IOT AND WEARBLE GAS SENSORS FOR SAFETY, HEALTH, AND WELLBEING!

PRESENTED BY JOSEPH R. STETTER, PH.D.

Advanced Solutions for Generator Safety Ed Stetter, GM/CFO KWJ Engineering Inc. efs@kwjengineering.com 8430 Central Ave, Suite C (510) 405-5911 Newark, CA 94560 Cell: (312) 485-4336 www.kwjengineering.com

1 July 12-14, 2016 Moscone Center , San Francisco, CA

Overview

• Innovative Solutions in Gas Detection since

1993 • Advanced Research and Development in Gas

Detection • NSF, NIH, DOD, NASA, Private Companies and

Institutes • Custom gas sensing solutions – OEM Provider • Niche market leaders in Carbon Monoxide and

Ozone • Growth from 10 employees in 2007 to more than

30 today.

• R&D Capabilities • Smaller, lower power, less expensive, and ever-

more-capable sensing platforms. • High performance algorithms, compensation,

operating protocol • Integration into sensing systems and customer

solutions sold worldwide. • Wireless and wearable

Battery USB Management

Battery Charging & Power Management SPEC Sensors’

Electrochemical Gas Sensors

BLE Antenna

Tri-Color LED Indicator

Temp, Pressure & RH Sensors Microprocessor

& ADC

EC Sensor Analog Front End

Product Lines – KWJ • Eco Sensors – the low cost leader in ozone instruments

• Broad application for industrial ozone, diverse sensor technology, ambient and dissolved ozone

• Worldwide distribution

• KWJ In-line OEM • CSA Approved 10ppm Alarm for Supplied Breathing Air • Low pressue cylinder alarms • Pipeline leak detectors

• KWJ Pocket CO - wearable

• Low power, tiny direct-reading CO monitor, safety, health. • High performance in a small, convenient package

• KWJ-WSN – IoT

• Wireless gas sensors for commercial/light industrial, residential • Low cost and easy to set up. Long battery life.

Overview

4

• Founded in 2012 to launch the world’s smallest, lowest cost, high performance electrochemical gas sensors

• SPEC Sensors are ultra-low power, ideal for long life battery powered or energy harvested applications

• UL 2034 (& ETL) Recognized Carbon Monoxide Sensor!

WHAT DO WE NEED? HOW WILL WE FIND IT? AND WHY GAS SENSORS ARE IMPORTANT!

“When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science.” and

“If you can’t measure it, you can’t improve it! ” William Thompson [Lord Kelvin] British physicist 1856-1932

"Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so." Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642 Scientist, Italy When Model Ts started rolling off the Ford Motor Company assembly line in 1908, there was no established market for a mass-produced automobile. But Henry Ford knew that the world was changing around him. “If I had asked people what they wanted,” Mr. Ford famously said, “they would have said faster horses.” Henry Ford – 1863-1947, American Industrialist.

We breath more often than we eat. We should care about what we breathe!

Age Resting – Breaths per Minute

Birth to 6 weeks 30-60 6 months 25-40 3 years 20-30 6 years 18-25 10 years 17-23 Adults 16-20 > 65 years 12-28 > 80 years 10-30

Source: Wikipedia

Fresh Air Outdoor Pollution Indoor Pollution

Carbon Dioxide >400ppm – was 340! 400 ppm plus DCV-1000ppm+ Comfort &

Productivity

Carbon Monoxide <2ppm EPA Criteria Pollutant Combustion sources; life, death, health

Nitrogen 78.1% Background gas

Particles trace Yes – loading docks, Pb Yes - dust

Oxygen 20.95% Life giving gas

Argon < 1% Background gas

Nitrogen Dioxide trace EPA Criteria Pollutant From combustion

Sulfur Dioxide trace EPA Criteria Pollutant From combustion

Ozone Sea level/ stratosphere EPA Criteria Pollutant Bad ozone

Hydrogen Sulfide trace Oil and Gas, Sewers Smelly gas – bacterial, fracking

Formaldehyde none VOC pollutant A popular VOC – building materials

Methane none Greenhouse gas, Fuel Fracking leaks, explosive fuel

VOCs none Yes - gasoline Yes - solvents

What is in the air we breath?

