M M M

PLA

N

MOHAMMAD IZMOHD FAHMI BMOHD FARID N

UNIVERSITY OSHAH

S

C“TECHNIQU

PESTS

BACHELORANTATION TECH

G

NAME

ZZAT BIN CHEBIN KENI NAZMI BIN MO

PRASSOC. PRO

Faculty oUniversity

OF TECHNOLOGH ALAM CAMPUSSELANGOR

HAPTER 6 UE FOR ESTIMS POPULATIO

AS220

R OF SCIENCE (HNOLOGY AND M

GROUP 14 

AB AZIZ

OHAMED

REPARED FOR OF. DR. FAUZIAH

Lecturer of Applied Scieny of Technology

GY MARA S

MATING N”

HONS) MANAGEMENT

MATRIX NO

200842470 200841048 200841108

H ISMAIL

nces Mara

O

02 82 88

• An

shahav

• Usesyntpipe

• Appspracan

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• Suffthe

• Colle

quick

• Expe

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Descriptiirritant spray is king especially

ve to be samplede natural pyreththetic pyrethroeronyl butoxide.plied with knapay as high as popy.

arge area undeer with white bigficient time shoentire insect to

Disadvantage

ected of inse

kly after its fall d

ensive equipme

d many labors.

ion: useful alternati

y when large d. hrin or non-resids, combined sack mist-blow

possible into the

r the tree shoug cloth. ould be allowefall.

es:

ect should be

down

nt

ive to trees

sidual with

wer to e tree

ld be

d for

e

K

•

•

•

•

Ins

•

•

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KNOCK DOWN 

Advantag

Easy to identif

Suitable for th

Easy to get

insects.

Saving of time

sect Pests Sam

Fruit fly

Gold dust wee

Chafer beetle

 SAMPLING 

ges:

fy the insects

he large trees

the sample o

e.

mpling:

evil

f o

• Crop i

walkingstatus develo

• The exand 3r

and for• Crops

for em• For ex

infecteis not coloniemethod

• Estimapopulaseverawith Aby pow

Description

nspection is a reg through cropsof insect pest it a

opment and monitxperiment will be rd on growing ser two seasons at were selected a

ergence of parasxample, if the ced by aphid and texceeding score

es), we must ded should be used

ated based oation score: (1:noal colonies, 4: haAphid and 5: Whwdery or sooty mo

Disadvantages

• This me

to get a

• Experim

• Need a

: egular inspection s to examine also to assess pltoring pest level.done during the

eason at the statfield.

and monitored dasitoids or larvae.abbage plant wehe population sco

e number 3 (seveecided what cond to control this peon the followo aphid, 2: a fewlf of leaves is infole leaves coveould

s:

ethod takes a l

result.

mental error.

lot of money

by the ant

2nd tion

aily

ere ore eral trol est.

wing , 3: fest red

long of time

Insect

• Ap

Advantages:• The p

be mmethod

• The stand texamin

• Types determ

CROP INSP

Pests Samplin

phids

opulation of inmeasured andd will be determatus of insect pthe infection ned.

of damage mined.

PECTION 

ng:

nsect can control

mined. population

will be

will be

• The basolutionusually

• The prattractarelies femalesdevelop

• The bfoliage kills the

• Overallcanopysprayin

• Control extreme

• Less efpopulatsexual m

• Gravid interestlaying s

• During amounttree lea

Description: ait was a molasn and the t

y a stomach poisrotein bait actsant and its on the fact ths need a protping mature eggait spray resiis ingested by

em. l coverage oy is unnecessarng technique' is

Disadvantagmay not be total

e pest pressure. ffective as the setions with femamaturity develop.female Queensla

ted in food than isites.

periods of higts of bait solutio

aves.

sses or sugar oxicant was son s as a food effectiveness

hat immature tein meal for gs. idue on the the flies and

of the tree ry and a ‘spot adequate.

ges: ly adequate at tim

eason progresseales at all stag. and fruit flies arein finding suitable

gh rainfall, signn may be wash

mes of

es and es of

e less e egg-

nificant ed off

Insec

•

••

Adv• Less harmfu• Costs are l

used per tre• Less time

demanding o• Simple to us• More enviro

of reduced p• Minimize fru• Reduced pe

BAIT SPRAY

ct Pest Sampli

Fruit fly (Bactrofacialis)

Bactrocera triliBactrocera ob

vantages: ul to beneficial insower as less m

ee or per hectare.consuming a

of labor. se onmentally soundpesticide usage uit residue problemesticide usage.

