple of Lord Jagannath, Puri

Abhimanyu Dash

During this invasion the deities were taken awayto Gopali, a village in Sonepur and keptunderground. Prof. K.C. Panigrahi has identifiedRaktavahu with Govinda-III, the Rastrakuta Kingof Deccan and Subhanadeva withSubhakaradeva-I of Bhaumakara dynasty. Toprove, Prof. Panigrahi has taken the help ofHindol plate of Subhakaradeva-III of 839 ADand Sanjan plates of Amoghavarsha. It is statedin the Sanjan plates of Amoghavarsha that theRastrakuta king Govinda-III (AD 798-814)

conquered Kosala, Kalinga, Vanga,Dahala and Odraka. UnderGovinda-III the Rastrakutasbecame invincible everywhere

and there is therefore nodoubt that they invaded

Odraka (Orissa).Basing on Hindolplate ofSubhakaradeva-IIIProf. Panigrahi statesthat Rastrakuta

King’s invasion of Orissa took place during thereign of Subhakaradeva-I.

Govinda-III alias Raktavahu approachedPuri with his army through the sea. The king ofOrissa fled from the city with the images ofJagannath and His associates lodged in a cart.

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The images reached in Western frontier of Sonepurand buried at a place known as Gopali. After 146years Yayati-I, the Somavamsi king got the imagesdug out, made new images, built a new temple atPuri and enshrined them there. Gopali, a villagewith a shrine of Jagannath, still exists at a distanceof 16 miles from Sonepur.1

Yayati-I after bringing back triadperformed ‘Navakalebara’ of deities at Puribecause of degraded conditions with the help ofservitors. The citadel of the Lords was fixed inthe temple measuring 38 Hatas (cubits at presentthe temple of Lord Nrusingh) beside the MuktiMandap in the precinct of Sri Jagannath temple.That is why king Yayati is regarded as the ‘SecondIndradyumna’ in the annals of history owing torestoration.2

During the period of invasion ofRaktabahu the deities were worshipped at Gopaliin Sonepur. At present the place is at Chhaliamountain in Kotsamali. The deities returned toShrikshetra during 814 A.D. and 819 A.D.3

The second invasion on the temple ofLord Jagannath was waged by Illias Shah theSultan of Bengal in 1340 A.D. during the reign ofNarasinghadeva-III. His defence system in thenorthern frontier of his empire was very weak.The military organization of the fort of Raibania innorth Balasore was not strong. The commandantsof the fort were bribed by Illias Shah.Narasinghadeva III felt insecured and kept hisqueens in the Giridurga near Simachalam. Heprepared militarily to defend his empire of Utkal.Inspite of his military arrangement to safeguardhis empire Illias Shah suddenly attacked thetemple of Jagannath in 1340A.D. He made havocamong the religious minded people of Puri. Thepeople ran in panic to save their lives. The soldiersof lllias Shah killed the people mercilessly and

looted the wealth of the temple. NarasinghadevaIII was unable to protect his people and thetemple. On the contrary he successfully hid thetriad in an unknown place. The incident revealsthe idea that no harm was done to the deities.

During the reign of the Ganga KingBhanudeva Ill the third invasion took place in 1360AD by Feroz Shah Tughluq, the Muslim ruler ofDelhi. At the time of invasion Bhanudeva - IIIwas not in his capital. He got the news of invasion.He returned Puri with his army and found no FerozShah Tughluq. Feroz went back Delhi via Jajnagar(Jajpur). Nothing is known about his desecrationof the triad and plunder of the temple. But scholarsbelieve that he had thrown the triad into theMahodadhi (Bay of Bengal). This kind of view isnot supported by historical evidence.

