ippa manual

7/17/2019 IPPA Manual

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ippa-manual 1/30

Mark T. Greenberg Ph.D.Bennett Chair of Prevention ResearchFounding Director, Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center

College of Health and Human Development

PHE 814 863-0112

FAX 814 863-7963

Email: [email protected]

Dear Colleague:

Thank you for your request for information concerning the research that we haveconducted on adolescents’ perceived attachment to peers and parents. First, we haveenclosed a copy of our article in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence in 1987 thatintroduced the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment. We have also enclosed amanual providing information on our factor analyses of the scales, information on

reliability of the scales, and a scoring key.

Since the study reported in the 1987 paper was carried out, we have revised the IPPA. Inher dissertation, Gay Armsden modified the IPPA so as to separately assess perceivedquality of attachment to mothers and fathers (instead of parents together). We haveenclosed a copy of this unpublished measure, The IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer Version),and a page of scoring information. In her study of over 400 college students, Gay hasfound that most of the same items fall on the same factors for mothers and fatherseparately that we found in the factor analysis of parents together on the IPPA. However,

there were enough differences in loadings that we judged it best to discourage the use ofsubscales in the revised version of the IPPA until further research could be done.Recommended scoring for this version thus involves total scores for Mother, Father, andPeer, but no subscale scores. However, while scoring subscales is not advised, we haveincluded instructions for doing so, since many researchers have requested thisinformation.

If you have further questions, please feel free to call (814 863-0112) or e-mail GayArmsden at ([email protected]), or write. If you decide to use our measures in data

collection, please let us know. We would also appreciate a copy of papers that utilize themeasure(s).

Sincerely,



1

INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)

AUTHORS:

Gay Armsden, Ph.D. Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D.Research Consultant Professor230 Ilihau St. Human Development

Kailua, HI 96734 Penn State University

State College, PA 16802

Variables Measured:

Parent and Peer Attachment (original version)

Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment (revised version)

Instrument Description:

The IPPA was developed in order to assess adolescents’ perceptions of the positive andnegative affective/cognitive dimension of relationships with their parents and closefriends -- particularly how well these figures serve as sources of psychological security.

The theoretical framework is attachment theory, originally formulated by Bowlby and

recently expanded by others. Three broad dimensions are assessed: degree of mutualtrust; quality of communication; and extent of anger and alienation. The development

samples were 16 to 20 years of age; however the IPPA has been used successfully in

several studies with adolescents as young as 12. The instrument is a self-report

questionnaire with a five point likert-scale response format. The original version consistsof 28 parents and 25 peer items, yielding two attachment scores. The revised version

(Mother, Father, Peer Version) is comprised of 25 items in each of the mother, father, and

peer sections, yielding three attachment scores. The IPPA is scored by reverse-scoringthe negatively worded items and then summing the response values in each section.



2

RELIABILITY:

Three week test-retest reliabilities for a sample of 27 18- to 20-year-olds were .93 for

parent attachment and .86 for peer attachment.

For the revised version, internal reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha) are: Mother attachment,

.87; Father attachment, .89; Peer attachment, .92.

VALIDITY:

Among late adolescents, parental attachment scores are moderately to highly related to

Family and Social Self scores from the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and to most

subscales on the Family Environmental Scale (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987). Parentattachment scores of 12- to 18-year-olds are also moderately correlated with scores on the

FACES, and with the degree of positive family coping (communication among family

members and relatives concerning problems) (Lewis, Woods, & Ellison, 1987). In a

sample of 10- to 16-year-old psychiatric patients, less secure parent attachment wasrelated to clinical diagnosis of depression, parent rating of the adolescent’s depressive

symptoms, and to patient’s self-reported level of depression (Armsden, McCauley,

Greenberg, Burke, & Mitchell, 1991). Attachment to parents has been found todiscriminate delinquents from non-delinquents among 12- to 17-year-olds (Redondo,

Martin, Fernandez, & Lopez, 1986). Late adolescents experiencing more secure mother

and father attachment report less conflict between their parents and experience less

loneliness (Armsden, 1986).