Y 

ng:

ocera

neola blique

sects material is

and less

because

ms.

• This me

(mite br• Apply th• Choose• Rotate l• Use pic

mites af• Leaves

brushe s

• These ta very th

• It is impremove

• Anotherclean pmites w

• The stapaper ca

• Use ind

Descrip

ethod using 5x–1rush) and sample his method 1 to 3 e 20 trees randomeaf sample from

ck Scaffold such fter brush the mite

are dipped bes which dislodge tthen fall on the rohin layer of adhes

portant that the brthe mites withou

r alternative sampiece of absorbeith a roller.

ains on the papean be kept for chex to calculate di

• The

pop

lea

sam

ption: 0x visor or hand vials and label.times per year.

mly and pick up 5 north, south, easas glass plate f

es from the leaf.etween contra-rothe mites. otating glass platsive. rushes be set cart crushing them.pling method is

ent paper and to

er are then couecking sturbance

Disadvantag

e samples not

pulation becaus

aves on the top

mple.

lens, optional

leaves each. st and west. for gather the

otating spiral

te coated with

refully so as to

to place on a o squash the

nted and the

ges:

cover the who

e the high tre

p might be not

ole

es

in

•

•

M

Insect Pests S

• Mites

Advantages:Low of cost

High labour nee

MITE SAMPLIN

d

Sampling:

NG 

• Bright perenn

• Aphid caugh

• Again insects

• Gentlyou ge

• Used eradiceffecti

• Cardsat a di

• Shakeencou

Desc

yellow, to attranials. adults are attrac

ht before laying egthis trap should s. y shake the planet a cloud of whitewith Sun spray

cate the white flveness of eradica come in packagstance of 7 squae plant gently if

urage the attractio

Disad• Trap • Cost • Cost

cription: ct insects away

cted to this colourggs on the flowerbe used to lesse

nt such as a pelare insects that fly ay Ultra Fine oilly, using the caation. es of 5 cards eacre feet or one pethe insect popu

on to the cards.

dvantages: beneficial insecof implement of labour

from flowers an

r, and often can br bud. n the population

rgonium and seearound the plant.or Neem oil w

ards will triple th

ch. Use either car bush.

ulation is heavy

ct

nd

be

of

e if

will he

ard

to

Advan• Non toxic • Withstand f• Monitoring

Inse• A• C• C• T• W

ntages:

from water fling insects

YEL

ect Pests SampAphids Cabbage root mCarrot rust fliesThrips Whitefly

LLOW STICKY 

pling:

maggots

  CARD

• T• A

beabofot

• Tar(pbe

• Aimessu

• Tar

• Ade

• This scale

• This applic

• Time

Descriphis method is mu

A sampling tray is eneath plant foliabove is struck shaf times (2 to 5) wither hand. he tray may be orea or as small aplastic disposableeen used).

Arthropods fallinmmediately colscapes, so a poucking insects inthis process reround the periphe

An attempt is mensity of foliage b

Disadvantagmethod is appli

e method requirecation and labour req

ption: uch like sweepingheld horizontally

age and the foliagarply a standard ith a short stick o

ne square foot inas 5 inch or 6 ince pie plates hav

ng to the trallected before

ooter (a small deto a tube) is usefuepeated severaery or the plant. ade to standardbeaten.

ges: cable only on sm

s repeated

uirements is hig

.

ge number r the

surface ch circle ve often

ay are them

evice for ul. l times

dize the

mall

gh. •••

In

SHAKING &

AdvantaCost requiredThere are noSkilled labourequired.

nsect Pests Sam• Aphids • Bugs • Thrips • Spider mit

 & BEATING 

ages: d is very less

o any side effecturs are not

mpling:

es

t

 

 

  WEEP NET CATCHES 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

sweep net consist of a cone shaped cloth bag 2 feet(0.6 m) deep fitted into a wire loop15 inches (38 cm) in diameter and attached to a handle 26 inches (65 cm) long. 

Sweep may be taken singular visual insects species a series of sweeps count based on an average of insects. 

Disadvantages: 

•Difficult to catches the flying insect 

•Need to long period to catches the insect

Advantages: 

•  Inexpensive  

•  Simple 

•  Easy to obtain 

• Effective

Insect Pests Sampling in Classification Order: 

•  Hymenoptera 

•  Coleoptera 

•  Hemiptera 

• Phasmida

How to Use This Trap: 

• Choose  the  locations,  Measure  an area  that  is one  square meter  in  size for  each  site  that  you  intend  to sweep. Pick  an  area  as  a  control  site and  practice  your  sweep  net  swing. Immediately grasp the bag about half way  up  to make  sure  your  captured animals do not escape. While another student  holds  the  resealable  plastic bag open, place the net over it, loosen your grasp and  turn  it  inside out  into the bag.  