The fourth invasion was launched byIsmail Ghazi the commander of Allauddin HussainShah the Sultan of Bengal in the year 1509 A.D.The Suryavamsi King Prataprudradeva was theruler of Orissa who was in South at the time ofinvasion. The priests of the temple sailed the triadto the forthills of the ‘Chadheiguha Pahada’ in the‘Chilika Lake’. On being informed, KingPrataprudradeva rushed back from Deccan anddrove away Ismail to the point at Huguli in theBengal.4

The fifth invasion was launched by aMuslim invader Kalapahara in the year 1568 ADduring the reign of Mukundadeva Harichandan,the Chalukya King of Orissa. Kalapahara wasone of the army assistants of Sulaiman Karrani,the Afghan Sultan of Bengal. In this expeditionBayazid the son of Karrani was the commanderof the Bengal army. He was assisted by SikandarUzbeg and Kalapahara. The reasons of Karrani’sattack on the temple of Lord Jagannath wasMukundadeva’s entanglement in the political

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diplomacy which created much bad bloodbetween the two. Firstly, Mukundadeva gavepolitical shelter to Ibrahim Sur who was a greatenemy of Sulaiman Karrani. SecondlyMukundadeva committed another offence byexchanging envoys with the great Mughalemperor Akbar. In 1566 A.D Akbar sent envoysto the court of Mukundadeva and Mukundadevain exchange sent a Hindu ambassador namedParamananda Ray to the Court of the Mughalemperor.5 Akbar was a great enemy of SulaimanKarrani. These two offences committed byMukundadeva incurred great displeasure in themind of Sulaiman Karrani which paved the wayfor his Orissan invasion.

Kalapahara the Assistant Army Generalof Sulaiman Karrani led the expedition againstMukundadeva of Orissa in 1568 A.D. On thecontrary Mukundadeva sent RaghubhanjaChhotaraya to resist the army of Kalapahara butfailed. Raghubhanja proved traitor andKalapahara occupied Cuttack. So Mukundadevasurrendered before the Muslim army of Bengal.In the meantime Ramachandra Bhanja thecommandant of Sarangagarh fort (Baranga)rebelled against Mukundadeva. The latter waskilled at Gohiratikara (Near Jajpur) because ofthe two traitors Sikhi and Manai who were thegenerals of the King of Orissa. RamachandraBhanja was also killed by the invader.Ramachandra Bhanja who declared himself theking of Orissa finally proved himself as traitorbehind the assassination of Mukundadeva, the lastHindu king of Orissa. In the Madalapanji thistraitor has sometimes been described asRamachandra Bhanja and sometimes asRamachandradeva. The latter name seems to bemore correct.6 After occupation of the forts ofCuttack and Sarangagarh Kalapaharasuccessfully led his army to Puri to demolish thetemple of Jagannath. The servitors of the temple

got information of the fall of Katak (Cuttack) tothe hands of the Muslims. They hid the triad in anisland inside the ‘Chilika lake’ as stated in the‘Madalapanji’. The deities were hiddenunderground at Hastipatna in Parikuda identifiedwith Chhapali, Khepali and Hatipada. Kalapaharacould easily know about the secrecy of the hiddendeities. He carried the triad from ‘Chilika Lake’to the bank of the river Ganges on an elephantwhere he burnt them. Bisher Mohanty, aVaishnavite saint followed Kalapahara andmanaged to bring back the ‘Brahmas’ to KujangaGada keeping inside a Mridanga. Later on the‘Brahmas’ were brought to the Gopal temple ofKhurda Gada in 1575 A.D. by KingRamachandradeva. Subsequently the ‘Brahmas’were placed in the deities. The deities werebrought back to the temple of Jagannath fromKhurdagada.

It is stated in the same chronicle thatKalapahara destroyed the great temple ofJagannath upto the Amalakasila and defaced theimages. It is difficult to ascertain the truth of thestatement. But to us it seems that the temple wasnot pulled down or rased to the ground, thoughthe images were damaged and disfigured as faras possible. There is no archaeological evidenceto show that the temple was rebuilt at any time.The original temple as built by Chodaganga hascome down to us, though the carvings on the outerfaces of the temple have been damaged ordisfigured.7

A tradition in Bengal avers thatKalapahara was earlier a Brahmin by caste. Hisname was Raju alias Kalachand. He felt in lovewith Dulari, the daughter of the Sultan of Bengaland married her. But he wanted to retain hisreligion. The Hindu society refused to accept him.He came to the temple of Jagannath at Puri forexpiation. But the priests rebuffed him. This made