3.7 Million Deaths from Ambient/Outdoor Air Pollution

4.3 Million Deaths from Indoor/Household Air Pollution

World Health Organization, March 2014: Globally in 2012, 1 in 8 deaths attributable to air pollution

COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema ALRI: Acute Lower Respiratory Infection; such as acute bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia IHD: Ischemic Heart Disease; reduced blood supply to heart often by atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease

Demographics Impacted by Air Pollution

Chronic Exposure to Traffic Jams

Respiratory Challenged Elderly, Infirm, children, pets,

Exercising in Pollution

Fetuses, Babies, Small Children

Low birth weight, asthma attacks, brain death, cardiac arrest

Death by Breath – Study Reports that about 50% of Delhi school children have irreversible lung damage! Delhi is 50th in rank as world’s most polluted city – Beijing 79th! Written by Aniruddha Ghosal , Pritha Chatterjee | New Delhi | Updated: April 2, 2015 http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ landmark-study-lies-buried-how-delhis-poisonous-air-is-damaging-its-children-for-life 5:20 pm REPORTED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES IN 2015

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

Think now!

HEALTH EFFECTS and Air Quality; SEVERE AND GETTING WORSE!

The USA has a number of bilateral and international clean air agreements with countries - Mexico, Thailand, India, Europe, Taiwan, and China [Obama Nov. 2014 – US and China will cut greenhouse gas emission by 25% by 2025!]; Paris 2015!] Climate change is a recognized reality!

The last remaining section of Antarctica’s Larsen B Ice Shelf — 625 square miles, a barrier to keep glaciers from melting into the ocean, is rapidly disintegrating and expected to disappear by 2020 [NASA report May 2015]. Global sea levels rise.

? WHAT IF ? Polar ice melts and seas rise and 1/2 the state of Florida is under water

and New York has to be moved inland, extreme weather persists, droughts worsen, food prices rise, forest fires rage, coral reefs disappear, species vanish, pollen allergies increase, invasive species cause massive

deforestation, animal migration changes, and snowcapped mountain peaks are history!!!

Think about saving Planet Earth for

our Children!

Where it all started; People can Change governments and their Environment

1952 London

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

IT TAKES AWARENESS! MEASUREMENTS!

“Last month was the hottest month on record, the month before was the second hottest month, last year was the hottest year on record, the year before was the second hottest year, last decade was hottest decade on

record, and the decade before was the second hottest…is there a pattern here!” John Kerry, Secretary of State, USA, June 2016.

WHAT WE PUT INTO THE AIR IS CAUSING THESE EFFECTS! We must care what WE breathe and what we put in OUR atmosphere!

Solutions – world wide networks to provide actionable information!

• All the pollutants can be measured; of course! • EPA has reference methods for outdoor air • OSHA covers workplace air • Indoor air begins but currently a bit of an orphan! Market challenge!

• Heretofore solutions or sensor networks are not “at the same time” small, low cost, AND high performance! • Spec-Sensors enable high volume/distributed networks!

• New Design, New Scalable Process, chip-size sensors! • SPEC SENSORS – innovative new designs, new processes!

• Semiconductor paradigm – higher volumes, smaller size lower costs!

The SPEC Sensor System! “Power, performance, control, communication”

• SPEC Proprietary Sensor element or electrochemical cell • SPEC has complex printable nano-structured-ink-catalyst materials • Unique geometry – scalable manufacture for low cost in high volume • Adaptable operational parameters, long life - 17 years MTBF.

• High performance electronics: • hardware/firmware/software • Precision analog front end • A/D + uP enables digital signal conditioning; interface to IoT • Smart algorithms enhance ppb-level stability.

Where would you use these sensors?

Around a Smart City

In a Connected Car

In a Smart Building

In your purse/backpack

On your wrist

Tiny Zero Power PPB sensors how hard is it? What are the facts! • Electrochemical sensors are unmatched for low power!

