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?>

LHCVHGA^_KDH PN_V^V VHHGHVAPDBD= [AN @HJH[DFUIU^BDV[ HJK [AN VUI_HKDF ‒KNCIF_H[–

Drnj Hbiyhj 

Djtrikuftdij 

\anj thbgdjl hoiut tan ^VV_ ijn cdlat tadjg i` h bhrln

ficcujhb hphrtcnjt dj wadfa ‒jhtdijhb sthtn ujdts, vhrdius rnpuobdfs

hjk hutijicius privdjfns– rnprnsnjtnk ‒snphrhtn riics.–8 [an ynhr

i` 841>,h`tnr Lirohfanv djtrikufnk ads `hr‖`hcnk ‒pnrnstridgh–prilrhc wdta hj hcodtdius rantirdf i` lbhsjist  (ipnjjnss), tan

fiujtkiwj `ir tan fbhsadjl i` tan ‒ficcujhb hphrtcnjt– onlhj. Hs

Vbnzgdjn puts dt dj, ‒tan tnjhjts i` vhrdius riics ohrrdfhknk tandr

kiirs hjk sthrtnk usdjl tan wdjkiws, wadbn tan on`ukkbnk rnsdknjts

i` tan njircius ahbb hjk gdtfanj stiik dj tan fnjtnr sfrhtfadjl tanohfgs i` tandr anhks–?. Lnirldhjs ‖ tan tdtubhr jhtdijs i` ijn i` tan

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ՉԸՕԸԺԸՌՕՇԸՀԸՎԷՀ ԳՀԻԷՕՀԾՕ  6 ?586?0

Aiwnvnr hs adstiry ahs saiwj tan `hthb hjk sicntdcns richjtdf

bnhknr i` tan Lnirldhj rnvibutdij whs ijby ti hfadnvn ads lihb i`djknpnjknjt sthtn‖oudbkdjl, wanrnhs tan itanr njknhvirs, sufa hs

`ubb djtnlrhtdij hjk ‒lnirldhjdzhtdij– i` tan pipubhtdij `ric tan

ornhghwhy rnldijs i` Viuta Issntdh, Hogahzdh, Hmhrdh, shw h d̀hsfi=

tan rnldijs nvnjtuhbby onfhcn cirn kdsdjtnlrhtnk `ric Lnirldh.

H`tnr tan ?556 _isn _nvibutdij, Cdgandb Vhhghsavdbd, tan `dlurnanhki` tan _isn _nvibutdij hjk tan djfuconjtUrnsdknjt i` Lnirldh, whs

suppisnkby ti on tan ijn ti dcpbncnjt tan Lhcshgaurkdh—s hlnjkh

i` h ujdtnk Lnirldh hjk ti rnlhdj tan bissns Lnirldh ahk. Hs siij

hs Vhhghsavdbd fhcn ti piwnr, ads chdj fahbbnjln ‒whs tan spnnky

rnnsthobdsacnjt i` Lnirldh—s tnrrdtirdhb djtnlrdty, ti wadfa Vhhghsavdbdchkn h knnp pnrsijhb ficcdtcnjt–.8Djtnrnstdjlby njiula, jijn i`

tan Lnirldhj bnhknrs h`tnr Lhcshgaurkdh nrh (dj ̀ hft, tads rnlhrkstan

Vnfijk Urnsdknjt i` Lnirldh Nkuhrk Vanvhrjhkzn), ahvn onnj si

nxpbdfdt hjk njtausdhstdf hoiut tan tnrrdtirdhb djtnlrhtdij i` Lnirldh.

[ads ds ijn i` tan rnhsijs tan yiujl hjk njtausdhstdf bnhknr i` tan _isn_nvibutdij cdlat on ficphrnk ti tan `dlurn‖anhk i` tan Lnirldhj

djknpnjknjfn strullbn \antanr tads ficphrdsij ds rnhsijhobn hjk d`

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6 ?586 D. HBITHJ ?<

tan chmirdty i` fhsns chssns ki usuhbby njtausdhstdfhbby `ibbiw tandr

bnhknrs, hjk tan bhttnr chy on i`tnj biyhb hjk ‒phssdijhtn hoiut tandrfhusn–, wadfa whs iovdius dj fhsn i` Lhcshgaurkdh8.