Peer attachment is positively related to social self concept as assessed by the Tennessee

Self Concept Scale and family expressiveness on the Family Environment Scale, and is

strongly negatively correlated with loneliness. Peer attachment is modestly correlatedwith parent attachment as assessed by the IPPA as well as measures of general family

functioning and self concept as family member (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Armsden,

1986; Lewis et al., 1987).

Scores on the IPPA have also been found to be associated with a number of personality

variables. Among late adolescents, parent and peer attachment are correlated with

positiveness and stability of self-esteem, life-satisfaction, and affective status (depression,anxiety, resentment/alienation, covert anger, and loneliness) (Armsden & Greenberg,

1987; Armsden, 1986). The relationship of attachment and affective status holds even



3

control and with greater self-management (coping) skills (Armsden et al., 1987; Lewis et

al., 1987).

Scores on the IPPA were not found to be significantly related to socio-economic status

among a sample of 400 18- to 20-year-olds. In the same study, negligible but significant positive correlations were obtained between attachment and parents’ education levels

(Armsden, 1986).

SUGGESTIONS IN USAGE:

(1) The revised version of the IPPA (Mother, Father, Peer version) separately assessesmother and father attachment; the authors recommend its use over the originalversion whenever possible.

REFERENCES:

Armsden, G. (1986). Attachment to parents and peers in late adolescence: Relationships

to affective status, self-esteem, and coping with loss, threat and challenges. (Doctoral

Dissertation, University of Washington, 1986). Dissertation Abstracts International,47(4), October, 1986. Available from http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb .

Armsden, G. C., and Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The Inventory of Parent and PeerAttachment: Relationships to well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and

Adolescence, 16 (5), 427-454.

Armsden, G. C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M.T.; Burke, P., and Mitchell, J. (1991).Parent and peer attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Youth andAdolescence, 18, 683-692.

Greenberg, M.T., Siegal, J., & Leitch, C. (1984). The nature and importance ofattachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and

Adolescence, 12(5), 373-386.

Lewis, F. M., Woods, N.F., Ellison, E. (1987). Family impact study, Unpublishedreport, University of Washington, R01-NUO1000, Division of Nursing, Public Health

Service.

Redondo, L. M., Martin, A. L., Fernandez, J.S., & Lopez, J. M. (1986). An examination

of the relationship between family environment and juvenile delinquency. Unpublished



4

SELECTED STUDIES USING THE IPPA

By Year of Publication

1991

Armsden, G.C., McCauley, E., Greenberg, M. T., Burke, P., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Parent and peer

attachment in early adolescence depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 683-697.

Papini, D. R., Roggman, L. A., & Anderson, J. (1991). Early-adolescent perceptions of attachment to

mother and father: A test of emotional-distancing and buffering hypotheses. Journal of Early Adolescence,11, 258-275.

Williams, S. & McGee, R. (1991). Adolescent self-perceptions of their strengths. Journal of Youth and

Adolescence, 20, 325-337.

1992Cotterell, J. L. (1992). The relation of attachments and support to adolescent well-being and school

adjustment. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 28-42.

Capaldi, D. M. (1992). Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescence

boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 125-144.

Papin, D.R. & Roggmen, L.A. (1992). Adolescent perceived attachment to parents in relation to

competence, depression, and anxiety: A longitudinal study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 420-440.

Raja, S.N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W.R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471-485.

1993

Blain, M.D., Thompson, J.M., & Whiffen, V.E. (1993). Attachment and perceived social support in lateadolescence: The interaction of working models of self and others. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8,

226-241.

Cavell, T. A., Jones, D. C., Runyen, R.D., et al. (1993). Perception of attachment and the adjustment ofadolescents with alcoholic fathers. Journal of Family Psychology, 7, 204-212.

Lyddon, W. J., Bradford, E., Nelson, J. P. (1993). Assessing adolescent and adult attachment: A review ofcurrent self-report measures. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71, 390-395.

1994

Paterson, J. E., Field, J., Pryor, J. (1994). Adolescents’ perceptions of their attachment relationships with

their mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Youth of Adolescence, 23, 579-599.

Schultheiss, D. E. P., & Blustein, D. L. (1994). Role of adolescent-parent relationships in college student



HaiglRoles,

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11, 59

Moon

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DiFili

r, V. F., Day,33, 203-220.

