irrigation water management crops and cropping systems n irrigation tank command areas of andhra...

ii

Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP)

(2003-06)

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University

Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Printed : July, 2006

Correct citation: Reddy, M. D., Ram Prakash, T., Sreedhar Chouhan, Sankar

Reddy, K., Krishna Murthy, S. K., and Venku Naidu, M. (2006).

Project report on “ Agricultural Research Demonstrations and

Trainings under Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project

(APERP),” ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Published by :


Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

iii

Agricultural Research, Demonstration And Training In

Tankfed Irrigated Areas Under Andhra Pradesh

Economic Restructuring Project (APERP), India

(2003-06)

M. Devender Reddy T. Ram Prakash

Sreedhar Chauhan

K. Sankar Reddy

S. K. Krishna Murthy

M. Venku Naidu

Water Technology Centre


iv

Foreword

Andhra Pradesh needs a secure water future to achieve its planned economic growth, improve

the livelihoods and quality of rural/urban communities and revitalize its adequate ecosystem. With

the present level of withdrawal of available water at 58% , the State is considered to be “water scarce”

zone. The net irrigated area through the tanks has decreased over years. Some of the areas of concern

are, lack of knowledge of water resources by individual users, large number of tube wells making the

control of withdrawal and management very difficult. Moreover, there is a high risk of over

exploitation of groundwater due to continuous growth and agricultural demand

To demonstrate the potential of crop and crop sequences for better water use, explore the

potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving water use efficiency and

cropping intensity, adoption of improved water management techniques to crops and situations;

agricultural research, demonstration and training was taken up during 2003-06 by Acharya N.G.

Ranga Agricultural University in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Kadapa, Ananthapur and Vizayanagaram

Districts under APERP Project. During these three years period, the work under APERP has

generated information on crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops under tank

ayacuts. Several extension programs such as trainings, demonstrations, press releases, TV programs,

Radio Programs, All India Radio Programs were organized in this project.

This book is a compilation of the results of the on-farm experiments, on-farm demonstrations

carried out in large areas, various outcomes suitable for different tank command areas in different

districts of the state, lessons learnt in this project etc. This book will be a invaluable tool for the policy

makers interested in improving the efficiency of the micro-irrigation systems, researchers to continue

further research, students, farmers and Officers working in the Agricultural Extension machinery of

the state.

I acknowledge the financial support extended by the World bank through APERP, support

given by the University to successfully implement the project for three years in five districts.

Hyderabad M. Devender Reddy

Date : July, 2006 Nodal Officer, APERP

ANGRAU

Dr. M. Devender Reddy

Director, Water Technology Centre

ANGRAU

Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad

v

INDEX

Chapter Page No.

Executive Summary

I Introduction 2

II Benchmark Survey & Resource

Characterization 4

III Action plan –Execution 63

IV Objective wise work-done 51

V Results of Research & Demonstration 129

VI Extension activities 199

VII Input, Output and Outcome of the project 185

VIII Achievements of the project objectives 220

IX Summary and Conclusions 276

X Impact Assessment 228

vi

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING IN

TANKFED IRRIGATED AREAS UNDER APERP IMPLEMENTED BY

ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Agricultural Research, Demonstration and Training was taken up during 2003-04,

2004-05 and 2005-06 by ANGRAU in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, Cuddapah, Anantapur and

Vizianagaram districts covering four tanks in each district with following objectives –

Demonstrate potential crop and crop sequences for better water use, economic returns;

explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE,

Cropping intensity; improved on-farm agronomic practices including cultivars, farm

implements, fertilizers, pest control; adoption of improved water management techniques to

crop/situation including drip/sprinkler irrigation systems and multidisciplinary training

programs for promoting farmers managerial capabilities.

Benchmark survey of the selected tanks was conducted. The tanks did not receive

water in all the districts except Anantapur for cultivation of paddy during 2003-04 and 2004-

05. Crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops like maize, cotton,

soybean, castor, jowar, redgram, bajra and green manure crops were tried in place of rice.

Successful cultivation of above crops in wetlands was demonstrated to farmers in the tank

ayacuts of Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Kadapa and Vizianagaram districts. Dry seeding of

paddy, weed control by herbicides and other packages were demonstrated in well-irrigated

areas. During rabi, irrigated dry crops in place of rice were taken with available resources.

Crop intensification programme was achieved with cultivation of bengalgram and sunflower

succeeding to maize, soybean or rice by utilizing conjunctive use of rain, ground and surface

water in adopted tank commands.

In Kharif 2005-06 the tanks received water fully in Ananthapur, Kadapa,and

Vizianagaram districts and 50-75% in Medak and Mahabubnagar districts. During this year

one crop of rice other than ID crops were taken with tank water or bore wells. Training

programmes were conducted on suitable crop choice; new crop introduction; integrated

nutrient / pest management practices; irrigation methods, crop intensification techniques etc

to increase the awareness of farming community on better management of tank commands.

Resource Characterization and Socio-Economic Status

In Mahaboobnagar, the soils under tank command are red sandy (58%), red loamy

and red sandy clay (37%) soils and black soils (5.37%). Majority of the soils in selected

villages are neutral and non-saline in nature and low in organic carbon and available nitrogen

status. There were 22 to 57% illiterates, 12-21% having primary education and 4-43% high

school education. The marginal farmers varied from 18-44%, small farmers 22-50% and large

farmers 17-53 % in selected villages. The availability of institutional credit is mostly

restricted to large farmers and small and marginal farmers depend on local moneylenders.

In Medak, most of the soils under the tank commands are neutral to alkaline and most

of the soils are being kept fallow since a decade due to partial/unfilled condition of the tanks.

Benchmark survey report revealed that 68-86% of the farmers are marginal (<1 ha), 8-28%

are small (1-2.5ha) and only 2-8% are large (>2.5ha). Further 38-56% of the farmers are

illiterates and only 4-10% are graduates. The major source of income is from agriculture,

vii

agricultural labour, livestock, hamali and beedi works. Imbalance nutrition, indiscriminate

use of pesticides, over exploitation of groundwater, improper weed management, and

inefficient water management is the major production constraints.

In Ananthapur, most of soils are alkaline in nature with severe zinc deficiency,

shallow in depth with poor fertility status. Majority of the land is being kept fallow during

kharif as filling of tanks take place in October- November. Rice is predominant crop under

bore wells of tank aycut areas as well as if tanks get filled. There are many medium irrigation

projects through out the district, which are the major source of water for tanks. The

benchmark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four tankfed villages

revealed that 33.3 to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20-30% farmers are small (1-

2.5ha) and 10 to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). Further, 20 to 51 % of the farmers are illiterates,

while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal farmers avail the

loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow loans from commercial

banks and co-operative societies etc.

In Vizianagaram, The soils in the districts are mostly red sandy and red sandy clay

soils and are poor in organic carbon, available nitrogen, low in available P and low to

medium in available K. The net irrigated area by canals to net sown area is 11% and through

tanks it is 27 % and wells 4.8%. Majority of the farmers are illiterate and belong to backward

community and farmers are mostly marginal and small they follow traditional method of

cultivation by using indigenous agricultural implements. Paddy is the major crop grown

under tank ayacut and groundnut and other crops grown in elevated areas. Many of the

cultivators were not aware of the importance of pesticides and fungicides. Farmers still apply

DAP and grow more to rice even at panicle emergence. Most of the cultivators meet the

cultivation expenses from local moneylenders.

In Kadapa, marginal farmers are 25.0% and small farmers 71.4% and in Gangaperuru

34.4 % are marginal farmers and 71.4 % are small farmers 32.1 % farmers. Under the tank

ayacut area 78.1 % farmers in Gangaperuru and Thippanapalli was bore wells. The existing

cropping pattern in Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru tankfed areas is Rice-fallow if tanks are

filled during Aug –Sept and Rice –Cucumber are commonly under tanks supported with bore

wells.

Results of Research and Demonstrations

Mahaboobnagar

Experiments on water saving technologies in paddy; Rotational irrigation at critical

crop growth stages in maize, on farm evaluation of Integrated weed management, integrated

nutrient management in paddy and integrated pest management in Cotton and intercropping

in maize and castor with redgram were carried in selected tank commands in 2003-04 and

2004-05. Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced the application of irrigations (5-10)

compared to continuous saturation method both in black and red soils, but with slightly

decreased grain (5.96%) and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method. Maize

grain yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively with two

irrigations given at critical crop growth(silking and grain filling) stages as compared to

cultivation under rainfed situation. There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to

green manuring (daincha) along with recommended fertilizers. In cotton, 18-20 per cent

reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with IPM. Increase in net returns (6.5 and 17.34

viii

per cent) with maize + red gram and castor + red gram inter cropping. Among different rice

based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more remunerative, while in case of

ID based cropping systems, maize followed by vegetables recorded more returns.

Medak

As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton

during Kharif and Bengal gram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during

Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project

implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally,

Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation.

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, cotton during kharif and Bengal gram,

castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during rabi were found to be profitable.

Cultivation of Maize during kharif resulted in a mean grain yield of 2.23 and 2.95t/ha during

2003 and 2004. Sunflower during rabi recorded net returns of Rs. 7826/ha. Integrated nutrient

management in maize and paddy fetched an additional net income of Rs.1089 and 4828 per

ha. Integrated pest management in paddy and cotton recorded additional net returns of Rs.

8757 and 15327per ha.

Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of

water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank

commands. Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands.

Several I.D crops like Bengal gram, sunflower, groundnut, red gram, coriander were

successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall and

ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving the

WUE and increasing cropping intensity.

Ananthapur

Introduction of kharif crops like sunnhemp, diancha and green gram as green manures

preceding to paddy and fodder and grain sorghum crops in kharif fetch an average net returns

of Rs.1462/- to 3140/- ha-1

instead of keeping land fallow. Diversification of paddy with

sunflower and hybrid sorghum under irrigated dry conditions resulted average net returns of

Rs. 15937/- to 26546/ha. Results of field experiments and demonstrations conducted on rice

revealed that grain and straw yields were higher with application of gypsum followed by zinc

sulphate. There was more reduction in yield with gypsum application.

Vizianagaram

Paddy is cultivated mainly during Kharif season under tankfed commands and it is

beset with problems like uncertain and inadequate supply of irrigation water for crop season.

Tanks are varying sizes and mostly depend on the rainfall and rarely fed by canals.

Depending up on the activity of South-West monsoon, they get filled up to their capacity.

Kharif rice plantation commences only after tanks are filled up and there fore they often

delayed. Keeping the above said problems in view much attention was given on the crop

diversification and development of suitable crop production technologies with less water,

which can yield remunerative returns.

Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice, growing

short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress, introduction of

maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle reaches were tried.

ix

Kadapa

Sowing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed yield

of 2225kg/ha and 66 kg/ha with net returns of Rs.8100 and Rs.8413 per hectare respectively.

Higher seed yield of 5868kg/ha with net returns of Rs.22843/ha and B: C ratio of 1.47 was

recorded in rotational water management of paddy compared to farmers practice of

submergence (5525kg/ha). Besides, 1/3rd

of irrigation water was saved from this practice.

Lower seed yield of 3470kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy whereas in wet seeded rice,

normal yields (4938kg/ha) were obtained and these were on par with yield obtained with

farmer‟s practice of transplanted rice. Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops in

October and November recorded an average seed yields of 2076kg/ha and1700kg/ha with net

returns of Rs.5782 and Rs.13325/ha and B: C ratios of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. Sunflower

and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770kg/ha and

green pods of 7041kg/ha. The remunerative cropping systems evolved under tank fed areas

are Greengram /Bajra - Jowar/Sunflower, if tanks are not filled up and greengram/ green

manure - rice – sunflower system under tanks supported with bore well.

Extension programs

Mahaboobnagar

Training programmes were conducted to build the capacity of farmers regarding

better crop and water management practices. On and off farm discussions were held with the

farmers to understand their apprehensions regarding technological inputs and to give timely

suggestions regarding crop husbandry. Technical information was popularized through

pamphlets through out the district.

Several extension activities were conducted to popularize the technologies and

dissemination of the project results. Two TV programmes were broadcast in Teja TV Rythu

Mithra programme on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004. Interviews of the farmers of project

villages were broadcast on AIR on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004. A press meet was also

organized to popularize the project results in the entire district on 08-11-2004. A field visit

for Officers of Department of agriculture was conducted on 12-10-2004. A field day was

organized in Indrakal village on 28-10-2004

Medak

Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four Farmers,

Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under APERP project

during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to benefit 30-250

farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the cropping pattern to be

adopted for effective management of water under tank command areas, with the objective to

have more acreage under command area profitable crops, which require less irrigation have

been identified and recommended in place of rice. Special lectures were arranged to educate

farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient irrigation water management and integrated pest

management for successful growing of crops under irrigated dry conditions.

Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project and

were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department officers

meetings.

x

The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge gained

by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of adoption of

improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in cropping

intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages.

Ananthapur

Assistant Directors of Agriculture, Mandal Agricultural officers and other line

departments were trained in latest technological aspects of cultivation of rice, groundnut,

ragi, jowar, bengalgram, and horticultural crops etc. Training programmes were conducted to

tankfed farmers on horticultural crops, management of groundnut PSND, management of

alkaline soils, System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology) in rice and package of

practices for different field crops and also on animal husbandry. A one day workshop was

conducted on „Management of different crops under tank command area” on 15th

February,

2005 and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop production in tank fed

areas, involving the Department of Agriculture Officers, irrigation department officials,

progressive farmers, scientists of Rural Development Trust and Acharya N. G. Ranga

Agricultural University. Field days were also conducted to bring awareness among the

farmers regarding crop diversification from paddy.

Vizianagaram

Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to create

awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the scarce resource like water

to reap maximum benefits covering 671 participants 13 training programmes on the following

items.

1. Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice).

2. Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during kharif

season.

3. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production.

4. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting suitable

crop planning.

5. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank

command.

6. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM.

7. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in I.D.

crops.

8. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies / disorders,

forecast of pests and diseases and their management.

Kadapa

In Kadapa district nine training programs on Alternate crops to rice, Modern

production technologies for cultivation of ID crops in Tank commanad areas, Production

technology on Jowar and Sunflower, Irrigated dry crop and Production technology on

Sunflower and Vegetable were conducted in selected tank command areas of the district

A field day was conducted on 01-02-2005 in Puttayapalli village of Kadapa district to popularize the success

achieved in APERP project

xi

SCIENTISTS IN-CHARGE AT DIFFERENT CENTRES

1. M. DEVENDER REDDY NODAL OFFICER

Director

Water TechnologCentr

ANGRAU, RAJENDRANAGAR

2. T. RAM PRAKASH Mahabubnagr District

Scientist (Soil Science),

RARS, PALEM, MAHABOOBNAGAR

3. SREEDHAR CHAUHAN Karimnagar District

Scientist (Agronomy)

RARS, JAGTIAL, KARIMNAGAR

4. K. SANKAR REDDY Kadapa District

Senior Scientist (Agronomy)

ARS, UTUKUR, KADAPA

5. S. K. KRISHNA MURTHY Anantapur District


6. / M. VIJAY SANKAR BABU

Scientist (Soil Science),

ARS, ANANTHAPUR

7. M. VENKU NAIDU Vizianagaram District


ARS, SEETHAMPET, SRIKAKULAM

xii

Chapter-I

Introduction

- 1 -

Introduction

Water is a scarce resource and an expensive input in agricultural production.

Efficiency in water use becomes a critical factor in increasing agricultural production and to

maintain in at a high level. It is becoming increasingly clear that with the advent of the high

yielding cultivars, the next major advance in our agricultural production is expected to come

through efficient soil and water management. A great deal, remains to be done in this crucial

area of agricultural development through irrigation management.

Tank based water management system is a whole watershed system with a tank as its

central point. Historical evidence proves the mastery gained by mankind in developing

rainwater-harvesting structures for irrigation and drinking water needs. The stone scriptures

at Porumamilla in Cuddapah district in A.P. date back to 1302 A.D. This text provides

guidelines on the need to construct such structures, and where to construct. These rainwater-

harvesting structures are popularly called as `Tanks', which are small water reservoirs with

earthen dams. Thus, tank irrigation is an age-old established practice in India, particularly in

semi-arid zones of entire Southern India. Historically, India and especially it‟s southern states

have been following traditional methods of soil and water management through a network of

more than 8 lakh tanks. Tanks are artificial lakes created out of advantageous land for

rainwater harvesting and for vegetative regeneration. These tanks were variously managed

largely following the principles of equity and justice in sharing these resources.

Today, Andhra Pradesh has 82,500 such tanks irrigating more than 11.44lakh acres

directly. Though, oldest in terms of structure and management, tank irrigation in India has

fallen from a maximum of about 4.8 million ha in 1960-70, to less than 4 million ha in 1975-

76. Out of a total 44-lakh hectares of irrigated land in Andhra Pradesh, 26 percent falls under

tank irrigation. In some parts, it is 55 percent particularly in Telangana, Rayalaseema and

upland areas of coastal region.

There are several factors that caused this decline of tank irrigation in extent and

reliability, especially in Andhra Pradesh. In the last forty years, focus, priority and investment

shifted to major irrigation structures, and mega projects. Tank maintenance has been

neglected. The centralized management of the Government through Irrigation Department

has decimated local management structure. Some tanks under local Panchayat bodies were

not rehabilitated due to inadequate management resources. Tanks were also made redundant

because of environmental degradation such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and

siltation. In addition, changes in land use pattern particularly in the catchment zones of

reservoirs, has aggravated soil erosion and subsequent siltation in tank beds.

Improvement in water management on the farm is the key to increase agricultural

production. Hence, ensuring irrigation at the most responsive growth stages of crops and

curtailing / deferring irrigation at somewhat less responsive stage will maximize W.U.E.

Attention is also needed for diversification of cropping pattern within the existing

commands in view of the water availability status vis-à-vis water requirement of various

crops envisaged to be promoted and or other relevant socio-economic considerations.

- 2 -

The Need:

Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd

next to Uttar Pradesh in terms of area irrigated in India. Out

of 130.23 lakh ha of gross cultivated area, 57.46 lakh ha (1999-2000) is the gross irrigated

area indicating larger cultivated area is dependant on annual rainfall. Tanks account for 7.19

lakh ha of the gross area irrigated and constitute an improvement component under minor

irrigation system. Rice is the major crop occupying over 92 per cent of area under the

situation followed by sugarcane, groundnut and other.

A tank is a perfect example of a complete hydrological system in which inputs and

outputs of material and energy can be readily identified. The geomorphologic conditions in

semi arid upland area favored development of minor irrigation structures, particularly tank

irrigation. Tank irrigation enabled the development appropriate situations, which

strengthened the social fabric in management of water resources. Restoration and

rehabilitation of existing irrigational tanks is vital to restore the rural economy. Evolving

appropriate methodology on restoration and management can lead into a sustainable

development process. Today, the advantage is that most of the areas have existing structures

and as such do not demand further capital investment.

In some years, the area under tanks remains uncultivated for want of irrigation water.

Indirectly, non-receipt of water in tanks affects water recharge in wells under the command.

As the chances of drainage problem are comparatively less under the situation, more

remunerative crops in place of rice and crop preceding and succeeding rice deserve priority.

Approach:

In order to improve the rate of practical adoption of improved water management

technology, an approach is proposed for the technology transfer for on farm adoption. The

action research envisages continuous liaison and mutual adjustment between the system

beneficiaries i.e farmers. In this process besides testing of the improved water management

technology, a field level situation is studied thoroughly for necessary feed back and

improvement of technology.

Andhra Pradesh Land and Water profile

The total Geographical area of Andhra Pradesh is 275 lakh hectares of which the area

falling under waste and degraded land category is 115 lakh hectares, which constitutes 42%

of the total geographical area of the state. The state receives about 24,44,000 lakh cum

volume of rainfall through an average annual rainfall of 896 mm falling aver the entire area

of 275 lakh hectares out of the total volume of 24,44,000 lakh cum rainfall received.

10,02,040 lakh cum (41%) is loss an evaporation and evapo - transpiration, 9,77,600 lakh

cum (40%) is loss as surface run off, which 2,44,400 lakh cum (10%) is retained as soil

moisture and 2,19,960 lakh cum (9%) is recharged as ground water. As the percentage of

total rainfall getting loss through evaporation and evapo - transpiration (41%) and run off

(40%) is substantial, the situation as resulted in nearly 42% of the geographical area of the

state turning in to waste and degraded lands. Thus, while total water available from surface

and ground water together is about 118.71 crores cubic meters with an area covering 177 lakh

hectares representing 88% of total cultivable area can be brought under irrigation, the present

irrigated area is only 55 lakh hectares which is about 33% of cultivable area.

- 3 -

Project Rationale

Minor Irrigation (MI) schemes occupy an important place in the irrigation sector in

Andhra Pradesh. Out of the total command area of 4.034 million ha. in the state 1.2 million

ha. is contributed from 12,254 MI sources which is maintained by the Minor Irrigation

Department. Out of these MI sources, there are 10,525 tank schemes commanding about 1.0

millions ha, spread over 22 districts with individual command area exceeding 40 ha. In

addition, there are 70,47 tanks (as in 1996) with individual command area less than 40 ha

commanding over 0.6 millions ha, which are maintained by Panchayatraj Department. The

performance of these tanks, most of which are non- system tanks has steadily deteriorated

over the years due to several factors including the deferred maintenance. It has also been

observed that marginal and small farm holdings account for about 54% of the net area

irrigated by all tanks in the state. The present proposal of minimum rehabilitation of 2934

minor irrigation tanks aims at mainly stabilization of existing irrigated area and also to bridge

the gap between the designed command and the present irrigation tanks where these will be

cost effective, and will ensure sustainable O&M through involvement of farmers. Thus the

project rationale for taking up of minimum rehabilitation work irrigation scheme is consistent

with the objectives of the Irrigation rehabilitation and Maintenance component under

APERP.

Project Implementation

The Government of Andhra Pradesh under G O Ms No. 84 / I & CAD (PW-APERP)

Dept. Dated 12.6.2003 of the Secretary to Govt., of A.P., A.P., Secretariat, Hyderabad has

accorded sanction to Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

for implementation of the “ Agricultural Research Demonstration and Training under APERP

under Tankfed Irrigated area” in Andhra Pradesh, initially for a period of 2 years 2003-04 &

2004-05 later extended till September 2005 again it was extended upto March 2006.

Objectives of the Study:

1. Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to

water ruse and economic returns.

2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation,

which include sprinkler and drip irrigation systems.

3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and

returns.

4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in

improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in

production and net returns.

5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of

appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures.

6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmer‟s managerial capabilities

- 4 -

Chapter-II

Benchmark Survey

&

Resource Characterization

- 5 -

Survey of the Catchment area

(Factors leading to low inflows into Tanks)

- 6 -

Resource Characterization & Bench Mark Survey

Medak

Medak has an area of 9518.18 sq km with a population of 2.6 million as per 2001 census and

is the 16th

largest district in the state. It has 46 revenue mandals and 12 ADA (Regular)

divisions, each division consists of 3 to 5 mandals and Agricultural Officer looks after

mandal agricultural activities where as at Divisional level, it is the Divisional Asst. Director

of Agriculture (Regular) is the in charge of the agricultural activities.

Land Utilization Particulars

Category 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2004-05

1 Total geographical

area

951828 951828 951828 951828 951828

2 Forests 82573 96266 96266 96266 79238

3 Barren and Un

cultivable land

59491 60950 54293 56141 60139

4 Land put to non

agricultural uses

65648 66755 68012 71668 71794

5 Cultivable waste 21594 22807 21536 26389 26804

6 Permanent pastures

and other grazing

lands

28193 26800 26184 26033 26448

7 Land under

miscellaneous tree

crops and groves not

included in net area

sown

7314 7448 6775 5364 5366

8 Current fallows and

other fallows

196364

80422

206959

78809

177055

66891

161893

72418

178053

9 Net area sown 410229 385114 434901 435741 472225

10 Normal rainfall 873 mm

Source: Chief Planning Officer, Medak Dist. at Sangareddy

Rainfall:

Mean annual rainfall in the district is 873mm with 37 rainy days. Major part of the

rainfall received during the southwest monsoon from July to October.

Soils

The predominant soil types of the district are sandy loams 55%, black clay loams

44%, and laterite soils 1%. Black clay loams are concentrated in the Asst. Director of

Agriculture divisions of Gajwel, Medak, Ramayampet, Narsapur, Sadasivpet, Shankarampet

and Narayankhed, where as the sandyloams are concentrated in the ADA divisions of

Siddipet, Dubbak, Ramayampet, Jogipet, Sangareddy and laterite soils in the district are

concentrated in Zaheerabad ADA division only.

- 7 -

Water table fluctuations in Medak district

S.no Village/

Location

Mandal Geology Depth to Water levels in m. bgl Water table

fluctuation in

Jan 2006 in

relation to

May-

2004

Jan-

2005

May-

2005

Jan-

2006

May-

2005

Jan-

2005

1 Bhoompally Mirdoddi Granite 24.60 24.83 25.49 21.35 4.14 3.48

2 Duddeda Duddeda Granite 23.20 24.25 26.50 19.84 6.66 4.41

3 Gajwel Gajwel Granite 30.63 29.75 34.50 22.89 11.61 6.86

Source: Ground Water Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh

Land Holdings

According to 1995-96 Agricultural census there are 4.23 lakh holdings owning over

6.58 lakh ha. About 55% of the holdings were below one hectare with a total of 1.07 lakh

hectares owned by them contributing one-sixth of the total extent. The area under small,

semi-medium and medium is 20.13, 24.19 and 25.6 percent. Overall the average size of

holding in the district stood at 1.55 ha.

Farmers’ category particulars

Sno Category Total

Number

Area

(ha)

SC ST

Number Area (ha) Number Area

(ha)

1 Marginal 233587 107368 54031 23155 7689 3946

2 Small 95353 132467 16043 22350 4548 6267

3 Semi

medium

59940 159134 6465 16638 2841 7323

4 Medium 28928 168421 1459 7863 1087 6127

5 Large 5878 90421 94 1300 186 2743

Total 423686 657813 78092 71306 16349 26406

Cropping Pattern

Predominant crops of the district during Kharif are Paddy, maize, Greengram,

Blackgram, Redgram, Castor, Sugarcane, Jowar etc., where as during rabi the major crops are

Bengalgram, Groundnut, Jowar, Safflower, Castor, Sunflower, and Paddy etc.

Source wise Irrigation Particulars of the District

Source Area (ha)

1 Canals 5,708

2 Wells, Bore wells, Dig wells 74,645

3 Other sources 29,929

Total 1,10,282

- 8 -

Major and Medium Irrigation sources

Medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut of 11058 ha,

but these projects are unable to meet fully the irrigation requirements of the command area,

thus resulting in increasing the fallow lands in the command areas.

