iogp e&p sound & marine life jip -...
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IOGP E&P Sound & Marine Life JIP
SPE France – 6th December 2018
Kirsty Speirs
www.soundandmarinelife.org
E&P Sound & Marine Life JIP (SML JIP)
The JIP members firmly believe that effective policy must stem from good,
independent science.
Advancements to understanding of the effect of E&P sound on marine life
helps us all make better decisions and develop effective mitigation
strategies as appropriate.
SML JIP History
• 2005• 9 participants• No research
budget
Phase 1
• 2006 -2009• 14 participants• 25 MUSD
budget
Phase 2• 2010-2012• 11 participants• 14 MUSD
Budget
Phase 2Ext
• 2013-2015• 13 participants• 19.5 MUSD
budget
Phase 3
• In planning
SML Research Program
Physical research has been ongoing since 2006 with a combined budget spend of 58.5MUSD
SML JIP Structure
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Executive CommitteeApproves projects
Research ProjectsConducted by independent researchers
99% are contracts
> 20% funding success rate> 90% come from RFP
Technical Management CommitteeRecommends projects for approval
Coordinates technical management of projects
Communications CommitteeCoordinates development of materials to
communicate about the SML JIP
Scientific
Advisor
External
Advisory Panel
SML JIP Objectives
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• To advance understanding of the interaction between sound from oil
and gas operations and marine life, the JIP identifies and
commissions research to:
1. Support planning of E&P projects and risk assessments,
2. Provide the basis for appropriate operational measures that are
protective of marine life,
3. Inform policy and regulatory development.
SML JIP Status
6
• $58.5 MUSD committed by industry since
2006
• 84 projects developed since 2006
• 27 projects ongoing
• > 120 peer-reviewed publications
• Regular meetings with international regulators
groups (IOPER)
• Regular conference attendance &
sponsorship of key events
SML JIP Research Categories
i. Sound Source Characterization
ii. Physical, physiological and hearing effects of noise
iii. Behavioral responses and biological significance
iv. Mitigation and Monitoring
v. Technology development
vi. Communication
SML JIP Category I
3D Source Characterization Study
• Large study mapping the 3D acoustic field of a
seismic source array in deep water with
comprehensive angles
• Characterized horizontal propagation and
spectral characteristics of seismic source array
• Significantly improves industry sound exposure
estimates and risk assessments
• Modelling benchmarking for improved accuracy
in notional signature models, propagation
models
SML JIP Category II
Mysticete hearing models (minke &
humpback whales)
• Analyze auditory anatomy coupled with
FEM simulations and experimental
response measurements
• Determine acoustic energy flow from the
external environment to the inner ear
• It is not possible to extrapolate hearing
ranges and sensitivities across taxa
Industry needs audiogram data for
appropriate regulation!
Head
DissectionsEars
Tissue property/Mechanical Velocity
Response of Middle Ear
COMPOSITE
AUDIOGRAM
UHRCT Imaging
Histology
Calculation of Frequency Maps
3D Measurement of Curvature and
Membranes (LF-UHF)
PROCESS:
ANATOMICAL BIOMECHANICAL
Middle Ear Impedance/Transfer
Function
FEM Simulation of Middle Ear
Response
SML JIP Category III
PCoD Model (Population Consequences of Disturbance)
SML JIP Category IV
PAMGUARD Development
• Aiming to provide standardised PAM
software for a wide range of species
• Actions
– Detection
– Classification
– Localization
– Other (mapping, data storage, display,
noise measurement, data input….)• Provides an open source, standard and
dependable option for marine mammal
monitoring at sea.
SML JIP Category V
Autonomous Technology Platform/Sensor Understanding
• Review of available UAS and AUV platforms and sensors technologies
– Enhance the understanding of how UAS and AUV systems can be used for mitigation and impact monitoring and for estimating population status and trends of marine life (including sea turtles and fish).
– Critical assessment and comparative SWOT analysis of the monitoring methods and systems as well as recommendations for further work.
SML JIP Category VI
Richardson et al – Marine Mammals and Noise
“The most authoritative book on underwater noise (as well as airborne noise) impacts on
marine mammals”
• First published in 1995
• JIP project to create a similarly encyclopedic reference.
• The revised authors reflects the great increase in depth and breadth of the literature on this topic over the past 20-plus years.