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him reactionary and revengeful. He took a vowto exterminate Hindu religion, images and temples.This theory is only traditional and does not haveany historical authenticity. Kalapahara was anAfghan. Kalapahara was a title used by manyAfghans. A nephew of Bahalul Lodi bore this name.Prof. P. Mukherjee observes that “the Muslimchronicles conclusively prove that Kalapahara wasa full blooded Afghan and not a Brahminrenegade.”8

Sulaiman Karrani died in 1572 A.D.followed by several invasions and plunders on thetemple of Lord Jagannath at Puri by his successiverulers namely Bayazid, Daud, Kuya Khan andKutlu Khan Lohani who ruled over Orissa oneafter another. After them the sixth invasion jointlywaged on the temple of Jagannath in 1592 A.D.by Suleman, the son of Kuthu Khan and Osman,the son of Isha (ruler of Orissa). They havockedpeople at Puri and killed them mercilessly. Theydesecrated the images of the great temple andplundered its wealth. By such action the invadersviolated the treaty earlier signed between Isha andRaja Mansingh in 1590 A.D. Mansingh theMughal general finally suppressed the militantactivities of these two Muslim invaders in 1592A.D. During this time Ramachandradeva, the Bhoidynasty ruler of Khurda took the leadership offeudatory rulers of Orissa who joined their handsagainst the Mughal rule. During the reign ofPurushottamadeva of Bhoi Dynasty MirzaKhurum, the commander of Islam Khan theNawab of Bengal invaded Puri in 1601 A.D whichis considered as the 7th attack on the temple ofLord Jagannath. The servitors of the temple couldsmell of it and shifted the triad to villageKapileswarpur near Puri in vessels through theriver Bhargavee. The deities were kept in thePanchamukhi Gosani temple at Kapileswarpur.Dola festival was celebrated in that temple.Thereafter the deities were shifted to Dobandha

— Pentha where the Lords passed eight monthswith ‘Shital Bhoga’ offerings. As per thedescription of the ‘Madalapanji’ Mirza Khuruminvaded Puri temple during the time of Dola Yatra.He found no deities in the temple and so lootedthe underground treasury.

Hasim Khan, the Subedar of Orissawaged the eighth invasion on the great temple ofLord Jagannath at Puri. This time PurushottamDeva was also the King of Khurda. He shiftedthe deities to the Gopal temple at Khurda beforeHasim's arrival at Puri. In order to satiate hismaster Jahangir the then Mughal emperor, HasimKhan plundered the temple of Jagannath at Puri.The deities returned to the temple of Jagannath atPuri by the King in 1608 A.D.

The ninth invasion on the temple ofJagannath was launched by a Hindu RajputJagirdar Kesodasmaru in 1610 A.D.Kesodasmaru was serving under Hasim Khan.He was a friend of Jahangir. He came to Puri indisguise of a pilgrim accompanied by his faithfulsoldiers without military uniform during celebrationof the car festival. They entered into the Jagannathtemple and occupied it. They converted the templeinto a fort. At that time the triad were in theGundicha temple. Kesodasmaru plundered croresof treasury of the temple of Jagannath.Unfortunately the king of Khurda Purusottamdevawas absent at Puri as Chherapahanra (Sweepingthe chariots) performed by Mudirath on behalf ofthe king. The king immediately rushed Puri withhis Paik soldiers, chariots, cavalry forces, elephantforces, arms and ammunitions to PunishKesodasmaru. The Paik soldiers jumped into thepremises of the temple with the help of chariotsthrough four gates. They fought against the Rajputsoldiers who were looting the wealth of the temple.Kesodasmaru ordered his soldiers to counterattack Paik army. The Rajput soldiers decided to

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bind up clothes tightly with bamboos, used oils inignited clothes which turned into fireballs and threwthem against the chariots to burn. The chariotsvery quickly caught fire and burnt into ashes. Somany Paiks died. The King was unable to facethe invader. The invader looted the wealth of thetemple and went away. During the course ofattack the deities remained in the Gundicha templefor eight months. They were brought back to thetemple of Jagannath by the help of Vimana.Kesodasmaru being a Hindu became an invaderon the temple of Lord Jagannath at Puri.