• The sensor itself produces a power! [nanowatts-microwatts]! • HMOX, TCD, Pellister, thermal sensor platforms, mechanical platforms,

or IR platforms are higher power than the electrochemistry approach. • Lifetime – normal service – in places where people operate!

• 0-40C [-20-+50], and MTBF measured in decades! • 1.0 +/- 0.2 atm, 20-95% RH [0-100% for days].

• PERFORMANCE – CO, O3, NO2, H2S, SO2 [others] – S5 !!! • Sensitivity, LDL, linearity, precision and accuracy. • Selectivity – good but depends on the situation like all approaches. • Speed of Response - faster than most due to short diffusion distances. • Stability – predictable, compensated for T, P, RH, … and long time. • Size and Cost – New SPEC process revolutionizes FAB by 10-1000x!

SPEC SENSOR NOVEL Patented INNOVATIVE DESIGN PRODUCES REVOLUTIONARY PERFORMANCE!

• High Volume Printed Electronics manufacturing approach leads to 10-1000x lower cost - enables smart homes/cities + consumer devices!

• Sleek smaller diffusion distances = more rapid response times • Novel electrical path produces improved signal/noise ratio and

lower detection limits! • Complex mixture electrode formulation inks enable new levels of

stability, selectivity, and lifetime. • BETTER PERFORMANCE THAN EVER BEFORE! Data

illustrates: • Stability - more than 17 years MTBF for UL approved CO sensor! • Noise levels as low as 200 ppt [0.2 ppb] in the ozone sensor! • Compensated signals - +/-1ppb O3 over 0-40C and +/-10% accuracy!

SENSORS T!HAT MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN YOUR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE – field tests! Sensitivity, LDL, and TEMP effects

• Two measurement techniques were used to determine the following information.

• First, temperature calibration measurements were performed. These measurements determined temp comp, sensitivity, drift, cross sensitivity, and noise (related to ldl) in ppm.

• Second, validation measurements were used to determine linearity at selected temperatures. These validation measurements included repeated exposures to determine accuracy.

• The following is the range of 10 minute sigma (noise) in ppb for the sensors. • LDL IN OUR LAB – results are a range because they are system dependent!

• OZONE: from 0.9 to 12.0 ppb (system dependent lower detection limits) • NO2: from 1.3 to 10.5 ppb • CO: from 41 to 124 ppb • H2S: 3.5 ppb to 55 ppb • SO2: 9.4 to 38 ppb

CO Sensor; deployed with FRA instruments; Data Corrected for Span and Offset!

• Data from 10x10 and 15x15 SPEC CO sensor and KWJ electronics.

• Compare SPEC sensor with instruments >100x more expensive and 1000x larger.

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CO

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PM)

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SCAQ CO Test Data for 9 Days in LA

CO AS Measured by SCAQ B1-1.1 Standard

B1-2.1 Standard B4-1.1 10x10 .3mm

B4-2.1 10x10 .3mm Temp

Is this good enough to change the world?

Tiny SPEC O3 and NO2 Sensors vs FRA • SCAQ reports both O3 and NO2 as parts per hundred

million (pphm) with a resolution of 0.1 pphm (1 ppb). • for example .01 ppm = 1 pphm = 10 ppb

• SPEC O3 and NO2 sensors have known cross sensitivity. • When analyzing the data, we look at the linear

combination of O3 and NO2. • No cross sensitivity filtering algorithms were used. • Atmospheric O3 and NO2 are linear inverses;

• where O3 rises with temperature and NO2 decreases

Atmospheric NO2, O3 and Temperature Reported by SCAQMD

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O3 NO2 Temperature

Mathematical modeling of NO2 and O3 • All data is in ppm • Three algorithms compared – use T, P RH to correct the raw counts output to ppm.

• Three models gave close approximations to EPA sum of O3+NO2!

• 0-100 ppb levels. • Models to be improved!

SPEC O3 sensor; low ppb levels!

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Axis Title

O3 at 22 °C

UV Analyzer 17 X2 O3 20 per. Mov. Avg. (17 X2 O3)

3 Second Averaging with time steps of 15 seconds Black line is equivalent to 5 minute averaging. Shift in base line is from recovery of 1 PPM exposure. Baseline is a little low, and could be re-zeroed. Calculation resolution is 1 ppb, could be lower for O3.