     MALAISE TRAP 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Insect Pests Sampling: 

•Hymenoptera 

•Diptera Advantages: 

•Set out for long periods of time 

•Easy to adjustable so that the samples jar may be raised and lowered. 

• A Malaise trap is a large; the trap is made of a material such as  terylene netting and can be  various  colours.  Malaise  traps  are generally  set  out  for  long  periods  of  time and checked at least weekly, or occasionally every  other week.    The walls  are  generally black  and  the  roof  is  usually  white.  Poles, wooden  or  otherwise,  are  used  to  support the  trap  at  each  corner  and  at  the peak  in front. The traps we use are about 5 ft high at the front peak, 4 ft high in the back, about 6 ft  long, and 3 feet wide.  It  is recommended that  the  bottle  end  be  placed  nearest  the edge,  but  we  have  had  luck  either  way. When  searching  for  suitable  spots,  try  to envision  what  the  area  will  look  like  at different times of day. 

Disadvantages: 

•  Malaise trap have a biggest size and difficult to get the ideal location and position to maximum the collecting of insect.

 

 

 

 

 

     IMPACTION TRAPS 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Description: 

Impaction  trap  also  called  as  cylindrical  sticky  trap.  This  trap  use  to 

trapped  insects  on  the  ground  surface.  This  trap  is  coated  with 

substances that remain over a long period. The catch of certain species 

may be increased if an attractant is added to the sticky material or the 

surface is of a particular color. Banding is smeared on the plastic cover 

and  the cylinder supported on a wooden stake at height of about 1‐2 

meters. This  trap more efficiency which  it constants with wind speed. 

Flat sticky boards also have been used to sample rice crop. 

Disadvantages:

• They not prevent trapped 

animals from killing each other. 

• They are fairly non selective 

• Catch size influenced by 

population sizes, activity levels, 

weather, size and nature trap.

 

Advantages:

• Inexpensive 

• Simple  to 

use 

• More 

effective  if  raise 

Insect Pests Sampling: 

• Coleopteran:  Scolytidae  (e.g:  bark 

beetles) 

• Grasshopper nymphs 

• Aphids 

• Bemisia argentifolii 

• Fruitfly 

• Lady beetle 

            WATER TRAPS 

 

 

 

Materials: 

• Water traps: plastic bowl or bucket. 

• Dimensions:  273mm  diameter  x  79mm 

depth. 

• Color: bright yellow, yellow or white. 

• Pure  detergent:  unscented  liquid 

dishwashing detergent. 

• Salt 

Insect Pests Sampling:

• Aphids  

• Thrips  

• White fly  

• Diptera 

• Hemiptera:  Mealy 

bug  

• Melon flies  

• Coleoptera:  Leaf 

bettle 

Disadvantages:

• Easy to overflow if heavy rain occur and dry 

out in the sun 

• Attracts and kill the beneficial insects.  

• Captures  are  unreliable  as  quantities 

indicators of potential infestation 

• Need more  quality water  pan  trap  depend 

on wide of the area.

Advantages: 

•Not damage the insects specimen 

•Easy to remove insects specimen 

•Easy to used by farmer 

•More effective if raise above ground level 

•Efficient in the sampling of hymenopteran 

 

Disa• Needs an e• Less efficie• Less versa• Apparatus

• nes h Machi ainsects into a

• The knapsacand a centrifcan be placed

• The collectinopening of thbe sampled wwater film in t

• A motorized adapted by fiof the fan.

• Electric enggenerator.

advantages: electric power soent than Malaise atile than yellow pis usually heavy.

ave engine-driven fine mesh net.

ck with a 2-strokefugal fan 35cm did over plants. ng bag is positihe long hose- damwithout insect beinghe hose. knapsack mist-bl

tting a hose top th

gine powered by

urce trap

pan trap .

fans to suck

e 98cc engine iameter which

ioned at the mp foliage can g trapped in a

lower can be he suction side

y a portable

• Sim• Ine• Co

ligh• Be

meden

MOBILE TRAPS 

S

Advantages:mple expensive nstantly in most

ht condition st current ap

easuring absolutnsity

SUCTION TRAP

weather and

pproach for e population

FIXED TRAPS 

PS 

•

•

•

•

• Small suctionexposed conethrough whichcooper gaugethe connecting

• Other traps wbeen designethrough the fa

• The number othe volume is

• The 12.2m hhas a centrifu3m at the ba25cm diamete

n traps for catch

Insect Pests SamFoxglove Aphid(Aulocauthum sGreen Peach Apercae) Melon or Cotton(Aphis gossypiiPotato Aphid (Meuphorbiae)

e type usually has h air and insect pae cone at the end g tubes. with an enclosed d so those insects

an. of insect caught idneeded.