Major and Medium Irrigation sources:

Sno Major/

Medium

Name of

the Project

Registered

Ayacut

(ha)

Actual area irrigated

2003-04 (ha)


2004-05 (ha)

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

1 Medium Ghanpur 8650 5000 5000 3780 --

2 Medium Nallvagu 2408 2000 612 -- --

Total 11058 7000 5612 3780 --

Minor Irrigation sources

In total there are 564 notified tanks (IB) and 5374 un-notified tanks (Panchayatraj) in

Medak district. The total command area of the tanks is 90874.08 ha. The highest number of

notified tanks is present in Hathnoora mandal (30), followed by Kowdipally (28). Medak

mandal has got the highest area under tank commands (4465.89 ha) followed by Jinnaram

(4352.54 ha). Haldi vagu project of Hakimpet mandal has got the largest command area of

1160 ha followed by Ganga Katva canal of Sadasivpet mandal with command area of 600 ha.

Mandal wise details of the Tankfed area in Medak district

S.no Mandal Name Major

(Area in ha)

Minor

(Area in ha)

Total

(Area in ha)

I Siddipet Division

1 Siddipet 1252.0 1321.724 2573.724

2 Chinnakodoor 582.532 922.316 1504.848

3 Nagnoor 677.148 972.86 1650.008

4 Dubbak 1904.636 1373.528 3278.164

5 Mirdoddi 1609.028 1193.228 2802.256

6 Kondapak 1823.38 1671.408 3494.788

7 Doulthabad 1444.924 1350.052 2794.976

8 Gajwel 1159.44 1130.652 2290.104

9 Mulugu 504.688 863.412 1368.10

10 Jagdevpur 752.444 962.912 1715.356

11 Vergal 823.728 869.464 1693.192

12 Toopran 1186.02 1241.26 2427.28

Total 13719.97 13872.82 27592.8

II Medak Division

13 Medak 2730.74 1735.156 4465.896

14 Papannapet 581.232 1087.896 1669.128

15 Shankarampet (A) 865.388 708.076 1573.464

16 Tekmal 733.144 1168.912 1902.056

- 9 -

17 Ramayampet 1948.052 1099.5 3047.552

18 Chegunta 1331.528 1287.076 2618.604

19 Shankerampet (R) 1863.068 1142.152 3005.22

20 Yeldurthy 2847.48 1215.7 4063.18

21 Kulcharam 938.04 838.212 1776.252

22 Narsapur 1656.188 936.364 2592.552

23 Shivampet 1334.108 1500.772 2834.88

24 Jinnaram 1335.36 3017.18 4352.54

25 Hathnoora 2561.976 1501.08 4063.056

26 Kowdipally 2121.14 1416.652 3537.796

Total 22847.44 18654.73 41502.2

III Sangareddy Division

27 Manoor 143.6 -- 143.6

28 Kangti 1113.388 15.616 1129.004

29 Kalher 757.324 574.512 1331.836

30 Narayankhed 540.172 1092.86 1633.032

31 Regode 536.808 371.256 908.064

32 Alladurg 866.184 534.52 1400.704

33 Andole 1086.468 994.952 2081.42

34 Raikode 567.6 94.092 661.692

35 Jharasangam 1061.696 61.308 1123.004

36 Zahirabad 411.816 143.74 555.556

37 Kohir 527.6 207.332 734.932

38 Pulkal 904.588 1100.128 2004.716

39 Sadasivpet 1345.628 455.34 1800.968

40 Kondapur 1328.068 326.516 1654.584

41 Sangareddy 1081.68 631.692 1713.372

42 Patancheru 1369.396 1148.068 2517.464

43 Ramchandrapuram 158.88 118.548 277.428

44 Munipally 0 83.708 83.708

45 Nyalkal 0 24.032 24.032

Total 13,800.9 7,978.22 21,779.12

Grand Total 50,368.32 40,505.76 90,874.08

Number of tanks 564 5,374 5,938

Particulars No. of tanks Acreage

(hectares)

Tanks with < 10 hectares ayacut 4,077 14,237.76

Tanks with 10-20 hectares ayacut 704 9,908.48

Tanks with 20-40 hectares ayacut 593 16,359.52

Tanks with > 40 hectares ayacut 564 50,368.32

Total 5,938 90,874.08

Source: Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Siddipet

Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Sangareddy

Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Siddipet

Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Medak

Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Sangareddy

- 10 -

Situation of tanks and tankfed agriculture:

A survey was conducted in Medak district during April-May 2005 on the status of

irrigated tanks by randomly selecting (Two from low rainfall areas of Mirdoddi mandal, five

from high rainfall areas of Sangareddy mandal and thirteen from medium rainfall areas of

Kondapak mandal).

The salient features of the survey revealed that the average size of land holding in the

tank commands is 0.75 ha. The soil types are 62, 25 and 13% black, red and problem soils

respectively. About 55% of the tanks are not filled since 1995, 25% of the tanks are filled

only once and 20% of the tanks filled twice or more than twice since 1995.There are 39 bore

wells per tank of which only 17 are working. Most of the tanks have become defunct and

farmers of the command area neglected the tank‟s canal system, which resulted in total

destruction of field channels. Tanks are infested with perennial weeds like Ipomea, Prosophis

and the tanks are not de-silted.

Lack of high intensity rains (Which generate runoff) is the main reason for poor

filling of the tanks. In addition to this, watershed works taken up in upper catchments,

cultivation in catchments and burial of feeder channels also resulting in reduced inflows into

the tanks.

The farmers are not taking up ID crops under tank commands even though the farmers

have realized (Seen in last decade) irregular inflows in to the tanks. They prefer to wait for

rains and filling of the tank. This characteristic situation led to the low productivity of tank

commands. Paddy or Paddy based cropping systems are mostly adopted systems in tank

commands. Cultivation of ID crops / Vegetables is meager.

Benchmark survey of the selected villages

A study was made on the Resource characteristics of four tanks Kalakalamma

cheruvu of Kukunoorpally village, Kondapak mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Bhoompally

village, Mirdoddi mandal during July 2003 and Doddi cheruvu of Mangole village, Kondapak

mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Khajipur village, Mirddodi mandal during the year June 2004.

Bench Mark Survey was undertaken mainly to study the socio-economic conditions of

the farmers, existing cropping pattern under the tanks and identify the various constraints and

possibilities of achieving the project‟s major objective. A total number of 200 sample farmers

(50 under each tank) were purposefully selected, majority of which are marginal (43-60%).

The four selected tanks are more than 100 years old with primary source of water being

rainfall and excess / out flows from the above reaches, how ever a critical analysis of tankfed

area data reveals that the four tanks were fully filled only once (1996) in the past decennial

period.

i) Characterization of soil and water

Black soils (50-87%) and red chalka soils are predominant in tank commands besides

problem soils. The characteristics of soil and water are presented in table.

ii) Socio-economic characterization

Land holdings, educational status, social status, and agricultural machinery and livestock

possession details collected through benchmark survey presented in table.

11

Characteristics of the selected tanks

Name of the village Kukunoorpally

Kondapak Mandal

Bhoompally

Mirdoddi Mandal

Mangole

Kondapak Mandal

Khajipur

Mirdoddi Mandal

Name of the Tank Kalkalamma cheru

Pedda cheru

Doddi cheruvu

Pedda cheruvu

Area of the tank 56.8 ha

67.6 ha

16.0 ha

61.6 ha

Ayacut under the tank 41.27 ha

(As per I&CAD records)

41.72 ha

(As per revenue records)

170.4

(As per I&CAD records)

168.8

(As per revenue records)

62.444 ha 97.636 ha

Number of farmers 167

500

200

285

Average size of the

holding

0.244 ha

0.336

0.312 ha

0.216 ha

Source of Water Lakhadaram Medinipur

Reddy cheruvu

Kalakalamma Cheruvu

Laxmi cheruvu Dharma

Reddy cheruvu

Kodakandla vagu

Kudavelli vagu.

Kondapoor Kazipoor

Bhoompalli Kodavelli

vagu

Mathpally forest Katta

Kalva

DoddiCheruvuNalla

CheruvuOora Cheruvu

(Thipparam)Etigadda

Kistapur Kudlair Vagu

Kondapoor Kazipoor

Bhoompalli Kudavelli

vagu

Historical background of

the tank

More than 100 years

More than 100 years

More than 100 years

More than 100 years

Number of times filled 100% Filled in 1996-97

10-30% Filling each year.

Filled once in 1996-97 100% Filled in 1996-97

10-30% Filling each year.

Filled once in 1996-97

12

Soil and water characteristics under selected tank commands

Name of the Tank Kalkalamma cheru

Pedda cheru

Doddi Cheruvu Peddaa Cheruvu

Type of soils Red chalka soils – 10%

Black soils – 87%

Problematic soils – 3%

(Saline)

Red chalka soils – 35%

Black soils – 55%


(Saline)

Red chalka soils – 40 %

Black soils – 55 %


(Saline)

Red chalka soils – 35%

Black soils – 55%


(Saline)

Soil Parameters Depth (15 Cm)

Range Range Range Range

PH

5.9-7.7

(Slightly acidic to

Slightly Alkaline)

7.3 – 8.6

(Neutral to Alkaline)

7.0-8.3


7.0 – 8.3


EC (dSm-1

) 0.09-0.59

(Normal)

0.20-0.36

(Normal)

0.37-0.50

(Normal)

0.21-0.34

(Normal)

Available Nitrogen

(Kg/ha)

Low to High Low to High Low to High Low to High

P2O5 (Kg/ha) Low to High Low Low Low to High

K2O (Kg/ha) Medium to High High High High

Irrigation Water Characteristics

PH

6.4 -7.1 6.7-7.4 6.5-7.2 6.6- 7.4

13

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the selected villages

Particulars Kukunoorpally Bhumpally Mangole Khajipur

Land

holdings (%)

Marginal 60 43.3 57.3 52.5

Small 33.3 38.7 24.9 17.4

Large 6.7 17.9 17.8 30.1

Educational

Status

Illiterates 18 28 25 18

Primary

Education

20 11 19 16

Secondary

education

7 9 11 14

Graduation / PG 5 2 -- 2

Social Status OC 26 12 10 18

BC 12 30 29 16

SC 7 8 11 14

ST 5 -- 2

Buildings Own House (%) 100 100 100 100

Cattle sheds (No.) 10 6

Bore wells (No.) 15 62 21 34

Open wells (No.) 3 1

Agricultural

Machinery

(In the entire

Village)

Tractors 15 2 6 6

Bullock carts 55 31 8 22

Country ploughs 570 620 450 350

Gorru 215 126 35 58

Guntaka 240 137 20 26

Power tillers -Nil- 1 4 -Nil-

Maize shellers 4 6 3 5

Livestock

(In the entire

Village)

Cows 60 11 50 18

Buffaloes 700 830 200 645

Draft animals 960 1050 650 NA

14

iii) Cropping pattern adopted in the tankfed areas:

a) If tank is filled (August-September)

Kukunoorpall

y

Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur

Rainfed-Red soils-

Tank

Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-

fallow

Rice-fallow

Rainfed-Black soils-

Tank

Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-

fallow

Rice-fallow

Rainfed-Red/Black

soils-Tank supported

by bore-wells

Rice-Rice Rice-Rice

Rice-Sugarcane

Rice-Rice Rice-Rice

b) If tank is un-filled / partially filled

Kukunoorpall

y

Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur

Rainfed-Red

soils

Fallow-fallow

(5-10%)

Fallow-castor

(2-3%)

Fallow-fallow

(30-40%)

Fallow-castor

(2%)

Maize-fallow

(<1%)

Fallow-fallow

(30-35%)

Fallow-castor

(1-2%)

Maize+ Redgram

(<1%)

Cowpea-fallow

(<1%)

Fallow-fallow

(20-30%)

Fallow-castor

(5-10%)

Maize-fallow

(1-3%)

Rainfed-Black

soils

Fallow-fallow

(45-50%)

Fallow-

Bengalgram

(5-10%)

Cotton-fallow

(1%)

Fallow-fallow

(40-50%)

Fallow-

Bengalgram (1%)

Maize-fallow

(1%)

Maize-Bengalgram

(1%)

Rice-fallow (1-2%)

Fallow-fallow

(40-45%)

Fallow-

Bengalgram (1-

2%)

Cotton-fallow

(2-3%)

Rice-fallow

(3-5%)

Fallow-fallow

(40-45%)

Fallow-Bengalgram

(5%)

Maize-fallow

(2-3%)

Maize-Bengalgram

(2-3%)

Rainfed-Red

soils-

supported by

bore-wells

Rice-fallow

(1-2%)

Cotton-fallow

(<1%)

Rice-fallow

(1-2%)

Rice-Groundnut

(1-2%)

--

Rainfed-Black

soils-

supported by

bore-wells

Rice-Rice

(10%)

Rice-fallow

(20%)

Cotton-fallow

(1%)

Rice-Rice

(1%)

Rice-fallow

(5-10%)

Sugarcane (3%)

Rice-Rice

(3-5%)

Rice-fallow

(5-10%)

Cotton-fallow (1-

2%)

Rice-Rice

(1%)

Rice-fallow

(5-10%)

Sugarcane (2%)

15

iv) Production Constrains:

Maize:

Dry spells

Imbalanced fertilization

Micro nutrient deficiency (Zinc)

Weed infestation

Use of F2 seed

Paddy:

Dry spells

Non-availability of sufficient water for supplemental irrigation

Poor Nursery management

Transplanting over aged seedlings

Transplanting more seedlings per hill


Micro nutrient deficiencies (Zinc)

Weed infestation

Pest and disease attack in Nursery and Main field.

Cotton:

Dry spells

In-discriminate use of pesticides (High doses, Mixing of 2-4 pesticides, Improper

time of spray, Spraying even when the pest is below threshold level etc., leading

to high Cost of Cultivation

Bengalgram:


Pest attack (Pod borer)

Low Seed rate

Castor:

Dry spells


Weed infestation

In-discriminate use of pesticides

16

v) Credit and Market facilities:

Availability of Institutional credit (Manjeera Grameena Bank) is mostly restricted

to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on local moneylenders (18-

36%) and Traders (fertilizer and pesticide dealers) for input expenses in all the selected

villages.

The farmers of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages sell paddy at AMC,

Siddipet, and to the local traders. Cotton, pulses, oilseeds are sold to the local traders and

maize at Sub market yard Kukunoorpally. The farmers of Bhoompally and Khazipur

villages sell paddy, pulses and oilseeds to the local traders, and maize at sub market yard

Dubbaka.

17

B) MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT

Climate of the district

Climate of the district is semi arid with frequent occurrence of drought. Four

distinct seasons occur in the district. They are Southwest monsoon (June-September),

Northeast monsoon (October-December), Winter (January – February) and Summer

(March-May).

Average annual rainfall of the district is 604 mm. South West monsoon is the

major contributor (75%) to the total rainfall in the district. North East monsoon and

summer showers contribute 20% and 5% respectively, to the total rainfall. Rainfall during

July, August and September months, which coincide with the active cropping season, is

very critical for survival of the crops as it contribute 62% to the total rainfall. Generally

on-set of the South West monsoon occurs during the first fortnight of June. Late on-set of

monsoon has become a common phenomenon during the past five years.

Irrigation Particulars of The District

Net area under irrigation and gross area under irrigation in the district is decreasing

over years. Area irrigated more than once has also shown decreasing trend from 1998-99

to 2002-03. Similar trend is evident in case of the area irrigated by canals, tanks, other

wells and other sources of irrigation. This decreasing trend is more prominent in case of

tanks and open wells. However, area irrigated by tube wells and filter points is increasing

at alarming rate. This trend is an indicator of over exploitation of ground water for

irrigation purposes.

SOURCE – WISE AREA IRRIGATED PARTICULARS OF MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT

(Net Area-Area in Acres)

Sl

no

Source of

irrigation

1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

1 Canals 33957 36038 43322 41668 27614

2 Tanks 55870 8300 46740 18291 2381

3 Tube wells & filter

points

205072 235896 262124 243801 247131

4 Other wells 128161 95160 99438 85296 59254

5 Other sources 15667 13020 12701 15224 11797

6 Net area irrigated 438728 388414 464325 404279 348174

7 Gross area irrigated 559362 495698 579721 516326 440532

8 Area irrigated more

than once

120634 107283 115396 112047 92358

18

Major And Medium Irrigation Sources 2002 –03 (ha)

Major and medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut

of 80,862.22 ha, but these projects are unable to meet irrigation requirements of even one

third of the command area. This is resulting in increasing fallow lands in the command

areas. Tail end areas of the command areas rarely receive water even if the water is

released in to the canals.

Major and medium irrigation sources 2002 –03 (ha)

Sl.

N

o.

Major/

Mediu

m

Name of the Project Registere

d Ayacut


2001-2002 2002-2003

Net Gross Net Gross

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 Major Priya Darshni Jurala

Project

40157.48 17716.5

4

23748.82 17716.

54

31496.0

6

Rajoli Banda

Diversion Scheme

34448.82 8399.61 8399.61 4698.8

2

4698.82

2 Medium Sarala Sagar Project 1647.63 0 0 0 0

3 Medium Koil Sagar Project 4606.29 1377.95 1377.95 0 0

Total 80860.22 27494.0

9

33526.38 22415.

35

36194.8

8

Source: 1. S.E., P.J.P., Circle, Gadwal

2. E.E., I& CAD, Mahabubnagar, Wanparthy & RDS., LOC Division, Uppal Camp.

Minor irrigation sources of the district

In total, 668 PWD tanks and 5,374 Panchayat Raj tanks are present in

Mahaboobnagar district. These tanks have total command area of 2,48,195 acres

(97714.56 ha). Highest number of notified tanks (24) is present in Ghanpur mandal and

these tanks have a command area of 6,193 acres. Lowest number of tanks (3) is present in

Malddakal mandal with a command area of 393 acres. Largest command area under

tanks is present under Addakal mandal (8232 acres) Followed by Ghanpoor mandal

(7560 acres) and Kollapur mandal (7350 acres). Tanks notified PWD (Tanks with

command area greater than 100 acres) are not present in Manopad, Waddepally and

Alampoor mandals which fal under the command area of Jurala irrigation project. In

case of PWD tanks, highest command area (2323.38 acres) under a single tank is present

under Shankara samudram tank located Kanaipally village in Kothakota mandal. Gandi

cheruvu in Lattupally village of Bijinaplly mandal has the lowest command area of 100.0

acres in the entire district.

19

Crop Wise Irrigated Area In Mahaboobnagar District

Paddy followed by groundnut is the main crop that is grown with irrigation (87%

of the total irrigated crop area) during both kharif and rabi seasons owing to their high

water requirement. Groundnut and paddy received 66% and 21 % of total irrigation

potential, respectively. Chillies, Groundnut, onion and tomato are being cultivated under

assured irrigated conditions during both the seasons. Jowar, ragi and castor are essentially

grown as rainfed crops during kharif in the district. Maize, ragi and castor receive

supplementary irrigations when

Cultivated during rabi

Soils of the Mahaboobnagar District

In Mahaboobnagar district Red sandy soils (Dubbas) occupy 57.49% of the total

cropped area. Where as the Red earths (Chalka) cover 37.20% and black soils occur in

5.30% of the total cropped area. The red soils have very low clay content consequently

the water holding capacity of the soils is less. Most of the soils are low in their organic

carbon content and poor in their fertility status. Low fertility status of the soils, low

rainfall, poor adoption modern agricultural technologies by resource poor farmers have

made the agriculture in the district a disaster.

Situation of tanks and tank fed agriculture in Mahaboobnagar

Out of the total 668 tanks notified by PWD tanks less than only 10 per cent of the

tanks receive water every year. Even in those tanks that receive water, water is generally

not sufficient for irrigating the crops. In most of the cases as the tanks have become

defunct, farmers of the command area have neglected the tank‟s canal system resulting in

total burial of field channels with debris and weeds. Even in tanks also several weeds like

Ipomoea, Prosophis are growing and tanks are not desilted.

Lack of sufficient rains is the main reason for this poor status of the tanks besides

watershed works taken up in the upper catchment areas of the tanks are also resulting in

reduced inflows in to tanks. Recurrent droughts leave the soils profiles in parched state

and this results generation of low run off from the catchment areas.

Generally the tank fed agriculture in the district presents a grim picture. Very few

tanks in the district get water every season. In the survey conducted, it was revealed that

majority of tanks are not getting sufficient water for irrigation even once in five years.

Command areas under tank are kept fallow especially during rabi season. Practice of

paddy cultivation, which was in vogue when the tanks used to get sufficient water, is

being abandoned gradually. Farmers are realizing the impact of irregular in-flows in to

tanks and the area, which was previously under paddy, is being diverted to ID crops.

20

Crops and cropping systems in tank fed areas

Paddy is the major crop cultivated in the tank commands. Rice-Rice, Rice- fallow

cropping systems were the most popular cropping systems under the tank fed area.

Currently, Irrigated Dry crops are replacing the paddy crop in the commands. Maize

appears to be best alternative crop to the paddy followed cotton. Low cost of cultivation,

low pest and disease incidence and high yield potential under moderately good

management and climatic conditions are the major factors that are making maize popular

not only in the tank commands but also in chalka soils. Even though the costs of

cultivation are higher for cotton, higher returns are encouraging the farmers to take the

risk. Under late onset of monsoon conditions or when the farmers cannot transplant the

paddy nurseries due to scanty rains, sunflower is being grown in the tank commands.

Traditional crops like castor and sorghum occupy very small areas in the tank commands.

The farmers are also cultivating commercial crops like chillies, sunflower. Bengal gram,

sunflower, safflower in black soils; groundnut and sunflower in red soils or light soils are

being cultivated mainly during the rabi season. Farmers who can provide supplementary

irrigation either with bore wells or open wells generally cultivate paddy during both

kharif and rabi seasons. Practise of cultivating the summer paddy in small pockets with

the available ground water and keeping the fields fallow during kharif is also in vogue

under some tanks.

Cropping systems that are gaining popularity in the tank commands of Mahaboobnagar

district are

Maize – fallow

Maize- sunflower

Maize – Groundnut

Cotton- fallow

Cotton- vegetables

In corollary it can be understood that,

a) Conjunctive use of Tank water and Ground water is not common in the tank

fed areas.

b) Farmers who have good ground water irrigation potential generally cultivate

Paddy during kharif and rabi seasons.

c) Farmers who can provide some supplementary irrigation cultivate commercial

crops such as cotton and chilli.

d) Groundnut, Maize, Castor, sunflower and sorghum are being cultivated

rainfed crops during Kharif and as ID crops during rabi.

e) Intercropping of cereals-pulses / Oil seeds - pulses is a common practice.

21

DETAILS OF THE SELECTED TANKS

Characterization of soils and water of the selected tank commands

a) Vattem

Name of the tank : Ragupathi cheruvu

Area of the tank : 24 ac

Command area : 120 ac

Ayacutdars : 70

Water in tank : unfilled since 8 to 10 year

Source of filling : Rainfall

Soils of command area : Black soils

Existing Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice

Rice-Fallow

b) Lattupally

Name of the tank : Gandi cheruvu

Area of the tank : 16 ac


Ayacutdars : 47

Water in tank : unfilled since 6 to 7 year

Source of filling : Rainfall

Soils of the command area : Red and mixed

Existing Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice Rice-Fallow

c) Indrakal

Name of the tank: : Nagula cheruvu


Number of farmers command area : 50

Soils of command area : Red soils

Source of filling : Rain water

Filling History : Not filled in past 15 years

Traditional cropping pattern : Rice-fallow

Rice-rice

D. Maddigatla

Name of the tank : Maddikan cheru

Command area of the tank : 336 acres

No. of farmers in the command area 73

Soils of the command area : Black & Mixed soils


Soils of the command area : Black & Mixed

History of filling : Not filled in the past 15 years

Traditional crops : Paddy

22

Characterisation of Soil And Water Resources of the Selected Tanks

In vattem village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.0 to 8.2 (7.82), where as in

Lattupally, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.26). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in

Vattem ranges from 0.12 to 1.1 ds /m (0.562) and in Lattupally varied from 0.06 to 0.8

d s / m (0.352). Organic carbon status of 79.2% soils in vattem was low in and 20.8%

soils were medium, where as in Lattupally, 84.5% soils were low and 14.5% soils were

medium in their organic carbon status. In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of

the soils in Vattem (90.1%) were low and remaining was medium (9.9%). Majority of the

soils were medium in their available P status which can be attributed to the continuous

application od DAP AND 20-20-0 fertilizers and the remaining soils were low in their

available P status. In case of available potassium, the 78.7% soils were found to be

having high in available K and remaining soils were (21.3%) medium in vattem village.

Where as in Lattupally also, 72.9% soils were high in avail. Potassium and remaining

were medium

Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for PH, EC and RSC. In

vattem, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.5 to 7.8(7.02). Where as in

Lattupally, PH ranges from 6.3 to 6.9 (6.92). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in

Vattem, it ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 ds/m (0.062). In case of Lattupally, EC varied from

0.09 - 0.3 dsm-1

(0.121). In case of RSC, Vattem water samples ranged from 1.3 to

1.6(1.45) me/l where as in Lattupally, RSC values ranged from 0.9 to 1.5 me/l (1.02)

which indicate the non salinity of irrigation water

Soil and water characteristics of the tank command areas

Soil Parameter Vattem Lattupally

PH 7.0-8.2 (7.82) 6.5-8.2 (7.26)

EC (d s /m) 0.12-1.1

(0.562)

0.06-0.8

(0.352)

Organic Carbon status 79.2% low

20.8 % Medium

84.5% Low

14.5% Medium

Avail. Nitrogen status 90.1% Low

9.9 % Medium

100% low

Available P status 34.2% Low

65.8% Medium

29.8% low

70.2 % Medium

Available K status 21.3 % Medium

78.7 % High

26.1 % Medium

73.9 % High

Irrigation Water Characterization

PH 6.5-7.8 (7.02) 6.3-6.9 (6.92)

EC (d s / m) 0.04-0.15 (0.062) 0.09-0.3 (0.14)

RSC (me / l) 1.3-1.6 (1.45) 0.9-1.5 (1.02)

In Indrakal village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.4 to 8.1 (7.83), where as

in Maddigatla, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.4). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in

Indrakal ranges from 0.19 to 0.84 ds /m (0.46) and in Maddigatla varied from 0.10 to 1.2

d s / m (0.83). Organic carbon status of 67.4% soils in Indrakal was low and 32.6% soils

23

were medium, where as in Maddigatla, 58.3% soils were low and 41.7% soils were

medium in their organic carbon status.

In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of the soils in Indrakal (83.3%)

were low and remaining soils were medium (16.7%). Majority of the soils were low in

their available P status and the remaining soils were medium in their available P status. In

case of available potassium, the 50.6% soils were found to be having high in available K

and remaining soils were (49.6%) medium in Indrakal village. Where as in Maddigatla

also, 42.3% soils were high in available potassium and remaining were medium.

Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, EC and RSC. In

Indrakal, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.8 to 7.6(7.23) where as in

Maddigatla, pH ranges from7.2to 8.0(7.45). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in

Indrakal, it ranged from 0.08 to 0.19 ds/m (0.11). In case of Maddigatla, EC varied from

0.04 - 0.14 dsm-1

(0.07). In case of RSC, Indrakal water samples ranged from 1.1 to

1.9(1.21) me/l where as in Maddigatla, RSC values ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 me/l (1.5),

which indicate the non-salinity of irrigation water.

Soil and Water Characteristics of the tank command areas

Soil Parameter Indrakal Maddigatla

PH 7.4-8.1 (7.83) 6.9-7.8 (7.4)

EC (d s /m) 0.19-0.84 (0.46) 0.10-1.2 (0.83)

Organic Carbon status 67.4% low

33.6% Medium

58.3% Low

41.7% Medium

Avail. Nitrogen status 83.3% Low

16.7% Medium

74.2%Low

25.8%medium

Available P status 54.7% Low

45.3% Medium

61.6% low

38.4% Medium

Available K status 49.4% Medium

50.6% High

57.7% Medium

42.3% High

Irrigation Water Characterization

PH 6.8-7.6 (7.23) 7.2-8.0 (7.45)

EC (d s / m) 0.08-0.19 (0.11) 0.09-0.3 (0.07

RSC (me / l)

1.1-1.9 (1.21) 1.4-1.8 (1.02)

24

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF VATTEM VILLAGE

Social and educational status of the farmers

Vattem tank command area is 120 acres. Seventy-one farmers cultivate the entire

command area. But these farmers belong to 36 families (Undivided). Of these farmers 66

percent (24 farmers) are other caste farmers, 11 (30.6%) farmers belong to backward

communities and two farmers belong to Scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Vattem

village 38 % are illiterates, 18 % have completed primary education, 6% completed

secondary education, and 32 % completed high school education. Graduates constitute

6% of the total farmers.

Land holding particulars

Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 25.1 %, 22.2 % of the farmers are small

farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52.7 % of the total farmers of

the command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the

farmers own dry land ranging from 0.4 ha to 12 ha.

Family and asset particulars

Average family size is 4.94 members of whom men constitute 51.2% and women

constitute 48.8%.

All the farmers in the command area own a house. 62% of large farmers own

cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area nine bore wells and three

open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in

working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the

tank.

Seven farmers (19.5%) own tractors and 12 farmers own pump sets (33.3). All the

farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and

levelers. (70 %) of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 18 farmers‟ own iron ploughs.

Bullock carts are owned by 12 farmers (33.3%). 61.1% of the total farmers guntakas and

70% of the farmers (25 farmers) own gorru. 20 farmers have their own sprayers (55.5%).

25

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Vattem tank command farmers

S.No Parameter Vattem

1 Educational status Illierates - 38% Primary education - 18%

Secondary education- 6%

High school - 32% Graduates - 6%

2 Social status Other Castes – 66% BCs - 30.6%

SCs - 3.4%

3 Land holdings Marginal farmers- 25.1% Small farmers - 22.2%

Large farmers - 52.70%

4 Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 33.3%

Bore wells - 25% Open wells - 8.5%

5 Agricultural machinery

Tractors -19.5% Pump-sets – 33.33%

Wooden ploughs-70% Iron Ploughs-50%

Bullock carts-33.3% Guntukas-61.1%

Gorru-70% Sprayer 55 %

6 Livestock Buffloes-72.2% Cows-27.7%

Draft animals-58.3% Sheep-13.8%

Live stock

72.2 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 27.7 % farmers (10) have their own

cows. 21 farmers (58.3%) farmers have their own draft animals. 22.2% of the farmers

have calves and 13.8% of farmers have sheep.

Cropping pattern

Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based

cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced

cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under

the tanks for paddy cultivation. 26 farmers (72.2 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands

for paddy during the kharif season. 27.7% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are

insufficient for for cultivation of paddy. 30.5 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi

season also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells.

Only 6 farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season.

Costs of production

Paddy:

The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer.

Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 12875 to Rs 12954 for paddy. Seeds contributed

10.5% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and

ploughs contributed 23.4% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting

contributed 48.5% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs

such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 7 %, respectively.

26

Maize:

Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 8150 to Rs 8251. In case of

large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal

farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to the total

cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and

intercultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 34.4 %, labour

expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 30.7% to the total costs. Fertilizers and

pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs. In case of small and marginal farmers

relatively higher cost cultivation can be attributed to lack usage of agricultural

machinery. However family labour involved reduced the total cost of cultivation.

Sorghum:

In case of sorghum red gram intercropping the cost of cultivation ranged between

Rs 4625 and Rs 4850/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4700/ ha. In case castor-

redgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 9182.5/ ha to Rs 9555

/ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of

cultivation was similsr to that of maize crop.

Costs of production of important crops (Vattem village)

Crops Marginal (<1 ha) Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)

Average

Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns Costs Returns

Rice 12875 28750 12975 27595 13012 27605 12954 27983

Maize +

red gram

8150 20525 8205 20525 8400 22620 8251 21223

Castor +

red gram

9200 14050 9187.5 13750 9555 14575 9314 14125

Sorghum +

red gram

4625 9150 4625 9150 4850 10200 4700 9500

Cotton 13125 32800 14520 34600 16580 38620 14742 35340

Cotton:

In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among

the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of

cultivation is Rs13125/ ha where as for the large farmers the costs escalate to Rs15500 /

ha to Rs 17800/ha. Indicriminate appliacation of peticide is much wide spread among the

large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of pesticides

towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 32 % to 38 % for the large farmers

where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 33%. Seeds contribution to

the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed 16-18%

among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary much

with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of cotton

contributed around 20 % of the total costs.

27

Income

Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the

farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (42%) work as

farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family

expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the

scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 5000-12000 per

annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs

12000- Rs20000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell

away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season.

Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season.

Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged Rs 12000 and

above one lakh. 36.11 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 25000/ annum

and 63.89 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum.

Farmers are spending 5.55% to 60 % of their total income on education of their

children. Family expenses ranged between 36% & 89% of the total income. Share of

family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the

expenditure towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large

farmers.

Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers.

Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers

for input expenses.

Farmers in Vattem village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market

yard, which is 25 km away from the village.

In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually

becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon,

tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy

crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals. If

sufficient rainfall is received they will cultivate paddy because the soils in the command

areas will be waterlogged and ID crops cannot survive under such conditions. If they

cultivate ID crops they receive at least some income instead waiting for paddy crop.

Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands

instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy

28

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF LATTUPALLY VILLAGE


Lattupally tank command area is 100 acres. Twenty-six farmers cultivate the

entire command area. Of these 26 farmers 27 percent (7 farmers) are other caste farmers,

4 (15.4%) farmers belong to backward communities and 15 (57.6 %) farmers belong to

Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Lattupally village 57.6 % are illiterates, 11.6 %

have completed primary education, and 27% completed secondary, 3.8 % completed high

school education.


Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 30.7 %, 50.1% of the farmers are small

farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 19.2 % of the total farmers of

the command area.

Family particulars


constitute 49.2%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire

command area five bore wells and three open wells are present. All the open wells have

dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the

season and availability of water in the tank.

Seven farmers (26.9%) own tractors and 11 farmers own pump sets (42.3). All the


levelers. 61.5 % of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 15 farmers own iron ploughs.

Bullock carts are owned by 10 farmers (38.4%). 53.8% of the total farmers own guntakas

and 57.7% of the farmers (15 farmers) own gorru.. 10 farmers have their own sprayers

(38.4%).

Live stock

60 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (10) have their own cows.

13 farmers (50 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers have calves

and 19.8% of farmers have sheep.

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the lattupally farmers

S.No Parameter Lattupally

1 Educational status Illierates - 57.3% Primary education - 11.6%

Secondary education- 27% High school - 3.8%

Social status Other Castes – 27% BCs – 15.4%

STs - 57.6%

Land holdings Marginal farmers- 30.7% Small farmers - 50.1%


Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 40%

Bore wells -19.2% Open wells - 11.5%

29

Agricultural machinery

Tractors -26.9% Pump-sets – 42.3%

Wooden ploughs-61.5% Iron Ploughs-57.6%

Bullock carts-38.4% Guntukas-53.3%

Gorru-57.7% Sprayer 38.4 %

Livestock Buffloes-76.9% Cows-27%


Cropping pattern






insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 27 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells

cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 4 farmers (15.38

%) cultivate paddy during the summer season.

Costs of production of important crops (Lattupally village)

Crops Marginal (<1

ha)

Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)

Average


Rice 11600 22550 12075 21995 13012 23105 12229 22233

Maize +

red gram

7920 21425 8215 21625 8400 23640 8178 22230

Castor +

red gram

9010 15025 8925 14210 8625 14575 8853 14603

Sorghum +

red gram

4825 9230 4825 9230 4750 9680 4800 9380

Cotton 12525 28620 13160 29620 12850 30260 12845 29500

Paddy:






such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 8.9 %, respectively.

Maize:


large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal

farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total

30

cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and inter-

cultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 36.4 %, labour expenses

from sowing to harvesting contributed 26.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides

contributed 24.7 % to the total costs.

In case of sorghum red gram inter cropping the cost of cultivation ranged between

Rs 4750 and Rs 4825/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4800/ ha. In case castor-

redgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 8625/ ha to Rs 9010 /ha

Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of

cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.

Cotton

In case of marginal farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs12525/ ha where as for the

small farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs.13160 /ha and large farmers the costs are

Rs.12850/ha Contribution of pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied

between 30-32 %. Seeds contribution to the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges

for the implements contributed 16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution

18% to the total cost did not vary much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour

wages from sowing to picking of cotton contributed around 26 % of the total costs.

Income

Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially

small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers

belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs

5000-10000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come

ranging between Rs 8000- Rs12000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle.

Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs

12000 and above one lakh. 45.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs

25000/ annum and 55.45 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per

annum.Farmers are spending 10.9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their

children. Family expenses ranged between 45 to 80% of the total income. Share of

family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers.

Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide

dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility.

Farmers in Lattupally village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla

market yard, which is 38 km away from the village. Farmers of Lattupally village opine

that, even though they understand the importance of ID crops food grain requirements of

the family and fodder requirements of cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small

areas with the available scanty irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial

crops like sunflower, groundnut, cotton and maize are highly suitable to the tank

commands.

31

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF INDRAKAL VILLAGE


Indrakal tank command area is 136 acres. Fifty farmers cultivate the entire

command area. Of these farmers 52 percent (26 farmers) are other caste farmers, 21

(42%) farmers belong to backward communities and three farmers belong to Scheduled

castes. Among the farmers of Indrakal village 26 % are illiterates, 12 % have completed

primary education, 40% completed secondary education and 20 % completed high school

education. Graduates constitute 2% of the total farmers.


Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 18 %, 30 % of the farmers are small farmers

(1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52 % of the total farmers of the

command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the farmers

own dry land ranging from 0.2 ha to 6ha.

Family and asset particulars


constitute 49.3%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. 44% of large

farmers own cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area 12 bore wells

and 5 open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in

working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the

tank.

Four farmers (8%) own tractors and 17 farmers own pump sets (34%). All the


levelers. (66 %)of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 24 farmers own iron ploughs.

Bullock carts are owned by 16 farmers (32%). 82% of the total farmers have guntakas

and 66% of the farmers (33 farmers) own gorru.

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Indrakal tank command farmers

S.No Parameter Indrakal

1 Educational status Illiterates - 26% Primary education - 12%

Secondary education - 40% High school - 20%

Graduates -2%

Social status Other Castes – 52% BCs – 42%

SCs - 6%

Land holdings Marginal farmers-18% Small farmers - 30%

Large farmers - 52%

Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 44%

Bore wells - 24% Open wells - 10%

Agricultural Tractors -8% Pump-sets – 34%

32

machinery

Wooden ploughs-66% Iron Ploughs-24%

Bullock carts-32% Guntukas-82%

Gorru-66% Sprayer 96 %

Livestock Buffloes-88% Cows-34%

Draft animals-80% Sheep-22%

Live stock

88 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 34 % farmers (17) have their own cows.

40 farmers (80%) have their own draft animals. 18% of the farmers have calves and 22%

of farmers have sheep.

Cropping pattern





for paddy during the kharif season. 30 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi season

also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells. Only 4

farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season.

Costs of production

Paddy:




ploughs contributed 26% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed

35.7% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as

fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.9 %, respectively.

Maize:


large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively higher compared to small and

marginal farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to

the total cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and

inter-cultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 33.3 %, labour

expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 31.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and

pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs.

In case castor- redgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs

6175 to Rs7275 /ha. Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the

total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.

33

Costs of production of important crops (Indrakal village)

Crops Marginal (<1

ha)

Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)

Average


Rice 13538 29750 14213 29590 15463 30605 14405 29982

Maize +

red gram

6564 18750 6780 1960 7250 20825 6865 19725

Castor +

red gram

6175 11360 6625 12060 7275 12800 6692 12073

Cotton 9525 28125 10500 29250 11725 30150 10583 29175

Cotton:

In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among

the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of

cultivation is Rs10500/ ha. Indiscriminate application of pesticides is much wide spread

among the large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of

pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 33 % & 36 % for the large

farmers where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 32%. Seeds

contribution to the total cost was 15 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed

16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary

much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of

cotton contributed around 20 % of the total costs.

Income

Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the

farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (40%) work as

farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family

expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the

scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 6000-12000 per

annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs

10000- Rs16000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell

away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season.

Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season.

Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs

10000 and above one lakh. 14 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 30,000/

annum and 86 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum.

Farmers are spending6% to35 % their total income on education of their children.

Family expenses ranged between 30% & 75% of the total income. Share of family

expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the expenditure

towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large farmers.

34

Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers.

Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers

for input expenses.

Farmers in Indrakal village mostly sell their farm produce in the Nagarkurnool

market yard, which is 10 km away from the village.

In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually

becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon,

tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy

crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals..

Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands

instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF MADDIGATLA VILLAGE


Maddigatla tank command area is 332 acres. Seventy-three farmers cultivate the

entire command area. Of these 73 farmers 72.6 percent (53 farmers) are other caste

famers, 14 (19.2%) farmers belong to backward communities and 6 (8.2 %) farmers

belong to Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Maddigatla village 21.9 % are

illiterates, 20.5 % have completed primary education, 15.1% completed secondary,

42.5% completed high school education.


Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 43.8 %, 39.7% of the farmers are small

farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers ( >2.5 ha) constitute 16.5 % of the total farmers of

the command area.

Family particulars

Average family size is 4 members of whom men constitute 50.1% and women

constitute 49.9%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire

command area twenty-five bore wells and ten open wells are present. All the open wells

have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on

the season and availability of water in the tank.

28 farmers own pump sets (38.3). All the farmers own small agricultural

implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers..58.9 % of the farmers own

wooden ploughs. 45 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 30 farmers

(41%). 64.4% of the total farmers own guntakas and 63% of the farmers (46 farmers)

own gorru.. 34 farmers have their own sprayers (46.6%).

35

Live stock

27.41 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (16) have their own

cows. 48 farmers (65.7 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers

have calves and 20.5% of farmers have sheep.

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Maddigatla farmers

S.No Parameter Maddigatla

1 Educational status Illierates - 21.9% Primary education - 20.5%

Secondary education- 15.1% High school - 42.5%

Social status Other Castes – 72.6% BCs – 19.2%

STs - 8.2%

Land holdings Marginal farmers- 43.8% Small farmers - 39.7%


Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 46.6%

Bore wells -34.2% Open wells - 13.6%

Agricultural

machinery

Tractors -0% Pump-sets –38.3%

Wooden ploughs-58.9% Iron Ploughs-61.6%

Bullock carts-41% Guntukas-64.4%

Gorru-63% Sprayer 46.6 %

Livestock Buffloes-27.4% Cows-21.9%


Cropping pattern






insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 30 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells

cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 12 farmers

(16.43 %) cultivate paddy during the summer season.

Costs of production of important crops (Maddigatla village)

Crops Marginal (<1 ha) Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha)

Average


Rice 13900 29550 14250 30250 14975 31560 14375 30453

Maize +

red gram

6575 18600 6850 18850 7260 19150 6895 18867

Castor +

red gram

6125 11050 6525 11300 7100 11210 6583 11187

36

Paddy:






such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.8 %, respectively.

Maize:

Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 6575to Rs 7260.

Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total cost.

Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and intercultivation

implements and threshing implements contributed 34.5 %, labour expenses from sowing

to harvesting contributed 27.6% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed

25.8 % to the total costs.

In case castor- redgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs

6125/ ha & Rs 7100 /ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards

the total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop.

Income

Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially

small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers

belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs

4000-9000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging

between Rs2000- Rs8000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. Total income of the

farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs 8000 and above one lakh.

31.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 20000/ annum and 68.45 % of

farmers have total in come higher than Rs 20000 per annum.

Farmers are spending 9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their

children. Family expenses ranged between 35% & 75% of the total income. Share of

family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers.

Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide

dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility.

Farmers in Maddigatla village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market

yard, which is 25 km away from the village.

Farmers of Maddigatla village opinion that, even though they understand the

importance of ID crops food grain requirements of the family and fodder requirements of

cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small areas with the available scanty

irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial crops like maize and castor are

highly suitable to the tank commands.

37

Constraints for crop production in tankfed areas

The misapprehension as well as rational outlook about the various crop

management practices has come to scrutiny during our investigation about farmer‟s

traditional way of cultivation. Farmers were well aware about impact of different

dates of sowing, climatic calamities and land preparation for various crops, but lack

of knowledge on new mode of agriculture such as entrepreneurial farming and

integrated approach for farm problems.

The capital poor farmer with less risk bearing ability is unable to invest money on

modern crop management strategies in general and plant protection in particular.

Due to small land holdings, practices such as such crop rotation, diversification of

crops etc are being unfeasible.

Due to lack of community approach crop protection measures are not long lasting

as the inoculums spread from neighbouring field.

Farm operations are not being carried out in time due to labour shortage.

Lack of own seed for further use and dependence on unauthorised sources for

seed.

Lack of storage facilities.

Higher cost of cultivation due to wastages of inputs.

Mono cropping with over emphasis on rice.

Lack of value addition to products.

Over exploitation of ground water resources.

Inadequate supply of water from tank.

Salinity, alkalinity in the command area.

Water logging in low-lying areas and seepage in below tank area.

Poor water management and very low irrigation efficiency.

Technological Constraints

Seeds from un-authorized sources, untreated with plant protection chemicals

Use seedlings raised in somewhere without knowing even varieties.

Lack of knowledge on chemical weed control

Improper timing and imbalanced fertilizer application

Lack of awareness regarding critical stages of crop growth.

Unawareness about micronutrient deficiencies

Indiscriminate application of pesticides without either knowledge on proper

pesticides or ETL of pests

Excessive use of Pyrethroids / single pesticides

Lack of awareness about bio-fertilizers, bio pesticides and integrated approach for

nutrient, pest and weed management

38

Constraints in Paddy Cultivation

Transplanting of over aged seedlings.

Late Planting

Imbalanced Fertilization

Low Organic manure application.

Zinc Deficiency

High Cost of Cultivation due to wastages of inputs

Improper Water Management

Moisture stress during critical stages

Repeated application of pesticides either Monocrotophos or Quinolphos

Labour intensive manual weeding

Awareness of Farmers

Field preparation requirements for various crops

Seasonal influence on crops and pest occurrence

Awareness about organic matter addition

Timely weeding

Intercropping as insurance against crop failure

Knowledge on varieties especially on leading hybrids of commercial crops

Advantages of intercultural operations

Use of agricultural machinery

39

C) Anantapur district

The bench mark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four

tankfed villages of tankfed area under APERP in Anantapur district revealed that 33.3%

to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20%-30% farmers are small (1-2.5ha) and

10% to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). In educational status 20 to 51 % of the farmers are

illiterates, while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal

farmers avail the loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow

loans from commercial banks and co-operative societies etc. When water is available in

the tank or bore wells in tankfed area farmers prefer to cultivate paddy during kharif

season. The farmer opined that providing technical know how through field

demonstrations and trainings largely enhance the productivity of the crops grown by

them.

Benchmark survey is an important tool conducted prior to implementation of the

any project. It reveals the initial status of the farmers. It guides how to plan the project

based on the constraints and how to combat the bottlenecks during project

implementation. Hence the survey was taken up with the objectives of knowing the

constraints of the crop production, social status of the farmers, and economic condition of

the farmers, existing crops and cropping patterns in 4 villages of tankfed irrigation of

Anantapur.

A survey has been conducted prior to implementation of the project entitled

“Agricultural Research, Demonstrations and Training under APERP under Tankfed

irrigated areas in A.P” in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district viz., Pamurai,

Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and Madigubba tank aycut. In Pamurai tank out of 80 farmers 65

members were surveyed, in Pullalarevu tank 45 members were surveyed out of 50 members,

where as in Rangampeta and Madigubba 30 and 50 farmers were surveyed out of 50 and

120 farmers respectively. Data was collected on educational status (i.e., primary, secondary,

high school, college), social status (open category, back ward cast and schedule cast and

tribe), landing holdings (i.e, marginal (<1ha) small (1-2.5ha) and big farmers (>2.5 ha),

fixed assets owned by the farmers, live stock status of the farmers. In addition to this data on

crops and cropping pattern which they were practicing, cost of cultivation and net returns of

the crops, annual income of the farmers, availability of the credit to the farmers, marketing

facility and opinion of the farmers on existing cropping systems were collected from the

farmers.

a) Social and educational status of the farmers

The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 1. Pamurai

tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 80 farmers. Out of 65

farmers surveyed, 69% are other caste farmers, 28% farmers belong to backward

community and 3.0% belong to schedule tribe community. Among these 62% are

illiterates, 14% have completed primary education, 21% have completed secondary

education. 12.3% have completed high school education and 1.75% has graduate level

education.

Pullalarevu tank command area is 130 acres, which is being cultivated by 50

farmers. Out of 50 farmers surveyed, 76.2% are other caste farmers and 23.8% farmers

belong to backward community. Among the farmers 42.9% are illiterates, 33.3% have

40

completed primary education, 7.1% have completed secondary education. 9.5% have

completed high school education and 2.4% have graduate level education

Rangampeta tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 50

farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 30

farmers. Of these, 33.3% farmers are other caste farmers. 50% farmers belong to

backward communities and 16.6% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of

Rangampeta village 60% have primary education, 20% are illiterates, and 20% farmers

have secondary school education.

Madigubba tank command area is 350 acres, which is being cultivated by 120

farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 50

farmers. Of these, 60% farmers are other caste farmers, 30% farmers belong to backward

communities and 10% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Madigubba

village 58% have primary education, 30% farmers are illiterates and 12% have secondary

school education.

Educational and Social status of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages

Parameter Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta

Madigubba

(%)

Social

status

Other castes 69 76.2 33.3 36

BCs 28 23.8 50 40

SCs 3 --- 16.6 24

Educational

status

Illiterates 51 42.9 20 30

Primary

education

14 33.3 60 58

Secondary

education

21 7.1 20 12

High school 12.3 9.5 ---- ----

Graduates 1.75 2.4 ---- ----

b. Land holding and family particulars:

The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 2. Among

the farmers of Pamurai, marginal farmers (< 1 ha) constitute 46.6%, 29.8% of the farmers

are small (1 – 2.5 ha) and 22.8% of the farmers are big (> 2.5 ha). Besides the land

holding in the tank command area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is

4.8 members. Among them men constitute 57% and women constitute 43%. Among the

farmers of Pullalarevu, marginal farmers constitute 33.3%, 23.8% of the farmers are

small and 42.9% of the farmers are big. Besides the land holding in the tank command

area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is 4.3 members. Among them

men constitute 54% and women constitute 46%.

Among the farmers of Rangampeta, marginal farmers constitute 66.6%, 20% of

the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 13.3% of the total farmers of the

41

command area surveyed. Average family size is 3.5 members of whom men constitute

52% and women constitute 48%. Among the farmers of Madigubba, marginal farmers

constitute 60%, 30% of the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 10% of the total

farmers of the command area surveyed. Average family size is 4 members of whom men

constitute 53.7% and women constitute 46.3%.

Land holdings particulars of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages of

Anantapur district

S.No. Items Pamurai Pullalarevu

Rangampeta

Madigubba

% of farmers

1. Marginal farmers 47 33.3 66.6 60

2. Small farmers 30 23.8 20 30

3. Big farmers 23 42.9 13.3 10

c. Status of the fixed assets

The details of the assets owned by farmers of four villages are presented. All the

farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Pamurai have own houses. Among the

ayacut farmers, 38.6% have own cattle sheds, 29.8% of the farmers own bore wells in the

tank ayacut. Only one farmer has opened well in the ayacut area. All the bore wells are

in working condition. All the farmers in the command area of Pullalarevu have own

buildings. Among the ayacut farmers, 59.5% have own cattle sheds, 45.2% of the

farmers have own borewells in the tank aycut. Only one farmer has opened well in the

aycut area. 50% of the borewells are in working condition.21.4% of the farmers has

farmhouses and 4.8% of them have machinery sheds.

All the farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Rangampeta have own

houses. In entire command area 20 bore wells and 5 open wells are present. All the bore

wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and

availability of water in the tank. All the farmers in the command area of Madigubba have

own houses. In entire command area 35 bore wells and 15 open wells are present. All

the bore wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and

availability of water in the tank

Fixed assets of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages

Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta

Madigubba

% of farmers

Own house 100 100 100 100

Cattle sheds 39 60 62 60

Bore wells 30 45 67 60

Open wells 2 5 10 10

42

d. Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers

The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 4. Almost

all the farmers in the all the tank command area of Pamurai, Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and

Madigubba own small agricultural implements like sickles, spades, crow bars and axes.

In Pamurai tank aycut, 30% of the farmers have own pump sets, 57.9% of the farmers

have wooden ploughs. Only 3.5% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are

owned by 28.1% of the farmers, 70.2% of the farmers have blade harrows, 54.4% of the

farmers have bullock drawn seed drills, 14% of the farmers own sprayers and 5.3% of the

farmers have levelers. Among the livestock, 42.1% of the farmers have buffaloes and

10.5% farmers have cows. 36.8% of the farmers have their own bullocks, 12.3% farmers

have sheep and 15.8% have poultry. In Pullalarevu tank aycut area, 9.5% of the farmers

have tractors, 42.9% of the farmers have own pump sets, and 61.9% of the farmers have

wooden ploughs. Only 14.3% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are owned

by 64.3% of the farmers, 90.5% of the farmers have blade harrows, 80.9% of the farmers

have bullock drawn seed drills, and 38.1% of the farmers have sprayers and 4.8% of the

farmers have levelers.

