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IR 6004

The International Relations of Northeast Asia

AY 2011-2012 (2nd semester), Friday: 1.30 – 4.00PM

Instructors: Tang Shiping and Wu Chengqiu

Office: Wen-ke-lou 814/631

Office Telephone: 55664582; Email: twukong@yahoo.com; twukong@gmail.com Office Hours: Monday 4-6 PM. No appointment needed during office hours.

General Introduction

This course emphasizes a historical and systemic approach toward understanding the international relations of Northeast Asia (and international politics in general). The course is designed with two convictions. The first conviction is that a decent understanding of history is the foundation for any understanding of international politics, and focusing only on current affairs actually tends to obscure some causes and issues that were there decades or even centuries ago. The second conviction is that a systemic approach is absolutely necessary for understanding international politics, and the broader system called human society.

The reading material in this course thus generally provides the necessary historical background for understanding the international relations of Northeast Asia. The instructor generally refrains from assigning required readings that are purely interpretative, other than on fairly contemporary issues (e.g. the regional order). In some sessions, the reading list does include materials on contemporary issues, explicitly linking the past with the present.

For each session, several questions will be posed. These questions generally seek to explore the causes behind the historical development and the consequences of the historical developments with a historical and systemic approach. Before each session, students are required to offer their tentative thoughts on the questions posed, after they finish the required reading materials.

For each class, the lecture, providing a brief historical account of the subject and, lasting no more than 20 minutes, will be delivered. It will then be followed by presentations from two students on the questions posed (each about 20-30 minutes), followed by open discussion on the questions posed and presentations. Additional questions that may be of interest for the students can be added to the discussion when time allows.

The instructor hopes that such a course design will enable students to think independently from and challenge existing interpretations of the past, the present, and the future.

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Guide to Good Performance

1. Read the required readings carefully and take notes. You should finish at least 75% of the required readings (about 150 pages) in order to have a decent grasp.

2. Read some of the recommended readings if you can, and especially if you are assigned to do presentations for the session. Carefully consider which argument or interpretation is most plausible, and why.

3. Write down what you have in mind on the questions posed, regardless whether you are going to present or not.

4. Be out-spoken and try to challenge others’ points. Silence is not gold here. 5. Re-think and re-formulate your thoughts on the questions after each session, in

light of the discussions during the class, and put your more developed thoughts on paper (Laziness will never pay). The questions in the final examination will consist of questions that are derived from (but are different from) these questions posed for each sessions.

6. Do not be late for class, or in turning in your assignments.

Performance Assessment

Students in this course are presumed to have some, but not much, background knowledge about the topics to be discussed. Students who do not have much background knowledge are encouraged to read some general texts (e.g. History of Modern China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and the post-1900 United States).

Students are expected to complete the required readings and encouraged to do the recommended readings prior to class and be prepared to participate in discussions.

For each session, two students are picked to present their thoughts on the questions posed for each session. They must outline their arguments and explain why they have come to the arguments. Depending on the number of students, each student may get 2-4 opportunities to present. Students are required to pick their topics for presentations before session 2.

Students’ performance will be assessed based on the following criteria: 1. Attendance and discussion 10% 2. Presentations in the Class 20% 3. Two essays (1500-2000 words) on two topics 20% 4. Final (3 questions answered in short essays, each 1000-1500 words) 50%

Books Recommended for General Reading

The following two books are recommended not specifically for this course, but for your general interest. These two books will provide invaluable intellectual support for your understanding of the world around us, whether you stay in academia or work in other professions.

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1. Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1997). This book is the crowning achievement of Jervis’s intellectual odyssey, so far.

2. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York, Norton, 1997). A macro-history of human society, from 11000 B.C. on, told in an amazingly accessible way.

General Texts for the Course

The following books are recommended for a general introduction to Northeast Asia, and sometimes East Asia (i.e. both Northeast and Southeast) and Asia-Pacific. Also recommended are some standard textbooks on the modern history of the major players, China, Japan, Russia, Korea (one then two), and the U.S. in the Asia-Pacific Region. 1. Mark Borthwick ed., Pacific Century: the emergence of modern Pacific Asia, 2nd

ed., (Boulder : Westview Press; 1998) (DS518.1.B739, Library 2, on reserve at HSS library)

2. Yahuda, Michael. 2004. The International Politics of the Asia-Pacific. London: Routledge. (IDSS library, DS518.1 YAH 2004 [IR6013], on reserve)

3. Peter R. Moody, Jr, Tradition and Modernization in China and Japan (Wadswroth: Belmont, C. A.: 1995). (IDSS library, DS775.75 MOO, on reserve)

4. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 6th ed. Oxford, 2000 (IDSS library, on reserve)

5. William G. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan (St. Martin’s Press, 1990). (DS881.B368, library 2, on reserve in HSS library)

6. Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: a historical survey (IDSS library, DS881 HAN GEN. on reserve)

7. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (London: Duckworth, 2001) (DS889.8 BIX, SAFTI).

8. Bruce Cummins, Korea’s Place in the Sun: a modern history (Norton, 1997). (DS917 CUM, SAFTI library).

9. Adrian Buzo, The Making of Modern Korea (Routledge, 2002), (DS916 BUZ, SAFTI library) (A good and brief introduction to history of modern Korea)

10. Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 5th ed., (Oxford, 1993) (DK40.R481, L2)

11. Howard Jones, Crucible of power: a history of U.S. foreign relations from 1897 (Wilmington, Del: SR Books, c2001). (E744 JON IR08, IDSS library).

Current Affairs

Emphasizing the historical and a systemic approach for understanding international politics does not mean that the instructor is asking you to ignore current affairs. In fact, students are strongly encouraged to follow current affairs, especially if

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they intend to stay in the academics or if they intend to make informed decisions about business matters in Asia.

New Sources Read one or two papers from the major players in the Northeast Asia System: Japan: Asashi Shimbun, Manichi Shimbun, Japan Times Korea: Korea Herald, Korea Times China: China Daily, South China Morning Post Russia: Moscow Times, Pravada Asia Times (online versions). Some of the news reported here may contain unsubstantiated stories and opinions. Some of the commentaries in this paper tend to be unbalanced. Overall, though, this website is a good source of news about Northeast Asia (and Asia in general). Associate Press/Reuters/BBC: reliable sources, although limited coverage on Asia. Of course, if you can read Chinese, Japanese, Korean, or Russian, that is even better! Professional journals

(The following recommended links and lists of things you may want to read are from Prof. Brian Job’s syllabus.) The following journals should be consulted for the latest policy commentary and scholarly writings on Asia Pacific political/security matters: Pacific Affairs, The Pacific Review, Asian Perspective, Asian Survey, China Quarterly, Asia-Pacific Review, Australian Journal of International Affairs, International Security Studies (CIIS-Beijing), Contemporary International Relations (CICIR-Beijing), Asian Security, Korea Journal of Defense Studies, China: An International Journal, Journal of Northeast Asian Studies; Far Eastern Affairs (Russia), International Affairs (Russia), Journal of East Asian Affairs (Korea),… this list restricted to journals in English) .. and more generally on security and foreign policy matters: International Security, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, Survival, Washington Quarterly, Orbis, Security Dialogue, Contemporary Security Policy. (… again, restricted to journals in English).

Some useful annual series for an overview (Generally, these surveys tend to focus on things that are of most concern for the states in which they are produced. Thus, they should be read with a grain of salt.) The Strategic Asia series published by the National Bureau of Asian Research. The East Asia Strategic Review series, by National Institute for Defence Studies.