Prof. Surendranath Dash in his article‘Inroads on the temple of Sri Jagannath’ in thebook ‘Cultural Heritage of Odisha’ in Vol- XII,Page 214 has pointed out five reasons behind thisinvasion of Kesodasmaru in the following manner.

1. By the year 1610 A.D. the king of KhurdaPurushottama Deva had acknowledged theoverlordship of Delhi. However, he wasindependent from practical point of view. This didnot satisfy Hasim Khan.

2. At that time the Mughal officers could notoppress or suppress the semi- independent HinduKings for which they could not acquire muchwealth.

3. The concerned Subedars were alwayswatching an opportunity to abolish the semi-independent Hindu states.

4. In this line, the more advanced officerswere highly honoured.

5. The status and dignity of these officerswere increasing in the Durbar of Delhi.

Kalyan Malla became the next Subedarof Orissa after Hasim Khan. He ruled Orissa inbetween the years from 1611 A.D. to 1617 A.D.

In order to satiate his overlord Jahangir heattacked Khurda. Kalyan Malla the son of RajaTodar Mall, the revenue minister of Akbar becamethe Subedar of Orissa in 1611 A.D. after HasimKhan and remained in that post till 1617 A.D. Hefollowed the path of Kesodasmaru to satiate hisoverlord Jahangir. In 1611 A.D. Kalyan Mallamarched against Khurda and conquered manyterritories. Purushottamadeva, the King ofKhurda was compelled to surrender beforeKalyan Malla. On the eve of this tenth invasionthe Sevayats were frightened and shifted the triadto the ‘Mahisanasi’ in the Chilika Lake.Subsequently the place was called ‘Brahmapura’owing to the placement of ‘Brahma’ at that village.Since then the Lords were placed upon the‘Chakas’ (Round Citadel). So the place wastermed as ‘Chakanasi’. The triad remained therefor one year.

The King Purushottama Deva expressedhis desire to surrender. To maintain peace andorder he concluded treaty of understanding withKalyan Malla. Accordingly he offered his daughteras present to the service of the Mughal emperorJahangir. He also presented three lakhs of rupeesas Peshkash (tribute) to the royal exchequer alongwith one of his best elephants ‘Sesnaga' for theuse of the emperor.

This raid of Kalyan Malla has beendescribed in the ‘Madalapanji’ the templechronicle. But according to Mirza Nathan theevent of sending the daughter by PurushottamDeva is never true because the Gajapati Kingsnever keep their daughters at home after theirbirth. The daughters are generally sent to thehouse of the maternal uncle. This tradition ismaintained even now in the Gajapati family.Therefore it is said that Raja Kalyan Malla mighthave sent some other girl to the emperor only toplease him.9

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The circumstantial evidences confirm ourconviction that the attack of Kalyan Malla waslaunched to the Puri temple, but not of Khurda.Because according to ‘Madalapanji’, at the timeof Kalyanmalla’s plunder Lord Sri Jagannath wasnot in Srimandir but at ‘Mahisanasi’. It is therefore,apparent that before his attack on Puri the triadhad already been transferred to ‘Mahisanasi’.10

Kalyan Mall is known to have attackedon Puri temple twice. First time he not onlyattacked the temple but also looted its treasure.Besides, he had treacherously murdered a ministerand 16 skilled generals of the Khurda King.According to the version of ‘Madalapanji’, theKing was not at Puri. The second attack mighthave occurred in 1612 A.D. But this time he wasretaliated by the valiant Paiks who chased himupto Cuttack and killed many of his soldiers. Asa result of this he did not venture to attack Odishaupto A.D 1617.11 ‘According to RabindranathPratihari during the second phase of attack ofKalyan Mall the Lords placed in the Chap (Fleetof Boats) at Gurubai Gada from Mahisanasi. Thetriad passed a few days beneath the ‘LotaniBaragachha’ (Baniyan tree) getting down from thefleet. After that triad were worshipped at‘Dadhibaman Temple’.