Out vdrtuhbby wai hrn tansn jhtdijhbdst bnhknrs waic pnipbn ̀ ibbiw9

[ads dssun ahs onnj knohtnk oy chjy sfaibhrs, hjk dj kd``nrnjt fhsns

jhtdijhbdsc ahs irdldjhtnk hcijl pri`nssdijhbs, ournhufrhts, biwnr

fbnrly, hjk nvnj hcijl sicn rubnrs. Aiwnvnr, tan ribn i` djtnbbdlnjtsdhdj jhtdijhb civncnjts ahs hbwhys onnj ncpahsdznk. Oy rnprikufdjl,

rntnbbdjl, rnvdsdjl jhtdijhb cytas, sycoibs, ntf., tan djtnbbnftuhbs hjk

hrtdsts knvnbip jhtdijhb dknibildns hriujk wadfa pnipbn ciodbdzn. [ads

strhtuc i`tnj hssucns tan ribn i` h ‒fnrthdj– cnkdhtir wai kd``usns

hjk rnhfans tan jhtdijhbdstdf dknibily ti tan ‒pnipbn–?

. [an ribn i`djtnbbdlnjtsdh dj tan jhtdijhb bdonrhtdij civncnjt i` tan Vivdnt ^jdij

rnpuobdfs ahs onnj pdvithb. Dj `hft, h`tnr Lirohfanv put `irwhrk ads

rn`irc hlnjkh i` bdonrhbdzhtdij, tan Vivdnt _npuobdfs shw h ourst

hjk ncnrlnjfn i` fdvdb sifdnty(bdonrhb djtnbbdlnjtsdh), wadfa sthrtnk

ti ciodbdzn hjk ti vidfn iut dssuns wadfa dt wiubk jit icdttnk tiki `ircnrby `ir tan sdcpbn `nhr i` ondjl djfhrfnrhtnk. Jhcnby, tads

bhynr i` sifdnty usdjl dts djtnbbnftuhb fhphfdty fijtrdoutnk ti sahpdjl

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ՉԸՕԸԺԸՌՕՇԸՀԸՎԷՀ ԳՀԻԷՕՀԾՕ  6 ?586?1

civncnjt i` Lnirldh8,Lhcshgaurkdh jnvnr stippnk tan priphlhjkh

i` ads jhtdijhbdstdf rantirdf wadfa nvnjtuhbby snrvnk hs h ohsn `ir tan`rnnkic civncnjt i` Lnirldh

Hs hbrnhky cnjtdijnk, Cdgandb Vhhghsavdbd, tan yiujl bnhknr i` tan

?556 _isn _nvibutdij dj Lnirldh, hjk suosnqunjtby tan Urnsdknjt i`

Lnirldh ahk snt hcijl pibdtdfhb prdirdtdns ti rndjsthbb tan tnrrdtirdhb

djtnlrdty i` Lnirldh. Cdgandb Vhhghsavdbd whs oirj dj [odbdsd dj 840<,ahs lrhkuhtnk `ric tan Vfaiib i` Djtnrjhtdijhb Bhw dj Gdnv hjk

stukdnk dj tan ^jdtnk Vthtns. Vdjfn tan hln i` 6> Vhhghsavdbd ahk

anbk vhrdius dcpirthjt pibdtdfhb pisdtdijs, sufa hs Cdjdstnr i` Mustdfn,

Chyir, ntf.

\adbn hjhbyzdjl tan ohfglriujk hjk tan fhrnnr phta i` tan twibnhknrs h chmir kd``nrnjfn ontwnnj tanc, wadfa wdbb on bhtnr snnj ti

ahvn hj dcphft ij tandr jhtdijhbdst rantirdf,ncnrlns. Hs h kdssdknjt

hjk djtnbbnftuhb, Lhcshgaurkdh ahs jnvnr onnj h cnrn pibdtdfdhj, ir

chyon an ahs jnvnr onnj ijn. An whs tan sycoib i` tan jhtdijhb

bdonrhtdij civncnjt7 cnhjwadbnan ahs jnvnr onnj prhdsnk hs h liiknxnfutdvn ir hkcdjdstrhtir?. Kurdjl tan Lhcshgaurkdh nrh, tan sahkiw

nfijicy whs pribd`nrhtdjl dj Lnirldh firruptdij whs houjkhjt hjk

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6 ?586 D. HBITHJ ?4

iwj bufrhtdvn, hjk i`tnj frdcdjhb djtnrnsts rhtanr tahj sthtn djtnrnst.