, M. E., Rice,ts. The Coun

on, J., Pryor, J

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ncept. Journa

n, J. (1997).. Adolescence,

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H. D., & Mar

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al of Youth a

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l Developmen

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t and Psycho

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ttachment to32, 471-483.

G. B., Omsltel study. Journa

., Kupermine,evelopment,

oolmiller, M.

oys: III Predic

c, M., & Mee

a double-edge

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5). Adolesce

d Adolescenc

97). Adolesce

, 6, 91-110.

Daley, S.E.,ttachment cog

athology, 9, 1

. Peer relation

ce, 20, 163-17

parents and p

d, M. P., & Dl of Psychoso

G., & Bell, K ctober; 69(5)

(1999). Co-oc

tion to young-

s, W. H. J. (1

d sword. Jour

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1995

95). Parental

parents and a56.

t attachment

e, 24, 365-376

1997

nt females’ se

aley, B., Lindnitions and ps

51-167 Camb

s in adolescen

6.

ers in late ado

1998

neman, D. (1atic Researc

. (1998). Atta , 1406–1419.

1999

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adult develop

999). Autono

al of Adolesc

2000

dal ideation i

ttachment an

djustment in l

o parents and

.

curity with pa

berg, N., Herzchological ad

idge Universi

ce: effects of

lescence and t

98). Eating di, 44, 479-490.

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duct problem

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adolescent p

gender-role i

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deh, S. A. (20-250.

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1) Dyadic atta of Communit

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te, C. E. , & S. Journal of E

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es, 31, 473-48

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dolescence, 2

2002). Parent

nce, 25, 93-10

of change: Pa

ent. Child De

ent and adjus

ents: Qualitie

ology, 47, 31

f parental sepah to age 16. J

nectedness: Li

. (2001). Pare

l skills and rel

ued attachmeeasurement

ss in family in

.

arent/adolesce3.

rsonality in th

4.

e: Parental s

lopmental Ps

ong college s

5, 139-154.

l and peer att

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hways throug

velopment, 71

ment. Journal

s of attachmen

-329.

ration and attaurnal of Marr

nks with yout

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ational compe

t to parents: Itnd Evaluation

teractions wit

nt attachment

e psychologic

parations, resi

chology, 38,

tudents: Is it a

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, 1662-1671.

of Counseling

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s’ loneliness

t and

ence. Journal

s relationshipin Counselin

depressed

and aggressio

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92-805.

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7

Sund, A. M., & Wichstrom, L. (2002). Insecure attachment as a risk factor for future depressive symptoms

in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 1478-

1485.

2003

Beitel, M., & Cecero, J. J. (2003). Predicting psychological mindedness from personality style andattachment security. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 163-172.

Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy, and peer relationships

in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.

Johnson, L. N., Ketring, S. A., Abshire, C. (2003) The revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring

attachment in families. Contemporary Family Therapy, 25, 333-349.

2004

Buist, K. L., Dekovic, M. Meeus, W. H., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2004). Attachment in adolescence: A

social relations model analysis. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19, 826-850.

Essau, C. A. (2004). The Association between family factors and depressive disorders in adolescents.

Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33(5), 365-372.

Rubin, K.H., Dwyer, K.M., Booth-LaForce, C. Kim, A.H., Burgess, K.B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004).

Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. The Journal of Early

Adolescence, November 1, 24(4): 326 - 356.

Schwartz, J. P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2004). The Relationship between attachment to parents and

psychological separation in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 45, 566-577.

Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., & Campione-Barr, N. (2004). African American Late Adolescents'

Relationships With Parents: Developmental Transitions and Longitudinal Patterns. Child Development, 75932-947.

Vignoli, E., & Mallet, P. (2004). Validation of a brief measure of adolescents' parent attachment based on

Armsden and Greenberg's three-dimension model. European Review of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 251-

260.

Wilkinson, R. B., & Kraljevic, M. (2004). Adolescent Psychological Health and School Attitudes: The

Impact of Attachment Relationships. Proceedings of the Australian Psychological Society’s Psychology of

Relationships Interest Group 4th Annual Conference, 150-155.Melbourne, Australia: The AustralianPsychological Society.