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1. Introduction

Course Introduction Rules for presentations Rules for short papers Rules for final examinations Northeast Asia as a System 1: Players Major players: China, Japan, Czarist Russia/the Soviet Union/the Russian Federation, the United States (post-1890) Minor players: pre-1945 Korea, and the two Koreas after 1945, South Korea and North Korea, Mongolia (this course generally ignores Mongolia) 2. The Beginning of Modern History of Northeast Asia: the clash of two-systems

a) Before 1840, NEA was still very much an independent system, and a more-or-less China-centric system. This system was more-or-less hierarchical. b) After 1840, NEA became a system that was superimposed by the Westphalia system. Westphalian system is de jure anarchical, although often de facto hierarchical in the sense there were always some leading powers, and these leading powers held advantages over smaller powers. c) China itself became a periphery state: it no longer held a centric position, and it will not hold a centric position for at least two centuries. 3. Introducing the Systemic Approach and its Implications for understanding society Recommended Reading Systemic Approach 1. Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Social and Political Life (Princeton,

1997), Chapter 1, “Definitions and Illustrations,” pp. 1-87, but esp. 29-73. 2. Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear, 2nd ed. (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf,

1991), Chap. 5, “Regional Security,” pp. 186-229 (IDSS library)

2. The Making of NEA as a Modern International System

Required The Nature of the Sino-centric (a semi-hierarchical system) Order 1. John King Fairbank, “A Preliminary Framework,” in John King Fairbank, ed., The

Chinese World Order: traditional China's foreign relations (Oxford, 1968), pp. 1-19 (DS740.4 CHI, SAFTI).

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2. Morris Rossabi, “Introduction,” in Morris Rossabi, ed., China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and its Neighbors, 10th to 14th Centuries (Berkeley: UC Press, 1983), pp. 1-13.

3. Wang Gungwu, “The Rhetoric of a Lesser Empire: Early Sung Relations with its Neighbors,” in Morris Rossabi, ed., China among Equals, pp. 47-65.

4. David Kang, “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900,” Asian Security, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2005), pp. 53-79.

The Making of the Westphalia System 1. Alexander B. Murphy, “The Sovereign State System as political-territorial ideal: historical and contemporary considerations,” in Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber eds., State Sovereignty as Social Construct (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 81-120. Recommended General History of China and the Tribute System 1. Ray Huang, China: A Macro-history (Yale, 1983) DS735.H874 (HSS2 library) 2. John Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Harvard, 1998).

(IDSS library, on reserve) 3. Mark Mancall, “The Ch’ing Tribute System: An Interpretative Essay,” in John

King Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: traditional China's foreign relations (Oxford, 1968), pp. 63-89.

Sovereignty and China 1. Andreas Osinder, “Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalia

Myth,” International Organization, 55/2 (Spring 2001), 251-287. 2. Thomas J. Biersteker and Cynthia Weber eds., State Sovereignty as Social

Construct (Cambridge, 1996) (IDSS library) 3. Allen Carlson, Unifying China, Integrating with the World” Securing Sovereignty

in the Reform Era (Stanford, 2005), chapters 1-2. (JZ1734 C284, HSS library) 4. Andrew Phillips, “Saving Civilization from Empire: Belligerency, Pacifism and

the Two Faces of Civilization during the Second Opium War,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 5-27.

Interpretations and Misinterpretations? A Debate 1. David Kang, “Getting Asia Wrong, Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New

Analytical Frameworks,” International Security, 27/4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-85. 2. Amitav Acharya, “Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?” International Security, 28/3

(Winter 2003/04), pp. 149-164 3. David Kang, “Hierarchy, Balancing, and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International

Relations,” International Security, 28/3 (Winter 2003/04), pp. 165-180.

Questions 1. Why did the Chinese create an image of cultural superiority? Did Chinese retain

its sense of cultural superiority? If yes, why? If no, why? What is the implication

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of this retention or non-retention of its sense of cultural superiority for China’s foreign policy behavior today?

2. Is the image of cultural superiority unique to the Chinese? If yes, why? If no, why?

3. What is the relationship between material superiority (i.e. power) and cultural superiority (idea)? Did the Chinese rely (or live in their own myth) too much on cultural superiority? Did the West rely too much on material superiority?

4. What does sovereignty mean today?

3. Contrasting Responses by China and Japan and its Consequences

in Systemic Perspective

Required Reading 1. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 6th ed. Oxford, 2000, chapter 11,

“The Dynastic Revival and the Self-strengthening Movement,” pp. 261-294. 2. Mark Borthwick ed., Pacific Century: the emergence of modern Pacific Asia, 2nd

ed., (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), Chapter 3, “Meiji: Japan in the Age of Imperialism,” (with a contribution on “Meiji Restoration,” by George Akita), pp. 119-140.

3. Baron Kentaro Kaneko, “Japan’s Position in the Far East,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 26 (Jul., 1905), pp. 77-82.

4. Marius B. Jansen, “Japanese Imperialism: Late Meiji Perspectives,” in Ramon H. Myers and Mark R. Peattie eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945. (Princeton, 1984), pp. 61-79.

5. Raymong A. Esthus, Double Eagle and Rising Sun: The Russians and Japanese at Portsmouth in 1905 (Duke, 1988), chapter 2, “Double Eagle,” pp. 12-23, and “Appendix, The Portsmouth Treaty,” pp. 207-212.

Recommended Modern History of NEA (including Russia and Korea) 1. William G. Beasley, The Rise of Modern Japan (St. Martin’s Press, 1990),

chapters 3-9, pp. 32-158. (DS881.B368, library 2, on reserve in HSS library) 2. Richard Samuels, Machiavelli’s Children, chapter 2, “How to build a State,” pp.

41-68. (IDSS library, on reserve) 3. Ian Nish. The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Longman, 1985).

(DS517 NIS SAFTI library) (a good diplomatic history of the war) 4. J. N. Westwood. Russia against Japan: a new look at the Russo-Japanese War

chapter 1, “The Inevitable War?” (DS517 WES, SAFTI) 5. Frederick R. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention Japan in the Great War,

1914-1919 (D621 DIC, SAFTI) 6. Charles Vevier, “The Open Door: An Idea in Action, 1906-1913,” The Pacific

Historical Review, 24/1 (Feb. 1955), pp. 49-62. (available from JSTOR)

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7. Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History (Norton, 1997), chapter 2, “The Interests, 1860-1904”, pp. 86-138. Read pp. 86-127.

Questions

1. Why did Japan emulate Western imperialism? Or did it? What specific aspects did Japan emulate, if any?

2. What were some of the consequences of Japan’s imperialism, from 1895-1919? (Use your systemic imagination)

3. Why did the United States and Britain favor Japan over Tsarist Russia after the Russo-Japanese war? What had been some of the consequences of US support of Japan? (Use your systemic imagination)

4. Would China have behaved differently from Japan if China reformed successfully first? What would today’s Northeast Asia be like if China reformed first? (a counterfactual question)

More profound and fundamental questions

1. Why did China and Japan respond to the West as the way they did? Or why did Japan reform successfully, while China failed?

4. The Chinese Revolution, phase I (1895-1927)

This session looks into the struggle for a “Rich and Powerful China” from Sun Yat-sen to Mao Ze-dong, and the influence of external great powers (Japan, U.S. and Russia/ Soviet Union) upon the trajectory of the Chinese revolution. The purpose is to understand the root causes of China’s foreign policy after 1949, and how the earlier years had a profound impact on the making of the post-WWII Northeast Asia. Required Reading

1. Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War: China’s Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalism (Cambridge, 2005), chapter 7, “The 1919 Paris Peace Conference and China’s Search for a New World Order,” pp. 244-277.

2. Bruce A. Elleman, Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations (M. E. Sharpe, 1997), introduction and Chapter 1, pp. 1-54.

3. Michael Hunt, The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy (Columbia, 1996), chapters 3, “The Patriotic Impulse, 1890s-1910s,” pp. 53-82, & chapter 4, “The Rise of an International Affairs Orthodoxy, 1920-1934”, pp. 83-121

4. John K. Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History (Harvard, 1998), chapter 14, “The Nationalist Revolution and the Nanjing Government,” pp. 279-293.