Ij tan fijtrhry, tan pibdfy i` Vhhghsavdbd hjk ads njtdrn hlnjkhwhs ohfgnk up oy h stnhky obifg i` pri`nssdijhbs wai ahk `ircnr

pibdtdfhb nxpnrdnjfn hjk rnbnvhjt nkufhtdij, sufa hs tan‒anhvywndlat

pibdtdfdhjs– 8]urho ]avhjdh hjk Jdji Ourmhjhkzn. Aiwnvnr, hs tan oita

fhsns cdlat nvnjtuhbby saiw hjk anrn h ficcijodilrhpadf `nhturn

cdlat on ncpahsdznk ‖ h`tnr fnrthdj knvnbipcnjts tan suppirtnrsi` tan oita prnsdknjts nvnjtuhbby onfhcn tan bnhkdjl cnconrs i`

tandr ippisdtdij, wadfa dj fhsn i` Lhcshgaurkdh whs `hthb, wdta tan

phrhcdbdthry `irfns bhrlnby fijtrdoutdjl ti ads kiwj`hbb?.

Hs hbrnhky cnjtdijnk ondjl nkufhtnk oy \nstnrj trhkdtdijs,

Lnirldh ujknr tan rubn i` Cdgandb Vhhghsavdbd ahk hj nxpbdfdt \nstnrjvifhtdij. @ir tan \nst, Lnirldh whs taiulat ti onficn h frhkbn i`

kncifrhfy dj tan Viuta Fhufusns. [an biyhbty i` Lnirldh tiwhrks

\nstnrj trhkdtdijs whs hbsi hrtdfubhtnk dj tan Lnirldh—s ?55> Jhtdijhb

Vnfurdty Fijfnpt, dj wadfa JH[I whs fijsdknrnk ti on tan luhrhjtnn

`ir snfurdty, wadbn N^ whs snnj hs h fijtrdoutir ti chrgnt nfijicy

hjk kncifrhtdf rn`ircs.6\anj ]vdhk Lhcshgaurkdh bhujfank ads

civncnjt an prifbhdcnk adcsnb` hs h ‒bdonrhb jhtdijhbdst– ficphrdjl

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ՉԸՕԸԺԸՌՕՇԸՀԸՎԷՀ ԳՀԻԷՕՀԾՕ  6 ?58665

knfbhrnk tan Lnirldhj prnsdknjt ti on h ‒pibdtdfhb firpsn–8. Bdgn ads

yiujl fibbnhlun nvnjtuhbby onfhcn, Lhcshgaurkdh ahs hbwhys onnj hpnrsij jij‖lrhth `ir tan _ussdhjs ‖ h ‒_ussipaion–.

[an `nhturns djkdfhtnk hoivn, ahvn ahk tandr dcpbdfhtdijs ij

sahpdjl tan jhtdijhbdsc hlnjkhs i` tan oita bnhknrs wadfa wn wdbb

kncijstrhtnk onbiw.

Uipubhr Jhtdijhbdsc vnrsus ‒Fdvdf– Jhtdijhbdsc 

Jhtdijhbdsc fhj on kn`djnk hs hj ‒dknibily ir pibdtdfhb civncnjt–

wadfa snngs ̀ ir fnrthdj lhdjs, fnrthdj rdlats ir prdvdbnlns ̀ ir tan jhtdij,

tariula hciodbdznk hjk snb`‖kn`djnk ficcujdty.? Dj h orihk snjsn

jhtdijhbdsc ds hoiut hjk `ir jhtdij‖oudbkdjl hjk/ir tnrrdtiry. [anjhtdijhb civncnjts hrn anbk `ir hj nvnjtuhb fijtrib ivnr tnrrdtiry7d`

dt ds njiula piwnr`ub tan civncnjt hfadnvns dts lihbstariula sthtn‖

oudbkdjl ir knstruftdij i` sthtns.6 [ads whs tan fhsn dj tan `ircnr

Vivdnt ^jdij, wanrn tan jhtdijhbdsc civncnjts (dj fijmujftdij

wdta itanr `hftirs) taht risn h`tnr tan Lirohfanv bdonrhbdzhtdijpibdfy oriulat ti tan fibbhpsn i` tan ^VV_ hjk tan chgdjl i` jnw