high Rothamsted sgal fan inside a bo

ase of a 9m plaster.

hing insects a 30cm fan

ass into the of which is

cone have do not pass

d divided by

suction trap ox of 76cm x tic chimney,

mpling: d solani) Aphid (myzus

n Aphid i) Macrosiphum

  Description:

• About 10 X 25 cm blue sticky cards that

attractive pest insects (especially

effective for catching thrips as they are

drawn to the blue colouring).

Approximate infestation, and monitor the

progress of your beneficial insects by

observing what is caught on these traps.

Insect pest sampling:

• Thrips

• Leafminer

Advantages:

• Easy to monitor the progress of

your beneficial insects by

observing what is caught on these

traps.

• Greatly reduce the amount of the

insect populations.

• This trap has greatly colouring to

attract the insect pest.

Disadvantages:

• Only small insect trap in this sticky card

• Not suitable to covered the large area

1. ROTHAMSTED TRAP

• Originally fitted with a 200 W

tungsten lamp.

• 60cm square roof cover the lamp

confining the illumination to a

beam, which diverges about 22.5°

above the horizontal in all

direction.

 

Description: Light traps make use of a light source to attract night-flying insects. They are especially useful to monitor certain species of moths. Catching moths in the light trap will tell the farmer that is time to start searching for eggs or caterpillars in the field.

Disadvantages:

• That moth within the egg-trays of the metal bin remain the darkness and will be attempting to escape should the lamp be switched off before down.

2. ROBINSON

• The first to use ultra violet

light. Exposed to a

complete hemisphere

Advantages:

• Taken of the attraction of many insect to a

light source.

• Can used with or without a cover but if they

are to be operated for several night, covers

should be installed to keep out rain.

• Insects fall directly into a killing jar.

• Methyl eugenol mixed in different ratios

with Cuelure is used as an attractant

for melon fly (Cadus cucurbitae

Coquillett). A mixture of 10% Cuelure

and 90% methyl eugenol showed the

highest attractant activity and remained

effective for >225 days in field tests.

Insect pest sampling:

• Fruit fly, Dacus

dorsalis Hendel,

• Melon fly

 

Disadvantages:

• Depends on environmental factors

(wind, temperature and rainfall) to

spread.

• Many insect fly and respond to

semiochemicals only at certain time

(dusk, night)

• Effective against only one or a few

species.

Advantages:

• Highest attractant activity and

remained effective for >225 days

in field tests.

• Reduce pest population rapidly

• Labour saving tools

 

 

Description:

• Pheromones used as a bait to attract

certain insects (especially moths) and catch

them in a trap. This traps use a sticky

surface to catch the insects, but others use

containers filled with water or other liquids

to catch them. Most pheromones are "sex

pheromones". These are chemicals

released by female moths to attract a male

partner.

Insect pest sampling:

• Coleoptera

• Lepidoptera

• Hemiptera

Advantages:

• Environmentally friendly method

• Easier to operate

• Attract specific insect

• Lower cost

• Safety to human health

• Minimize the resistance development

Disadvantages:

• The chemicals are often

expensive and not easily

available.

• Not very efficient for controlling

pests.

 

 

 

Disadvantages:

• They not prevent trapped animals from killing

each other.

• They are fairly non selective

• Catch size influenced by population sizes,

activity levels, weather, size and nature trap.

Description:

• An adapting of hunting techniques

that dates back to primitive man.

• It consists of a plastic cup with a

funnel a hole is dug in the ground,

the trap is sunk into the soil and the

mouth is level with soil surface.

Insect pest sampling:

• True bug

• Ants

• Ground dwelling

crickets

• Carabid beetles

Advantages:

• Cheaps (empty food or

drink containers may be

used).

• Easy and quick to operate.

• Grid of traps can provide

an impressive set of data.

• Do not kill the animals

except inadvertently.

How to use:

Dig holes that are the right size for your cups. Put

at least 5 pit traps in each habitat. Place 2 cups,

one inside the other, in the holes. Make sure the

rim of the cup is just below the surface of the soil.

Leave the traps alone for 2-3 days. Empty the traps into plastic bags.