IPM - an ecologically based pest control strategy that maintains pest species below the economic injury level by use of the most appropriate and _________________ _____________ methods available.

IPM - Integrated Pest Management

Small _____

Ability to ___

Unique _____

High __________ capacity

Metamorphosis

- takes little food to mature to reproductive age

- escape enemies, adverse environmental conditions

- waxy layer, strong exoskeleton, jointed legs

- e.g. CPB female can lay 3000 eggs

- adults and young use different resources

Why are insects so abundant?

World-wide entomologists have described about 1 million species, systematists estimate between 2 and 10 million

There are about 100,000 species described in the U.S.

15,000 - 20,000 insect species in Minnesota

Q: How many (%) are pests? < ______% are injurious - ca. 3,000 species worldwide

_______ pest insects in the United States

Facts you should know about insects

1. Insects live in every habitable place on earth except ____ ____ 2. Chief _____________ of plants on the planet

3. Major ____________ of plant eaters (herbivores)

4. Key role in _________ of organic matter

5. Key role as _________ for other organismsa) In some human cultures insects comprise 10% of the diet

Insect Abundance and Diversity

Injury to crops

DIRECT or INDIRECT injury

Injury to Humans and animals

Blood feeding - disease transmission

Internal & External Parasites

Annoyance

Injecting toxic substances

Destroy stored products and possessions

How Do Insects Cause Damage?

A living organism that occurs in such numbers and places so that it _________ with the availability, quantity of value of a managed resource.

Pest -

- An insect which favorably affects humans with the result of its _______ or _________.

Beneficial Insect

Losses in AgriculturePreharvest _____%

Postharvest _____%

TOTAL _____%

Annual loss in the U.S. about $7 billion annually to insects

Pest Control

The application of technology, in the context of biological knowledge, to achieve satisfactory reduction of pest numbers or effects.

Control Strategies

1. Natural

2. Biological

3. Cultural

4. Legislative and Regulatory

5. Mechanical and Physical

6. Genetic

7. Chemical

I. External Anatomy a. Insect Exoskeleton

II. Metamorphosis

III. Insect Phylogenya. Assemblages of insect orders

External and Internal Anatomy

Function of the Insect Cuticle

• Protection

• Retards ______ loss

• Muscle ________________ sites

• _____________ located in cuticle

• Contains _________ organs– mechanical– chemical

ORDER CLASSIFICATION - based primarily on 3 characters

1. Mouthparts, e.g., chewing, sucking, etc.

2. Wingsa. Present or absentb. If present - specialization of wings

3. Type of metamorphosisa. No discernible metamorphosisb. Simple (gradual or hemimetabola)c. Complex (complete or holometabola)

Mouthparts

• Chewing or mandibulate: Orthoptera

• Sucking: All Hemiptera and Siphonaptera

» Many other insects within the higher orders

Mandibulate: Chewing

Haustellate: Piercing-sucking

Wing Modifications

Elytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of beetles - Coleoptera

Wing Modifications

Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera

Wing Modifications

Hemelytra – modified forewings (mesothoracic) of true bugs - Hemiptera

All insects with hemelytra have sucking mouthparts

Ametabola - no metamorphosis

Example: Silverfish - Thysanura

Metamorphosis - change in form

Simple (Gradual) Metamorphosis

Eample: true bug, Heteroptera

Each stage looks like a minature adult

Complete (complex) Metamorphosis

•Immature is unlike the adult

•The largest & most diverse orders have complete metamorphosis

Example: Tobacco hornworm, Lepidoptera

Internal Anatomy & Physiology

• Digestive System

• Respiratory System

• Circulatory System

• Nervous System

• Reproductive System

Digestive System – Generalized Insect Gut

Foregut and Hindgut – derived from integument – lined w/ chitinMidgut – single cell layer thick, all digestion/absorption in midgutMalpighian tubules – equivalent to our kidney (N waste)

Drawing from Pedigo

Respiratory System

Cross section through an insect thorax

Note – 1 cell layer thick midgut Trachea helps support organs – acts like mesentery Major tracheal trunks around key organ systems

Drawing from Pedigo

Insect Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles

Drawing from Pedigo

Tracheae

Respiration

Circulatory System Dorsal aorta – only ___________ and a series of “hearts” Hemolymph (insect ____________) ____________ (=white blood cells)

Functions include: 1. Delivers fresh _____________ to brain2. Hemolymph transports ________, hormones,

waste3. Hemocytes involved in _____________ and form

a primitive immune system (cellular and humoral)4. Acts as ________ fluid to help extend limbs,

organs

NOTE: Hemolymph does ______ function in gas exchange (O2, CO2)

From Elzinga, Fundamentals of Entomology

Circulation of hemolymph in an open circulatory system

Hearts (Ostia)

Insect Nervous System

1. Brain2. Paired ventral ganglia3. Peripheral nerves

Components

CNS

Drawing from Pedigo

Sensory Structures

• Mechanoreception

• Chemoreception

• Photoreception

Reflex Action

Nerve TransmissionAction Potential

Adult Female Aphid

Sensory Organs1. Antennae

2. Compound eyes

3. Tip of mouth (Labium)

Drawing from Minks and Harrewijn, 1987

Compound Eye

Reproductive Organs

Male Female

Soybean Aphids are Parthenogenic:

Drawings from Minks and Harrewijn 1987

All offspring are female, born pregnant, give live birth

Birth rate: 3-8/day for 30 days

Generation time 7-10 days, double in 2-3 days

Management implicationsResurgence (moderate kill)

Before spraying 1000 aphidsDay 1 150Day 3 300Day 5 600Day 7 1200

What is a Land-Grant Institution?