5. Harold R. Issacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution, rev. ed., Stanford: 1951, chapter 18, “The Imprint of the Chinese Revolution of 1925-27,” pp. 293-319.

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Recommended Reading 1. Xu Guoqi, China and the Great War, “Introduction,” pp. 1-18. 2. Bruce A. Elleman, Diplomacy and Deception, chapter 8 & Conclusion, pp.

195-251. 3. Alexander Lukin, The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China

and the Evolution of Russian-Chinese relations since the eighteenth century (M. E. Sharpe, 2003), chapter 2, “Proletarian Brother or Revisionist Foe? The Image of China in the Soviet Union,” pp. 75-164. Read pp. 75-107.

4. Jay Taylor. 2009. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Harvard.

Questions: 1. What were the major ideas for Chinese elite to choose in revolutionizing or

reforming China? Why was liberalism rejected and Communism adopted in China’s revolution?

2. Why the Soviet Union had a unique place in China’s elite imagination (both among KMT party members and CCP party members)?

3. The first real “Lost Chance”: If the rupture between KMT and CCP did not happen, what would the Chinese revolution look like? What would be the impact of such an outcome on Northeast Asia as an international system?

Deep Question 1. Was the rupture between KMT and CCP inevitable?

5. WWII and the Chinese Revolution: Phase II, 1927-1949

This session looks at the making of New China’s /Communist China’s foreign relations and its consequences. Required Reading 1. Chalmers Johnson, Peasant nationalism and communist power: the emergence of

revolutionary China 1937-1945 (Stanford, 1962), chapter 1, “Peasant Nationalism in China,” pp. 1-30, “Conclusion: Communism in the Service of the Nation-State,” pp. 179-188. (DS777.53 Joh, SAFTI)

2. Michael Hunt, The Genesis of Chinese Communist Foreign Policy (Columbia, 1996), Chapter 5, “Toward Foreign Policy Autonomy, 1935-1945,” pp. 125-158; and chapter 6, “The Trials of Adversity, 1945-1951,” pp. 159-200 (IDSS library)

3. James C. Thomson, “Americans and the ‘Loss’ of China,” in Mark Borthwick ed., Pacific Century: the emergence of modern Pacific Asia, 2nd ed., (Boulder : Westview Press ;1998), pp. 368-376. (DS518.1.B739, Library 2).

4. Tang Tsou, “The American Political Tradition and the American Image of Chinese Communism,” Political Science Quarterly, 77/4 (Dec., 1962), pp. 570-600.

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5. Sheng, Michael M. “Chinese Communist Policy towards the United States and the Myth of the ‘Lost Chance’, 1948-1950.” Modern Asian Studies 28/3 (1994): 475-502.

Recommended Reading The Roots of Peasant Revolution 1. Mao Zedong, “Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan, Feb. 1927, ” in Timothy Cheek, Mao Zedong and China’s Revolutions, Palgrave/St. Martin, 2002, pp. 41-75. WWII in East Asia 1. Michael A. Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic

Security, 1919-1941 (Cornell, 1988) (HC462.8 BAR, SAFTI library). 2. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (London: Duckworth,

2001), chapters 7 & 9, pp 235-278 & 317-358 (DS889.8 BIX, SAFTI). “The lost chance,” 1. “Symposium on Rethinking the Lost Chance in China.” Diplomatic History 21, no. 1 (Winter 1997). Further reading on the Chinese Revolution

1. Tang Tsou, “Interpreting the Revolution in China: Macrohistory and Micromechanisms,” Modern China, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Apr., 2000), pp. 205-238. (This is a splendid outline of a major project that seeks to understand the Chinese Revolution in a holstic (and an evolutionary) way. The outline suggests the great promise of this project. The author passed away before he could do anything about it.

2. Jack Belden, 1960. China Shakes the World. London: Victor Galacz (available at Wang Gungwu library, Chinese Heritage Center). If you want to read only one book to understand why the Communists came to power, read this one. One of the most powerful books on the Chinese revolution.

Questions 1. A second “real” lost chance: Why couldn’t Jiang and Mao (i.e. the Nationalists

and the Communists) get along after WWII/the anti-Japanese War? 2. Why did the Chinese Communist Party choose to ally the Soviet Union? Did they

have much a choice? Or was there a “lost chance” between China and the United States between 1948-1950, or the “lost chance” was a myth as Sheng argued?

3. In 1949, was a war between China and the United States inevitable?

6. WWII and the Coming of the Cold War to Northeast Asia

This session examines the immediate time followed the end of WWII: U.S. occupation of Japan, the division of Korea, and containment.

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Required Reading 1. Walter DeFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (Norton,

1997), Chapter 9, pp. 256-295. 2. Michael Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan: The Origins of the Cold

War in Asia (Oxford, 1985), chapters 3-4, pp. 52-97. 3. Mr. X/George Kennan, “The Source of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs 15 (July

1947), 566-582. (The Cold War had been officially on since Truman Doctrine, Mach 12, 1947. Kennan’s long telegram was on Feb. 23, 1946 then Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech on March 5, 1946)

4. John Lewis Gaddis, The Strategy of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, rev. and enl. Ed., Oxford: 2005, chapters 2 & 3, “Containment before Kennan,” and “Implementing Containment,” 24-86.

5. Bruce Cummins, Korea’s Place in the Sun: a modern history (Norton, 1997), chapter 3, “Eclipse, 1905-1945.” (DS917 CUM, SAFTI library)

6. Jongsoo James Lee, The Partition of Korea after WWII: A global history (Palgrave, 2006), Chapter 4, “The Koreans, the USSR, and the United States,” & conclusion, pp. 129-169.

Recommended Reading Occupation of Japan 1. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (London: Duckworth,

2001), chapter 14, “A Monarchy Reinvented,” 533-579 (DS889.8 BIX, SAFTI). 2. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of WWII. Norton. 1999. Background on Korea: 1895 to 1945. 1. Adrian Buzo, The Making of Modern Korea (Routledge, 2002), chapters 1-2,

“Joined to the Empire, 1910-1931,” “The Dark Gulf, 1931-1945,” (DS916 BUZ, SAFTI library)

2. Bruce Cummins, Korea’s Place in the Sun: a modern history (Norton, 1997), chapter 4, “The Passions, 1945-1948.”

Division of Korea: 1945-1948 1. Adrian Buzo, The Making of Modern Korea (Routledge, 2002), Chapter 3, “Bitter

Liberty, 1945-1948,” 2. Bruce Cumings, The Origin of the Korea War, Vol. 1, (Yuksabipyumgsa, Korea:

2002), chapter 4, “Crucible of Policy: Contending Forces in American Planning for Korea,” pp. 101-134.

3. Hyung-Kook Kim, The division of Korea and the alliance making process: internationalization of internal conflict and internalization of international struggle, 1945-1948 (Lanham: University Press of America, 1995). (SAFTI, DS917.52 KIM)

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Reconciliation in Europe and Asia after WWII

1. Gi-Wook Shin, “History Textbooks, Divided Memories, and Reconciliation,” and Peter Buus, “War Stories,” both forthcoming from, Divided Memories and Reconciliation, Stanford UP. (drafts on web at http://iis-db.stanford.edu/res/2260/Divided-Memory_In-house_2008.pdf)

2. Yinan He, 2009. The Search for Reconciliation: Sino-Japanese and German-Polish Relations since WWII. Cambridge (forthcoming). (If you want to read the proofs of this book, let me know).

3. Richard Lebow, Wulf Kansteiner, Claudio Fogu eds., 2006. The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe. Duke UP. (ask me if you want to read this)

4. Jennifer Lind, 2008. Sorry State: Apologies in International Politics. Cornell (HSS library, BF575.A75L742).

Questions 1. Why did both the Soviet Union and the United States leave the Korea peninsula,

without making sure that peace will hold on the peninsula? [This had certainly made the Korean War possible: most divided countries went down the path of civil war.]