SPEC O3 sensor - 20 hour Base line (Data Collected at 16 Second Intervals under 15% Rh and 24 °C)

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0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36

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cent

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pm)

Temperature (°C)

Red trace is 10 minute moving average for sensor 1 Grey trace is 1 minute moving average for sensor 2

<1ppb drift! 0.2ppb noise!

SPEC Sensor Working Principal

Counter Electrode

Reference Electrode

Working Electrode

Catalyst

Electrolyte

Gas Detection Hole e-

Membrane

CO CO2

Self-Contained /sealed

Catalytic

“Zero Power”

CO + H2O = CO2 + 2H+ + 2e-

Gas Permeation

1/2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- = H2O

Reaction occurs in a tiny cell fast, reversibly, indefinitely, selectively, at zero power!

1/2O2 + CO = CO2

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

Processing Leverages Existing Semiconductor Infrastructure

• Printed Electronics approach to assembly • Electrodes & Contacts

• Proprietary Inks, and Electrolytes • Proprietary/Scalable Process[60 to 500/8”

wafer] • Unique thin Planar Geometry! • Low cost batch plastic processing for CO,

NOx, O3, SO2, H2S, Alcohol, NO, H2, O2, + many more targets to include TICs and TIMs [Cl2, HCN, NH3]

• Amenable to assembly In Wafer-die Process!!!

• Takes advantage of semiconductor infrastructure!

• Printed on paper & plastic!

SPEC High Volume/Low Cost/High Performance/Small Size (Parallels Scalable Wafer Level Processing – current size is 8 inch wafer)

Wafer 16x10 cm

60 die

15x15mm

10x10 mm >150 die

4x4 mm >500 die

Plastic cost

<<<Si per mm2

Industrial, Life Safety One at a time

Smart Cities, Smart Homes, Peripherals/Accessories

Batch Process

Smartphones, Wearables Roll to Roll & Wafer Level

Size & Cost

Volume!

SPEC Product & Manufacturing Roadmap

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

Business Model: “Cleanspace” app monitors CO; offers rewards for clean miles; sell data with actionable information.

SPEC CO sensor

Planned 100K IoT deployment, London 2016-17

• Small: minimize electrode materials • Thin: low volume, tiny form factor • Low materials use; light weight < 5g • Scalable fabrication (printing, lamination, package) • Low power (0-microwatt); long lifetime >5-10 years. • Low production cost (volume/size dependent) • Compatible with industry standard hardware! • Evidential quality Performance! exceeds high end sensors for CO. • Passes UL intrinsic safety … product available now!

Printed Sensor Technology Attributes and Differentiators

A route to a high performance sensor with commodity level production cost is a sort of “holy grail” for sensors and field/portable analysis in general. PE offers a wide choice of materials for Chemistry and chemical gas sensors! PE will bridge the Cost-Performance Gap!

Gas Sensors: in line with biggest the economic tides!

October 23-25, Stanford University Palo Alto, CA J. Bryzek; www.TSensors.org

GLOBAL GDP REVOLUTIONS

Robots are fascinating because they mimic humans and our behavior only better! Challenge: Sensing And Artificial senses with intelligence and communication. Investment in DISCREET SENSORS, Arrays, AND NEW GAS SENSOR FABs LEADS THE WAY!

San Francisco, CA, USA – Metro Center, 2003. Joseph Stetter & Robbie the robot – 1956 Forbidden Planet!

Visionary Challenges for GaS/Vapor Sensors: Speed matching the pace of life; Cost of infrastructure; Informative with actionable content; Protection for privacy, commerce, and community.

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

OUR AIR IS A PRECIOUS AND LIMITED RESOURCE! Vital to our survival! Knowledge from Global IoT air quality networks, with “0” power low-cost SPEC sensors, enables changes in human/social behavior toward wellness!

KWJ Engineering Inc and Spec-Sensors LLC

If we just talk about air pollution we run out of breath!

Thank you from all of us!