In Rangampeta tank aycut area, 66.6% of the farmers own wooden ploughs.

16.6% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 22 farmers 60% of

the total farmers own blade harrows and 73.3% of the farmers own bullock drawn seed

drills. 30% farmers have their own sprayers. 73.3% of the farmers have buffaloes and

26.6% farmers have their own cows. 73.3% farmers have their own draft animals. 30%

of farmers have sheep. In Madigubba tank aycut area, 64% of the farmers own wooden

ploughs. 24% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by (76%) of the

farmers. 84% of the total farmers own blade harrows and 80% of the farmers own

bullock drawn seed drills. 40% farmers have their own sprayers. 84% of the farmers

have buffaloes and 12% farmers have their own cows. 42% of the farmers have their

own draft animals. 16% of farmers have sheep.

Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers

Parameter Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta

Madigubba

% of farmers

Agricultural

machinery

Tractors --- 9.5 6.6 20

Pumpsets 30 42.9 66.6 66.6

Wooden

ploughs

58 61.9 66.6 64.6

Iron ploughs 3.5 14.3 16.6 24.6

Bullock carts 28 64.3 60 70

Guntaka 70 90.5 60 84

Gorru 54.4 80.9 73.3 80

Sprayer 14 38.1 40 40

Levelers 5.3 4.8 73.3 84

Livestock Buffaloes 42 52.4 26.6 12

Cows 1.5 21.4 73.3 42

Draft animals 37 62 30 16

Sheep 12.3 --- --- ---

43

Cropping pattern

Rice based cropping system is practiced in all the four tank command areas of

Anantapur district. If tanks filled during August – September, fallow – rice – fallow is

followed. Rice-rice-fallow under borewells in tank ayacut is the commonly practiced

cropping system. Farmers in the district have drylands in which groundnut is the

predominant under rainfed situation. Especially in tank ayacut farmers go for paddy if

tanks are filled. Even under borewells in tank command area, farmers grow paddy in

both the seasons and keep the land fallow during summer.

Cost of cultivation and net returns

a. Paddy

The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 5. The cost

of cultivation for paddy did not vary much among the farmers (i.e., marginal, small and

large farmers) of tank command area. Cost of cultivation for paddy ranged between Rs.

5705/- to Rs. 8280/- in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 5300/- to Rs. 8065/-, in case of

small farmers and Rs. 5700/- to Rs. 7710/- in case of big farmers. Net returns in paddy

ranged between Rs. 10855/- to Rs. 16860/- acre in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 9735/- to

Rs. 14870/- and Rs. 9955/- to Rs. 16005/- in case of small and big farmers respectively.

b. Groundnut

The cost of cultivation for groundnut did not vary much among different

categories of the farmers. It is ranged between Rs. 3675/- to Rs. 4995/- with average net

returns of Rs. 7860/- in case of marginal farmers; Rs. 3465/- to Rs.5350/- with an average

net returns of Rs. 5343/- in case of small farmers and Rs. 3628/- to Rs. 6040/- with an

average net returns of Rs. 7855/- in case of large farmers. These costs and net returns of

groundnut are under rainfed conditions. It is purely depends on rainfall of particular year.

c. Sunflower

The cost of cultivation for sunflower ranged between Rs. 4300/- to Rs. 5875/-

with average net returns of Rs. 7863/acre.

Cost of cultivation and net returns of the different crops under tankfed area of

Anantapur district

Crop Marginal farmers Small farmers Big farmers

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs./acre)

Net returns

(Rs./acre)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs./acre)

Net returns

(Rs./acre)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs./acre)

Net

returns

(Rs./acre)

Paddy 5705-8280 10855-16860 5300-8065 9735-14870 5700-7710 9955-

16005

Groundnut 3675-4995 7860 3465-5350 5343 3628-6040 7855

Sunflower Cost of cultivation (Rs./acre) Net returns (Rs./acre)

4300-5875 7863

44

Annual income and credit facility

Income from agriculture and livestock is main source of livelihood to the farmers

of all the 4 villages. Some of the farmers work as agriculture labour and other contract

works during lean season to meet the family expenses. Some of the farmers in the tank

aycut are working as contract labour in nearby factories during lean season and also have

small business shop in the near by town.

Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged between Rs. 21740/- to

Rs.264597/- at Pamurai tank aycut. Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged

between Rs. 34654/- to Rs. 35240/- at Pullalarevu tank aycut. Total income of the

farmers from all the sources ranged from Rs. 15000/- to Rs. 75000/- per annum at

Rangampeta tank aycut. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income

ranged from Rs. 10000/- to Rs. 80000/- per annum at Madigubba tank aycut.

Availability of credit facility from Co-Operative and commercial banks is mostly

to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers have credit from local moneylenders. Some

farmers have credit facility from more than two sources i.e., commercial banks, local

moneylenders, pesticide dealers and Co-Operative societies. Similar trend of credit

facility is being noticed in the rest of the 3 villages.

Opinion of the farmers

Farmers are of the opinion that the existing cropping pattern is not remunerative

as soils in the tank aycut are alkaline in nature. Further, in spite of this, they are

cultivating paddy crop since it is a staple food and also giving fodder to their livestock.

From the benchmark survey conducted in 4 villages, the results indicated that

tanks are get filled occasionally and the rest of the time land is kept fallow. Paddy is

predominant crop under tankfed and bore wells in tank aycut area. Smallholdings are

main problem in tank command area. Majority of the farmers still depends on

moneylenders for the finance both for agricultural and family expenses. Hence, the

experiments and demonstrations are planned to solve these problems.

General characteristics of soils under tank command areas

Alkaline nature of the soils

Severe Zn deficiency

Shallow depth of the soil with poor fertility status

Soil depth is up to 20-25 cm in light black soils

In clay loam and sandy loam soils up to 45 cm soil depth.

In top layers (0 – 15 cm) 8.2 – 10.0 pH

Lower layers 8.1 – 9.9 pH

EC top layers 0.103 to 1.791 dSm-1

Lower layer EC 0.142 to 1.256 dSm-1

Soils are low in nitrogen (88 – 239 kg/ha available nitrogen)

The available phosphorus and potassium are medium to high

45

Physicochemical characteristics of soils of tankfed villages

i) Pamurai tank

Characters Depth (cm)

0 – 15 15 – 30

Range Mean Range Mean

PH 8.1 – 9.6 8.7 8.2 – 10.1 8.9

EC (dSm-1

) 0.235 – 2.41 0.900 0.234 – 2.42 1.02

Available nitrogen (kg/ha) 110 – 169 136 73 – 218 130

P2O5 (kg/ha) 10 – 96 25 10 – 83 26

K2O (kg/ha) 122 – 592 289 141- 567 268

At Pamurai, soils are light black in colour and PH ranged between 8.1-9.6 in surface

soil and 8.2 – 10.1in subsurface and EC ranged between 0.235 – 2.41 in surface soil and

0.234 – 2.42 in sub surface soil which falls under category of alkaline soils based on EC

and PH classification. Available nitrogen is low in both the layer of the soil. Whereas,

available P and K are medium to high in both surface and sub surface layers.

ii) Rangampeta tank


0 – 15 15 – 30

Range Mean Range Mean

PH 8.2 – 9.9 8.9 8.1 – 9.9 9.1

EC (dSm-1

) 0.103 – 1.791 0.624 0.118-1.256 0.609

P2O5 (kg/ha) 3.3 – 48.8 12.0 3.3 – 48.8 11.8

K2O (kg/ha) 58 – 618 309 37 – 593 260

At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy soils. PH and EC ranged

between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.103 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1 – 9.9 and 0.118 – 1.256 in

sub surface layer respectively.

46

iii) Pullalarevu and Madigubba tanks


0 – 15 15 – 30

Range Range

Pullalarevu tank

PH 7.92 – 8.8 8.0 – 9.0

EC (dSm-1

) 0.169 – 0.744 0.186-0.708

Madigubba tank

PH 7.6 – 8.5 7.8 – 8.9

EC (dSm-1

) 0.176 – 0.680 0.190-0.720

In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 –

15 cm), where as in sub surface level (15 – 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0.

Electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.169 & 0.744,

whereas at sub surface level it ranged between 0.186 & 0.708.

In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface

level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged between 7.8 & 8.9. In case of

electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.176 to 0.680, where

as at sub surface level it ranged between 0.190 & 0.720.

47

D) KADAPA

Benchmark survey of selected villages of kadapa

Two tanks were selected under APERP at Thippanapalli of Badvel Mandal and

Gangaperuru of Vontimitta Mandal. Benchmark survey was conducted and data was

collected according to the proforma of Benchmark survey of tank fed areas to suggest

better alternative crop strategies.

Thippanapalli

Mandal : Badvel

Location : Westren side of Badvel to

Cuddapah main Road

Geographical Area : 613 hectares

Gross cropped area : 355 ha

Net sown area : 237 ha

Small farmers : 148 (185ha)

Marginal farmers : 119 (52ha)

Soils : Red clay loams

Gangaperuru

Mandal : Vontimitta

Location : 3kms away from penna river

Geographical Area : 720.26hectares

Gross cropped area : 565.4ha

Net sown area : 409.4ha

Small farmers : 60 (168.4ha)

Marginal farmers : 307 (484ha)

Others : 6 (50ha)

Soils : Red clay loams

Tank particulars: Two tanks were selected at Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru of Badvel

and Vontimitta Mandals respectively. Data pertaining to the tanks were furnished here

under.

1. THIPPANAPALLI TANK: Area of tank : 91.25 acres

History of the tank : From 1990- 3 times-Full

4 times-1/3rd

filled

6 times-half filled


No.of times filled : Only 75% filled during the year

Ayyucut area : 40.6 acres

48

Crops grown in tank : Rice, Sesamum, cotton

Soils of tank command area : Red and Red clay loam

Soil PH : 7.7 – 8.3

EC : 0.35-0.90 m. mhos/cm

Organic carbon : Low

Available P : Low

Available K : High

2. GANGAPERUR TANK

Area of tank : 116.5 acres

History of the tank : From 1990- only 4 times filled


No. of times filled : Only 20% filled during the year

Ayyucut area : 95 acres

Crops grown in tank : Rice, Cucumber, Sesamum

Soils of tank command area : sandy clay loams

Soil PH : 7.9-8.1

EC : 0.32-0.57 m. mhos/cm

Organic carbon : Low

Available P : Low

Available K : High

Irrigation facilities:

Source of irrigation is mainly through bore wells; tanks and tanks supported with

bore wells. At Gangaperuru, twenty-five bore wells were noticed in tank ayacut covering

an area of 93.5acres and at Thippanapalli nine bore wells were identified covering an area

of 25.5acres.

Soil Problems:

A total of 48 soil samples from the two tank fed areas were analyzed at Soil

testing laboratory, Kadapa. Soil analysis data indicates that the soils are red and red sandy

clay loams, Soil PH ranges from 7.7-8.3. Soils are slightly saline in nature. Soils of the

tank fed areas were low in organic carbon content, available P and high in available K.

Use of organic manures:

Very few farmers are applying the organic manures like FYM, Compost etc. But

most of the farmers were aware of the use of concentrated organic manures like Castor

and Neem cakes. Even though the soils were poor in organic carbon content. So there is a

need to encourage the farmers to raise the green manure and green leaf manure crops in

tank fed areas.

49

Land holdings: The farmers of the both the villages are small and marginal. The details

of the no.of small and marginal farmers and the extent of land holding particulars are

furnished here under.

THIPPANAPALLI:

Sl.No. Farm holdings Number of farmers Extent of holding in

hectares

1 Small farmers 148 185

2 Marginal 119 52

Total 237

GANGAPERURU:

Sl.No. Farm holdings Number of farmers Extent of holding in

hectares

1 Small farmers 60 168.4

2 Marginal 307 484.0

3 Others 6 50.0

Total 702.4

Household’s particulars: Most of the farmers of two villages are small and marginal.

The farmers are mostly illiterate and their main occupation is agriculture.

Agricultural Machinery: Most of the farmers are using traditional implements. In two

villages one or two farmershaving the tractor and tractor drawn implements. Few farmers

have bullock carts and implements like country plough, Gorru, Guntaka and puddlers.

Awareness of the farmers towards crop threshers and their use is poor. Farmers wise farm

inventory particulars are listed in the table.

Live stocks: In both the villages most of the farmers are rearing the live stock animals

like buffaloes, sheep and few farmers are having cows, bullocks and bullock carts. Most

of the farmers are depending on the tractor and tractor drawn implements for cultivation

of crops. Farmer wise live stock list was enclosed at the end in summary table of

Benchmark survey.

Cost of cultivation: Most of the farmers are applying concentrated organic manures like

castor cake, Neemcake etc. at the time of transplanting instead of applying recommended

dose of fertilizers. As a result the cost of cultivation of rice increases at Rs.1500-

2000/acre. In addition to that farmers of both villages were spending more amount

towards purchase of seeds and fertilizers through the application of higher doses instead

of recommended dose.

50

Annual income and expenditure of the household: Farmers of the both the villages are

incurring the income from agriculture, dairy and other sources. Most of the farmers in

both the villages spend their total annual income on agriculture and children‟s education.

Credit facilities: In both the villages farmers are using Credit facilities like crop loans

from Rayalseema Grameena bank and also getting from local moneylenders, fertilizers,

seed & pesticides traders and middlemen.

Marketing facilities: Farmers in both the villages are mostly small and marginal and sale

their produce to the local middlemen. Only few farmers are selling their produce in the

market yards.

Village problems: In both the villages cattle‟s trespassing in field crops is a major problem.

Some other problems encountered by the farmers are Power shortage, high interest rates

from local moneylenders, non-availability of specific pesticides, fungicides and herbicides

to the crops. Marketing and transport facilities are very limited

Resource Characterasation Of Tankfed In Kadapa Distrist Under Aperp

The geographical distribution of Kadapa district 15,35,900 ha. Kadapa distrist can

divided three divisions Kadapa ,Rajampet and Jamalamadugu .The tanks divided based

on the area the tanks are large, (>100acre) small (<100 acre) under control of irrigation

department. The minor tanks are under the control of Panchayatraj department. The large

tanks are distributed in three divisions Kadapa (55 no), Rajampet (139 no) and

Jammalamadugu.(65 no).The small tanks are Kadapa (984 no) ,Rajampet (1340 no) and

Jammalamadugu.(95 no) respectively.

51

Chapter-III

Objective wise Workdone

52

Objective wise workdone

I) MEDAK

a) (2003-04)

Objective Work done

1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Introduced Maize and Soybean during

Kharif.

Introduced Castor and Bengalgram

during Rabi.

2 Improved water management techniques to

crop or situation

Alternate wetting and drying in

transplanted paddy.

3 Optimal crop planning under limited water

availability to maximize production and

returns

Dry seeding of Rice under limited

water availability was introduced.

4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive

use of surface and ground water.

Since the tanks were not filled during

the study period, in order to utilize

rainfall and ground water efficiently,

crops like castor and bengalgram were

introduced during rabi.

5 Improved on-farm agronomic practices and

production parameters including use of

appropriate farm implements, cultivars,

fertilizers, pest control and other measures

Formation of Alleyways, herbicide

application, clipping of leaf tips before

transplanting in paddy. Integrated Pest

Management in cotton, Balanced

fertilization in Maize and paddy.

Production technologies in castor and

bengalgram.

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were

conducted with multi disciplinary

scientists, Department of Agriculture,

Horticulture, Sericulture, Animal

Husbandry specialists.

Training programs were conducted on

tankfed situation in the district and

production technology of castor and

bengalgram.

53

b) 2004-05

Objective Work done

1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop

sequences

Introduced Maize, Soybean,

Genetically Modified Cotton,

Desi Cotton during Kharif.

Introduced Sunflower, Castor,

Bengalgram, Groundnut,

Coriander and Redgram during

Rabi.

2 Improved water management techniques to crop or

situation


transplanted paddy.


availability to maximize production and returns



4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of

surface and ground water.

Since the tanks were not filled

during the study period, in order

to utilize rainfall and ground

water efficiently, crops like

castor, bengalgram, sunflower,

groundnut redgram, and coriander

were introduced during rabi.


production parameters including use of appropriate

farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control

and other measures

Formation of Alleyways,

herbicide application, clipping of

leaf tips before transplanting in

paddy.

Integrated Pest Management in

cotton, Bengalgram, and

Groundnut, balanced fertilization

in groundnut etc.

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were

conducted with multi disciplinary

scientists, Department of

Agriculture, Horticulture,

Sericulture, Animal Husbandry

specialists.

Training programs were

conducted on IPM, Production

technology of Bengalgram,

Groundnut etc.

54

c) 2005-06

Objective Work done

1 Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop

sequences

Introduced Maize, Genetically

Modified Cotton during Kharif.

Introduced Sunflower, Castor,

Bengalgram, Groundnut, Coriander,

Safflower and Vegetables during Rabi.


crop or situation


transplanted paddy.



returns



Inter cropping studies done Maize with

Redgram, Cowpea and Beans.

4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use

of surface and ground water.

In order to utilize rainfall and ground

water efficiently, crops like castor,

bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut,

coriander and vegetables were

introduced during rabi.





Formation of Alleyways, herbicide

application, planting 1-3 seedlings/hill,

clipping of leaf tips, before

transplanting in paddy.

Integrated Pest Management in cotton,

Production technologies in

Bengalgram, and Groundnut, balanced

fertilization in groundnut etc.

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on

IPM, Production technology of

Sunflower, Bengalgram and

Groundnut.

55

II) Mahaboobnagar

a) 2003-04

Sl.No Objective Work done

1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops

and crop sequences

Paddy and Irrigated dry crop based

cropping systems- maize, cotton, castor

were taken up during kharif season and

sunflower, vegetables were taken up during

rabi season.

2 Improved water management

techniques to crop or situation

Rotational irrigation system in paddy,

Direct seeding in paddy

3 Optimal crop planning under limited

water availability to maximize

production and returns

Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif

season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder

Jowar during rabi season in place of paddy.

4 To explore the potentiality of

conjunctive use of surface and

ground water

Cotton and Maize crops were taken with

rainfall and supplemental irrigation was

provided through wells.

5 Improved on farm agronomic

practices and production parameters

including use of appropriate farm

implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest

control and other measures

Integrated Weed Management in Paddy

Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were conducted on

Production technology of Irrigated dry

crops, crop protection in different kharif

crops, suitability of ID crops for rabi,

irrigation management in ID crops, crop

protection in rabi crops and vegetable and

fodder crop production

7 Other activities Bench mark survey of the Vattem and

Lattupally villages to study

1.Socio-economic conditions in the

villages

2.Soil and water sample collection and

analysis of the command area samples.

3.Resource characterization of the

district

4. Reasons for low inflows in to the

tanks

56

b) 2004-05

Sl.No Objective Work done 1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and crop

sequences

Irrigated dry crop based system-

maize, cotton and castor were taken

up during kharif season and

sunflower and vegetables were taken

up during rabi season.


crop or situation

Critical stage irrigation approach

was followed in maize and castor

crops



returns

Introduced maize, cotton, castor in

kharif season and sunflower,

vegetables, fodder Jowar during rabi

season in place of paddy.

4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use

of surface and ground water

Cotton and Maize crops were taken

up with as rainfed crops and

supplemental irrigations were

provided through borewells.

5 Improved on farm agronomic practices and




Integrated Pest Management in

cotton

Intercropping studies in maize and

castor crops.

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were

conducted on Production technology

of Irrigated dry crops, crop

protection in different kharif crops,

suitability of ID crops for rabi,

irrigation management in ID crops,

crop protection in rabi crops and

vegetable and fodder crop

production

Two television programmes were

recorded in the project villages

(Vattem and Indrakal)

One AIR programme, Field day,

press meet & exposure visit

7 Other activities Bench mark survey of the Vattem

and Lattupally villages to study

Socio-economic conditions in the

village, Soil and water sample

collection and analysis of the

command area samples, resource

characterization of the district and

reasons for low inflows in to the

tanks

57

c) 2005-06

Sl.

No

Objective Work done

1 Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Irrigated dry crop based system- maize, cotton

and castor were taken up during kharif season

and sunflower and vegetables were taken up

during rabi season.


crop or situation

Critical stage irrigation approach was followed

in maize and castor crops



returns

Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif

season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder Jowar

during rabi season in place of paddy.

4 To explore the potentiality of conjunctive

use of surface and ground water

Cotton and Maize crops were taken with

rainfall and supplemental irrigation was

provided through wells.

5 Improved on farm agronomic practices and




Intercropping studies in maize (2:1) and castor

(4:1) crops with redgram as intercrop.

6 Multidisciplinary training programs Training programmes were conducted on

Production technology of Irrigated dry crops,

crop protection in different kharif crops,

suitability of ID crops for rabi, irrigation

management in ID crops, crop protection in rabi

crops and vegetable and fodder crop production

58

III) ANANTHAPUR

a) 2003-04

S. No. Objective Work done

1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Sunhemp and diancha were introduced as

preceding crops to paddy.

2. Improved water management techniques

to crop or situation

Critical irrigation approach was adopted

for hybrid jowar which sown during early

kharif.

3. Optimal crop planning under limited

water availability to maximize production

and returns

Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were

introduced during early kharif. During late

kharif and rabi sunflower were introduced

in the tank command areas of Anantapur.

4. To explore the potentiality of conjugative


In order to utilize rainfall and ground water

efficiently sorghum/sunflower followed by

paddy sequence was introduced

5. Improved on-farm agronomic practices

and production parameters including use

of appropriate farm implements, cultivars,


Sorghum : NTJ – 2, Haritha hybrid, M35 –

1 were introduced

Sunflower : Siri, and Arunodaya

Paddy : Application of gypsum and ZnSO4

for soil amelioration

6. Multidisciplinary training programmes Training programmes to line departments,

Rythu mitra groups and extensional

personnels on different aspects

Training programmes to farmers on SRI

cultivation practice.

7. Other activities Bench mark survey of the Pamurai and

Rangampeta villages to study

Socio economic condition in the

village

Resource characterization of the

district

Constrains identified for low

inflows and low productivity

59

b) 2004-05


1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Sunhemp and greengram were

introduced as preceding crops to

paddy.

2. Improved water management techniques to

crop or situation

Critical irrigation approach was

adopted for hybrid jowar which sown

during early kharif. A survey has been

conducted on water trade practices

followed in tank command areas of

Anantapur district in different crops.

3. Optimal crop planning under limited water


returns


introduced during early kharif. During

late kharif and rabi sunflower were

introduced in the tank command areas

of Anantapur.

4. To explore the potentiality of conjugative



water efficiently sorghum/sunflower

followed by paddy sequence was

introduced

5. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and




Sorghum : NTJ – 2, Haritha hybrid,

M35 – 1 were introduced

Sunflower : Siri, Sunbred and

Arunodaya

Paddy: Application of gypsum and

ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and

herbicide application

6. Multidisciplinary training programmes Training programmes on management

of PSND in groundnut, cultivation

aspects of different crops, fertilizer

management in different crops,

reclamation of soils and crop

diversification

7. Other activities Bench mark survey of the Pullalarevu

and Madigubba villages to study

Socio economic condition in

the village

Resource characterization of

the district

Constrains identified for low

inflows and low productivity

60

c) 2005-06


1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops

and crop sequences

Sunhemp and greengram was introduced

as preceding crops to paddy.

2. Improved water management


Critical irrigation approach was adopted

for hybrid jowar which sown during early kharif. A

survey has been conducted on water trade practices

followed in tank command areas of Anantapur

district in different crops.

3. Optimal crop planning under

limited water availability to

maximize production and returns


introduced during early kharif. During

late and rabi sunflower were introduced

in the tank command areas of Anantapur.

4. To explore the potentiality of

conjugative use of surface and

ground water


water efficiently sorghum/sunflower

followed by paddy sequence was

introduced

5. Improved on-farm agronomic



implements, cultivars, fertilizers,

pest control and other measures

Sorghum: NTJ – 2 and Haritha hybrid,

Sunflower: Siri, Sunbred and Arunodaya

Paddy: Application of gypsum and

ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and

herbicide application

6. Multidisciplinary training

programmes

Training programmes on cultivation

aspects of vegetables and short duration

horticultural crops, fertilizer management

in different crops.

61

IV) VIZIANAGRARM

a) 2003-04

Objective Work done

Demonstration / evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif,

sunflower, sesamum and ragi in rabi after

paddy.

Improved water management techniques to

crop or situation

Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted

paddy.

Optimal crop planning under limited water


returns

Dry seeding of Rice under limited water

availability was introduced.

To explore the potentiality of conjunctive


In order to utilize rainfall and tank water

efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum

and vegetables were introduced during rabi.

Improved on-farm agronomic practices and




Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and

production technology of sugarcane.

Demonstration of chemical weed control

methods in direct sown paddy and maize.

Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on

package of practices of maize and sunflower

cultivation. Efficient utilization of available

water in the tanks.

b) 2004-05

Objective Work done

Demonstration / evaluation of crops and

crop sequences

Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif

,sunflower,sesamum and ragi in rabi

After paddy.

Improved water management techniques to

crop or situation

Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted

paddy.



returns

Dry seeding of Rice under limited water

availability was introduced.



In order to utilize rainfall and tank water

efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum

and vegetables were introduced during rabi.

Improved on-farm agronomic practices and




Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and

production technology of sugarcane.

Demonstration of chemical weed control

methods in direct sown paddy and maize.

Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on

package of practices of maize and sunflower

cultivation. Efficient utilization of available

water in the tanks.

62

c) 2005-06

Objective Work done

Demonstration / evaluation of crops

and crop sequences

Introduced I.D. crops like maize in Kharif and

maize, ragi and sunflower in rabi under

Introduced green manure crops before rice.

Improved water management


Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy under dry

conditions later converted to wet was introduced.

Alternate / rotational irrigation schedules were

practiced in transplanted paddy.

Optimal crop planning under limited



Introduction of maize, groundnut in Kharif, and

sunflower under limited water availability.

To explore the potentiality of

conjunctive use of surface and ground

water.

Dry seeding of paddy under limited water

availability was introduced. Evaluating the new

crop sequences with I.D crops

Improved on-farm agronomic



implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest

control and other measures

Demonstration of varietal performance in both

direct sown and transplanted paddy with early &

medium duration varieties.

Multidisciplinary training programs Awareness and trainings camps were conducted

during both pre-season and mid-season for effective

use of limited water resources and management of

pest/diseases.