2. Kennan’s Long-telegram and X-article had been two of the most influential policy documents in the past century. (In a way, all of us wished that we have the talent and luck that He had). Questions: A) ON what factors did Kennan base to gauge the behaviors of USSR? B) His prediction that the West would eventually win the Cold War had proven to be correct? Why so? C) His policy recommendations can be improved. IF you were to draft such a report in 1945-7, what would you have done to improve the report (e.g., add or delete certain policy recommendations)? Why? (Assuming you were standing in 1945-7, and you did not know what would come afterwards).

3. The US occupation of Japan was a crucial period of time and a crucial event in the shaping of Northeast Asia after that. Looking back, what specific impacts that this event had on the international relations of Northeast Asia? [Remember, you need to attribute things after that period to the occupation, and this inevitably demands counterfactual thinking. This is no easy task.]

Other Questions 4. Why was the partition of Korea carried out? Why could not the Koreans

themselves reunify after WWII? Why does partition usually lead to war? 5. Why hadn’t Japan and China/Korea reconciled the way as France and Germany

did? What is the probability of a reconciliation between China/Korea and Japan as robust as that between France and Germany? Why so?

7. The Coming of the ‘Hot’ Cold War to Northeast Asia

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This session examines the crucial turning point between 1949-1950, focusing specially on the making of the Sino-Soviet-North Korea Alliance, the Korean War, and the U.S.-China Rivalry. Required Reading Origin of the War: deep 1. 沈志华，《毛泽东、斯大林与朝鲜战争》，广东人民出版社 2003 年版，第三

章，《越过三八线》。 Origin of the War: Immediate 1. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin,

Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1993), Chapter 5, “The Decision for War in Korea,” pp. 130-167.

Impact of the War 1. William Stueck, The Korea War: An International History (Princeton, 1995),

Chapter 10, “The Korean War as International History,” pp. 348-370. (DS918 STU, IDSS library).

2. Robert Jervis, “The Impact of the Korean War on the Cold War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 24, no. 2 (December 1980): 563-592.

3. John Lewis Gaddis, The Strategy of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War, rev. and enl. Ed., Oxford: 2005, chapter 4, “NSC-68 and the Korean War,” pp. 87-124.

4. Michael J. Nojeim, “U.S. Foreign Policy and the Korean War,” Asian Security, 2/2 (2006), pp. 122-146.

5. Paul Nitze et al., NSC-68 (April 7, 1950). Recommended Reading The Korean War

1. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1993), chapters 1 & 3 (DS740.5. S65G635, HSS library)

2. Thomas Christensen, Useful Adversaries: grand strategy, domestic mobilization, and Sino-American conflict, 1947-1958 (Princeton, 1996). IDSS library.

3. William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton University Press, 2002. (DS918 STU, SAFTI)

An Alternative Interpretation of American Strategy (for supremacy)

1. Christopher Layne, 2006. The peace of illusions: American grand strategy from 1940 to the present. Cornell University Press.

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Questions 1. Why did the United States/U.N. intervene in the first place? Why did China

intervene? Was the clash between China and the U.S. on the Korean peninsula in 1950 avoidable, strategically and tactically? Again, you need to use counterfactuals to make sure your answers more robust.

2. Much of the literature on the impact of the Korea War has been on the policy of the United States. What had been some of the war’s impacts on other countries’ foreign polices (i.e. China, Japan, the Soviet Union, the two Koreas), both short-term (i.e. 10-20 yrs) and long-term (20 yrs and beyond)? You can pick 2 countries for your presentation. Again, you need to use counterfactuals to make sure your answers more robust.

[In a way, counterfactuals are a very powerful analytical tool.]

Deeper Question (please do not choose) 3. The Soviet-China-North Korea was an offensive alliance. Without the backing of

the Soviet-China alliance, would North Korea have attacked South Korea? If yes, why? If no, why?

8. From Sino-Soviet Split to Sino-American Rapprochement

Required Reading 1. Stephen Walt, 1985. “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power,”

International Security 9 (4): 3-43. 2. Yang Kuisong, “The Sino-Soviet Border Clash of 1969: From Zhenbao Island to

Sino-American Rapprochement,” Cold War History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2000), pp. 21-52.

3. Chen Jian, 2001. Mao and the Cold War, chap. 3, “Mao’s continuous revolution and the rise and demise of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1963,” pp. 49-84.

4. Chen Jian, 2001. Mao and the Cold War, chap. 9, “The Sino-American Rapprochement, 1969-1972,” pp. 238-276.

Recommended Reading Alliance Theory

1. Stephen M. Walt, Origins of Alliance, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987. (This book develops the thesis in the 1985 paper).

2. Glenn Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” World Politics Vol. 36, No. 4 (1984), pp. 461-95.

3. Glenn Snyder. 1997. Alliance Politics. Ithaca: Cornel University Press. The Sino-Soviet Alliance: Final Efforts and Eventual Split

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1. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, 1997. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. Harvard University Press, chap. 7, “Khrushchev and the Sino-Soviet Schism”.

The Sino-American Rapprochement 1. William Burr, "Sino-American Relations, 1969: The Sino-Soviet Border War and

Steps towards Rapprochement." Cold War History 1, no. 3 (April 2001): pp. 73-112.

2. Harding, Harry. A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China Since 1972. (Washington: Brookings, 1992), pp. 23-47.

3. James Mann, About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with China, From Nixon to Clinton. New York: Knopf, 1999.

4. Ezra Vogel et al. ed., The Golden Age of the U.S.-China-Japan Triangle, 1972-1989. (Harvard, 2002)

5. Robert Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: the politics of U.S.-China relations, 1989-2000 (Washington: Brookings, 2002), chapter 4, “The Slow Road to Recovery, 1989-1992,” pp. 88-144. (skim)

Questions 1. Why did the Sino-Soviet alliance collapse? Obviously, when facing a powerful

common opponent, the alliance should not have collapsed (from a realism point of view)? Please compare the Sino-Soviet alliance vs. the stability of the US-Japan alliance to arrive your answers.

2. A counterfactual question. If the Sino-Soviet alliance had remained intact until the end of the Cold War, would the Soviet Union have collapsed? (Recall George Kennan's predictions). What would be China like today if the Sino-Soviet alliance had remained intact until the end of the Cold War？

3. Obviously, the collapse of the Sino-Soviet alliance had been a very critical event in the evolution of the Northeast Asia international system? Can you elaborate on the collapse’s impact over the Northeast Asia international system, besides it made the rapprochement between China and US possible? (This is essentially to ask the questions: What are some of the lasting impacts of China’s rapprochement with the United States and Japan?)

4. With regards to their China policies, the United States and Japan acted differently between 1970 and 1972. Please develop some hypotheses regarding how two countries in an asymmetric alliance deal with the third country (inimical) by comparing their relationship to the Soviet-China alliance, and please try to discuss these hypotheses.

9. The Fragile Thaw of U.S/Japan-China Relationship

Required Reading 1. Shiping Tang, “Reconciliation and the Re-making of Anarchy,” World Politics,

Vol. 63, No. 4 (2011), pp. 711-749.

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2. Sadako Ogata. Normalization with China: a comparative study of U.S. and Japanese processes (Berkeley: California, 1988), chap. 3 & 4. (NUS E183.8 Chi.O/EAI DS740.5 Uni.O)

3. Lee, Chae-Jin. “The Making of the Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty.” Pacific Affairs 52, no. 3 (Autumn, 1979): 420-445.

4. Takashi Yoshida, “A Battle over History: The Nanjing Massacre in Japan,” in, Joshua A. Fogel ed., The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historigraphy (UC Press, 2000), pp. 70-132. (HSS library)

5. Peter Hay Gries, “China’s ‘New Thinking’ on Japan,” The China Quarterly, 2005, pp. 831-850.

Recommended Reading 1. James Mann, About Face: A History of America's Curious Relationship with

China, From Nixon to Clinton. New York: Knopf, 1999 (IDSS library, on reserve).