2005



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erg, K. J., La

tions of attac

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n, M.J., McW

nalysis. Rese

aney, K.B., I

link between

; 8(1), 33–46.

J.P., Porter,er relationshi

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or: Does colllogy, 13, 151

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ement and Ad

, J.I., & Forth,

tachment. Cri

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iations with pr can Academy

Y., Lee, P. A.,

ts: Parent and

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nd Behavior,

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. The inter-rel

. Aggressive B

, R.S., & Ng-

ysical abuse adolescent Psy

2007). Predict

t, college cha

d peer attach

223 - 249.

5). The Protec plied Develop

ott, C. B., &

athers in famil

29(8), 853-86

2006

. Parental atta 3(1), 33-43.

len, J.P. (200

cent delinquen

2007

he relation oing behavior.

daughter com

a difference?.

al Longitudin Development

violent youths

4(6), 739-751

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tions of moth

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Mak, D.S. (20

nd selected rishiatry, 46(7),

ors of depress

llenges and se

2008

ent in late chi

tive Influenceental Scienc

awud-Noursi

ies with histor

9.

hment and pe

). Attachment

cy. Attachmen

attachment sChild Develop

unication abCultural Dive

l Relations B , 78 , 132-147.

: The roles of

.

r and father at

, 160-169.

er and father a

60-169.

07). Adolesce

k and protecti859-866.

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of Mentoring, 9, 31-47.

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er relations in

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out sex and dasity & Ethnic

tween Nonres

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tachment, self

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t suicidal beh

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,



9

Viana, A.G., & Rabian, B. (2008). Perceived attachment: Relations to anxiety sensitivity, worry, and GAD

symptoms, Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(6 ), 737-747.

Yates, T.M., Tracy, A.J., & Luthar, S.S. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-injury among “privileged” youths:Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to developmental process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical

Psychology 76(1), 52–62.

2009

Smith, M., & Calam, R. (2009). Psychological factors linked to self-reported depression symptoms in late

adolescence. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37 , 73–85.

Song H, Thompson RA, Ferrer E. (2009). Attachment and self-evaluation in Chinese adolescents: age and

gender differences. J Adolesc., 32(5), 1267-86. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.001.

2010

Bámaca-Colbert, M. Y., & Gayles, J. G. (2010). Variable-centered and person-centered approaches to

studying mexican-origin mother–daughter cultural orientation dissonance. Journal of Youth and

Adolescence, 39(11), 1274-1292. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9447-3

Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S.J. (2010). Predicting Friendship Quality in Autism Spectrum

Disorders and Typical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, June; 40(6): 751– 761.

Bauminger, N., Solomon, M., & Rogers, S. J. (2010). Externalizing and internalizing behaviors in ASD. Autism Research, 3(3), 101-112. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.131

Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between

perceived parent-child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of AbnormalChild Psychology, 38 (6), 751-763. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9401-6

Buist, K. L. (2010). Sibling relationship quality and adolescent delinquency: A latent growth curve

approach. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(4), 400-410. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020351

Cate, R. C. Deficits in mentalization as a risk factor for the future development of eating disorders: A pilot

study. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering,, 3379-3379.Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/837458323?accountid=13158

De, l. R., Dillon, F. R., Rojas, P., Schwartz, S. J., & Duan, R. (2010). Latina mother–daughter dyads:

Relations between attachment and sexual behavior under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Archives of

Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1305-1319. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9498-2

Derkman, M. M. S., Scholte, R. H. J., Van, d. V., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2010). Factorial and construct

validity of the sibling relationship questionnaire European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26(4)



10

47 ,525-537.

Eubanks-Carter, C., Burckell, L. A., & Goldfried, M. R. (2010). Clinical consensus strategies for

interpersonal problems between young adults and their parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical

Psychology, 78 (2), 212-224. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018557

Garriott, P. O., Love, K. M., Tyler, K. M., Thomas, D. M., Roan-Belle, C., & Brown, C. L. (2010). Testing

an attachment model of Latina/o college students’ psychological adjustment. Hispanic Journal of

Behavioral Sciences, 32(1), 104-117. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986309355753

Goguen, L. M. S., Hiester, M. A., & Nordstrom, A. H. (2010). Associations among peer relationships,

academic achievement, and persistence in college. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory

and Practice, 12(3), 319-337. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/CS.12.3.d

Guarnieri, S., Ponti, L., & Tani, F. (2010). The inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA): A study onthe validity of styles of adolescent attachment to parents and peers in an italian sample. TPM-Testing,

Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 17 (3), 103-130. Retrieved from

http://search.proquest.com/docview/821482981?accountid=13158

Hallab, L., & Covic, T. (2010). Deliberate self-harm: The interplay between attachment and stress.