63

Chapter-IV

Action plan -Execution

64

Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2004 under different tank commands (mahaboobnagar district)

Location: Vattem

Ayacut area:48 ha

Action plan Executed

Activity Season Area

(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)

Date of sowing Remarks

Evaluation of cropping

systems and introduction

of new crops

Kharif &

rabi 2004

10

Maize- Bengal gram

Maize- Sorghum

Maize- Sun flower

Cotton- Sunflower

Maize- Safflower

Cotton – vegetables

Maize- vegetables

10ha 2nd

week of July to

second week of

August

Maize vegetable cropping system

was found to be economically most

remunerative

Crop diversification for

increasing the

productivity of the tank

commands

Kharif &

rabi 2004

40 ha Kharif

Maize+Redgram

(Inter Crop)

Cotton

Maize (sole crop)

Rabi-2004

Sunflower

Tomato

Fodder Jowar

45

22.0 11.0 12.0

6.4

1.6

19.60

2nd

week of July

Last week of Nov to

last week of Dec

93.75 % of the total tank command

area was brought under cultiuvation

maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14

t/ha, 1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case

of sole maize were recorded in the

command areas.

Average yoield of 1.14 t/ha in

sunflower, 10.2t/ha in case of

tomato and 19.60 t/ha fodder jowar

yield were recorded.

Irrigation scheduling

based on critical stage

approach in Maize

crop in

different soils types

Kharif

2004-05

1.5 Two irrigations were given

at critical stages of crop

growth in case of maize

1.5 2nd

week of July

An increase in yield ranging from

10.92 to 13.78 % was recoded with

two irrigations at critical stages of

crop growth

Introduction of

popularization of low cost

technologies

Kharif

2004-05

3

Demonstration of IPM

technology in the farmers

fields

3

2nd

week of July

Increased ner returns were recorded

with adoption of IPM practices by

the farmers.

B: C ratio of 2.46 was recorded in

65

Kharif

2004-05

3

Intercropping studies in

Maize and Castor crops

3

2nd

week of July

case of IPM adopted farmers

compared to 2.08 in case of non-

IPM farmers.

The results of the study revealed

that the economic returns are much

higher under inter cropping system

to that of cultivation of single crop.

There was 6.5% increase in net

returns with Maize + Redgram

system over sole Maize crop.

Demonstration of crop

production technologies

Kharif &

rabi

2004-05

45 ha Improved Crop production

technologies were

demonstrated in the entire

command area of the tank

445 ha Kharif and rabi

seasons

Demonstrations were conducted in

the farmers fields for their

dissemination and large scale

adoption.

Popularization of the

project results in the tank

commands of the district

Kharif &

rabi

2004-05

Conducted Telivision, radio

prgrammes with the farmers.

Conducted field days in the

villages

Field visit was conducted

for Dept of Agriculture

Officials

Message was given through

news papers

Kharif & rabi 2004-

05

Capacity building to the

farmers through on-farm

and off-farm trainings

Kharif &

rabi

2004-05

on-farm and off-farm

trainings were conducted

for the benefit of the farmers

Kharif & rabi 2004-

05

66

Location :Lattupally

Ayacut area:44 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)



systems and introduction of

new crops

Kharif &

rabi 2004

10 Maize- sorghum

Maize-Ground nut

Maize-Sun flower

Cotton- Sunflower

Castor- sunflower

10ha 2nd

week of July to

second week of

August

Maize groundnut cropping system was

found to be economically most

remunerative


increasing the productivity of

the tank commands

Kharif &

rabi 2004

40.2 ha Kharif

Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ R’gram

Rabi-2004

Sunflower

Tomato

Fodder Jowar

36.2

25.2 5.60 2.40

4.8

2.4

0.4

2nd

week of July

Last week of Nov

to last week of Dec


area was brought under cultiuvation

maize + redgram yield of 3.60 + 0.15

t/ha, 1.26 t/ha in cotton 1.04 + 0.13

t/ha in case of castor + redgram were

recorded in the command areas.]

Average yield of 0.98 t/ha in

sunflower, 10.8t/ha in case of tomato

and 20.76 t/ha fodder jowar yield were

recorded.



approach in castor crop in


Kharif 2004-

05

1.5 Two irrigations were

given at critical stages of

crop growth in case

ofcastor

1.5 2nd

week of July An increase in yield ranging from

16.06 to 26.33 % and average yield

increase of 21.23 percent was recoded

with two irrigations at critical stages

of crop growth

Introduction of

popularization of low cost

technologies

Kharif 2004-

05

3

Demonstration of IPM

technology in the farmers

fields

3

2nd

week of July

Increased ner returns were recorded

with adoption of IPM practices by the

farmers.

B: C ratio of 2.73 was recorded in

case of IPM adopted farmers

compared to 2.17 in case of non-IPM

farmers.

67

Kharif 2004-

05

3 Intercropping studies in

Castor crop

3 2nd

week of July The results of the study revealed that

the economic returns are much higher

under inter cropping system to that of

cultivation of single crop. 17.34%

increased in net returns are observed

with Castor + Redgram inter cropping

over solo Castor crop.



Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05

40 ha Improved Crop


were demonstrated in

case of maize, castor and

other crops during Karif

and sunflower,

vegetables, and fodder

jowar during the rabi

season in the entire

command area of the

tank


seasons

Demonstrations were conducted in the

farmers fields for their dissemination

and large scale adoption.

Popularization of the project

results in the tank commands

of the district

Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05

Conducted Telivision,

radio prgrammes with

the farmers.

Conducted field days in

the villages



Officials

Message was given

through news papers

Kharif & rabi

2004-05


farmers through on-farm and

off-farm trainings

Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05


trainings were

conducted for the benefit

of the farmers

Kharif & rabi

2004-05

68

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district

Location : Indrakal

Ayacut area : 54.4 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)


Socio-economic

characterization of farmers of

the command area

Karif-2005 Entire

command

area

Benchmark survey

conducted in the

village

Comma

nd area

Data regarding the resources, potentials

and problems and awareness constraints

was collected and analyzed

Resource characterization of

the physical resources of the

command area

Karif-2005 Entire

command

area

Collection of soil and

water samples of the

command area

Comma

nd area

Chemical characterization of the soil and

water samples was done to understand the

constraints related to the crop production



new crops

Kharif &

rabi 2004

10

Maize- Bengal gram

Maize- Sorghum

Maize- Sun flower

Cotton- Sunflower

Maize- Safflower

Cotton-sunflower

Cotton - vegetables

10ha 2nd

week of July to

second week of

August

Maize-vegetable cropping system was


remunerative followed by cotton -

vegetables


increasing the productivity of

the tank commands

Kharif &

rabi 2004

54 ha Kharif

Maize (sole crop)

Rabi-2004 SunflowerTomato

45.9

45.9

0.81.6

2nd

week of July

Last week of Nov to

last week of Dec

84.35% of the total tank command area

was brought under cultivation

maize yield of 4.57 t/ha was recorded

Average yield of 1.8 t/ha in sunflower,

10.64t/ha in case of tomato were recorded



approach in Maize crop in


Kharif

2004-05

1.5 Two irrigations were

given at critical stages

of crop growth in case

of maize

1.5 2nd

week of July

An increase in yield ranging from 11.02

to 13.56 % was recoded with two

irrigations at critical stages of crop

growth

69

Introduction of popularization

of low cost technologies

Kharif

2004-05



3

2nd

week of July The results of the study revealed that the

economic returns are much higher under

inter cropping system to that of

cultivation of single crop. There was 7.6

% increase in net returns with Maize +

Redgram system over sole Maize crop.



Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05

54 ha Improved Crop



the entire command

area of the tank

45.9 ha Kharif and rabi

seasons

Demonstrations were conducted in the

farmers fields for their dissemination and

large scale adoption.


results in the tank commands

of the district

Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05

Conducted Telivision,

radio prgrammes with

the farmers.

Conducted field days

in the villages

Field visit was

conducted for Dept of

Agriculture Officials

Kharif & rabi 2004-05


farmers through on-farm and

off-farm trainings

Kharif &

rabi 2004-

05


trainings were

conducted for the

benefit of the farmers

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

70

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district

Location: Maddigatla

Ayacut area:132.8 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)


Socio-economic

characterization of farmers

of the command area

Karif-2005 Entire

command

area

Benchmark survey

conducted in the village

Com

mand

area

Data regarding the resources, potentials

and problems and awareness constraints

was collected and analyzed

Resource characterization

of the physical resources of

the command area

Karif-2005 Entire

command

area

Collection of soil and

water samples of the

command area

Com

mand

area

Chemical characterization of the soil and

water samples was done to understand the

constraints related to the crop production



new crops

Kharif & rabi

2004

10 Maize- Bengal gram

Maize- Sorghum

Maize- Sun flower

Cotton- Sunflower

Maize- Safflower Maize-

vegetables

Cotton- sunflower

10ha 2nd

week of July to

second week of

August

Maize vegetable cropping system was


remunerative


increasing the productivity

of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi

2004

132.6 Kharif

Maize (sole crop)

Rabi-2004

Tomato

Chillies

102.8

ha

3.6

1.6

2nd

week of July

Last week of Nov

to last week of Dec

93.75 % of the total tank command area

was brought under cultivation

maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14 t/ha,

1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case of sole

maize were recorded in the command

areas.

Average yield of 11.1 t/ha in case of

tomato and 2.87 t/ha fodder jowar yield

were recorded.

71

Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2003 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district

Location : Vattem

Ayacut area :48 ha Action plan Executed


(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)


Socio-economic characterization

of farmers of the command area

Karif-2003 Entire

comm

and

area

Benchmark survey


Com

mand

area

Data regarding the resources,

potentials and problems and

awareness constraints was collected

and analyzed


physical resources of the command

area

Karif-2003 Entire

comm

and

area

Collection of soil and water

samples of the command

area

Com

mand

area

Chemical characterization of the

soil and water samples was done to

understand the constraints related to

the crop production

Evaluation of cropping systems

and introduction of new crops

Kharif & rabi

2003

8 Paddy-vegetables

Paddy-bengal gram

Paddy ragi

Maize- Bengal gram

Maize- Sorghum

Maize- Sun flower

Maize- Safflower


Maize- vegetables

8 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August

Second week of

November to

December 3rd

week

Paddy-vegetable cropping system


remunerative among paddy based

cropping systems



remunerative in ID crop based

cropping systems

Crop diversification for increasing

the productivity of the tank

commands

Kharif & rabi

2003

40 ha Kharif

Maize+Redgram

(Inter Crop)

Cotton

Rabi-2003

Bengal gram

Ragi

Fodder jowar

Sunflower

Tomato

Other vegetables

45

0.8 0.8 2

0.4

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.8

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec

Irrigated Dry crops can be

successfully cultivated in the tank

commands during Kharif and Rabi

seasons

72

Water saving technologies in

paddy

Kharif 2003-4 1.5 Rotational irrigation in

paddy

1.5 2nd

week of July

The results indicated that rotational

water management recorded

slightly lower yields varying from -

11.6 to + 3.75 yield and - 0.81% to

– 3.89% straw yield than the yields

recorded in continuous

submergence treatment

Introduction of popularization of

low cost technologies

Kharif 2003-04

0.8

Introduction and

popularization of IWM in

paddy

0.8

2nd

week of July

Grain yield was more in case of

IWM method (6.15t/ha) by 33.7

%compared to farmers method (4.6

t/ha.) This reduction in manual

labour requirement resulted in

lower cost of cultivation

Demonstration of crop production

technologies

Kharif 2003-

04

0.8 ha Popularization of Integrated

Nutrient

Management in paddy

0.8 ha 2nd

week of July

On an average grain yield

increased by 20.77 % in the two

villages over farmers method


results in the tank commands of

the district

Kharif & rabi

2003-04


villages



Officials


news papers and pamphlets

Kharif & rabi

2003-04

Capacity building to the farmers

through on-farm and off-farm

trainings

Kharif & rabi

2003-04



for the benefit of the

farmers

Kharif & rabi

2003-04

73


Ayacut area:44 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)


Socio-economic characterization

of farmers of the command area

Karif-2003 Entire

comm

and

area

Benchmark survey


Comma

nd area

Data regarding the resources,

potentials and problems and

awareness constraints was collected

and analyzed


physical resources of the command

area

Karif-2003 Entire

comm

and

area

Collection of soil and water

samples of the command

area

Comma

nd area

Chemical characterization of the

soil and water samples was done to

understand the constraints related to

the crop production



Kharif & rabi

2003

8 Paddy-vegetables

Maize- Sorghum

Maize- Sun flower

Castor– vegetables

Maize- vegetables

Sorgum-vegetables

Maize-groundnut

8 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August

Second week of

November to

December 3rd

week

Paddy-vegetable cropping system


remunerative among paddy based

cropping systems



remunerative in ID crop based

cropping systems



commands

Kharif & rabi

2003

40 ha Kharif

Maize+Redgram

(Inter Crop)

Sorghum + redgram

Castor + redgram

Rabi-2003 Ground nut

Fodder jowar

Sunflower

Tomato

Other vegetables

45 0.8 0.4 0.8

2

0.8

0.8

2

0.8

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec

Irrigated Dry crops can be

successfully cultivated in the tank

commands during Kharif and Rabi

seasons


paddy


paddy

1.5 2nd

week of July


water management recorded

slightly lower grain yields varying

from -1.32 to –26.13% and –

2.26% to – 6.98 % straw yield than

74

the yields recorded in continuous

submergence treatment



Kharif 2003-04

0.8

Introduction and

popularization of IWM in

paddy

0.8

2nd

week of July

Grain yield was more in case of

IWM method (4.13-5.35t/ha) by

32.65 %compared to farmers

method (3.15 – 3.91 t/ha.) This

reduction in manual labour

requirement resulted in lower cost

of cultivation


technologies

Kharif 2003-

04

0.8 ha Popularization of Integrated

Nutrient

Management in paddy

0.8 ha 2nd

week of July

On an average grain yield

increased by 22.78 % in the two

villages over farmers method



the district

Kharif & rabi

2003-04


villages



Officials


news papers and pamphlets

Kharif & rabi

2003-04



trainings

Kharif & rabi

2003-04




farmers

Kharif & rabi

2003-04

75

Action plan and work done report during Kharif Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district

Location: Vattem

Ayacut area:48 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)




Kharif & rabi

2005

10 Maize- Sun flower

Cotton- Sunflower


Maize- vegetables

Maize-paddy

10ha 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August

Experiment under progress



commands

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

40 ha Kharif

Maize + redgram-

Cotton-

Cotton-

Castor-

Paddy-

Rabi-2004

Sunflower

Chilles

Fodder Jowar

14

12

10.8(far

mers

own)

0.8

7.2(Far

mers

own)

1.5

0.8

1.5

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec.


area was brought under cultivation

maize + redgram yield of 3.97+0.21

t/ha, 1.40 t/ha in cotton 1.12 t/ha in

castor,4.4 t/ha in case of paddy

were recorded in the command

areas.



technologies

Kharif & rabi

2005-06


technologies were




seasons




adoption.



the district

Kharif & rabi

2005-06


prgrammes with the

farmers.

Conducted field days

Kharif & rabi

2004-05

76

in the villages



Officials


news papers



trainings

Kharif & rabi

2005-06




farmers

Kharif & rabi

2004-05


paddy


paddy

3.0 2nd

week of

September


water management recorded yields

varying from –2.42 % to +4.8 %

grain yield in case of black soils

compared to continuous

submergence conditions.





Kharif 2005-06 1.5 Critical stage irrigations in

maize

1.5 2nd

week of July

No moisture stress was noticed

during critical stages of crop

growth

77


Ayacut area:44 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)




Kharif & rabi

2005-06

10 Maize- vegetables

Cotton-vegetables

Castor-vegetables

Maize-sunflower

Maize-ground nut

10ha 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August




commands

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

40.2

ha Kharif

Maize

Castor

Cotton

Cotton

Paddy

Sorghum

Chilli

Ragi

Rabi-2004

Sunflower

Tomato

Fodder Jowar

Chillies

21.2 PI

14.4 PI

0.8 PI

4 FO

4 FO

2 FO

1.6 PI

0.4 FO

2

2

0.4

2

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec


area was brought under

cultiuvation

maize yield of 3.70 t/ha, 1.26 t/ha

in cotton 0.98 t/ha in case of

castor, 4.2 t/ha in paddy, 4t/ha in

case of sorghum, 2.6 t/ha chillies

and 2.25 t/ha in ragi were recorded

in the command areas




approach in maize and castor

castor crops

Kharif 2005-06 1.5 Irrigations at critical

stages of crop growth in

case of moisture deficit

1.5 2nd

week of July

No moisture deficit has occurred

through out the crop growth period



Kharif 2005-06 3 Intercropping studies in

Castor crop

3 2nd

week of July The results of the study revealed


78


to that of cultivation of single

crop.21.0 % increased in grain

yield were observed with Castor +

Redgram inter cropping over sole

Castor crop.


technologies

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

40 ha Improved Crop



case of maize, castor and

other crops during Karif

and sunflower,

vegetables, and fodder

jowar during the rabi

season in the entire

command area of the

tank


seasons




adoption.



the district

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

Conducted Television

with the farmers.

Conducted field days in

the villages

Field visit was

conducted for Dept of

Agriculture Officials

Message was given

through news papers

Kharif & rabi

2005-06



trainings

Kharif & rabi

2005-06


trainings were

conducted for the benefit

of the farmers

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

79

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2005-06 under different tank commands

Location : Indrakal

Ayacut area : 54.4 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)




Kharif & rabi

2005-06

10

Maize- Paddy

Maize-sunflower

10ha 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August

Second week of

November




commands

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

54 ha Kharif

Maize

Cotton

Cotton

Paddy

Paddy

Maize +redgram

Rabi-2004 Sunflower

Paddy

34.4 PI

0.8 PI

4.4 FO

0.8 PI

7.2 FO

2 ha PI

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec

87.5% of the total tank command


maize yield of 4.67 t/ha, 1.30 in

cotton crop, 4.28 t/ha in paddy was

recorded.





Kharif 2005-

06

2 Irrigations at critical stages

of crop growth in case of

moisture deficit

2 2nd

week of July

No moisture deficit has occurred

through out the crop growth period

80



Kharif 2005-

06



2

2nd

week of July The results of the study revealed



to that of cultivation of single crop.

There was 7.98 % increase in net

returns with Maize + Redgram

system over sole Maize crop.


technologies

Kharif & rabi

2005-06


technologies were



45.9 ha Kharif and rabi

seasons




adoption.



the district

Kharif & rabi

2004-05


prgrammes with the

farmers.


villages



Officials

Kharif & rabi

2004-05



trainings

Kharif & rabi

2005-06




farmers

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

81

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands

Location: Maddigatla

Ayacut area:132.8 ha



(ha)

Activity Area

(ha)




Kharif & rabi

2005-06

10 Maize-rabi sorghum

Maize-sunflower

Maize-paddy

Maize-vegetables

Paddy-sunflower

Castor-vegetables

Castor-sunflower

10ha 2nd

week of July

to second week

of August

Second fortnight

of November




commands

Kharif & rabi

2005-06

132.6 Kharif

Maize-

Maize + redgram

Maize-

Cotton

Castor-

Castor + redgram

Castor-

Paddy-

Rabi-2005

Paddy

Tomato

Chillies

Fodder jowar

112.8

32.0 PI

2.0 PI

48.8 FO

16.0 FO

4 .0 PI

2.0 PI

2.0 FO

8.0 FO

8

1.5

2.0

2.0

2nd

week of July

Last week of

Nov to last week

of Dec



maize yield of 2.12 t/ha & 4.16

t/ha, 1.34 t/ha in cotton 1.17 t/ha in

case of castor and 4.6 t/ha in case of

paddy were recorded in the

command areas.





Kharif 2004-

05

5.00 Irrigations at critical

stages of crop growth in

maize

5.0 2nd

week of July

No moisture deficit was observed at

critical stages of crop growth

82

Action plan and work done report during the year 2003 – 04 under different tank commands (ANANTAPUR District)

Location : Pamurai tank

Aycut area : 90 acres Situation : Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells



(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield (t/ha)

Introduction of green manure crops under tank

command areas Early Kharif 90 Introduced Sunhemp

Daincha

67

18

27.5 of fodder yield

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid

sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- --- --- --- --- ---

Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in

paddy Kharif 2003 20 Introduced Paddy 10 5.8

Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency

with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2003 40 Introduced Paddy 30 5.5

Diversification of crops like sunflower under

borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Rabi

2003 - 04

5 Introduced Sunflower 1.0 1.5

83

Location : Rangampeta tank




(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield (t/ha)


command areas Early Kharif --- --- --- --- ---


sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Early Kharif 50 Introduced Hybrid sorghum

Fodder sorghum

10

20

4.35

27.8 of fodder yield


paddy Kharif 2003 20 Introduced Paddy 10 6.6


with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2003 40 Introduced Paddy 35 5.6



Rabi

2003 - 04

10 Introduced Fodder jowar 7 1.63

84

Action plan and work done report during the year 2004 – 05 under different tank commands





(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)


command areas Early Kharif

2004

30 Introduction of green manure crops

under tank command areas Sunhemp

Greengram

8

9

20.2 of fodder

yield

8.5 of fodder

yield


sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- ---

Introduction of irrigated dry crops

like hybrid sorghum (Haritha)

fodder sorghum

--- --- ---


paddy Kharif 2004 20

Soil reclamation with gypsum @

4.5 t/ha in paddy Paddy 10 4.9


with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 30

Soil reclamation and correction of

Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate

@ 50 kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 20 4.7

Introduction of vegetable crops under tank

command areas Summer 10

Introduction of vegetable crops

under tank command areas Vegetables 5 ---

85





(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)



2004

15 Introduction of green manure

crops under tank command areas Greengram 6 9.45 of fodder

yield

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder

sorghum Early Kharif

2004

50 Introduction of irrigated dry

crops like fodder sorghum Fodder

sorghum

6 11.6 of fodder

yield







Soil reclamation and correction

of Zn deficiency with zinc

sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 40 4.7



Summer

20 Diversification of crops like

sunflower under borewell

irrigation in place of paddy

Sunflower 7 1.35

86

Location : Pullalarevu tank




(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield (t/ha)

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command

areas --- --- --- --- --- ---

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum

(Haritha) fodder sorghum Late kharif 40 Introduced Jowar 22 13.8 of green fodder

yield

Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 5 Introduced Paddy 3 5.0

Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with

zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 2004 30 Introduced Paddy 24 5.2

Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell


Rabi

2004 - 05

20 Introduced Sunflower 15 1.9

87

Location : Madigubba tank




(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield (t/ha)


command areas Early Kharif 20 Introduced sunhemp 6 22.1 of fodder yield


sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- --- --- --- --- ---


paddy Kharif 40 Introduced Paddy 28 5.9


with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Kharif 100 Introduced Paddy 83 5.6



Rabi

150 Introduced Sunflower 110 1.9

88

Action plan and work done report during the year 2005 – 06 under different tank commands





(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)



2005


under tank command areas Sunhemp

28

18.5


sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum --- ---

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like

hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder

sorghum

--- --- ---



Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5

t/ha in paddy Paddy 25 5.0



Soil reclamation and correction of Zn

deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50

kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 45 4.8

Introduction of vegetables crops under tank

command areas Summer 20

Introduction of green manure crops

under tank command areas ---- ---- ----

89





(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)



2005


crops under tank command areas Sunhemp 33 16.1

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder

sorghum Early Kharif

2005

40 Introduction of irrigated dry crops

like fodder sorghum Fodder

sorghum

--- ---







Soil reclamation and correction of


@ 50 kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 30 4.5



Late kharif

Summer

40

30

Diversification of crops like



Sunflower

Sunflower

36

---

1.7

---

90

Location : Pullalarevu tank




(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)

Introduction of green manure crops under

tank command areas Early kharif

2005


under tank command areas Sunhemp 10 16.7


hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Late kharif

2005

40 Introduction of irrigated dry crops like

hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder

sorghum

Jowar

(NTJ – 2)

22 15.6 of fodder

yiled



Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5

t/ha in paddy Paddy 13 5.0


deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in

paddy

Kharif 2005 40 Soil reclamation and correction of Zn

deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50

kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 33 4.8

Diversification of crops like sunflower

under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Rabi 2005 -

06

20 Diversification of crops like sunflower

under borewell irrigation in place of

paddy

Sunflower --- ---

91

Location : Madigubba tank




(Acres)

Activity Crop Area

(acres)

Avg. yield

(t/ha)

Introduction of green manure crops under

tank command areas Early Kharif

2005


crops under tank command areas sunhemp 70 19.55


hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Late Kharif

2005

20 Introduction of irrigated dry crops

like hybrid sorghum (Haritha)

fodder sorghum

Jowar (NTJ

– 2)

--- ---

Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha

in paddy Kharif 2005 40




deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha

in paddy

Kharif 2005 100 Soil reclamation and correction of


@ 50 kg/ha in paddy

Paddy 83 4.6

Diversification of crops like sunflower

under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Rabi 2005 - 06

150 Diversification of crops like



Sunflower --- ---

92

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands (MEDAK District)

Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Results / Remarks

Demonstration of Dry

seeding of Rice under tankfed

area

Kharif

2003

2.0 Dry seeding of rice Paddy 1.6 A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha with two

supplemental irrigations and without any

supplemental irrigation

Integrated Nutrient Supply

Management in Paddy

Kharif

2003

1.0 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green

leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha

is recommended for Paddy under

tank commands.

Paddy 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy

recorded a mean grain yield of 5.52 t/ha i.e an

additional yield of 0.9 t/ha.

Introduction of Maize ,

soybean under tank

commands

Kharif

2003

25.0

20.0

Maize and soybean was introduced

under tank commands

Maize

Soybean

21.6

15.2

A mean grain yield of 2.16 and 0.54 t/ha was

obtained by growing maize and soybean during

Kharif under tank command.

Integrated Pest Management

in Cotton

Kharif

2003

2.0 Cotton 2.0 There is a reduction of Rs.9900 per ha in Cost of

cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots.

Balanced fertilizer

management in Maize

Kharif

2003

2.0 90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg

ZnSO4 /ha was applied to Maize

under tank commands

Maize 2.0 Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted

in an additional yield of 0.26 t/ha

Demonstration of Production

Technology in Paddy

Kharif

2003

2.0 Seed treatment, raising nursery on

raised seedbeds, need based plant

protection measures planting 2-3

seedlings per hill, making alley ways

for every 2-3m, Integrated nutrient

supply management

Paddy 2.0 Improved management practices in paddy yielded

an additional yield of 1.25t/ha

Demonstration of production

technology in castor

Rabi 03-

04

2.0 Seed treatment, balanced fertilization

and need based plant protection

measures were adopted

Castor 2.0 Improved management practices in castor resulted

in an additional yield of 0.334 t/ha.

Introduction of Bengalgram

under

tank commands after maize

Rabi 03-

04

50.0 Bengalgram was introduced under

tank commands

Bengalgr

am

44.0 A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was obtained by

growing bengalgram during rabi under tank

commands.

93

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands

Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Results / Remarks


Management in Paddy

Kharif

2003

1.0 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+

Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg

ZnSO4 /ha is recommended for

Paddy under tank commands.

Paddy 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy

recorded a mean grain yield of 6.3 t/ha i.e an

additional yield of 0.74 t/ha.