2. Ezra Vogel et al. ed., The Golden Age of the U.S.-China-Japan Triangle, 1972-1989. (Harvard, 2002) (IDSS library, on reserve)

3. Robert Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: the politics of U.S.-China relations, 1989-2000 (Washington: Brookings, 2002), chapter 4, “The Slow Road to Recovery, 1989-1992,” pp. 88-144 (IDSS library). (skim)

4. Takashi Yoshida. The Making of the "Rape of Nanking": History and Memory in Japan, China, and the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

5. Kawashima Shin, “Japan and China in Modern History: The perception gap and the “history problem,” Gaiko Forum (Summer 2005), pp. 37-46.

6. Yang Daqing, “The Challenge of the Nanjing Massacre: Reflections on Historical Inquiry,” in, Joshua A. Fogel ed., The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historigraphy (UC Press, 2000), pp. 133-179.

7. “Germany bids to outlaw denial of Holocaust across continent,” Guardian, Jan. 16, 2007. (http://www.guardian.co.uk/germany/article/0,,1991371,00.html)

Questions 1. The relationship between China and U.S./Japan has been quite uneasy with much

instability, even after their rapprochement. What are the things they could have done differently to make their relations more stable, in the period of 1972-1989? Again, you have to use counterfactuals.

2. Why couldn’t “China’s New Thinking on Japan” in 2003 fly in China, nor in Japan? Is it flying today? Why or why not?

10. Soviet Union/Russia’s Relations with China and Japan

This session examines the evolution of Russia’s relationship with China and Japan and Russian’s presence in Northeast Asia Required Reading

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1. Alexander Lukin, The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China and the Evolution of Russian-Chinese relations since the eighteenth century (M. E. Sharpe, 2003), chapter 2, “Proletarian Brother or Revisionist Foe? The Image of China in the Soviet Union,” pp. 75-164. Read pp. 107-164.

2. Lowell Dittmer, Sino-Soviet Normalization and its International Implications, 1945-1990 (Seattle: Washington University Press, 1992), Chapter 15, “Menage a Trois, 1986-1990,” pp. 231-247. (SAFTI library, DK68.7 DIT)

3. Shiping Tang, “Regional Economic Integration in Central Asia: The Sino-Russia Relationship,” Asian Survey, Vol. XL, No. 2 (March/April 2000), pp. 360-376.

4. Peggy F. Meyer, “The Russian Far East’s Economic Integration with Northeast Asia: Problems and Prospects,” Pacific Affairs, 72/2 (Summer 1999), pp. 209-224.

5. Leszek Buszynski, “Oil and Territory in Putin’s Relations with China and Japan,” Pacific Review, 19/3 (Sept. 2006), pp. 287-303.

6. Yutaka Okuyama, “The Dispute over the Kurile Islands between Russia and Japan in the 1990s,” Pacific Affairs, 76/1 (Spring 2003), pp. 37-53.

Recommended Reading Russia, China, Japan, and Northeast Asia 1. Steven G. Marks, Road to power: the Trans-Siberian railroad and the

colonization of Asian Russia, 1850-1917 (Cornell 1991), (DK766.M346, Lib. 2) 2. Alexander Lukin, “The Image of China in Russian Border Regions,” Asian Survey,

38/9 (Sep., 1998), pp. 821-835. 3. Alexander Lukin, The Bear Watches the Dragon: Russia's Perceptions of China

and the Evolution of Russian-Chinese relations since the eighteenth century (M. E. Sharpe 2003), chapter 6, “China’s Image and Foreign Policy,” pp. 300-318. (DK68.7. C5 L954, HSS library)

4. Elizabeth Wishnick, Mending Fences with China: The Evolution of Moscow's China Policy, 1969-1992. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001). (DK68.7 WIS, IDSS library).

5. Elizabeth Wishnick, “Russia and China: Brothers again?” Asian Survey, 41/5. (Sep.- Oct., 2001), pp. 797-821.

6. Lowell Dittmer, “The Emerging Northeast Asian Regional Order,” in, Samuel S. Kim ed., The International Relations of Northeast Asia. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004), pp. 335-342. (This piece will be required reading in the last session, so read it now, if you can.)

7. Brad Williams, “Federal-regional Relations in Russia and the Northern Territories Dispute: the rise and demise of the ‘Sakhalin factor’” Pacific Review 19/3 (Sept. 2006), pp. 263-285.

8. Stephen Aris, “A New Model of Asian Regionalism: Does the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Have More Potential than ASEAN?” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2009), pp. 451-467.

Russia and China: Border settlement

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1. M. Taylor Ravel, Strong borders, secure nation: cooperation and conflict in China's territorial disputes. Princeton University Press, 2008.

Questions 1) What are some of the major properties of Sino-Russian relationship today? What

has made Russia and China treat each other in today’s way? (Please compare their relationships today with their not-so-pleasant past. This is what we called intra-case comparative studies)

2) What are some of the roles Russia plays in Northeast Asia international system today? Why is it so?

3) What are the implications of the Russo-China strategic partnership for Northeast Asia international relations, in terms of traditional security? (Again, you need both factual and counterfactual thinking).

11. Post-Cold War and Beyond: Major Issues I, Korea and 1997

Crisis

Required Reading General 1. John Mueller, “The Catastrophe Quota: Trouble after the Cold War,” Journal of Conflictual Resolution, 38/3 (Sept. 1994), pp. 355-375. Korea: False Hopes, Different Pulls, Difficult Choices, and Possible Solutions 1. Jae Ho Chung, “South Korea between Eagle and Dragon: Perceptual Ambivalence

and Strategic Dilemma,” Asian Survey, 41/5 (Sept.-Oct., 2001), pp. 777-796. 2. Shiping Tang, “A Neutral Reunified Korea: a Chinese view,” Journal of East

Asian Affairs (Seoul), Vol. XIII, No. 2 (Fall/Winter 1999), pp. 464-483. 3. Jonathan D. Pollack, "The United States, North Korea, and the end of the Agreed

Framework." Naval War College Review (Summer 2003), pp. 11-48. 4. John S. Park, “Inside Multilateralism: The Six-party Talks,” Washington

Quarterly, 28/4 (Fall 2005), pp. 75-91. The 1997 Financial Crisis and East Asian Regionalism 1. Webber, Douglas. "Two Funerals and a Wedding? The Ups and Downs of

Regionalism in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific after the Asian Crisis." The Pacific Review 14, no. 3 (Aug. 2001): 339-372.

2. Wade, Robert. "Wheels within Wheels: Rethinking the Asian Crisis and the Asian Model." Annual Review of Political Science 3 (2000): 85-115.

3. Lipscy, Philip. “Japan’s Asian Monetary Foundation Proposal,” Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 2003, 3 (1): 93-104. (on web)

Recommended Reading

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Korea 1. Chae-Jin Lee, 1996, China and Korea: Dynamic Relations (Stanford: Hoover

Institutions Press). This book is dated but still useful for understanding the beginning of the relationship between China and the Two Koreas, esp. 1988-1995. (DS740.5 LEE, SAFTI library)

2. Samuel S. Kim, The Two Koreas and the Great Powers (Cambridge, 2005). 3. Jae Ho Chung, Between Allies and Partners: Korea between US and China.

(Columbia 2007). Korea and China: The Recent Koguryo Dispute and Many Other Things

1. Daniel Goma, The Chinese-Korean Border Issue: An Analysis of a Contested Frontier. Asian Survey 46/6 (Nov./Dec. 2006): 867-880

The Financial Crisis

1. Haggard, Stephan. The Political Economy of the Asian Financial Crisis. (Institute for International Economics, 2000). (HG187.H145 Library 2).