1. Established by an act of Congress in 1862, known as the Morrill Act. a. “Donating Public Lands to the several States and Territories

which may provide Colleges for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. …..an amount of public land …. equal to thirty thousand acres for each senator and representative in Congress.”

b. Land sales funded establishment of the University of Minnesota. c. Mandate was to: “…teach agriculture, military tactics, and the

mechanical arts as well as classical studies”.

2. Hatch Act – 1887, Established the Agricultural Experiment Stations

3. Extension Service – Smith-Lever Act, 1914, “In order to aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects relating to agriculture…..”

PHYLOGENY OF MAJOR GROUPS OF INSECTS

Protura Entognatha Diplura(Hexapoda) Collembola(Parainsecta)

Ectognatha Archaeognatha

(Insecta) Thysanura

Paleoptera OdonataDicondylia Ephemeroptera

ExopterygotaOrthopteroid (9 orders)

PterygotaNeoptera

Hemipteroid (6 orders)

EndopterygotaNeuropteroid (5 orders)Mecopteroid (5 orders)

Hymenopteroid (1 order)

PHYLOGENY OF INSECT ORDERSOrder Common Name

(Parainsecta)Entognatha (Hexapoda) 1. Protura Proturans

2. Collembola Springtails 3. Diplura Diplurans

Ectognatha (Insecta) 4. Archaeognatha Jumping bristletales

Dicondylia 5. Thysanura Silverfish

Pterygota Paleoptera 6. Ephemeroptera Mayflies 7. Odonata Dragonflies & damselflies

Neoptera

Exopterygota – “Orthopteroidea” ca. 25,000 species, 9 orders 8. Plecoptera Stoneflies (1,500) 9. Embioptera Webspinners (150)10. Blattodea Cockroaches11. Mantodea Mantids12. Grylloblattodea Rock crawlers13. Dermaptera Earwigs14. Orthoptera Grasshoppers & Crickets15. Isoptera Termites16. Phasmatodea Walking Sticks

Exopterygota – “Hemipteroidea” ca. 90,000 species, 5 orders17. Zoraptera Zorapterans18. Psocoptera Booklice and barklice19. Phthiraptera Chewing & sucking lice20. Hemiptera Bugs, aphids, leafhoppers

Suborders: Heteroptera & Homoptera21. Thysanoptera Thrips

Endopterygota (Holometabola) - ca. 700,000 species)Neuropteroidea (5 orders)

22. Megaloptera Alderflies & Dobsonflies23. Raphidioptera Snakeflies24. Neuroptera Lacewings25. Coleoptera Beetles26. Strepsiptera Twisted-winged flies

Hymenopteroidea (1 order)27. Hymenoptera Wasps, bees & ants

Mecopteroidea ( 5 orders)28. Mecoptera Scorpionflies29. Siphonaptera Fleas30. Diptera Flies31. Trichoptera Caddisflies32. Lepidoptera Butterflies & moths

PHYLOGENY OF INSECT ORDERSOrder Common Name

(Parainsecta)Entognatha (Hexapoda) 1. Protura Proturans

2. Collembola Springtails 3. Diplura Diplurans

Ectognatha (Insecta) 4. Archaeognatha Jumping bristletales

Dicondylia 5. Thysanura Silverfish

Pterygota Paleoptera 6. Ephemeroptera Mayflies 7. Odonata Dragonflies & damselflies

Neoptera

Exopterygota – “Orthopteroidea” ca. 25,000 species, 9 orders 8. Plecoptera Stoneflies (1,500) 9. Embioptera Webspinners (150)10. Blattodea Cockroaches11. Mantodea Mantids12. Grylloblattodea Rock crawlers13. Dermaptera Earwigs14. Orthoptera Grasshoppers & Crickets15. Isoptera Termites16. Phasmatodea Walking Sticks

Exopterygota – “Hemipteroidea” ca. 90,000 species, 5 orders17. Zoraptera Zorapterans18. Psocoptera Booklice and barklice19. Phthiraptera Chewing & sucking lice20. Hemiptera Bugs, aphids, leafhoppers

Suborders: Heteroptera & Homoptera21. Thysanoptera Thrips

Endopterygota (Holometabola) - ca. 700,000 species)Neuropteroidea (5 orders)

22. Megaloptera Alderflies & Dobsonflies23. Raphidioptera Snakeflies24. Neuroptera Lacewings25. Coleoptera Beetles26. Strepsiptera Twisted-winged flies

Hymenopteroidea (1 order)27. Hymenoptera Wasps, bees & ants

Mecopteroidea ( 5 orders)28. Mecoptera Scorpionflies29. Siphonaptera Fleas30. Diptera Flies31. Trichoptera Caddisflies32. Lepidoptera Butterflies & moths