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6 ?586 D. HBITHJ 68

[an jhtdijhbdst rantirdf i` Lhcshgaurkdh ‒Lnirldh `ir Lnirldhjs–,

hjk ads thbgs hoiut ‒ntajilnjy i` Lnirldh–8  whs pnrfndvnk oy tancdjirdtdns djahodtdjl Lnirldh hs h kdrnft tarnht `ir lnirldhjdzhtdij

hjk kdsfrdcdjhtdij. [ads chdjby rnlhrks tan rnldijs i` Viuta Issntdh

(`ircnrby hutijiciusiobhst  i` ^VV_), Hmhrdh hjk Hogahzdh (`ircnrby

hutijicius rnpuobdfs). Hs h rnsubt tan Hogahzdhjs, Hmhrdhjs hjk

Viuta Issntdhjs sthrtnk ti fbhdc `ir djknpnjknjfn, wadfa kdk `dt jitdjti tan jhtdijhbdstrantirdf i` Lhcshgaurkdh. [ads ncnrlnk djti h

snrdns i` vdibnjt fij`bdfts wdta twi whrs dj Viuta Issntdh (8414‖8448)

hjk Hogahzdh (844?‖8446) hjk tan nvnjtuhb biss i` fijtrib ij tan

tnrrdtirdns.

H``bunjt wdta h fahuvdjdstdf hjk ncitdijhb rantirdf, Lhcshgaurkdh—sjhtdijhbdst civncnjt chy on knsfrdonk hs `ibbiws=

• Hffirkdjl ti h juconr i` sfaibhrs, tan ntajdf jhtdijhbdsc

dj tan pistficcujdst tnrrdtiry ncnrlnk hs rnsubt i` tan rnvdvhb i`

jhtdijhb dknjtdtdns, wadfa wnrn njtrnjfank oy tan fnjtrhb livnrjcnjt,

out wnrn hobn ti survdvn wdtadj hbcist h fnjtury?. [an jhtdijhbdsc

civncnjt i` Lhcshgaurkdh whs hj ntajdf‖jhtdijhbdst civncnjt,

snngdjl ti tan rnnsthobdsacnjt tan Lnirldhj dknjtdty6 Oruohgnr

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ՉԸՕԸԺԸՌՕՇԸՀԸՎԷՀ ԳՀԻԷՕՀԾՕ  6 ?5866?

jhtdijhbdst civncnjt whs `nk oy tan kdrty cijny i` tansn frdcdjhb

lriups. Lhcshgaurkdh whs hj hutifrhtdf kdfthtir, wai onbdnvnk taht`ir hfadnvdjl h ̀ ubb djknpnjknjfn hj hutifrhtdf rnldcn whs jnnknk dj

tan fiujtry.8An ahk ujknrcdjnk h juconr i` kncifrhtdf prdjfdpbns

(n.l. an ahk fahjlnk tan cikn i` nbnftdij bifhb livnrjcnjt turjdjl

tanc djti fnjtrhbby hppidjtnk prn`nfturns). Cirnivnr, tan civncnjt

whs dbbdonrhb hs ht `rnqunjtby rnsirtnk ti cnhjs i` ahrk piwnr hjkvdibnjfn, wanjnvnr dts djtnrnsts wnrn jit cnt,bdgn dj tan fhsn i` tan

fbhsans dj tan ornhghwhy rnldijs,

• Hkcdttnkby, hs Mijns hrluns rn`nrrdjl ti Ohrrdjltij,Lnirldhj

jhtdijhbdsc whs sivnrndljty‖snngdjl hjk hdcnk snfurn tan tnrrdtirdhb

djtnlrdty i` Lnirldh?

. Out dt ds wirta ti jit taht tan jhtdijhbdsc i`Lhcshgaurkdhwhs hbsisthtn‖snngdjl, ir ht bnhst dt onfhcn si h`tnr h

bdttbn wadbn. [ads whs hj hjtd‖dcpnrdhbdstdf, cirn prnfdsnby hjtd‖Vivdnt

`rnnkic civncnjt, strdvdjl `ir hjdjknpnjknjfn hjk sivnrndlj

sthtn `ir tan jhtdij taht ahk ficcij vhbuns hjk whs ciodbdznk dj h

ficcujdty.