2. Jung Kim, “The political logic of economic crisis in South Korea,” Asian Survey, 45/3 (May/Jun, 2005), 453-474.

3. The Special Issue on the Asian Financial Crisis, Asian Survey 47 (6), Dec/Nov. 2007, especially Donald Hellman’s contribution. Donald Hellman, “A Decade after the Asian Financial Crisis: Regionalism and International Architecture in a Globalized World,” Asian Survey 47 (6), Dec/Nov. 2007, 834-49.

4. Shiping Tang, “The Asian Financial Crisis: Ten Year On,” RSIS Commentary No. 66, 2007.

Questions The Two Koreas 1. What challenges would a possible Korean reunification pose to Northeast Asia? 2. Explain the dynamics of the six-party talks so far (Aug., 2003-Dec., 2008)? 3. Why did the 1994 deal between the U.S. and North Korea collapse. Please use the

security dilemma and reassurance as theoretical tools to explain the outcome? Asian Financial Crisis and East Asian Regionalism (please challenge my views too) 4. Are there any linkages between the 1997 crisis and the “new” East Asian

Regionalism? If yes, in what ways, and by how much? Why couldn’t the Asian Monetary Fund (AMF) fly, or has it taken off with the Chiang Mai Initiative?

5. Did the 1997 crisis really change the “development state” of East Asia? If yes, by how much? If not (or not much), why?

12. Post-Cold War and Beyond: Major Issues II, Japan

Required Reading Japan: Rethinking, Nationalism, and New Life after “the Lost Decade”

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1. Youchi Fubanbashi, “Japan's Moment of Truth,” Survival, 42/4 (Winter 2000/1), pp. 73-84.

2. Eugene Matthews. Japan's New Nationalism. Foreign Affairs, Nov./Dec. 2003. 3. Daiki Shibuichi, “The Yasukuni Shrine Dispute and the Politics of Identity in

Japan,” Asian Survey, 45/2 (Mar./April 2005), pp. 197-215. 4. Richard J. Samuels, “Japan’s Goldilocks Strategy,” The Washington Quarterly,

29/4 (Autumn 2006), pp. 111-127. Japan-US Alliance, China, and East Asia 1. Thomas J. Christensen, “China, the U.S.-Japan Alliance, and the Security

Dilemma in East Asia,” International Security 23/4 (Spring 1999), pp. 49-80. 2. Wu Xinbo, The End of the Silver Lining: A Chinese View of the U.S.-Japan

Alliance,” The Washington Quarterly, 29/1 (Winter 2005-6), pp. 119-130. 3. Mike M. Mochizuki, “Japan: Between Alliance and Autonomy,” in Strategic Asia

2004-5 (Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2005), pp. 105-137 (available at http://www.nbr.org/publications/strategic_asia/pdf/sa04_4japan.pdf)

4. Victor Cha, “Abandonment, Entrapment, and Neoclassical Realism in Asia: The United States, Japan, and Korea,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 44, 2000, pp. 261-291.

Recommended Reading Japan

1. Richard J. Samuels, Securing Japan: Tokyo's grand strategy and the future of East Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.

2. Christopher W. Hughes, “Japanese Military Modernization: In Search of a "Normal" Security Role,” in Strategic Asia 2005-2006 (Seattle: National Bureau of Asian Research, 2005), pp. 105-134 (available at http://www.nbr.org/publications/book.aspx?ID=c2b2e079-6d34-4220-aaf0-32b441ae33ab)

Alliance Politics

1. Glenn Snyder, “The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,” World Politics, 36/4 (July 1984), pp. 461-95.

2. Ito, Go. Alliance in Anxiety: Détente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle. London: Routledge, 2003 (E183.8.C5, 189, HSS library).

Questions 1. Why has the U.S.-Japan alliance become tighter, rather than looser as NATO has

become (especially after the U.S. invaded Iraq), after the Cold War? 2. Why has the security dilemma (or spiral) in post-Cold War Northeast Asia gotten

worse? What may be the potential consequences of this worsening of security dilemma (or spiral) in Northeast Asia? What are the potential measures to reverse the worsening of security dilemma (or spiral) in Northeast Asia?

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3. Nationalism rises when Japan was in a relative stagnation whereas it rises when China was in a phase of rapid growth. In your opinion, why can nationalism rise in these two very different contexts? Can you draw some general lessons on nationalism by comparing the two cases?

13. Post-Cold War and Beyond: Major Issues III, Rise of China-I

Required Reading The Rise of China and East Asia (mid-1990s-today) The literature on how to cope with China’s rise or the China threat/problem is so large and is still growing. Here, I shall just assign six representative pieces. 1. Aaron Friedberg. "The Struggle for Mastery in Asia." Commentary (November

2000): 17-26. (Friedberg has since changed some of his rather pessimistic view. See his recent article in International Security, Fall 2005).

2. Gerald Segal, “Does China Matter?” Foreign Affairs (September/October 1999): 24-36.

3. Jusuf Wanandi, “ASEAN’s China Strategy: Towards Deeper Engagement,” Survival, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Autumn 1996), pp. 117-28

4. Robert S. Ross, “The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century,” International Security, 23/4 (Spring 1999), pp. 81-118.

5. Peter H. Gries, “Nationalism and Chinese Foreign Policy,” in Yong Deng and Fei-ling Wang eds., China Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 103-120.

6. Michael Beckley, 2011. “China Century? Why America’s Edge Will Endure,” International Security 36 (3): 41-78.

Mainland China and Taiwan 1. Yun-han Chu, “Taiwan’s National Identity Politics and the Prospect of

Cross-Strait Relations,” Asian Survey, 44/4 (2004), pp. 484-512. 2. Thomas J. Christensen, “The Contemporary Security Dilemma: Deterring a

Taiwan Conflict,” The Washington Quarterly, 25/4 (Fall 2002), pp. 7-21. Containment, Engagement, Hedging, and Stake-holder: China, US and E. Asia 1. David Shambaugh, “China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order,”

International Security, 29/3 (Winter 2004/5), pp. 64-99. 2. Zhang Yunling and Shiping Tang, “China’s Regional Strategy,” in David

Shambaugh ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), pp. 48-68. (IDSS library, DS740.4 POW, on reserve)

3. Evan Medeiros, “Strategic Hedging and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability,” The Washington Quarterly, 29/1 (Winter 2005/6), pp. 145-167.

4. John G. Ikenberry. The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive? Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb. 2008, 23-37.

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Recommended Reading China, East Asia, and the United States 1. Denny Roy, “Hegemon on the Horizon? China’s Threat to East Asian Security,”

International Security, Vol. 19, No.1 (Summer 1994), pp. 149-168 2. Charles Krauthammer, “Why We Must Contain China?” Time, July 31, 1995, p.

72 3. Gerald Segal, “East Asia and the ‘Constrainment’ of China,” International

Security, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Spring 1996), pp. 107-135. 4. Rosemary Foot, “China in the ASEAN Regional Forum: Organization Process and

Domestic Models of Thought,” Asian Survey, Vol. 38, No. 5 (May 1998), pp. 425–440.

5. Gaye Christoffersen, “The Role of East Asia in Sino-American Relations,” Asian Survey, Vol. 42, No.3 (May/June 2002), pp. 369-396.

6. Robert Sutter, “Why Does China Matter?” The Washington Quarterly (Winter 2004), pp. 75-89.

7. Evan Mediros and Taylor Fravel, “China’s New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No .6 (Nov/Dec. 2003), pp. 22-35.

8. Avery Goldstein, “An Emerging China’s Emerging Grand Strategy,” in G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno (Eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 57-106.

9. Alastair Iain Johnston, "Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security 27, no. 4 (Spring 2003): 5-49.

10. Alstair Iain Johnston, “Socialization in International Institutions: The ASEAN Way and International Relations Theory,” in G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno (Eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 107–159.