Jahangir appointed Mukarram Khan asthe Governor of Orissa in 1617 AD. MukarramKhan waged the 12th attack on the temple ofLord Jagannath in 1617 A.D. He created asituation of reign of terror by his iconoclasticactivities. The priests of the Jagannath templecarried away the image of Jagannath toGobapadar in panic. Enraged by MukarramKhan’s iconoclastic activities, Raja PurusottamaDeva revolted. Mukarram therefore invadedKhurda. Purushottam could not withstand theattack and fled to Rajamahendri. The kingdomof Khurda was annexed to the Mughal territory

for a short time. Afterwards Purushottama Devasucceeded in installing himself as the Raja ofKhurda. On the contrary Mukarram Khan failedto trace the deities, fled with riches and gold butwas drowned in the waters. The deities kept in aMandap in the precinct of the Bankanidhi templefor some days and returned to Puri in 1620A.D.

Thirteenth invasion on the temple ofJagannath was launched by Mirza Ahmad Beg,the nephew of Moghul empress Nurjahan. AhmadBeg became the Governor of Orissa in 1621 A.D.He invaded Khurda as he found that KingPurusottam Deva was trying to strengthen hisposition with the help of the chiefs of Banapur,Ranapur, Karnata (near Banpur) where he died.Thereafter Narasingha Deva the son ofPurusottama Deva became the new King ofKhurda. Ahmad Beg put two terms beforeNarasingha Deva to accept. The terms were asfollows :

(1) The new king of Khurda willacknowledge his sovereignty.

(2) Ahmad Beg’s family members will bestationed at Cuttack.

Above terms of Ahmad Beg wererejected by Narasingha Deva. So out of angerAhmad Beg attacked Khurda in 1621 A.D.Narasingha Deva successfully resisted theMoghuls. At this stage the rebellious Moghulprince Shah Jahan arrived in Orissa with his army.Ahmad Beg left Khurda for Bengal out of fear.From Cuttack Shah Jahan proceeded toAllahabad and Oudh across Orissa. This marchof Shah Jahan through Orissa caused panic amongthe priests of Jagannath temple at Puri. Theycarried away the image of Jagannath to‘Andharigada’ in the mouth of the river Shaliaacross the Chilika lake. Efforts were made totransfer ‘Brahma’ to Gadamanitri in the Khurda

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District. The deities returned Puri in 1624 A.D.The triad were reinstalled on the golden throneand Mahaprasad was reintroduced.

The invasion of Amir Mutaquad Khanalias Mirza Makki is considered as fourteenth one.Mirza Makki became the new Governor of Orissaand ruled till 1641 A.D. During his GovernorshipNarasingha Deva was treacherously killed by hisnephew Gangadhar who occupied the throne ofKhurda. Mirzamakki invaded the Jagannathtemple for two times. His commander plunderedthe temple and the old palace at Balisahi. Theinvasion took place in the year 1645 A.D.

The fifteenth invasion was waged by AmirFateh Khan in 1647 A.D. He attacked the templeand plundered valuable gems like diamond, pearland gold etc.

In 1692 A.D. Aurangzeb the Moghulemperor issued an order to destroy the temple ofLord Jagannath. At that time Divyasingha Devawas the king of Khurda. Ekram Khan was theNawab of Orissa who waged this invasion on thetemple with the help of his brother Mastram Khan.The Nawab entered the temple and climbed tothe - golden throne of Jagannath. The treasure ofthe temple was looted. The King was unable toface the invader hidden in an unknown place.

Lord Jagannath was hidden behind the‘Bimala Temple’ in the precinct of the Srimandir.The triad were shifted one after another to ‘MaaBhagabati Temple’ at Gadakokal located atBrahmagiri block. As per records of the‘Madalapanji’ the Bije- pratima (Representativesof Lords) were transferred to Gadakokal. Thenthe deities were shifted to Bada Hantuada inBanpur across the Chilika Lake. The deities werereturned to Puri in 1699 A.D. This was thesixteenth invasion on the temple of LordJagannath.