• [an jhtdijhbdst civncnjt i` Lhcshgaurkdh whs h pipubhr

civncnjt Dt whs jit h fdvdf jhtdijhb civncnjt wdta hj nvnj

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6 ?586 D. HBITHJ 66

Vuprncn sivdnt, tan Lnirldhj phrbdhcnjt whs ficprdsnk i` pipubdsts

rhtanr tahj djtnbbnftuhbs, wadfa cirn njhobnk Lhcshgaurkdh ti htthdjads lihb i` hosibutn piwnr.

• H`tnr ads `irfnk rnsdljhtdij hjk tdbb tan njk i` ads khys (an

kdnk dj 8446dj iosfurn fdrfucsthjfns) Lhcshgaurkdh fijtdjunk ads

jhtdijhbdst civncnjt nvnj `ric horihk. Onfhusn, an ji cirn ahk

piwnr jir njmiynk tan pipubhrdty, ads civncnjt ahk trhjs`ircnkdjti hj ubtrh‖jhtdijhbdsc, wanrn nvnry cnhjs wnrn mustd`dnk `ir

hfadnvdjl tan njk, nvnj tan fiipnrhtdij wdta Hogahzdhj snphrhtdsts

wai wnrn ijfn fijsdknrnk hs ‒lunsts–.

Dj ippisdtdij, ti Lhcshgaurkdh—s pipubhr, sicntdcns `hjhtdfrantirdf i` jhtdijhbdsc, Cdgandb Vhhghsavdbd, fhcn ti piwnr hs h ^V‖

nkufhtnk bdonrhb kncifrht. Hs hbrnhky cnjtdijnk, tan twi bnhknrs

ahk tithbby kd``nrnjt ohfglriujks,wdta tan jhtdijhbdsc snjtdcnjts i`

Vhhghsavdbd ahvdjl tan `ibbiwdjl `nhturns=

• Bdgn Lhcshgaurkdh, Vhhghsavdbd—s pibdfy whs wnbficnk oy tan

chmirdty i` tan sifdnty. [an bnhknr i` tan _isn _nvibutdij, Vhhghsavdbd

whs taiulat ti on tan ijn ti put Lnirldh ij h kncifrhtdf phta wadfa

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ՉԸՕԸԺԸՌՕՇԸՀԸՎԷՀ ԳՀԻԷՕՀԾՕ  6 ?5866;

• Dj tan onldjjdjl i` ads fhcphdlj, Vhhghsavdbd ahk iptnk

`ir tan prdjfdpbnsi` si`t piwnr, wdta jivdibnjt cnhsurns hjk snvnrnjhtdijhbdstdf rantirdf. An suppisnk taht an fiubk fiipnrhtn wdta

tan cdjirdtdns i` tan ornhghwhy rnldijs, wdtaiut ujknrcdjdjl

tandr jhtdijhb dknjtdty. Hkcdttnkby, ads jhtdijhb civncnjt ahk

sicn httrdoutns i` fdvdf jhtdijhbdsc, ujbdgn tan nxfbusdvnby pipubhr

civncnjt i` Lhcshgaurkdh. @ric tan vnry `drst cicnjt Vhhghsavdbdahk hjjiujfnk ti rndtnrhtn tan Lnirldhj djtnlrdty oy bdonrhb, ujdvnrshb

hjk vibujthrdsc cnhsurns.Vhhghsavdbd prnsucnk taht ads rn`irc

hlnjkh wiubk rnsubt dj tan nfijicdf sthodbdty hjk httrhftdvnjnss i`

Lnirldh, wadfa wiubk dj dts turj,pusa tan jhtdijs i` tan dsibhtnk

rnldijs ti vibujthrdby djtnlrhtn wdta Lnirldh `ir tan shgn i` tandriwj prispnrdty. [ads prnsucptdij privnk firrnft dj fhsn i` Hmhrdh,

wanj dts Urnsdknjt Hsbhj Hohsadkzn vibujthrdby rnsdljnk, h`tnr tan

rnldij—s nfijicdf frdsdsonfhusn i` tan ncohrli, dcpisnk oy Lnirldh.

Hs Oruohgnr hrluns fdvdf jhtdijhbdsc ds ti on prhdsnk, hs dt ds cirn

djfbdjnk hjk snt ij h pnhfn`ub trhfg, wanrnhs ntajdf jhtdijhbdsc ahs

h cirn fijb`bdftuhb pitnjtdhb8.Dj tads fhsn wantanr tan jhtdijhbdsc

i` Vhhghsavdbd—s jhtdijhbdst cdlat on pnrfndvnk hs fdvdf ds strijlby

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