11. Michael Glosny, “Heading toward a win-win Future? Recent developments in China policy toward Southeast Asia,” Asian Security, 2/1 (2006), pp. 24-57.

12. Evelyn Goh, “The US–China Relationship and Asia-Pacific Security: Negotiating Change,” Asian Security, 1/3 (Dec 2006), pp. 216-244.

13. Michael Yahuda, “Chinese Dilemma in Thinking about Regional Security Architecture,” The Pacific Review, 16/3 (June 2003), pp. 189-206.

14. David C. Kang, (2006) “Why East Asia Accommodates China: Power, Politics, and Culture in East Asian International Relations,” available http://www.braverobbin.com/james/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/Kang%20-%20WhyAccomCHN.pdf

15. Jonathan D. Pollack, “The Transformation of the Asian Security Order: Assessing China’s Impact,” & Michael Yahuda, “The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power,” both in David Shambaugh ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (UC Press, 2005), pp. 329-361.

16. Shiping Tang, “Projecting China’s Foreign Policy: Determining Factors and Scenarios,” in Jae Ho Chung ed., Charting China’s Future: Political, Social, and

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International Dimensions (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 129-45. (IDSS library, DS740 CHA GEN, on reserve)

17. Peter Hays Gries. China's new nationalism: pride, politics, and diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2005.

18. Christensen, Thomas J., Fostering Stability or Creating a Monster? The Rise of China and U.S. Policy toward East Asia. International Security, 31/1 (Summer 2006), pp. 81-126.

19. C. Fred Bergsten, "A Partnership of Equals: How Washington Should Respond to China's Economic Challenge," Foreign Affairs (July/August 2008).

20. Christopher Hughes, 2009. “Japan’s Response to China’s Rise: Regional Engagement, Global Containment, Dangers of Collision,” International Affairs, 85 (4): 387-365.

Taiwan 1. “Identify Politics in Taiwan,” special issue, Asian Survey, 44/4 (Aug., 2004). 2. Ross, Robert. “The 1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility and

Use of Force.” International Security 25/2 (Fall 2000): 87-123. 3. Nancy B. Tucker, “If Taiwan Chooses Reunification, should the United States

care?” Washington Quarterly, 25/3 (Summer 2002), pp. 15-28. 4. Jean-Pierre Cabestan, “The Taiwan Conundrum,” in Jae Ho Chung ed., Charting

China’s Future: Political, Social, and International Dimensions (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 165-190 (IDSS library, DS740 CHA GEN, on reserve)

5. Ted Galen Carpenter, America's coming war with China : a collision course over Taiwan (Palgrave, 2005) (IDSS library)

6. Sheng Lijun, China's dilemma : the Taiwan issue (Singapore: ISEAS, 2001) (IDSS library)

7. Richard Bush, Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait (Washington: Brookings, 2005).

Questions China, U.S. Taiwan, and East Asia 1. Logically, states that are closer to China (i.e. regional states) should be more

sensitive to the growth of China’s power and China’s behavior. Yet, the most ardent proponents of the “China Threat” thesis in the past decade have been from the United States, and Japan? Why so?

2. IT can be argued that most regional states haven’t adopted a hardened containment approach against China. Rather, they have been hedging. Why so? What would be the consequences (for Northeast Asia, of course) of this much hedging between China, US, and regional states?

3. Why so much hedging, from U.S., China, and regional states? Has hedging been good to the region?

4. How has the Taiwan issue impacted China’s foreign policy and Northeast Asia in general?

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14. Post-Cold War and Beyond: Major Issues IV, Rise of China-II

Required Reading China’s Policies and Impact 1. David Shambaugh, “China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order,”

International Security, 29/3 (Winter 2004/5), pp. 64-99. 2. Alice D. Ba, 2006. “Who’s Socializing Whom? Complex Engagement between

China and ASEAN,” Pacific Review 19 (2): 157-179. 3. Amitav Acharya, 2009. “Conclusion: Living with China, but Loving it?” In,

Shiping Tang, Mingjiang Li, and Amitav Acharya eds., Living with China: Regional States and China through Crises and Turning Points. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

A “Beijing Consensus”? Chinese Soft Power? 1. Joshua Kurlantzick, “China’s Charm: Implications for Soft Power,” Policy Brief,

Carnegie Endowment for Peace (June 2006). Available at: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/PB_47_FINAL.pdf

2. Li Mingjiang, “China Debates Soft Power,” Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2 (2008): 287-308.

3. Todd Hall, 2010. “An Uncertain Attraction: A Critical Examination of Soft Power as an Analytical Category,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 3(1): 189-211.

Recommended Reading Interpreting and Predicting China’s Foreign Policy 1. Evan Mediros and Taylor Fravel, “China’s New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol.

82, No .6 (Nov/Dec. 2003), pp. 22-35. 2. Shiping Tang, “Projecting China’s Foreign Policy: Determining Factors and

Scenarios,” in Jae Ho Chung ed., Charting China’s Future: Political, Social, and International Dimensions (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2006), pp. 129-45.

3. Peter H. Gries, “Nationalism and Chinese Foreign Policy,” in Yong Deng and Fei-ling Wang eds., China Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005, pp. 103-120.

4. Avery Goldstein, “An Emerging China’s Emerging Grand Strategy,” in G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno (Eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 57-106.

5. Alastair Iain Johnston, "Is China a Status Quo Power?" International Security 27, no. 4 (Spring 2003): 5-49.

6. Injoo Sohn. 2011. “After Renaissance: Chinas Multilateral Offensive in the Developing World,” European Journal of International Relations, on-line first, DOI: 10.1177/1354066110392083

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China’s Policies and Their Impact 1. Jonathan D. Pollack, “The Transformation of the Asian Security Order: Assessing

China’s Impact,” & Michael Yahuda, “The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power,” both in David Shambaugh ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (UC Press, 2005), pp. 329-361.

2. Michael Glosny, “Heading toward a win-win Future? Recent developments in China policy toward Southeast Asia,” Asian Security, 2/1 (2006), pp. 24-57.

3. Alstair Iain Johnston, “Socialization in International Institutions: The ASEAN Way and International Relations Theory,” in G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno (Eds.), International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 107–159.

4. Peter Hays Gries. China's new nationalism: pride, politics, and diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2005.

5. David Kang. 2007. China Rising: Peace, Power, and Order in East Asia. New York: Columbia University Press.

A “Beijing Consensus”? Chinese Soft Power? 1. Joshua Cooper Ramo, The Beijing Consensus (May 2004), www.fpc.org.uk 2. Kay Möller, “Beijing Bluff,” Survival, 48/2 (Summer 2006), pp. 137-146. 3. Bates Gill and Yanzhong Huang, “Sources and limits of Chinese 'soft power',”

Survival, 48/2 (Summer 2006), pp. 17-36. 4. Alan Hunter. 2009. “Soft Power: China on the Global Stage,” Chinese Journal of

International Politics, 2 (2): 373–398. 5. Justin Yifu Lin, Fang Cai, and Zhou Li, “The Lessons of China’s Transition to A

Market Economy,” Cato Journal, Vol., 16, No. 2, pp. 201-231. 6. Suisheng Zhao, “The China Model: Can It Replace the Western Model of

Modernization?” Journal of Contemporary China, No. 65, pp. 419-436.

Questions

1. Obviously, it is not easy to judge whether China’s regional strategy has yielded good results. What aspects do we need to take into consideration in order to evaluate the performance of China’s regional strategy?