Behaviour Change, 27 (2), 93-103. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.27.2.93

Heifetz, M., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2010). Family divorce and romantic relationships in

early adolescence. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 51(6), 366-378.

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502551003652157

Ireland, M. J., & Pakenham, K. I. (2010). Youth adjustment to parental illness or disability: The role ofillness characteristics, caregiving, and attachment. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(6), 632-645.

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**ORIGINAL VERSION**

INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA)

(Parent and Peer Version)

SCORING INSTRUCTIONS

Calculation of Total Parent and Peer Attachment Scores

Separate Parent Attachment and Peer Attachment summary scores are obtained byreverse-scoring items as listed below. It is necessary to also reverse score all Alienationsubscale items.

Subscale Scoring (see Table below)

The original IPPA has three Parent and Peer subscales. Subscale scores are computed by

summing the item responses. Responses to negatively worded items must be reverse-scored before calculations.

Directly-scored Reverse-scored

Parent Subscales Items Items

Trust 1 2 4 13 14 21 23 24 3 10(10 items)

Communication 6 8 16 17 20 26 28 5 7 15

(10 items)

Alienation

(8 items)

9 11 12 18 19 22 25 27 - - - -

Peer Subscales

Trust 6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 5

(10 items)

Communication 1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25 - - - -



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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT (IPPA):

(Parent and Peer Version)

ITEM-TOTAL CORRELATIONS*

PARENT ATTACHMENT SCALES

COMMUNICATION TRUST

Item Number Item-total correlation Item Number Item-total

5 .53 1 .76

6 .67 2 .697 .59 3 .61

8 .61 4 .75

15 .63 10 .5516 .75 13 .73

17 .80 14 .7320 .75 21 .7226 .77 23 .74

28 .68 24 .64

ALIENATION

Item Number Item-total Correlation9 .59

11 .60

12 .5918 .5819 .57

22 .57

25 .7427 .65

PEER ATTACHMENT SCALES

TRUST COMMUNICATION

Item Number Item-total Item Number Item-total

5 .56 1 .576 .60 2 .63

8 .62 3 .59

12 .70 7 .6613 .75 16 .57

14 .68 17 .63

15 .73 24 .72

19 .71 25 .72

20 .6821 .75

ALIENATIONItem Number Item-total correlation

4 .45

9 27



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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:

(MOTHER, FATHER AND PEER VERSION)

SCORING INSTRUCTIONS

Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment scores are calculated by(1) reverse-scoring the items whose numbers are listed below and

(2) summing all 25 items for each scale.

Attachment Scale Items to be reverse-scored

Mother 3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23

Father 3 6 8 9 10 11 14 17 18 23

Peer 4 5 9 10 11 18 22 23

Authors: Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D., and Gay C. Armsden, Ph.D.

Department of Psychology, University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195-1525



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INVENTORY OF PARENT AND PEER ATTACHMENT:

(MOTHER, FATHER, PEER VERSION)

How to Score the Revised Version in Order toUse the Original IPPA Subscales

SUBSCALE ITEM NUMBER ON REVISED VERSION

Direct-scored items Reverse-scored items

Parent Trust 1 2 4 12 13 20 21 22 3 9

Parent Communication 5 7 15 16 19 24 25 6 14

Parent Alienation 8 10 11 17 18 23

Peer Trust 6 8 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 5

Peer Communication 1 2 3 7 16 17 24 25

Peer Alienation 4 9 10 11 18 22 23

*Some of these subscales are highly correlated on the original version of the instrument, making their independence questionable. Initial

investigation of the dimensional structure of the revised version suggests a similar structure, but some differences exist between Mother and Father

Attachment in item-content of the dimensions. Further investigation is warranted.

ippa manual

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