• New book release expected 2019
SML JIP Project Examples
• Marine Vibrator Technology Environmental Impact Assessment
• Hearing Recovery in Marine Mammals Exposed to Intermittent Impulse Sounds
• Marine Mammal / Protected Species Observer Data Analysis
• Comparison of Low Visibility Real-time Monitoring Techniques
• Improvements for Towed Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM)
• Behavioral Response of Fish to Sound from Airguns
• Masking
• Hearing audiogram development for arctic seals
• Hearing ability in sea turtles
SML JIP Outlook
• Current research studies will likely continue through 2020/2021
• Future research format
–Sustainable long-term collaborative research program
–Recognizes the possibility for further evolution of:
• Regulation
• Stakeholder concerns
• Technology
–Research needs to driven by operational needs & challenges
–Applicability to multiple activities, not just seismic acquisition
SML JIP Information
Library with links to publications and
reports from JIP-sponsored research
Details on research focus areas
Funding opportunities
A New Website and Library Databasewww.soundandmarinelife.org
www.soundandmarinelife.org
A geophysical operator perspective on
underwater sound
Society of Petroleum Engineers, Paris, December 6, 2018
Isabelle Lambert, VP, Environment & Sustainable Development, CGG
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Dans la Cour, Pierre Salvadori (2004)
CGG at a glance
87 years
of pioneering
Over
1,000,000km² of
offshore data
Around
5,300employees
5.5 million
Sercel land channels
deployed worldwide
Among the world’s top
15for computing capacity
350staff dedicated to R&D
35 locations
worldwide
29 Subsurface
Imaging centers
worldwide
3
4
Sound waves & geophysical data acquisition
Judd Basin, West of Shetland, Courtesy of CGG Multi-Client & New Ventures
Source: US NOAA Ocean Noise Strategy Roadmap
Sound & marine life: a typical scientific controversy
With operational
prevention measures in
place, no risk that
seismic injures
cetaceans
Underwater sound is a
recently defined pollutant
Scientific knowledge
gaps remaining
Topic of interest to large
variety of stakeholders
Biological sounds
Man-made sounds
Geological/meteorological sounds
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Source: Convention for the Protection of the Marine
Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR)
RESEARCHOPERATIONAL
PROCEDURES
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENTS
6
Managing sound & marine life impacts
EXPAND KNOWLEDGE PREVENT INJURY MINIMIZE DISTURBANCE
Research
Participating in E&P Joint Industry
Programme Sound & Marine Life
Partnering with scientific labs &
Universities to inform & guide
technology developments
Discussing methods at scientific
events ; publishing in scientific
journals
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Follow Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) & national
guidelines
Visual and acoustic detection
of cetaceans and turtles
Soft-start of the source
Source shutdown when
cetacean/turtle in the
« exclusion zone »
Marine life observation reports
assessed by environmental
authorities8
Operational Procedures
Technology Developments: Passive Acoustic Monitoring
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12:27:36 UTC12:34:38 UTC
12:37:03 UTC
12:46:08 UTC 12:47:03 UTC
Sensor redundancy → Detection accuracy
Sperm whale tracked with QuietSea Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM)
2017-10-23 – CGG SIRIUS in US GoM
Technology developments: starting with the source
Dual-band 5-125 Hz
Operating depth 5-40 m
Twin piston design
Electrical actuator
Mechanical design &
acoustic fidelity of prototype
validated in both
controlled environments &
offshore field test
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Conventional source
Testing for the lowest sound source as possible according to
geology
Alternative source – Marine vibrator (in development)
License to Operate Challenges
11
Global Policy Trends
Bans on hydrocarbon exploration &
production paved the way for enhanced
pressure against seismic projects
Higher Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) standards for seismic,
including thorough public consultations
Extension of precautionary principle, with
compensations increasingly required
regardless of actual demonstrated impact
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The Guardian, October 2018
Les Echos, November 2018
Local Project Acceptance
Importance of good quality socio-economic baseline assessments
Early stakeholder engagement with two-way communication flows
During operations, prompt response to conflicts of usage & concerns
Fostering local content and engaging in proportionate social responsibility
initiatives
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Conclusion
Confidential14
Conclusion
Clearly communicate: with operational measures in place,
sound emissions from seismic do not injure nor do they
significantly disturb cetaceans
Acknowledge remaining knowledge gaps: contribute to a
quality debate by fostering best available science
Compete on Best Available Technology
Continual improvement of environmental stewardship
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Thank you!
Jean-François SIGRIST
SPE France – Roundtable « Oil and Gas: a Leading Industry in Understanding and Managing “Noise” Issues », technip FMC,
La Défense, 6 décembre 2018
Vessel acoustic signature and
numerical simulation
Silence, ça tourne !