2. “Soft power” is a bad concept, from a social science point of view. If so, then how can we explain why so many American pundits and Chinese pundits are so clamoring for a discussion on “China’s soft power” amid the discourse on the rise of China (here, we are not going to address whether China has a lot of soft power or not per se). Please try to address the question from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge. The sociology of knowledge asserts that all knowledge (especially social knowledge, including concept, theory, interpretation, etc) is tightly linked (but not wholly determined) to the social context (i.e., power structure, power/knowledge structure, institution/culture) and observers’ understanding and internationalization of the social context. The founding fathers

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of “sociology of knowledge” include Marx/Engels (The German Ideology, 1846), Max Scheler, Karl Manniheim, and most recently, Michel Foucault.

15、Post-Cold War and Beyond: Major Issues V: International Order

of Northeast Asia

Required Reading General Theory of Institutional Change 1. Shiping Tang, “A General Theory of Institutional Change”. (This is a paper that summarizes my book A General Theory of Institutional Change, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2011). The International Order of Northeast Asia: Goal? Or Process? 1. Christensen, Thomas J., Fostering Stability or Creating a Monster? The Rise of

China and U.S. Policy toward East Asia. International Security, 31/1 (Summer 2006), pp. 81-126.

2. Kishore Muhbubani, “The Case against the West,” Foreign Affairs, May/June 2008.

3. Yuen Foong Khong, “The Elusiveness of Regional Order: Leifer, the English School and Southeast Asia,” The Pacific Review, 18/1 (March 2005), pp. 23-41.

Recommended Reading 1. Gaye Christoffersen, “The Role of East Asia in Sino-American Relations,” Asian

Survey, Vol. 42, No.3 (May/June 2002), pp. 369-396. 2. Michael Yahuda, “Chinese Dilemma in Thinking about Regional Security

Architecture,” The Pacific Review, 16/3 (June 2003), pp. 189-206. 3. Evelyn Goh, “The US–China Relationship and Asia-Pacific Security: Negotiating

Change,” Asian Security, 1/3 (Dec 2006), pp. 216-244. 4. Christopher Dent (ed.) 2008. China, Japan, and Regional Leadership in East Asia.

London: Edward Elgar. 5. Qin Yaqing, 2010. “International Society as a Process: Institutions, Identities, and

China’s Peaceful Rise,” Chinese Journal of International Politics 3 (2): 129-153. 6. Rosemary Foot and Andrew Walter, “Global Norms and Major State Behavior:

The Cases of China and the United States,” European Journal of International Relations, February 2012, online.

7. Jae Jeok Park, “The US-led Alliances in the Asia-Pacific: Hedge Against Potential Threats or an Undesirable Multilateral Security Order?” The Pacific Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (May 2011), pp. 137–158.

From the Past to the Future?

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1. David Kang, “Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks,” International Security, 27/4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-85.

2. Amitav Acharya, “Will Asia's Past Be Its Future?” International Security, 28/3 (Winter 2003/04), pp. 149-164

3. David Kang, “Hierarchy, Balancing, and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International Relations,” International Security, 28/3 (Winter 2003/04), pp. 165-180.

What Is Regional Order: Other Discussions 1. Barry Buzan, “Security architecture in Asia: the interplay of regional and global

levels.” The Pacific Review 16/2 (June, 2003):143-173. 2. Lowell Dittmer, “The Emerging Northeast Asian Regional Order,” in, Samuel S.

Kim ed., International Relations of Northeast Asia. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2004), pp. 331-362.

Questions

1. Obviously, assessing the success or failure of America’s Northeast Asian (Regional) Strategy in the post-Cold War era will not be an easy job either. What kind of factors should be considered, if you want to do such an assessment? Please discuss by drawing others’ assessment of China’s East Asian (Regional) Strategy.

2. (Regional) Order/structure is hard to define.1 My working definition of regional order here is a set/system of rules or institutions that states tend to comply with when they interact with each other within a particular system (for instance, Northeast Asia). Certainly, institutions (as rules) can be internalized into “norms (as part of culture)”. In this sense, constructing a regional order is a process of constructing an institutional system, which can be understood by the aid of my general theory of institutional change. Obviously, the interaction between China, Japan, and the U.S. is of critical importance to the future of Northeast Asia regional order/structure. Yet, regional order cannot be dictated by any one of the three countries alone. Please address this question of regional order from these two perspectives (a student only has to tackle one perspective, so this question can be addressed by two students). a) Assuming China, Japan, and the U.S. each has several designs for Northeast

Asia regional order/structure, discuss the interaction between these different designs (in different combinations) and explore their impact on Northeast Asia regional order/structure.

b) Assuming other countries within Northeast Asia (e.g., Russia, South Korea) also have several designs for Northeast Asia regional order/structure, and then discuss how their designs can interact with China, Japan, or the U.S. to shape Northeast Asia regional order/structure in the future.

1 It may be the case that our concern for (regional) order is a false question invented by our anxiety about uncertainty. But for now, we take such a concern to be real.

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12: Past, Present, and Future: Northeast Asia after 911

Required Reading September 11 and the Bush Revolution 1. George W. Bush, “State of the Union Address,” Jan. 29, 2002. 2. National Security Strategy of the United States, 2002. 3. Robert Jervis, “The Making of a Unipolar World,” Washington Quarterly, 29/3

(Summer 2006), pp. 7-19. The Bush Revolution and Asia 1. Michael Mastanduno, “Hegemonic Order, September 11, and the Consequences of

the Bush Revolution,” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 5/2 (2005), pp. 177-196.

Recommended Reading The Bush Revolution 1. Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, American Unbound: The Bush Revolution

in Foreign Policy (Brookings, 2003) (IDSS library) 2. John Lewis Gaddis, “A Grand Strategy of Transformation,” Foreign Policy

(Nov/Dec 2002), pp. 50-57. 3. Robert Jervis, American Foreign Policy in a New Era (Routledge, 2005). IDSS

library 4. David M. Malone and Yuen Foong Khong, eds., Unilateralism and U.S. foreign

policy : international perspectives (Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner, 2003) (IDSS library, E744 UNI IR08)

5. John G. Ikenberry. 2005. Why Bush Grand Strategy Fails? Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University.

A Consensus for Preventive War?

1. Peter Dombrowski and Rodger A. Payne, “The Emerging Consensus for Preventive War,” Survival, 48/2 (Summer 2006), pp. 115-136.

The Bush Revolution and Asia 1. Amitav Acharya, “The Bush Doctrine and Asian Regional Order: The Perils and

Pitfalls of Preemption,” Asian Perspectives, 27/4 (2003), pp. 217-247. (on line) 2. Special issue on the U.S. and Asia, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 5/2

(2005) The Global Financial Crisis and East Asia 1. Shaun Breslin, “East Asia and the Global/Transatlantic/Western Crisis,”

Contemporary Politics, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 2011), pp. 109-117. (and the Special Issue).

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2. C. Randall Henning, “The Future of the Chiang Mai Initiative: An Asian Monetary Fund?” Peterson Institute for International Economics Policy Brief Number Bp09-5, February 2009.

Questions 1. Why is the Bush Doctrine revolutionary? What made the revolution possible?

Within a system, however, revolutionary behaviors do not necessarily lead to revolutionary changes (at least within a given time frame). Why so? Please illustrate such a possibility with the changes within Northeast Asia after 911/the coming of the Bush Doctrine.

2. After the 2008 Financial Crisis, predicting the consequences of this crisis has become a cottage industry. There are three general predictions: 1) The crisis hit hard on the United States, and the U.S. will inevitably decline (absolutely? relatively?), partly because the United States cannot reform due to its domestic politics; 2) Yes, the crisis hit hard on the United States, but the U.S. will not inevitably decline (absolutely? relatively?) and may even have a re-birth, because the United States will be able to reform (exactly because of the crisis); 3) Yes, the crisis hit hard on the United States, but it hit hard on everybody else too. Therefore, the crisis may not have much an impact on the overall relative distribution of power after all. Among the three predictions, which prediction is the most risky (that is, it is more likely to be proven false)? What are the places that a prediction can be proven to be wrong? How do prophets try to avoid risk of failures?