Introduction of Maize ,

soybean under tank

commands

Kharif

2003

5.0

3.0

Maize and soybean was

introduced under tank commands

Maize

Soybean

4.0

2.4

A mean grain yield of 2.66 and 0.588 t/ha was

obtained by growing maize and soybean during

Kharif under tank command.

Integrated Pest Management

in Cotton

Kharif

2003

2.0 Cotton 2.0 There is a reduction of Rs.11750 per ha in Cost of

cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots.

Balanced fertilizer

management in Maize

Kharif

2003

2.0 90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50

Kg ZnSO4 /ha was applied to

Maize under tank commands

Maize 2.0 Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted in

an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha


Technology in Paddy

Kharif

2003

2.0 Seed treatment, raising nursery on

raised seedbeds, need based plant

protection measures planting 2-3

seedlings per hill, making alley

ways for every 2-3m, Integrated

nutrient supply management

Paddy 2.0 Improved management practices in paddy yielded an

additional yield of 1.64t/ha



Rabi 03-

04

2.0 Seed treatment, balanced

fertilization and need based plant

protection measures were adopted

Castor 2.0 Improved management practices in castor resulted in

an additional yield of 0.268 t/ha.


under

tank commands after maize

Rabi 03-

04

15.0 Bengalgram was introduced under

tank commands

Bengalgr

am



commands.

94

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands (MEDAK district)




(ha)

Activity Crop Area (ha) Results / Remarks

Water management practices

for transplanted rice under

tankfed irrigated areas

Kharif

2004

10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate

wetting and drying)

Rice 11.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was

recorded

Demonstration of Dry seeding

rice under tankfed area

Kharif

2004

5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 1.6 A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was

recorded

Introduction of Maize (sole and

inter cropped) under tank

commands

Kharif

2004

50.0

(Sole

&Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize, Inter crop

Redgram.

Maize,

Redgram

72.0

8.8

A mean grain yield of 2.98 t/ha was

recorded in sole maize and 4.24 t/ha

(MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea

intercropping. Redgram yields are yet to

be recorded.

Introduction of Genetically

modified cotton (Bt) under tank

commands

Kharif

2004

5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and

Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 0.8 A seed cotton yield of 8.1 q/ha was

recorded


under

Tank command

Rabi 04-

05

75.0 Bengalgram was introduced

under tank commands

Bengalgram 64.0 A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was

obtained by growing bengalgram during

rabi under tank commands.

Introduction of Castor under

tank commands

Rabi 04-

05

15.0 Castor was introduced under

tank commands

Castor 12.8 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was



95





(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Results / Remarks




Kharif

2004


wetting and drying)

Rice 14.2 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded



commands

Kharif

2004

10.0

(Sole)

3.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize Maize 9.2

(sole)

A mean grain yield of 2.63 t/ha was recorded

in sole.



commands

Kharif

2004


Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 4.6 A seed cotton yield of 2.08 t/ha was recorded


under

Tank command

Rabi 04-

05


under tank commands

Bengal

gram

14.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained

by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank

commands.


tank commands

Rabi 04-

05


tank commands

Castor 2.4 A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained

by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank

commands.

96

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Results / Remarks




Kharif

2004


wetting and drying)




commands

Kharif

2004

50.0

(Sole

&Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize, Inter crop

Redgram.

Maize,

Redgra

m

33.6

2.8

A mean grain yield of 3.24 t/ha was recorded in

sole maize and 4.25 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize +

Redgram intercropping.



commands

Kharif

2004


Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 0.8 A seed cotton yield of 1.5 q/ha was recorded


under

Tank command

Rabi 04-

05


under tank commands

Bengalg

ram



commands.


tank commands

Rabi 04-

05


tank commands

Castor 26.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by


commands.

97


Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Results / Remarks




Kharif

2004


wetting and drying)




commands

Kharif

2004

20.0

(Sole)

5.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize Maize 16.8

(sole)

4.8


recorded in sole.



commands

Kharif

2004


Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 1.4 A seed cotton yield of 1.75 t/ha was

recorded


under

Tank command

Rabi 04-

05


under tank commands

Bengalgram 14.0 A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained

by growing bengalgram during rabi under

tank commands.


tank commands

Rabi 04-

05


tank commands

Castor 6.0 A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained

by growing bengalgram during rabi under

tank commands.

98

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 under different tank commands.




(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Results / Remarks




Kharif

2005

10.0 Transplanted paddy

(alternate wetting and

drying)

Rice 10.4 10th

July-

31st

August

A mean grain yield of 4.27 t/ha

was recorded


seeding rice under tankfed

area

Kharif

2005

5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 1.6 1st Week

of July


recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif

2005

1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed

by three weeks and due to high

intense rains in July SRI wasn‟t

taken up.

Introduction of Maize (sole

and inter cropped) under tank

commands

Kharif

2005

50.0

(Sole)

50.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize

hybrid (Kanchan-2002)

and Inter crops cowpea

and Redgram.

Maize,

Cowpea,

Redgram

25.8

(sole)

20.4

(M+C)

18.9

(M+R)

Last week

of June-

14th

July


recorded in sole maize and 4.46

t/ha (MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea

intercropping. Redgram yields are

yet to be recorded.


modified cotton (Bt) under

tank commands

Kharif

2005

5.0 Introduction of RCH-2

and Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 0.4 1st week

of July

A seed cotton yield of 10.5 q/ha

was recorded

Introduction of castor under

tank commands

Late

Kharif /

Maghi

3.0 Introduction of castor

under tank commands

Castor 1.2 Last week

of August-

September

.

Castor yields are yet to be

recorded.

Introduction of fodder

sorghum/maize

Kharif

2005

1.0 Introduction of fodder

sorghum

Fodder

sorghum

0.1 September

1st week

4.5 t/ha of green fodder was

recorded.

99

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005




(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Remarks

Water management practices for

transplanted rice under tankfed

irrigated areas

Kharif 2005 5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate

wetting and drying)

Rice 9.6 10th

July-

31st

August


was recorded

Demonstration of Dry seeding rice

under tankfed area

Kharif 2005 4.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice -- -- --

SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif 2005 1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed



taken up.

Introduction of Maize (sole and inter

cropped) under tank commands

Kharif 2005 15.0

(Sole)

3.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize hybrid

(Kanchan-2002) and

Redgram (Maruthi)

Maize,

Redgram

17.1

(sole)

1.4

(inter

crop)

Last week

of June-

14th

July


was recorded in sole maize.

Redgram yields are yet to be

recorded.

Introduction of Genetically modified

cotton (Bt) under tank commands

Kharif 2005 5.0 Introduction of RCH-2 and

Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 6.6 1st week of

July


was recorded

Introduction of castor under tank

commands

Late Kharif

/ Maghi

3.0 Introduction of castor under

tank commands


of August-

September

.


recorded.


sorghum/maize

Kharif 2005 1.0 Introduction of fodder

sorghum

Fodder

sorghum

0.1 September

1st week


recorded.

100

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Remarks




Kharif

2005

5.0 Transplanted paddy


drying)

Rice 9.9 10th

July-

31st August


was recorded


seeding rice under tankfed

area

Kharif

2005

5.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice 0.4 1st Week of

July


recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif

2005

1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was delayed



taken up.

Introduction of Maize (sole

and inter cropped) under

tank commands

Kharif

2005

30.0

(Sole)

30.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize

hybrid (Kanchan-2002)

and Inter crops cowpea

and Redgram.

Maize,

Cowpea,

Redgram

23.4

(sole)

22.5

(M+C)

16.9

(M+R)

Last week

of June-

14th

July


recorded in sole maize and 5.64

t/ha (MGEY) by Maize Cowpea

intercropping. Redgram yields are

yet to be recorded.



tank commands

Kharif

2005

5.0 Introduction of RCH-2

and Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 0.2 1st week of

July


was recorded


tank commands

Late

Kharif /

Maghi


under tank commands


of August-

September.


recorded.


sorghum/maize

Kharif

2005

1.0 Introduction of fodder

sorghum

Fodder

sorghum

-- September

1st week


recorded.

101

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005




(ha)

Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of

sowing

Remarks




Kharif 2005 5.0 Transplanted paddy


drying)

Rice 9.1 10th

July-

31st

August

A mean grain yield of 2.6

t/ha was recorded

Demonstration of Dry seeding

rice under tankfed area

Kharif 2005 4.0 Dry seeding of rice Rice -- -- --

SRI cultivation in paddy Kharif 2005 1.0 SRI technology in Rice Rice -- -- Since, the monsoon was

delayed by three weeks

and due to high intense

rains in July SRI wasn‟t

taken up.



commands

Kharif 2005 25.0

(Sole)

4.0

(Inter

crop)

Introduction of maize,

Maize intercropped with

Beans (Under irrigated

conditions) and

Redgram under rainfed

conditions.

Maize,

Beans,

Redgram

17.1 (sole)

2.4 (M+B)

1.4 (M+R)

Last week

of June-

14th

July

A mean grain yield of 2.8

t/ha was recorded in sole

maize. Redgram and beans

yields are yet to be

recorded.



commands

Kharif 2005 8.0 Introduction of RCH-2

and Bunny Bt cotton

Cotton 5.9 1st week

of July

A seed cotton yield of

18.0 q/ha was recorded


tank commands

Late Kharif

/ Maghi


under tank commands


of Aug-

Sep


recorded.


sorghum/maize

Kharif 2005 1.4 Introduction of fodder

sorghum

Fodder

sorghum

0.1 September

1st week

4.5 t/ha of green fodder

was recorded.

102

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands.




(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Remarks



irrigated areas

Rabi 2005-06 10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and

drying)

Rice 2.4 A mean grain yield of 5.0

t/ha was recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi 2005-06 0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice --

Introduction of Sunflower under

tank commands

Rabi 2005-06 8.0 Introduction of Sunflower under tank

commands

Sunflower 0.8 A mean grain yield of


Introduction of Bengalgram under

tank commands

Rabi 2005-06 75.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under tank

commands

Bengalgra

m

35.2 A mean grain yield of 9.0

q/ha was recorded


commands

Rabi 2005-06 15.0 Introduction of castor under tank

commands

Castor 10.0 A mean grain yield of 8.4

q/ha was recorded

Introduction of Safflower Rabi 2005-06 1.0 Introduction of coriander Safflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of


103

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06




(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Remarks



irrigated areas

Rabi 05-06 5.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting

and drying)

Rice 11.2 A mean grain yield of 5.2

t/ha was recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi 05-06 0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice 0.4 A mean grain yield of 6.4

t/ha was recorded

Introduction of Sunflower under

tank commands

Rabi 05-06 10.0 Introduction of Sunflower under tank

commands

Sunflower 6.0 A mean grain yield of 15.0

q/ha was recorded


tank commands

Rabi 05-06 20.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under tank

commands

Bengalgra

m


q/ha was recorded


commands

Rabi 05-06 2.0 Introduction of castor under tank

commands


q/ha was recorded

Introduction of Coriander

(sole or intercropped with

Bengalgram)

Rabi 05-06 1.0 Introduction of coriander Coriander 0.6 A mean grain yield of 14.0

q/ha was recorded

104

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands.

Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha



(ha)

Activity Crop Area (ha) Remarks



irrigated areas

Rabi

05-06


wetting and drying)

Rice 3.6 A mean grain yield of 4.8 t/ha

was recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi

05-06

0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice --

Introduction of Sunflower under tank

commands

Rabi

05-06

8.0 Introduction of Sunflower

under tank commands

Sunflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of 12.5 q/ha

was recorded


tank commands

Rabi

05-06

40.0 Introduction of Bengalgram

under tank commands

Bengalgram 24.0 A mean grain yield of 9.0 q/ha

was recorded


commands

Rabi

05-06

35.0 Introduction of castor under

tank commands

Castor 7.2 A mean grain yield of 8.0 q/ha

was recorded

Introduction of Safflower Rabi

05-06

1.0 Introduction of Safflower Safflower 0.4 A mean grain yield of 10.0 q/ha

was recorded

105

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06




(ha)

Activity Crop Area (ha) Remarks



irrigated areas

Rabi

05-06


wetting and drying)

Rice 16.0 A mean grain yield of 5.4 t/ha

was recorded

SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi

05-06

0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice 0.8 A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha

was recorded

Introduction of Sunflower under tank

commands

Rabi

05-06

5.0 Introduction of Sunflower under

tank commands

Sunflower 5.0 A mean grain yield of 18.0

q/ha was recorded


tank commands

Rabi

05-06

20.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under

tank commands

Bengalgram 6.0 A mean grain yield of 12.0

q/ha was recorded

Introduction of Groundnut under tank

commands

Rabi

05-06

5.0 Introduction of Groundnut under

tank commands

Groundnut


q/ha was recorded


commands

Rabi

05-06

15.0 Introduction of castor under tank

commands


q/ha was recorded

106

Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2005 under different tank commands (KADAPA District)

Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru

Ayacut area: 38ha



(ha)


sowing

Date of harvest Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)

Demonstration / Evaluation of potential

crops and crop sequences with reference to

water use and economic returns

Kharif

2005

38.0 Green gram

preceding to Rice

Green gram 38.0 20.5.05 5.7.05 300

Application of identified improved water

management techniques to crop or

situation, which sprinkler and drip

irrigation systems

Kharif

2005

38.0 Rotational water

management

practice in Rice

Rice 38.0 1.8.05 1stweek of Jan

06

4500



returns

Rabi

2005

36.0

2.0

Introduction

Sunflower and

Vegetable crop of

French bean

Sunflower

French bean

37.8

0.20

1st week of

Feb06

1ST

WEEK OF

may

2050


use of surface and ground water in

improving WUE and in increasing

cropping intensity leading to increase in


Rabi

2005

38.0 Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Sunflower and

Jowar crop as

contingent crop to

Rice

Sunflower -do- -do- -do-

Improved on farm agronomic practices and


appropriate farm implements cultivars,

fertilizers, pest control and other measures.

Rabi

2005

Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application

in Sunflower

Multidisciplinary training programs for

farmers managerial capabilities

Kharif

2005

5 No. 1. Alternate crops to Rice

2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar

107

Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2005 under different tank commands

Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet

Ayacut area: 176.78ha


(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Date of

Harvest

Avg.yield

Kg/ha

Demonstration / Evaluation of

potential crops and crop sequences

with reference to water use and

economic returns

Kharif

2005

176.78 Green gram

preceding to Rice

Green gram

Green manure

6.4

110

20.5.05 30.7.05 500

Application of identified improved

water management techniques to crop

or situation, which sprinkler and drip

irrigation systems

Kharif

2005


management in

Rice Ridge&

Furrow in

Sunflower

Rice

Sunflower

160.0

16.4

2.8.05

15-10-05

1st week of

Jan06

2nd

fortnight of

Jan 06

1800

500




Rabi

2005

174.78

2.0

Introduction

Sunflower and

Vegetable crop of

French bean

Sunflower

Vegetables

160.0

2.0

1st week of

Feb 06

1st week of

May 2006

1700



water in improving WUE and in

increasing cropping intensity leading

to increase in production and net

returns.

Rabi

2005

174.78

2.0

Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Sunflower and

Jowar crop as

contingent crop to

Rice

Sunflower

Vegetables

160.0

2.0

1st week of

Feb 06

1st week of

May 2006

1700

Improved on farm agronomic practices

and production parameters including

use of appropriate farm implements

cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and

other measures.

Rabi

2005

8.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron

application in Sunflower

Multidisciplinary training programs

for farmers managerial capabilities

1.Alternate crops to Rice.


108

Action plan and work done report Kharif –2005 under different tank commands

Location: Badvel Tank: Thippanapalli

Ayacut area: 16.6ha

Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Yield (Kg/ha)


crops and crop sequences with

reference to water use and economic

returns

EarlyKhar

if

2005

16.24 Bajra preceding

to Rice

Bajra

Dhaincha

4.0

12.0

30-5-05

30-5-05

10-8-05 1800


water management techniques to crop

or situation, which sprinkler and drip

irrigation systems

Late

Kharif

2005


management in

Rice Ridge

&Furrow In

Sunflower

Rice

Sunflower

14.0

2.0

12-8-05

10-10-05

2nd

fortnight

of Jan‟06

-do-

3875

1125




Rabi

2005

0.2

8.0

8.0

Introduction of

SRI Sunflower

and Cotton

Rice

Sunflower

Cotton

0.2

4.0

12.0

9-8-05

12-1-06 1827



water in improving WUE and in

increasing cropping intensity leading to

increase in production and net returns.

Rabi

2005

8.0

8.0

Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Sunflower

Cotton

Sunflower

Improved on farm agronomic practices

and production parameters including

use of appropriate farm implements

cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and

other measures.

Kharif

2005

Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron


Sunflower



Kharif

2005

4 Alternate crops to Rice

Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar

109


Location: Badvel Tank: Puttayapalli

Ayacut area: 59.8 ha


(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Yield

(kg/ha)

Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops

and crop sequences with reference to water

use and economic returns

Early

Kharif

59.8 Bajra preceding to

Rice

Bajra

Greengram

40.0

14.0

30-5-05

29-5-05

18.8.05

12.8.05

1725

575


management techniques to crop or situation,

which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems

Rabi

2005

Rotational water

management practice

in Rice

Ridge and Furrow in

Sunflower

Rice

Sunflower

40.0

16.0

20-11-05

11-11-05

15-1-06

500



returns

Rabi

2005

19.8

40.0

Introduction

Sunflower and

Vegetables

Sunflower

16.0

11-11-05

15-1-06

1250

To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use

of surface and ground water in improving

WUE and in increasing cropping intensity

leading to increase in production and net

returns.

Rabi

2005

Introduced Medium

duration, resistant to

rice blast variety of

NLR 34449

Rice 40.0 11-11-05 12-2-06 5500



appropriate farm implements cultivers,


Rabi

2005

8.0 Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron




Kharif

2005

4 No. Alternate crops to Rice &production technologies for Sunflower

110

Action plan and work done report during Kharif –2004 under different tank command


Ayacut area: 38ha


Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)




Kharif

2004

38.0 Green gram

preceding to Rice

Green

gram

38.0 25.5.045 2.8.04 725




Kharif

2004


management

practice in Rice

Rice 31.2 29.8.04 10.12.04 5875



returns

Summer

2004

36.0

2.0

Introduction

Sunflower and

Vegetable crop of

French bean

Sunflower

French

bean

37.60

0.2

Jan 1st 04

16.12.04

7.4.05

25.1.05

1600

6625



improving WUE and in increasing cropping

intensity leading to increase in production

and net returns.

Summer

2004

38.0 Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Sunflower and

Jowar crop as

contingent crop to

Rice

Sunflower -do- -do- -do-

Improved on farm agronomic practices Rabi

2004

Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron




Kharif

2004

5 No. 1. Alternate crops to Rice


111


Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet

Ayacut area: 176.78ha


(ha)


sowing

Date of

Harvest

Avg.yield

(kg/ha)


potential crops and crop sequences

with reference to water use and

economic returns

Early

Kharif

2004

176.78 Green gram

preceding to Rice

Green gram

Green

manure

66.0

70.0

29.5.04

24.6.04

10.8.04 675


water management techniques to

crop or situation, which sprinkler

and drip irrigation systems

Kharif

2004


management

practice in Rice

Semi dry paddy

Direct seeding

Ridge &Furrow in

Sunflower

Rice

Rice

Rice

Sunflower

101.6

0.4

0.4

74.0

15.8.04

16.8.04

14.9.04

15.11.04

16.1.05

2.1.05

8.1.05

12.2.05

5500

2612.5

5225.0

1700

Optimal crop planning under



Summer

2004

174.78

2.0

Introduction

Sunflower and

Vegetable crop of

French bean

Sunflower

Vegetables

96.0 1st week

of Jan 05

9.4.05 1562.5



ground water in improving WUE

and in increasing cropping intensity

leading to increase in production

and net returns.

Summer

2004

174.78

2.0

Introduce I.D.Crops

like Sunflower and

Jowar crop as

contingent crop to

Rice

Sunflower

Vegetables

160

2.0

1st week

of Feb 06

1st of May 1700

Improved on farm agronomic



implements cultivers, fertilizers,

pest control and other measures.

Rabi

2004

8.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in

Sunflower

Rice

Sunflower

Multidisciplinary training programs

for farmers managerial capabilities

5 No. 1.Alternate crops to Rice.


112






(ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)




Early

Kharif

2004

16.6 Green gram

preceding to Rice

Green

gram

Dhaincha

2.0

12.0

25.5.04

29.8.04

5.8.04 700




Late

Kharif

2004


management practice

in Rice

Ridge &Furrow in

Sunflower

Rice

Sunflower

11.6

4.4

7-10-04

10-11-04

20.1. 05

8.2.05

5700

1125



returns

Rabi

2004

0.2

8.0

8.0

Introduction of SRI

Sunflower and

Cotton crop

Rice

Sunflower

Cotton

0.2

8.0

8.0

1-10-05

1st weekof

Feb

5-2-06

1st week

of May

5800

2050

600





returns.

Rabi

2004

8.0 Introduce I.D.Crops

like Sunflower

Sunflower -- -- -- -



appropriate farm implements cultivers,


Kharif

2004

4.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron


Sunflower



Kharif

2004

5 No. Alternate crops to Rice


113


Location: Badvel Tank: Puttayapalli



Activity Season Are

a

(ha)


sowing

Date of harvest Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)


potential crops and crop

sequences with reference to water


Early

Kharif

2004

59.8 Bajra preceding to

Rice

Greengram

Bajra

40

14

25.5.04

20.5.04

5.8.04

28.7.04

575

1950

Application of identified

improved water management

techniques to crop or situation,

which sprinkler and drip irrigation

systems

Kharif

2004


management

practice in Rice

Redge &Furrow in

Sunflower

Semi dry

paddy

0.4

5.9-04

5.2. 05

4637.5

Optimal crop planning under



Rabi

2004

28 Introduction of

Sunflower and

Vegetable crops

Jowar

French bean

24.0

0.2

20.10.04

5.12.04

7.2.05

21.1.05

2040

13000



ground water in improving WUE

and in increasing cropping

intensity leading to increase in


Rabi

2004

28.0 Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Jowar

---do---- ---d0--- ---do--- ---do--- ---do-

Improved on farm agronomic

practices and production

parameters.

Kharif

2004

4.0 Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower

Multidisciplinary training

programs for farmers managerial

capabilities

Kharif

2004

5

No.

Alternate crops to Rice


114






ha)

Activity Crop Area

(ha)

Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)




Early

Kharif

2003

38.0 Greengram preceding to

Rice

Greengra

m

38.0 11.7.03 10.9.03 630


management techniques to crop or

situation, which sprinkler and drip

irrigation systems

Kharif

2003


management practice in

Rice

Direct seeded Rice

RICE

Rice

32.5

0.5

27.8.03

14-.9.03

5.12.03

28.1.03

6080

4725



returns

Rabi

2003

36.0

2.0

Introduction Sunflower

and Vegetable crop of

French bean

Sun

flower

38

1st week of

Jan 04

1st week of

Apr04

2150



improving WUE and in increasing

cropping intensity leading to increase in


Rabi

2003

38.0 Introduce I.D.Crops like

Sunflower and Jowar crop

as contingent crop to Rice

Sunflower 5.0 2nd

week of

Oct 03

1s&2nd

week of Feb

04

2075





Rabi

2003

Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application

in Sunflower



Kharif

2003

No. training programmes-4

No.Group discussion-4

1. Alternate crops to Rice


Group discussion -2

115

Action plan and work done report DURING Kharif –2003 under different tank commands




Activity Season Area (ha) Activity Crop Area (ha) Date of

sowing

Date of

harvest

Avg.yield

(Kg/ha)




Early

Kharif

2003

16.6 Green gram

preceding to

Rice

Green gram

Bajra

2.0

12.0

11.7.03

16.7.03

29.9.03

28.9.03

700

2500




Late

Kharif

2003


management

practice in Rice

Semidry paddy

Direct seeded

Rice

Rice

Rice

Rice

10.0

0.4

0.4

2.10.03

22.9.03

6.9.03

12.1.04

25.1.04

21.1.04

5812.5

3162.5

4862.5



returns

Rabi

2003

0.2

8.0

8.0

Contingency

crop Sunflower

and French bean

Sunflower

French bean

4.0

0.5

2nd

week of

Oct 03

1st week of J

an 04

1st&2

nd week

of

Jan 04

2nd

week

of Mar 04

1900

6500





returns.

Summer

2003

16.0 Introduce

I.D.Crops like

Sunflower

Sunflower

cotton

8.0

8.0

1st week of

Feb 04

--do--

2nd

week

o f May

04

2062.5

1150





Kharif

2003

Zinc , potash and weedicide application Tricho cards and alleyways in rice

.Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower



Kharif

2003

Training programmes, Group discussion & Workshop

Alternate crops to Rice


Group discussions-4

Two day workshop –8th

and 9th

March 2004

116

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 (Vizianagaram district) Location: Ramasagaram, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal

Ayacut: 60 acres

2005-06


Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area

,acre

s

Avg Yield,

kg/ha

Cultivation of grrengram/black

gram preceeding rice

Early kharif 20

15

Cultivation of grrengram/black

gram preceeding rice

Greengram

black gram

3

0.8 – 2 q/ac

Demonstration of dry seeded

paddy and converted to wet

with early, medium and long

duration var.

Kharif 25 Demonstration of aerobic rice rice 13.5 Threshing

under progress

Water management practices in

transplanted paddy

kharif 05 Water management practices in

paddy

Paddy 19 - do -

Introduction of non traditional

crops

kharif 10

5

Non traditional crops Maize

Groundnut

Casuarinas

12.5

08

02

4 – 9 q/ac

5 – 8 bags/ac

Demonstration of direct sown

paddy under puddled conditions

Kharif - Paddy under puddle conditions Paddy 04 Failed due to

terminal

moisture stress

Sowing of pulses in rice fallows rabi 15

-

Cultivation of pulses Black gram

Green

gram

14

02

At vegetative

growth

Cultivation of I.D. crops Rabi 15

5

I.D. crops Maize

Ragi

5

3

- do -

117

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06

Location: Puchabanda, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal

Ayacut: 70 acres


Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area, acres

Sowing of sesamum preceeding

paddy

Early kharif 35

Sesamum cultivation Sesamum 21


paddy an converted to wet with

early, medium, and long

duration var.