Le bruit des navires : un enjeu majeur de l’industrie navale
Challenge (1/5) – Une gamme de fréquence étendue
[Sigrist, 2015]
Challenge (2/5) – Représentation des sources de bruit
[Grosset, 2017]
Challenge (3/5) – Un problème multi-physique
[Clément, 2015]
Challenge (4/5) – Modélisation d’incertitudes
[Rouleau, 2012]
Challenge (5/5) – Des techniques de calcul efficaces
[Naval Group]
Vibro-acoustique sous écoulement (1/2) – Principe de calcul
Vibro-acoustique sous écoulement (2/2) – Calcul vibratoire
Excitation induite par le fluide (1/5) – Méthodes de calcul
[Slama, 2017]
Excitation induite par le fluide (2/5) – DNS, LES, RANS
[Naval Group / Ecole Centrale de Nantes]
Excitation induite par le fluide (3/5) – Modèle hybride
Données issues d’un calcul RANS
Dérives d’une fonction de Green connue
Coefficients de corrélation à modéliser
[Slama, 2017]
Excitation induite par le fluide (4/5) – Méthode alternative
[Slama, 2017]
Excitation induite par le fluide (5/5) – Exemple de calcul
[Slama, 2017]
Réponse vibratoire de la structure (1/4) – Méthodes de calcul
A(ω,ξ ) = −ω 2M− iω 3
C+K(ξ )
aN(ω,ξ )x
N(ω,ξ ) = b
N(ω,ξ )
A(ω,ξ )X(ω,ξ ) = b(ω,ξ )
Méthode directe
Méthodes modales
Energies modales
Base réduite [Leblond-Sigrist, 2016]
Réponse vibratoire de la structure (2/4) – Exemples de calcul
[Leblond-Sigrist, 2016]
Réponse vibratoire de la structure (3/4) – Autres applications
[Leblond et al., 2017]
Réponse vibratoire de la structure (2/4) – Prise en compte d’incertitudes
[Leblond et al., 2017]
Des techniques efficaces ?
[Leblond et al., 2017]
Bibliographie
CLÉMENT Adrien – Etude hydroacoustique de la réponse d’une structure à une excitation de couche limite turbulente. Thèse de Doctorat, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers (2015). GROSSET Océane – Identification de la pression pariétale turbulente par
problème inverse vibratoire dans les domaines aéronautique et naval. Thèse de Doctorat, Université du Maine (2017). LEBLOND Cédric, SIGRIST Jean-François – A reduced basis approach for the parametric low frequency response of submerged viscoelastic structures. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 119, 15-29 (2016). LEBLOND Cédric (et al.) – Application de la méthode de Base Réduite pour la réponse vibroacoustique de structures immergées avec paramètres incertains. 13ème Colloque National en Calcul de Structures (2017). SLAMA Myriam – Généralisation des modèles stochastiques de pression turbulente pariétale pour les etudes vibro-acoustiques via l’utilisation de
simulations RANS. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Aix-Marseille (2017). ROULEAU Lucie – Modélisation vibro-acoustique de structures sandwich munies de matériaux viscoélastiques. Thèse de Doctorat, Conservatoire National des Arts & Métiers, Paris (2013). SIGRIST Jean-François – Fluid-Structure Interaction: An Introduction to Finite
Element Coupling. Wiley (2015).
Structure Borne NoisePA/GA Intelligibility problematics on Oil and Gas projects
Bruno CRIVELLI – Acoustic Lead Engineer
2018-12-06
Introduction-Structure borne noise
1. What is structure borne noise?
2. Why shall we control structure borne noise?
3. On which Projects shall it be considered?
4. How to manage with structure borne noise on a Project?
5. How to control structure borne noise on a Project?
6. Conclusion
We are used to talk about air borne noise : the noise which propagates in the air but noise can also be conducted by the structure : SBN
Structure borne noise is issued from the vibration of a structure (generated by a source as an equipment), such as a wall, which generates a small movement of the air molecules and therefore noise (without air, no noise).
Structure borne noise propagates through the structure far away from its source. A good example is a drillinginto a concrete wall of a building that is heardeverywhere inside the building.
What is structure borne noise (SBN) ?
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* Source: Noise and Vibration Control Engineering
*
On which Projects shall it be considered?
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Structure Borne Noise shall be considered for :
- Offshore and modularized onshore Projects
- When vibrating sources are close to quiet areas (noise requirement <50dBA) such as
control rooms, offices, meeting rooms, lounges, etc.
Sources:
Equipment generating high
energy and therefore high
vibration loads
Transmission
Path:
Structure
(primary and
secondary
beams)
Receptors:
Rooms where
noise limits are
stringent
Objective : To identify a potential risky situation ASAP on project
How to manage with SBN on a Project?Conceptual and FEED Phases
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Qualitative Analysis
• Locations of the quiet areas (enclosed in red) for
which noise limit was low,
• Locations of the potential structure borne noise
sources,
• Identification of the vibration paths (green
arrows)
Quantitative Analysis
• Assessment of Structure Borne Noise
contribution based on the propagation
path, vibration attenuation and noise
attenuation
Assessment of SBN can be performed using a Finite Element Modelling of the Structure.
This modelling taking into account the energy provided by each potential SBN source will allow assessing vibration velocity levels on each side of the room with a good accuracy.