Muhammad Taqi Khan became NaibNazim (Deputy Subedar) of Orissa from A.D.1727 to 1734. During his time he invaded thetemple of Jagannath for two times in 1731 A.D.and 1733 A.D. He invaded the temple withiconoclastic zeal. He invaded to demolish thetemple, desecrate the God and plundered itstreasure. So the servitors removed the idols toHariswar in Banpur, Chikili in Khalikote,Rumagarh in Kodala, Athagada in Ganjam andfinally to Marda of Kodala. Kodala located inAthagada region considered as a safe place forthe idols as this place was under the rule of Nizamof Hyderabad and not of Moghuls. Marda itselfwas situated inside a dense forest and hills. Sothe place was invincible for the invaders. The rulerof Athagada Jagannath Harichandan Jagadev hadstrong family relation with the Gajapati rulers ofKhurda. The idols were kept at Marda from29.12.1733 to 31.12.1736. At Marda a beautifultemple was hastily constructed and arrangementwas made for all the rituals of Lord Jagannath.Even it is believed that the Rath Yatra was heldhere with full vigour. The temple is a twochambered Pidha style with Jagamohan andVimana. Marda is considered as the second homeof Sri Jagannath. A regular temple of reasonablesize and shape with all architectural features wasconstructed here within a very short period andregular worship was arranged with full austerity.After the departure of the gods the templecontinues to remain vacant for centuries. The godsstayed there for two and half years. However thestay of gods at Athagada is recognized by lightingof a lamp on every Ekadasi day during eveningfollowed by the recitation of a Sloka in honour ofHarichandan Jagadeva. There did exist a closelink between the two ruling families.12

The King Birakishore Deva wasfrightened with the Maratha Bargis. So MarathaDewan Bahadur Khan wrote a letter to the King

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in 1752 A.D. with the assurance that no invasionwould be launched on the Jagannath temple duringthe Maratha rule. The servitors should continueworship of the deities as usual without fear. It wasthe direction of the Maratha Dewan to KingBirakishore Deva.

But an unwanted incident occurred at Puriin the year 1881 A.D. That the followers of Alekhreligion did not recognize Jagannath worship. Inthat year a large number of the followers of theAlekh religion came from Sambalpur and Raipurregions to Puri. They entered the Jagannathtemple. According to ‘Utkal Dipika’ they broughtthe images of Jagannath, Balabhadra andSubhadra out of the temple and burnt them onGrand Road at Puri which was recorded in therecords of police. As a result the invaders wereimprisoned.13

The most significant feature in the history ofinvasion on the great temple of Lord Jagannath atPuri that in no case the ‘Brahma’ of the deitieswere destroyed which continued till today. Theservitors played an important role in safeguardingthe triad at the time of danger. The Kings havetaken care of the temple from destruction bysurrendering before the invaders. In Ayodhya,Kasi and Mathura the mosques have been builtin place of the temples due to Muslim invasion.At Puri the temple of Lord Jagannath remainedstandstill at the time of invasion. No mosque hadbeen erected which is the miracle of the deities.The people of Puri have suffered but kept thetemple safe.

References:

1. K.C. Panigrahi, “The Bhaumakaras”, in‘History of Orissa’, Cuttack 1995, PP-78-79.

2. Rabindranath Pratihari, “Exile”, in ‘CulturalHeritage of Odisha’, Puri Dist.(ed) G.Mohanty(et.al), Vol. XII, part-III, Bhubaneswar, 2010,P-188.

3. Ibid, P-199

4. Ibid, P-189

5. K.C. Panigrahi, “The Chalukyas”, ‘History ofOrissa’, Cuttack, 1995, P- 242

6. Ibid, P- 243

7. lbid, P-244

8. Ibid, P-245

9. P.C. Das, “The Afghan and the Mughals”,‘History of Orissa’. New Delhi, 1994, PP.69-70.

10. Surendranath Dash, “Inroads “, in ‘CulturalHeritage of Odisha’, Puri Dist. (ed) G. Mohanty(et.al) Vol, XII, Part-Ill, Bhubaneswar, 2010, P-215.

11. Ibid

12. Amiya K. Pattnayak, “Sri Jagannath “, in‘Cultural Heritage of Odisha, Puri Dist. (ed) G.Mohanty (et.al), Vol. XII, Part- III,Bhubaneswar, 2010, PP-206-207

13. Bansidhar Mohanty, “Etihasre Sri JagannathMandir O Sri Jagannath”, Bhubaneswar, 1982,P-106.

Abhimanyu Dash, Lecturer in History, Surajmal SahaMahavidyalaya, Puri – 752001.