Kharif 30 Demonstration of aerobic

rice

rice 12.5


paddy

kharif 10 Water management practices

in paddy

Paddy 17


crops

Kharif 15 Non traditional crops Maize

Groundnut

8

10

Sowing of rice fallow pulses Rabi 15

Pulse cultivation Green gram

Black gram

Horse gram

02

06

04


crops

Rabi 15

04

Non traditional crops Maize

Ground nut

1.5

06

Cultivation of ragi and

vegetables

Rabi 13 Ragi and vegetables

cultivation

Ragi

Vegetables

Casuarinas

03

01

06

118

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005

Location: Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal

Ayacut : 97 acres


Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area, acres

Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and

Mesta

Early kharif 05 Cultivation of Seasamum Seasamum

04

Sowing green manure crops before rice Early kharif 10

05

10

Sowing green manure

crops

Sunhemp

Dhaincha

10

03


technology of Sugarcane

kharif 14 Prouction technology of

Sugarcane

Sugarcane 14

Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and

converted to wet with early,medium,and

long duration var.

kharif 45 Demonstration of aerobic

rice

rice 43 + 8

Water management practice in

transplanted paddy including INM and

IPM

Kharif 20 Water management practice

in paddy

Rice 26

Introduction of non traditional crop kharif 13 Maize cultivations Maize 06

Sunflower after maize rabi 15 Sunflower after maize Sunflower 11

Vegetables cultivation in rice fallows rabi 13 Vegetables cultivation in

rice fallows

Vegetables 1.5

Cultivation of maize rabi 03 Maize cultivation Maize 02

Cultivation of rice Rabi - Rabi rice Rice 10

Cultivation of sugarcane Rabi - Sugran cane cultivation Sugra cane 05

119

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 Location: Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal

Ayacut: 167 acres


Activity Season Area (Acres) Activity Crop Area, acres Avg Yield,

kg/ha

Cultivation of Finger millet and

sesamum

Early

kharif

15

60

- - - -

Sowing green manure crops

before rice

Early

kharif

Sunhemp 20

Dhaincha 20

Sowing green

manure crops

Sunhemp

Dhaincha

14 Incorporation



kharif 10 Prouction

technology of

Sugarcane

Sugarcane 10 72 t/ha



with early, medium, and long

duration var.

kharif 60 Demonstration of

aerobic rice

rice 40+20 3000to 4200


transplanted paddy

kharif 80 Water management

practice in

transplanted paddy

rice 80 4000

Introduction of Maize(non

traditional crop)

kharif 14 Introduction of

Maize

maize 5

(12 farmers)

2800-3000

Cultivation of ragi kharif 03 Cultivation of ragi ragi 02

(3 farmers)

Growing sesamum after rice rabi 60 Rice-sesamum

cropping system

sesamum 20 1.5 t/ha


crop- sunflower

rabi 05 sunflower rabi 0.5

Cultivastion of pulses Rabi Green gram 40

Black gram 40

Horse gram 20

Cultivation of

pulses

Rabi 4

Cultivastion of maize Rabi Cultivastion of

maize

rabi 0.6

120


Location: Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal

Ayacut: 97 acres


Activity Season Area,

Acres

Activity Crop Area,

acres

Avg Yield, kg/ha

Cultivation of maize Kharif 06 Cultivation of maize maize 3.5 2.12 – 3.62

Rotational irrigation schedules in

transplanted paddy

Kharif 30 Rotational irrigation

schedules in paddy

paddy 35 2.5 – 4.4


paddy and converted to wet with

early, medium, and long duration

var.

Kharif 30 Cultivation of direct

sown paddy

Paddy 30 2.5 – 3.28

Demonstration of chemical weed

control methods in direct sown

paddy

kharif 10 Chemical weed

control in paddy

rice 06 2.5 – 2.8


crop – sunflower

Rabi 2 Sunflower cultivation Sunflower 1 1 – 1.3

Production technology of

sesamum

Rabi 40 Sesamum cultivation Sesamum 38 0.25 – 0.42

121


Location : Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal

Ayacut : 97 acres


Activity Season Area, acres Activity Crop Area,

acres

Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and

Mesta

Early kharif 42

05

01

Cultivation of

Seasamum

Mesta

Seasamum

Mesta

38

01

Sowing green manure crops bfore

rice

Early kharif Sunhemp 12

Dhaincha 10

Sowing green manure

crops

Sunhemp

Dhaincha

13.5



kharif 8 Prouction technology

of Sugarcane

Sugarcane 15

Demonstration of dry seeded paddy

and converted to wet with

early,medium,and long duration var.


aerobic rice

rice 40

Demonstration of puddle seeded rice

under late conditions


puddle seeded rice

rice 2 farmers


transplanted paddy

kharif 22 Water management

practice in transplanted

paddy

rice 30

Introduction of Maize(non traditional

crop)

kharif 15 Introduction of Maiz maize 5

Growing sesamum after rice rabi 60 Rice-sesamum

cropping system

sesamum 10

Veg cultivation in rice fallows rabi 05

05

02

03

Veg cultivation in rice

fallows

Bhendi

French bean

Tomato & brinjal

-

1.25

1.5

Cultivastion of maize Rabi 05 - - -

122

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06 Location: Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal Ayacut: 167

acres


Activity Season Area,

Acres

Activity Crop Area,

acres

Avg

Yield,

kg/ha Sowing of sesamum, ragi

and mesta

Early

kharif

10

--

04

Cultivation

of sesamum

and mesta

Seseamum

Mesta

10

04

1-2 q/ac

6-6.75

q/ac

Sowing green manure

crops before rice

Early

kharif

15

15

Sowing green

manure crops

Sunhemp

Dhaincha

08 Incorpora

tion

Demonstration of

production technology of

Sugarcane

kharif 12 Prouction

technology of

Sugarcane

Sugarcane 12 + 3

Demonstration of dry

seeded paddy and

converted to wet with

early, medium, and long

duration var.

kharif 60 Demonstratio

n of aerobic

rice

rice 30 +30 3 – 4.4

t/ha

Water management

practice in transplanted

paddy

kharif 20 Water

management

practice in

transplanted

paddy

rice 83

Sowing contingent crops kharif 28 Contingent

crop

Ragi

Pulses

Millets

-

-

-

-

Cultivation of vegetables kharif 07 Cultivation

of vegetables

Vegetable

s

07 -

Introduction of non

traditional crops

Kharif 20 Maize

cultivation

maize 02

Sowing of sesamum

succeeding paddy

rabi 30 Seseamum

cultivation

Sesamum 15 + 25

Pulses cultivation in rice

fallows

rabi 20

10

Pulses

cultivation in

rice fallows

Green

gram

Black

gram

10

-

Introduction of non

traditional crops

Rabi 05

02

Non

traditional

crops

Sunflower

Maize

01

02

123

Research & Demonstration activities in Mahaboobnagar district

On-Farm Research Experiment on Aerobic rice

On-Farm Research Experiment on Integrated Weed Management in Rice

124

On-farm demonstration on Castor & Redgram intercropping

OFD on Sunflower during Rabi Season

125

Tank command area in Indrakal with Maize crop

Tank Command area in Vattem Village with Cotton crop

126

GREENGRAM PRECEDING TO RICE

BAJRA PRECEDING TO RICE

127

GREENMANURE FOLLOWED BY RICE

DHAINCHA PRECEDING TO RICE

SEMI-DRY PADDY

128

SEMI-DRY PADDY

SEMI-DRY PADDY

129

Chapter-V

Results of Experiments & Demonstrations

131

Results Of Research And Demonstrations

MAHABOOBNAGAR

OBJECTIVE

Demonstration / evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to

water use and economic returns.

Experiment No.1

1 Title of the experiment : Crop diversification - evaluation of cropping

systems.

2. Location : a) Tankfed area of Vattem village

b).Tankfed area of Lattupally village

3. Year and season : Kharif/rabi – 2003-04

4. Crop and variety : Paddy (BPT-5204),

Maize(Ratna),

Castor(Jyothi)

Cotton (Bunny)

Red gram (Asha)

Sorghum (CSV – 15)

Chilli (jwala)

Sunflower

Vegetables

Bengal gram (ICCV-2 and 10)

5.Basic information for

prioritization of the experiment. Rice – rice or rice -fallow cropping system is

predominant in the tank command areas of both

Vattem & Lattupally villages. In view of water

scarcity and electricity problems, this experiment

was carried out show them benefits of

diversification of crops to increase productivity of

tank fed command area.

6.Objectives 1) To evaluate various crops and cropping systems

Suitable for tank command area.

2) To evaluate economics of various cropping

systems.

7. Treatments: T1: Rice fb Rice

T2: Rice fb ID crops

T3: ID crops fb ID crops.

132

8. Date of commencement : July 2003.

9. Results

Yield data of Rice fb ID crops cropping system

Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross

Name (t/ha) returns ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vattem Sreenivas Reddy Rice 5.5 (K) 44,000

Ragi 1.76 (R) 6,160

Bengalgram 0.67(R) 1005

Beans 2.95 (R) 11,800

Vattem R.Krishna Reddy Rice 4.65 (K) 37,200

Ragi 1.56 (R) 5,460

Fodder jowar 21.5 (R) 2580

Tomato 10.25 (R) 30,750

Brinjal 8.25 (R) 24,750

Lattupally Balaiah Rice 4.05 (K) 32,400

Ground nut 1.43 (R) 28,600

The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded highest gross returns fallowed by Rice-

Groundnut cropping system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system. In case of Bengal gram

crop, because of late planting in rabi, the yield were low.

Yield data of ID crops followed by ID crops cropping system

Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross

Name (t/ha) returns

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vattem A.Ram Reddy Maize + 5.46 (K) 24,570

Red gram (CEY)

Bengal gram 0.78 (R) 11,700

N.Venkat Reddy Maize + 5.65 (K) 25,425

Red gram (CEY)

Castor + 1.43 (K) 17,160

Red gram (CEY)

Cotton 1.5 (K) 30,000

Maize 3.55 (R) 15,975

Ragi 1.65 (R) 5,775

Tomato 17.60 (R) 35,200

Fodder Jowar 13.25 (R) 1,590

Beans 3.21 (R) 12,840

133

In case of ID crops followed ID crops cropping system experiment maize followed by

vegetables was economically in case of farmers who could provide supplementary

irrigations to the vegetable crop during the rabi season. Cotton crop was found to be

suitable to the tank command areas where soils have higher clay content but the cost of

cultivation is high compared to the other ID crops. Maize- red gram intercropping was

found to be economically more remunerative compared to castor –red gram or sorghum –

red gram intercropping. Ragi crop was cultivated during rabi with few irrigations which

indicated its potentiality as suitable crop for rabi where providing supplementary irrigation

is not possible.

Experiment No : 2

1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in

command areas

2. Location : 1) Vattem tank command area

2) Lattupally tank command area

3) Indrakal tank command area

4) Maddigatla tank command area

3. Year & season : Kharif and rabi, 2004-05

4. Crop & variety : - Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor and

Vegetables

5. Basic information for : At present situation due to erratic distribution of

rain fall

Prioritization of the Experiment and due to siltation and damage to the bunds most

of the tanks lost their 50% of their storage

capacity. To utilise the limited water recourses

judiciously to increase the WUE and to increase

the cropping intensity and economic returns to the

farmers there is a need to evaluate suitable

cropping system in particular command area

6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping

system in command areas

7. Treatment : 1) Rice – Rice

2) Rice – Fallow

3) Rice - ID crops

4) ID crops- ID crops

5) ID crops- fallow

134

8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004

9. Results

Table: 25 Rabi crops acreage during 2004-05

Crops (acre)

Village Sunflower Vegetables Chillies Fodder

Vattem 16 4 - 1.0

Lattupally 12 6 6 1.0

Indrakal 2 4 - 2.0

Maddigatla - 9 4 2.0

Experiment No: 3

1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in

command areas

2. Location : 1) Vattem tank command area

2) Lattupally tank command area

3) Indrakal tank command area

4) Maddigatla tank command area

3. Year & season : Kharif and rabi, 2005-06

4. Crop & variety : Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor

and Vegetables

5. Basic information for

Prioritization of the Experiment : At present situation due to erratic distribution of

rain fall and due to siltation and damage to the

bunds most of the tanks lost their 50% of their

storage capacity. To utilise the limited water

recourses judiciously to increase the WUE and to

increase the cropping intensity and economic

returns to the farmers there is a need to evaluate

suitable cropping system in particular command

area

135

6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping

system in command areas

7. Treatment : 1) Rice – Rice

2) Rice – Fallow

3) Rice - ID crops

4) ID crops- ID crops

5) ID crops- fallow


Rabi crops acreage ( acres) during 2005-06

Village Paddy Sunflower Vegetables Chillies Fodder Fallow

Vattem 40 3 1 2 3.0 63.0

Lattupally 60 4 5 5 1.0 46.0

Indrakal 15 6 4 - 2.0 92.2

Maddigatla 20 - 3 4 2.0 253.0

OBJECTIVE

Application of identified improved water management techniques to crops or

situation, which include sprinkler and drip irrigation.

Experiment No : 1

1. Title of the experiment : Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage

approach in

Maize crop in different soils types

2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Nagulu cheruvu (mixed soils)

2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruvu (Red soils)

3. Year & season : Kharif 2004-05

4. Crop & variety : - Maize,


Prioritization of the Experiment : Farmers in the tank fed area of both the villages

are cultivating Maize crop under rain fed

situation. Due to erratic distribution of rain fall

crop is exposed to moisture stress conditions at

136

critical growth stages which adversely affects the

yields of Maize crop.

6. Objectives : To study the effect of irrigations at critical crop

growth stages of rainfed maize on growth and

yield under different soils type

7. Treatment : 1) Rain fed

2) Irrigations at critical stages


9. Results:

The results of the experiment conducted in Mixed (Indrakal) and Red soils(Lattupallyu)

revealed that irrigation given at critical crop growth stages increased the seed yield to that

of cultivation under rain fed situation. There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent increased in

seed yield in mixed and red soils respectively with two irrigations.

Maize crop Yield (in mixed soils)

S.No Farmer Name Area

(ac)

Yields (t/ha)

Rainfed Irrigation at critical stages

1 D. Janaki Ram Reddy 0.5 5.2 5.86 (12.69)

2 K. Jangamma 0.5 4.9 5.43 (10.92)

3 K. Mallaiah 0.5 4.5 5.12 (13.78)

Maize crop Yield (in Red soils)

S No Farmer Name Area

(ac)

Yields (t/ha)

Rainfed Irrigation at critical stages

1 Somla 0.5 3.45 4.36 (26.33)

2 Dakya 0.5 3.92 4.75 (21.30)

3 Venkataiah Goud 0.5 4.01 4.66 (16.06)

137

OBJECTIVE

Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and

returns.

Experiment No :1

1. Title of the experiment : Crop diversification for increasing cropping

intensity in the tank command areas

2. Location : 1) Vattem Village

2) Lattupally village

3) Indrakal Village

4) Maddigatla Village


4. Crop & variety : - Maize ( Proagro, PHI, Seedtech)

Cotton ( Binny, MECH-12)

Castor ( Kranthi)

Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi)


Prioritization of the Experiment : The formers in the selected villages are habituated

to cultivate rice or keeping the land fallow in the

tank command areas. During current years, due to

erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water

is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the limited

water resources there is a need to cultivate ID crops

instead paddy crop or keeping land as fallow.

6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different

irrigated dry crops during kharif season .

7. Treatment :

8. Investigators : 1. Dr.N.Venkat Reddy

ADR, RARS, Palem.

2. Sri.T.Ram Prakash

Scientist (Soil science)

3. Dr. Y. Praveen Kumar

Research Associate

4. Sri G. Srinivas

Research Associate


138

10. Results

a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village

Command area of the tank : 48 ha

Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 45.0ha(93.75%)

Uncultivated area : 3 ha (6.25%)

Project interventions : 45.0ha(100%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05)

\

b) Crop Diversification - Lattupally village

Command area of the tank : 40.2 ha

Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) : 36.2ha (90.05%)

Uncultivated area : 4ha (9.95%)

Project interventions : 33.2ha (91.71%)


3.15+0.14

1.58

3.02

48.88

24.44

26.66

100

22.0

11.0

12.0

45.0

Maize+Redgram

(Inter Crop)

Cotton

Maize (sole crop)

Total

1.

Average yield

(t/ha)

% to the total

cultivated area

Area

(ha)

Crop S. No

3.60+0.15 1.26 1.04+0.13

69.61 15.46 6.62

91.69

25.2 5.60 2.40

33.2

Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ R’gram

Total

1.

Average yield (t/ha)

% to the total cultivated area

Area (ha)

Crop S. No

139

c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village



Uncultivated area : 8.5ha (15.62%)

Project interventions : 36.8ha(67.64%)

Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2004-05)

d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village




Project interventions : 32.0 (24.09%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season(2004-05)

4.57

80.17

36.8

Maize (sole crop)

1.


% to the total

cultivated area

Area (ha)

Crop S. No

4.56 + 0.16

31.12 32.0 ha Maize + Redgram

1.


% to the total

cultivated area

Area (ha)

Crop S. No

140

Experiment No : 2

1. Title of the experiment : Crop diversification for increasing cropping

intensity in the tank command areas

2. Location : 1) Vattem Village

2) Lattupally village

3) Indrakal Village

4) Maddigatla Village


4. Crop & variety : - Maize ( BH-2187, Seedtech- Suraj)

Cotton ( Bunny, Raasi-2 Bt cotton))

Castor ( Kranthi)

Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi)

5. Basic information for : The farmers in the selected villages are habituated to cultivate

Prioritization of the Experiment rice or keeping the land fallow in the tank

command areas. During current years, due to

erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water

is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the

limited water resources there is a need to cultivate

ID crops instead paddy crop or keeping land as

fallow.

6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different

irrigated dry crops during kharif season.

7. Treatment :

8. Results

141

a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village

Command area of the tank : 48 ha

Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 44.8 ha(93.33%)

Uncultivated area : 3.2 ha (6.66%)

Project interventions : 26.8 ha (55.83%)


S.No Crop Area (ha) % to the total

cultivated area

Average yield

t/ha

1 Maize + redgram-

Cotton-

Cotton-

Castor-

Paddy-

14 ha

12 ha

10.8 ha

(farmers own)

0.8 ha

7.2 ha

(Farmers own)

31.25

26.79

24.11

1.79

16.07

3.97+0.21

1.37

1.40

1.12

4.4

CROP DAMAGE : Out of 14ha of maize cultivated in the Vattem village, 60 % of the

cropped area was damaged due to water logging. Similarly in case of cotton out of 22.8

ha total area 16 ha ( 7012%) was damaged due to excessive moisture.

b) Crop Diversification -

c) Lattupally village




Project interventions : 38.0ha (76.00%)

142



cultivated area

Average

yield t/ha

1 Maize

Castor

Cotton

Cotton

Paddy

Sorghum

Chilli

Ragi

21.2 ha (Project intervention)



4 ha (Farmers own)

4 ha (Farmers own)

2 ha (Farmers own)


0.4 ha (Farmers own)

43.80

29.79

1.65

8.26

8.26

4.13

3.30

0.81

4.20

0.98

1.26

1.18

4.20

4.0

2.60

2.25

Crop Damage: Damage due to water logging was recorded in case castor crop, wherein

69.4 % of the area (25 acres) was damaged. In case of cotton and maize crops also yield

reduction was observed due to excessive moisture.

c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village


Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : 47.6 ha(87.5%)


Project interventions : 36.0ha(66.18%)

Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2005-06)


cultivated area

Average

yield t/ha

1 Maize

Cotton

Cotton

Paddy

Paddy

34.4ha (Project intervention)



0.8 ha (project intervention)


72.27

1.68

9.24

1.68

15.13

4.67

1.31

1.30

4.80

4.72

143

d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village




Project interventions : 36.0 (27.11%)



cultivated area

Average

yield t/ha

1 Maize-

Maize-

Cotton

Castor-

Castor-

Paddy-




4 ha (Project intervention)

2ha (Farmers own)

8 ha (Farmers own)

30.14

43.26

14.18

3.55

1.77

7.09

2.12

4.1

1.34

1.17

1.09

4.6

144


improving W.U.E and in increasing the cropping intensity leading increase in


Experiment number : 1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Title of the experiment : Introduction of improved water management

techniques in Paddy in tank command areas

2. Location : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village

2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village

3. Year and season : Kharif –2003-04

4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204 and Tellahamsa

5. Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is

Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as

and When it is convenient and available and

the awareness regarding the application of different

depths of water at different stages of paddy crop to

reduce the total water requirement is generally

lacking. To address the problem this experiment

was formulated to demonstrate the possibility of

taking up the paddy crop with rotational irrigation

in farmer‟s fields.

6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational

Irrigation in paddy.

2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for

paddy crop cultivation.

7. Treatments : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence)

T2 : Rotational irrigation.


9 .Results: -

Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep

their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power

failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in

case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water

145

management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days

interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of

crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers.

Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no.

The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded

slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98%

straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average

reduction in the grain as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of

Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and

2.546%)This trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils

of the lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils)

Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the

total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates

that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of

irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %.

Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name of the Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) straw yield (t/ha)

Village&farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vattem

N. Ram Reddy 0.4 5.95 5.25 (-11.76) 6.28 6.10 (-2.86)

R. Kesava Reddy 0.4 4.64 4.30 (-7.32) 6.54 6.28 (-3.97)

D. Yadamma 0.4 4.00 4.15 (3.75) 6.10 6.05 (-0.81)

Lattupally

Ramachandra Reddy 0.2 4.05 4.00 (-1.23) 6.56 6.29 (-4.11)

Venkat Reddy 0.4 4.10 3.75 (-8.5) 6.73 6.22 (-2.26)

Bucchanna 0.4 4.00 3.60 (-10.0) 6.18 6.04 (-2.26)

Heeralal 0.4 4.40 3.25 (-26.13) 6.87 6.39 (-6.98)

146

Experiment number: 2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Title of the experiment : Introduction of improved water management

techniques in Paddy in tank command areas

2. Location : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village

2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village

3. Year and season : Kharif –2005-06

4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204

5. Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is

Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as

and When it is convenient and available and the

awareness regarding the application of different depths

of water at different stages of paddy crop to reduce the

total water requirement is generally lacking. To address

the problem this experiment was formulated to

demonstrate the possibility of taking up the paddy crop

with rotational irrigation in farmer‟s fields.

6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational

Irrigation in paddy.

2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for

paddy crop cultivation.

7. Treatments : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence)

T2 : Rotational irrigation.


9.Results: -

Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep

their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power

failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in

case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water

management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days

interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of

crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers.

Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no.

147

The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded

slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98%

straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average

reduction in the grain, as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of

Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and 2.546%) This

trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils of the

lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils)

Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the

total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates

that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of

irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %.

Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name of the Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) straw yield (t/ha)

Village & farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vattem

N. Ram Reddy 0.4 5.53 5.80 (-) 5.90 6.21

R. Kesava Reddy 0.4 5.18 5.43 (-) 6.01 6.28

D. Yadamma 0.4 5.32 5.41 () 5.94 6.13

Lattupally

Ramachandra Reddy 0.4 4.98 5.31 5.60 5.94

Venkat Reddy 0.4 5.17 5.36 5.80 5.93

Bucchanna 0.4 4.65 4.84 5.70 6.01

148

OBJECTIVE

Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of

appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest controls and other measures.

Experiment No : 1

1. Title of the experiment : Popularization of Integrated Weed Management in

paddy

2. Location : 1) Tank command area of Vattem village

2) Tank command area of Lattupally village

3. Year & season : Kharif-2003-04

4. Crop & variety : Paddy,

BPT-5204, Tellahamsa

5. Basic information for the Prioritisation of the Experiment :

Farmers usually practice manual weeding to control weeds in paddy. If there is

any labour shortage problem, Then it‟s not possible to control weeds in time. Farmers

usually employ 60-70 man days/ ha for weeding in case of paddy and the requirement is

lower in case of other crops. However, labour cost for weeding is one of the major

contributors for cost of cultivation. Moreover, farmers usually do not practice timely

weeding resulting in lower yields. Keeping these problems in

view a demonstration on Integrated Weed Management was

taken up.

6. Objectives : a) to popularize herbicide usage in paddy for

timely weed control and to reduce the cost of

cultivation.

b) to estimate the economics involved in IWM in

paddy.

7. Treatment : T1 : Control (FP)

T2 : IWM ( Inter cultivation + Manual weeding +

Butachlor) application.


149

Yield and yield parameters of paddy

Village &

farmer name

Experimental

area (ha)

No of panicles

/m2

No. of grains/

panicle

Grain yield

(t/ha)

%

increase

in the

yield

FP IP FP IP FP IP

Vattem

K.Veerachari 0.8 367 416 96 124 4.60 6.15 33.7

Lattupally

Sekhar Reddy 0.4 338 373 85 91 3.15 4.13 31.1

Jahangir 0.4 349 396 88 109 3.91 5.25 34.2

Economics of IWM in paddy

Farmers

Name

Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation

(Rs)

Gross returns

(Rs)

Net returns

(Rs)

FP IP FP IP FP IP FP IP

K. Veerachari 4.60 6.15 21,700 18,400 36800 49200 15100 30800

Sekhar Reddy 3.15 4.13 22,580 20,080 25200 33040 2620 12960

Jahangir 3.91 5.25 24,590 21,890 31280 42000 6690 20110

To overcome the weed problem, herbicide i.e, Butachlor application @ 1 kg/acre

along with manual weeding was done. The results indicated that No. of panicles/m2 and

no. of grains/m2 were more in case of improved practice compared to manual weeding,

because of weed free situation. Grain yield was more in case of IWM method (4.60 to

6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method (3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.)

In case of cost of cultivation, it was less in IWM method compared to farmers

method due to usage of herbicide there by less labour requirement. Total labour

requirement in improved practice was 10-15 man-days where as in case of farmers

practice where the entire weeding operation was done manually was 60-65 man-days.

This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation (Rs18,

400-21,890) in the fields where the improved practice was adopted compared to farmers

practice (Rs 21,700-24,590). Net returns were more in case of IWM method, i.e, ranged

from 14,720/- Rs to 33,600/- Rs. Where as in farmer‟s method they ranged from Rs

2,620/- Rs to 13,500/-.

150

Experiment: 2

1. Title of the experiment : Popularization of Integrated Nutrient

Management in paddy

2. Location : a) Tank command area of Vattem village

b).Tank command area of Lattupally

village

3. Year and season : Kharif – 2003-04

4. Crop and variety : Paddy, BPT-5204

5. Basic information for : Salinity or alkalinity is a common problem

Prioritization of the Experiment associated with the tank fed soils. To

reclaim the soils effectively and to

demonstrate the role of green manures in

supplementing the nutrients, this

experiment was demonstrated in the

farmers fields of both the villages.