Then these vibration velocity levels are converted using the same approach as in FEED Phase.
This modelling can also be updated/modified to implement SBN mitigation measures.
How to deal with SBN on a Project?Detailed Engineering Phase
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To impose to Vendor vibration requirements at the interconnecting points between the equipment skid and the structure. This can be performed throughthe vibration data sheets.
To reduce the transmission of the vibrations, anti vibrating mounts (AVM) canbe implemented either between the equipment skid and the structure, eitherbetween the equipment and its skid.
How to control SBN on a Project? (Vendor scope)
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Foundation or deck
Equipment skid
Rotating equipment
(Pump, compressor,
generator, etc.)
Interconnecting
point between
structure and
equipment skid
Rotating equipment
(Motor, turbine, etc.)Potential anti
vibrating mounts
Possible mitigation measures on the room design:
• To put up specific false floor made of different layers of materials (marine floors),
• To put up partitions with mineral wool and not polystyrene,
• To put up false ceiling with high absorption coefficient.
How to control SBN on a Project? (Engineering Scope)
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The 2 different ways to reduce and control structure borne noise are to act on
the equipment or to act on the room materials. Both can be necessary.
As always in acoustics, acting on the source is the preferred option.
Conclusion on SBN
Structure borne noise shall not be considered for all the projects but can have a significant impact in the quiet areas in offshore and in module installations.
During Conceptual and FEED phases structure borne noise can be assessed to defineits criticity on a Project.
Structure borne noise can be assessed in the quiet areas by vibro-acoustic specialistsusing specific calculation tools.
Structure borne noise can be controlled by reducing vibrations transmitted from the equipment to the structure and by using the appropriate materials for the quiet areas.
In order to reduce structure borne noise, it is really important to act at the soonest in the design of the project.
Conclusion
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Intelligibility in PA/GA
1. What is intelligibility?
2. Main parameters that influence intelligibility measurements and design
3. Limitations due to oil and gas environment and outdoor situations
4. Design ways to improve the situation
5. Conclusion
Intelligibility: the quality or condition of being intelligible; capability of being understood.
Intelligibility shall not be confused with audibility which means that you can hear something.
What is intelligibility?
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IEC 60268-16: Sound system equipment – Part 16: Objective rating of speech intelligibility by speech transmission index
Rating
Based on calculation taking into account:
1. Full frequency spectrum from 125 Hz to 8 kHz
2. Reverberation time RT,
3. Signal to noise ratio,
4. Corrections due masking effects, human voices, speech reception threshold.
Main parameters that influence intelligibility measurements and design
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Spectrum, reverberation time and signal to noise ratio are the mains parameters
that influence the rating.
Reverberation Time (RT)
Do not have a real sense outside.
Has been defined and is used to qualify the acoustic of closed spaces (Auditorium, theater, cinema, concert hall, offices, etc.)
Limitations due to oil and gas environment and outdoor situations
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There is a problem of physical meaning in considering RT for outdoor.
Loudspeakers
Shall be ATEX, remote controlled, etc.
Frequency response of loudspeakers in the low frequencies
Human voice frequencies are typicallyaround 120Hz for a male and 200Hz for a woman.
Limitations due to oil and gas environment and outdoor situations
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Not really adapted to human voice frequency range
Calculations as per IEC 60268-16
Signal to noise ratio is bounded [-15;+15] dB
Industrial equipment generate more noise in low frequencies (<500Hz) than in High frequencies.
Limitations due to oil and gas environment and outdoor situations
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Intelligibility calculation is not adapted to outdoor Oil and Gas environment, how to
improve the situation?
Reducing RT by setting absorbent material in outdoor environment. But what about the compatibility with fire and explosion risks, cost?
Increasing signal to noise ratio. Limited effect as it is bounded in the calculations.
Modifying the loudspeaker response using filter or booster in low frequencies. Risk to destroy the loudspeakers.
Design ways to improve the situation
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The above solutions are not really satisfactory
Increase in the number of loudspeaker with lower signal power for each loudspeaker. This is the solution which seems the most realistic, however, it stays unperfect as the low frequencies will still be used.
Combine last solution with recorded message in the high frequencies where the loudspeakers response is the best. This will not change the calculation results of intelligibility but will improve it on site.
Design ways to improve the situation
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There are few ways to improve the design to get a good intelligibility in outdoor
environment
Conclusion on intelligibility in PA/GA
Take care to not confuse audibility and intelligibility.
Intelligibility criteria in industrial outdoor environment should be avoided.
Good intelligibility in outdoor oil and gas environment should not be ensured.
Increasing the number of loudspeakers improve the situation but doesn’t fully solve the problem (high noise levels obtained).
Using recorded messages in high frequencies will get a favorable impact on site to getunderstandable messages.
Conclusion
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Thank you for your attention
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