6. Objectives : a) To study the influence of INM on paddy

yields in problematic soils.

b) to study economics of INM in paddy

7. Treatment : T1 : Farmers method

T2 : INM (Inorganic straight fertilizers +

Green manuring with Daincha)

8. Date of commencement : July 2003

Yield and economics data of INM in paddy

Name of the

farmers

Grain

yield

Cost of

cultivation

Gross return Net returns

FP IP FP IP FP IP FP IP

A. Ram Reddy 4.38 5.29 23,640 24,750 35040 42320 11400 17570

Laloo 2.87 3.75 19,860 20,870 22960 30000 3100 9130

Ravinder goud 3.90 4.55 22,525 23,545 31200 36400 8675 12855

Farmers usually apply inorganic fertilizers alone year after year there by soil

fertility status decreasing and also salinity & alkalinity problem already exists under tank

fed area. To overcome these problems, green maturing with Dhaincha was suggested

151

proceeding to rice to increase fertility level of soils. The results indicated that grain yield

was more in case of INM treated field compared to farmer‟s method was due to slow

release of nutrients by the higher organic matter present in the soil and reclamation of the

soil by the green manure crop. Net returns were high in INM field, compared to farmers

method i.e, application of inorganic fertilizers alone.

Experment No. 3.

1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of improved agronomic practices

(Direct seeding)in paddy in tank command areas.

2. Location : Tank fed area of Vattem village

3. Year and season : Kharif – 2003-04

4. Crop & Variety : Paddy, BPT-5204

5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment :

Delayed transplanting in paddy has become a common phenomenon in tank command

areas due to the delayed on-set of monsoon. In Vattem tank command area, farmers

generally transplant paddy, even under water scarcity and late planting situations. This

experiment was formulated to evaluate the performance of direct seeding and

transplanting of paddy, in case of water deficit and late planting conditions as direct

seeded crop generally require less water and matures earlier than the transplanted crop.

6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate the performance of direct seeded

Paddy in comparison to transplanted paddy in

Farmer‟s fields

7. Treatment : T1 : control (Farmers method)

T2 : Direct seeding

8. Date of commencement : July 2003

Yield and yield attributes of paddy (Drum seeding)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Name of Experimental No. of panicles/ plant No. of grains/ panicle yield (t/ha)

the farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP FP IP

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N. Masi Reddy 0.4 5.74 3.1 145 98 6.15 4.75

N. Venkat Reddy 0.2 5.63 3.2 140 115 6.10 4.90

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

152

Direct seeded paddy field was maintained saturated condition up to PI stage, and

from PI stage onwards submerged condition was maintained.Direct seeded crop reached

maturity10 days earlier than transplanted crop. In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent

yield reduction was seen compared to transplanted crop, because of high weed growth.

No of panicles for plant & also no of grains/ panicle were less in case of direct seeded

crop compared to transplanting.

Experiment No : 4

1. Title of the experiment : Integrated pest management in cotton

2. Location : Lattupally Tank command area

Vattem tank command area


4. Crop & variety : - Cotton

5. Basic information for : In Lattupally and Vattem villages farmers

cultivate cotton crop during kharif season. Due to

lack of awareness about time of application, method

of application and use of bio- pesticide farmers

indiscriminately applying pesticide which results in

the increasing the cost of cultivation. To reduce the

cost of cultivation there is need to follow integrated

pest management approach in cotton crop.

6. Objectives : 1. To create awareness about the IPM practices

in Cotton

2. To anlyze the benefit cost ratio for IPM and

Non- IPM practices

7. Treatment : 1) Farmers practices (non – IPM)

2) IPM practices


Results:

The results of the experiment conducted on integrated pest management in two Villages

(Lattupally and Vattem) showed that not much variation was observed in seed yield of

cotton. Following the IPM practice decreased in the18 to 20 % cost of cultivation over

farmers practice. Net returns and B : C ratio also higher under improved practice.

153

Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Lattupally)

Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Vattem)

S.No Farmers

Name


(Rs)

Returns (Rs) B:C ratio

Non

IPM

IPM Non IPM IPM Non

IPM

IPM Non

IPM

IPM

1 K. Dasu 1.357 1.428 11002 10025 21712 22848 1.97 2.08

2 Jathru 1.402 1.483 10525 9250 22432 23728 2.13 2.57

3 Dakya 1.457 1.538 10775 9000 23312 24608 2.16 2.73

Experiment No : 5

1. Title of the experiment : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops

2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem

village)

2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally

village)


4. Crop & variety : - Maize, Castor and Redgram


Prioritisation of the Experiment : In most of the tank command areas farmers

generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the

on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early

with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases.

Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as

insurance against drought will reduce the risks.

6. Objectives : To analyze the yield and economic returns of

intercropping system Vs sole crop

7. Treatment : 1) Maize (sole crop)

2) Castor (sole crop)

3) Maize+Redgram (4:1)

4) Castor + Redgram (4:1)

S.No Farmers

Name


(Rs)

Returns (Rs) B:C ratio

Non

IPM

IPM Non IPM IPM Non

IPM

IPM Non

IPM

IPM

1 K. Dasu 1.525 1.58 11562 9500 24400 25280 2.11 2.65

2 Jathru 1.42 1.49 11325 9000 22720 23840 2.01 2.64

3 Dakya 1.55 1.58 10375 8625 24800 25280 2.39 2.92

154


9 Results

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under

inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5%

increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize

crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor

+ Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop.

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram)

Yields (t/ha) Economic returns(Rs)

S.No Farmers Name Area

(ac)

Sole

Maize

Maize+Redgram Sole Maize Maize+Redgr

am

1 N. Venkat Reddy 0.5 3.75 3.40 + 0.22 18937 20360

2 K. krishna Reddy 0.5 3.50 3.20 + 0.160 17675 18480

3 N. Masi Reddy 0.5 4.08 3.80 + 0.185 20452 21872

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm)

Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs)

S.No Farmers

Name

Area

(ac)

Sole

Maize

Castor+Redgra

m

Sole

Maize

castor+Redgram

1 Jahangeer 0.5 1.125 1.05 + 0.140 15225 17255

2 Bashya 0.5 1.140 1.07 + 0.205 15515 18487

3 Lasu 0.5 1.030 0.98 + 0.195 14210 17037

155

Experiment No : 6

1. Title of the experiment : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops

2. Location : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem

village)

2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally

village)


4. Crop & variety : - Maize, Castor and Redgram


Prioritization of the Experiment : In most of the tank command areas farmers

generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the

on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early

with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases.

Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as

insurance against drought will reduce the risks.

6. Objectives : To analyze the yield and economic returns of

intercropping system Vs sole crop

7. Treatment : 1) Maize (sole crop)

2) Castor (sole crop)

3) Maize + Redgram (4:1)

4) Castor + Redgram (4:1)


9. Results

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under

inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5%

increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize

crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor

+ Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop.

156

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram)

Yields (t/ha) Economic returns(Rs/ha)

S.No Farmers

Name

Area Sole

Maize

Maize+Redgram Sole

Maize

Maize+Redgram

1 Sarojinamma 0.4 4.5 4.20+0.18 22500 23880

2 P.Venkat

Reddy

0.8 4.73 4.31+0.26 23650 25710

3 Mallaiah 0.4 4.29 4.08+0.25 21450 24400

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm)

Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs)

S.No Farmers

Name

Area

(ha)

Sole

Maize

Castor+redgram Sole

Maize

Castor+Redgram

1 Hiralal 0.4 4.3 1.09+0.21 21500 20800

2 Venkat Reddy 0.4 4.61 1.26+0.14 23050 22400

3 Santhru 0.8 4.12 1.13+0.26 20600 22240

157

MEDAK

As a result of introduction of different crops and crop sequences an additional area

of 161.6 ha during Kharif and 150.8 ha during Rabi was brought under cultivation under

the selected tank commands. Irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton during

Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander during Rabi

were introduced under tank commands. The cropping intensity in the tank commands

increased from 16.28% (before project implantation) to 59.43% (after project

implementation).

The results of research and demonstrations conducted at Kalkalamma cheruvu and

Pedda cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally,

Bhoompally, Mangole and Khajipur villages during 2003-04 and 2004-05 are as follows:

I) Introduction of crops under tank commands

a) Soybean

In 2003-04, a mean seed yield of 0.588 and 0.54 t/ha was obtained in 2.4 and 15.2

ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and

Bhoompally villages.

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield 0.5, 0.47 and 0.175 t/ha was obtained in an area of

0.4, 1.2 and 2.0ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu

commands of Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.

Mean yields of soybean during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands

Kharif –2003 Kharif -2004

Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha) Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha)

Kukunoorpally 2.4 0.588 0.4 0.5

Bhoompally 15.2 0.54 -- --

Mangole -- -- 1.2 0.47

Khajipur -- -- 2.0 0.175

Total/Mean 17.6 0.547 3.6 0.309

b) Maize

In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 2.66 and 2.16 t/ha was obtained (sown in an area

of 4.0 and 21.6 ha) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of

Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.

In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.98, 2.63, 2.45 and 3.24 t/ha was obtained (sown

during June and July in an area of 72.0, 9.2, 16.8 and 33.6 ha) under Pedda cheruvu,

Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally,

Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.

158

Mean yields of maize during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands

Kharif –2003 Kharif –2004

Area (ha) Grain yield

(t/ha)

Area (ha) Grain yield

(t/ha)


Bhoompally 21.6 2.16 72.0 2.98

Mangole -- -- 16.8 2.45

Khajipur -- -- 33.6 3.24

Total / Mean 25.6 2.23 131.6 2.95

c) Desi cotton

In 2004-05, an average kapas yield of 0.25 and 0.667 t/ha was obtained (sown

during 1st week of August and 7th July in an area of 0.4 and 0.6 ha) under Pedda

Cheruvu and Kalkalamma Cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally

village.

Yield & economics of desi cotton during kharif 2004 under different tank

commands

Area

(ha)

Yield

(t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs/ha)

COC

(Rs/ha)

Net returns

(Rs/ha)

Kukunoorpally 0.6 0.667 11670 8620 3350

Bhoompally 0.1 0.25 4375 4300 75

Total / Mean 0.7 0.607 10630 8003 2627

d) Genetically modified cotton (Bt)

In 2004-05, Rasi (RCH-2) and MECH –12 was introduced. RCH – 2 recorded an

average yield of 1.25, 1.25, 3.25 and 1.5 t/ha sown during June and July in an area of 0.4,

0.4, 0.4 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and

Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur

villages. MECH – 12 recorded an average yield of 0.37, 1.99 and 2.15 t/ha sown during

June and July in an area of 0.4, 2.0 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma

cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally and

Mangole villages.

159

Mean yields of genetically modified cotton (Bt) during kharif 2004 under

different tank commands

RCH-2 MECH-12

Area

(ha)

Kapas yield

(t/ha)

Area (ha) Kapas yield (t/ha)


Bhoompally 0.4 1.25 0.4 0.37

Mangole 0.4 3.25 1.0 2.15

Khajipur 0.8 1.5 -- --

Total / Mean 2.0 1.75 3.4 1.82

e) Bengalgram

In 2003-04 a mean seed yield of 0.72 and 0.82 t/ha was obtained under

Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally

villages.

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.875 t/ha was obtained

sown during October – November after maize / paddy / fallow in an area of 64.0, 14.0,

14.0, and 32.0 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda

cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.

Mean yields of bengalgram during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank

commands

Rabi -2003-04 Rabi- 2004-05

Area (ha) Seed yield

(t/ha)

Area (ha) Seed yield

(t/ha)

Kukunoorpally 12 0.72 14.0 1.250

Bhoompally 44 0.82 64.0 0.875

Mangole -- -- 14.0 0.625

Khajipur -- -- 32.0 0.875

Total / Mean 56 0.80 124.0 0.890

f) Castor

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.85 t/ha was obtained sown

during October after maize / fallow in an area of 12.8, 2.4, 6.0 and 26.0 ha under Pedda

160

cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of

Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages.

Mean yields of castor during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank

commands

Rabi-2004-05

Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha)

Kukunoorpally 2.4 0.75

Bhoompally 12.8 0.875

Mangole 6.0 0.75

Khajipur 26.0 0.85

Total / Mean 47.2 0.84

g) Sunflower

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.06 and 1.08 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown

during November – December after paddy in an area of 3.2 and 1.6 ha under Kalkalamma

cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages.

Yield and economics of sunflower during rabi 2004-05 under different tank

commands

Area

(ha)

Yield

(t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs/ha)

COC

(Rs/ha)

Net returns

(Rs/ha)

Kukunoorpally 3.2 1.06 15964 8607 7357

Mangole 1.6 1.08 16200 7438 8762

Total / Mean 4.8 1.07 16043 8217 7826

h) Redgram

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during

October after paddy in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of

Kukunoorpally village.

i) Groundnut

In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during

October – December after paddy / maize in an area of 4.0 ha under Doddi cheruvu

command of Mangole village.

161

j) Coriander

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during

October in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of Kukunoorpally

village.

II) Demonstration of production technologies

a) Demonstration of balanced fertilization in Maize

In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.1 and 2.86 t/ha was obtained by adoption of

recommended dose of fertilizer (90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4) as

against 2.8 and 2.52 t/ha by adopting Farmer‟s practice (50 to 75 – 50 – 0 kg N, P2O5,

and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally

and Bhoompally villages.

Effect of balanced fertilization in maize during kharif 2003 under different

tank commands

Yield (t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs/ha)

COC (Rs.

/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs/ha)

TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP

Kukunoorpally 3.1 2.8 14880 13440 7305 6830 7575 6610

Bhoompally 2.86 2.52 13728 12096 6870 6450 6858 5646

Mean 2.98 2.66 14304 12768 7087 6640 7217 6128

TP: 90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4

FP: 50 to 75 – 50 – 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O

Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.1089

per hectare (Rs. 965 and Rs. 1212 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally

respectively) over farmers practice.

b) Demonstrations of dry seeding in Paddy

In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.17, 4.15 and 5.12 t/ha was obtained by dry

seeding in paddy, dry seeding in paddy with two supplemental irrigations and

transplanted paddy under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally village. An additional

yield of 0.98t/ha was obtained with two supplemental irrigations.

162

Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry seeding in paddy (aerobic rice) during

kharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally

Grain yield (t/ha)

Dry sown

paddy

Dry sown paddy with two

supplemental irrigations

Transplanted

paddy

BPT-5204 3.85 4.5 5.60

Erramallelu 3.10 4.22 5.16

MTU-1010 2.63 3.65 4.55

Mean 3.17 4.15 5.12

In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was obtained (sown during 1st July-

15th July in an area of 4.0 ha) under Pedda cheruvu command area of Bhoompally

village.

c) Demonstration of integrated nutrient management in paddy


recommended dose of fertilizers (120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + green

leaf manuring) as against 4.56 and 4.62 t/ha by adopting farmer‟s practice (75 – 75 – 0 kg

N, P2O5, and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of

Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.

Effect of Integrated nutrient management in paddy during kharif 2003 under


Yield (t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs./ha)

COC (Rs.

/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs./ha)


Kukunoorpally 5.3 4.56 34450 29640 8595 8010 25855 21630

Bhoompally 5.52 4.62 35880 30030 8460 8040 27420 21990

Mean 5.41 4.59 35165 29835 8527 8025 26638 21810

TP: 120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + Green leaf manuring

FP: 75 – 75 – 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O

Integrated nutrient management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.

4828 per hectare (Rs. 4225 and Rs. 5430 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally

respectively).

163

d) Demonstration of water management practices (alternate wetting and drying) for

transplanted rice

In 2004-05, an average yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained (transplanted during 20th

July

to 31st July in an area of 17.4 (11.4 + 6.0) ha with alternate wetting and drying for

transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas of Pedda cheruvu and Kalkalamma

cheruvu command areas of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally villages respectively.

e) Demonstration of Integrated Pest Management in Paddy


seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran

granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for ½ hour, cutting

leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for every 2-

3m width, balanced nutrient application (organic + inorganic fertilizers), need based plant

protection measure, as against 5.08 and 5.30 t/ha under farmer‟s practice under

Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally

villages.

Effect of integrated pest management in paddy during kharif 2003 under


Yield

(t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs./ha)

COC (Rs.

/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs./ha)


Kukunoorpally 6.72 5.08 43680 33020 8785 8010 34895 25010

Bhoompally 6.55 5.30 42549 34450 8710 8240 33839 26210

Mean 6.63 5.19 43115 33735 8748 8125 34367 25610

TP: Seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran

granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for ½ hour,

cutting leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for

every 2-3m width, balanced nutrient application:

FP: Imbalance fertilization, indiscriminate use of pesticides

Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757


respectively).

f) Demonstration of integrated pest management in Cotton

In 2003-04, a mean kapas yield of 1.875 and 1.62 t/ha was obtained by adoption of

IPM practices (deep summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning

of bunds, stem application of monocrotophos, trap crops, border crop, pheromone traps,

164

bird perches) as against 1.7 and 1.36 t/ha in non –IPM plots under Kalkalamma cheruvu

and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.

Effect of integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different

tank commands

Yield

(t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs./ha) COC (Rs. /ha) Net Returns (Rs./ha)


Kukunoorpally 1.88 1.7 39375 35700 14750 26500 24625 9200

Bhoompally 1.62 1.36 33210 27880 15800 25700 17410 2180

Mean 1.75 1.53 36292 31790 15275 26100 21017 5690

TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds,

stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird

perches

FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides.

Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 15327


respectively).

In 2004-05, a mean kapas yield of 2.0 and 3.3 t/ha was obtained in IPM plots sown

in July in 0.6 and 0.6 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of

Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages as against a mean kapas yield of 1.55 and 1.4 t/ha

in Non – IPM plots and there was a reduction of Rs.2280 /ha in cost of cultivation in IPM

plots over Non – IPM plots.

Effect of Integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different

tank commands

Area (ha) Yield (t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs./ha) COC (Rs. /ha)

TP FP FP TP FP TP FP TP

Kukunoorpally 0.6 4.4 3.3 1.42 57750 24880 15300 17140

Mangole 0.6 4.0 2.0 1.55 35000 27125 15835 18625

Mean 0.6 4.2 2.65 1.48 46375 25949 15567 17847


stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird

perches


165

h) Demonstration of Integrated pest management in Castor

A mean grain yield of 0.93 and 1.17 t/ha was obtained by adoption of seed

treatment, balanced fertilizer application and need based plant protection measures as

against 0.66 and 0.836 t/ha under farmer‟s practice under Kalkalamma cheruvu and

Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages.

Effect of integrated pest management in castor during rabi 2003-04 under different

tank commands

Yield (t/ha)

Gross returns

(Rs./ha)

COC (Rs.

/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs./ha)


Kukunoorpally 0.93 0.66 8361 5976 5200 4150 3161 1826

Bhoompally 1.17 0.84 11115 7942 5770 4910 5345 3032

Mean 1.05 0.75 9738 6959 5485 4530 4253 2429


pheromone traps, bird perches


Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 1824 per

hectare (Rs. 1335 and Rs. 2313 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally

respectively).

166

ANANTHAPUR

Usually in tankfed irrigated areas, rice crop is taken during late kharif or early rabi

seasons after getting sufficient water into the tanks and in kharif the fields will remain

fallow. Instead of keeping the land fallow during kharif, fodder crops like sorghum,

greengram or sorghum can be grown. Paddy crop requires more water as compared to

irrigated dry crops. Hence, crop diversification in place of paddy is required. Most of the

soils in tank aycut are alkaline soils with high pH and exchangeable sodium percentage

through out the soil profile, adverse physical properties and reduced availability of some

essential plant nutrients. The zinc deficiency is observed more frequently in soils with

high pH, low organic carbon and light texture soils.

Field experiments and demonstrations were conducted under four tank command

areas of Rangampeta, Pamurai, Madigubba and Pullarevu during 2003 and 2004. These

trials were conducted on a shallow to medium deep soils. The soils of the experimental

fields were alkaline in nature. Kharif crops like sunhemp, greengram (T9), sorghum

(M35-1) were taken up in tankfed areas. In Pamurai, Rangampeta and Madigubba,

greengram and sunhemp were taken up during early kharif 2004 and in Pullalarevu and

Rangampeta, sorghum crop was taken up during kharif 2004. Under crop diversification,

sunflower (Siri hybrid, Arunodaya hybrid) crop was introduced. Package of practices

were adopted as per the recommendations for the crops taken up. With an objective of

reclamation of problem soils and increase the productivity, field experiments and

demonstrations were carried out to investigate the effect of soil amendments on yield and

yield attributes of paddy in alkaline soils. Treatments were control, gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and

Zinc sulphate @ 50 kg /ha. Treatments were replicated thrice in 20 farmers fields.

Demonstrations to popularize the use of gypsum and zinc sulphate were under taken in

tankfed areas of Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba during 2004-05. Soils of

experiment and demonstration plots were light texture black soils. The soil pH ranged

between 8.1 & 9.6 at surface level and it ranged between 8.2 & 10.1 at sub surface level in

Pamurai tank command area. At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy

soils with pH and EC ranged between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.013 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1

– 9.9 and 0.118 – 1.256 in sub surface layer respectively. In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the

soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 – 15 cm), whereas in sub surface level

(15 – 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0. In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples

ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged

between 7.8 & 8.9. Available nitrogen was low in both the layers of the soils, while

available P2O5 and K2O were medium in surface and sub surface layers of four villages of

tank command area. Paddy crop variety BPT – 5204 was transplanted during second

fortnight of August 2003-04 and 2004 -05.

Gypsum was applied for those soils which have pH above 8.5 as per the treatments

before transplanting through broadcasting and mixing in soil. Basal application of zinc

sulphate @ 50 kg/ha was taken up. Biometric observations like number of hills per

167

m2green leaves, dry leaves per plant and newly formed roots per plant were recorded at

10 days after transplanting. Number of tillers per m2 was recorded at 20 days after

transplanting. Yield and yield attributes were recorded at harvest as per the standard

method.

Fodder

Sunhemp : The sunhemp green fodder yield ranged between 8 to 9 t/ha with an average

of 8.45 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 3400/- with an average of

Rs. 3140/ha. Sunhemp was meant for incorporation into soil as a green manure crop.

But in Pamurai, as, there were no rains and tanks could not get water, it was used as

fodder.

Yield and net returns of kharif crops as against the existing practice of fallow under

tank command areas of Anantapur district, kharif 2003

Crop Green fodder

yield (t/ha)

Cost of cultivation

(Rs/ha.)

Gross returns

(Rs/ha.)

Net returns

(Rs/ha)

Sunhemp 8.45 1085 42285 3140

Greengram 3.78 800 3024 2561

Sorghum 5.08 570 2022 1462

Sunnhemp price Rs. 500/ton, greengram price Rs. 800/ton and sorghum Rs. 400/ton

Greengram : The greengram green fodder yield ranged between 3.5 to 4.0 t/ha with an

average of 3.78 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 2400/- to Rs. 2600/- with an

average of Rs. 2561/ha. Because of moisture stress, the pods could not get filled and

hence it was used as a fodder.

Sorghum : The sorghum green fodder yield ranged between 5.0 to 5.6 t/ha with an

average of 5.08 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 1300/- to Rs. 1500/- with an

average of Rs. 1462/ha.

The grain yield of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) ranged between 4 to 4.6 t/ha and 24 to

30 t/ha of green fodder with an average of 4.3 t/ha of grain and 27 t/ha of green fodder.

The net returns from hybrid sorghum ranged between Rs. 25000 to Rs. 28500 per ha with

an average of Rs. 26546/ha.

168

Yield and economics of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) recorded at Rangampeta tank

command area of Anantapur district, kharif 2003

Name of the

tank

Mean of

green fodder

yield (t/ha)

Yield

*

(t/ha)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

Net returns

(Rs/ha)

Rangampeta 27 4.35 4200 30750 26546

* Mean of 15 farmers, green fodder price Rs. 400/t. grain price Rs. 450/q.

Sunflower

Seed yield of sunflower at Rangampeta ranged between 1620 to 1720 kg/ha with an

average of 1625 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 21349/- to Rs. 22389/ha with

an average of Rs. 21415/ha.

Net returns from sunflower during summer and late kharif in four tanks

Command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05

S.No. Name of the

tank

Average seed

yield (kg/ha)

Cost of

cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

Net returns

(Rs/ha)

1. Rangampeta 1625 7835 30384 21415

2. Pamurai 1688 7788 29250 22596

3. Pullararevu 1280 7103 23040 15937

4. Madigubba 1725 7813 31050 23237

Seed yield of sunflower at Pamurai ranged between 1650 to 1690 kg/ha with an

average of 1688 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 22087 to Rs. 22612 with an


Seed yield of sunflower at Pullalarevu ranged between 1238 to 1300 kg/ha with an



Seed yield of sunflower at Madigubba ranged between 1720 to 1780 kg/ha with an



Economic use efficiency was high with sunflower (Rs. 44.38/mm of water applied)

compared to rice (Rs. 13.86/mm of water).

169

Net returns from sunflower and rice in tank command areas of Anantapur district

Parameters Rice Sunflower

Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 14775 9250

Gross returns (Rs/ha) 42500 27000

Average net returns (Rs/ha) 27725 17750

Water requirement (mm) 2000 400

Economic use efficiency (Rs/mm) 13.86 44.38

Gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield of rice

Significantly higher number productive tillers/m2 and numbers of grains/panicle

was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by ZnSO4 applied plot during kharif

2003. Similar trend was noticed in the remaining villages during 2004 also.

Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in

Pamurai & Rangampeta tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2003-04

Treatments Number of

panicles /

m2

No. of

grains per

panicle

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha)

P R P R P R P R

T1: Control 393 397 67 70.0 5113 5216 5520 6071

T2: Gypsum @ 4.5

t/ha

497 421 77 83.0 5780 6586 6079 6931

T3: ZnSO4 @ 50

kg/ha

463 405 72 73.0 5504 5629 5797 6222

S Em + 8.5 0.97 1.1 0.5 59.2 37.8 47.4 59.7

CD (5%) 25.7 2.8 3.3 1.5 179 110 143 174

P: Pamurai tank R: Rangampeta tank

Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in

tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05

Parameters Pamurai (Average

of 6 farmers)

Rangampeta

(Average of 8

farmers)

Madigubba

(Average of 4

farmers)

C G Z C G Z C G Z

Productive tillers /m2 389 424 411 392 420 413 354 389 385

No. of grains per

panicle

65 77 74 77 90 84 73 79 78

Grain yield (kg/ha) 4500 4858 4691 5152 5906 5622 4548 4925 4680

Straw yield (kg/ha) 4775 5608 5383 5666 6257 6173 5337 5710 5332

170

C: control, G: Gypsum, Z: Zinc sulphate

Significantly higher grain yield was recorded with gypsum application followed by

ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai and Rangampeta villages during kharif 2003.

Significantly higher straw yield was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by

ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai, but at Rangampeta it was at par with control as

compared to ZnSO4 application. On the other hand it was superior in gypsum applied

plots over ZnSO4 application during kharif 2003. Similar results were noticed in kharif

2004 also in all the villages.

Demonstrations

Large number of demonstrations were conducted with zinc sulphate @ 50kg/ha in

all four villages of Pamurai, Ranagampeta, Madigubba and Pullalarevu during kharif

2004 – 05. The results indicated that the paddy grain yield increased with application of

zinc sulphate as basal and yield increased (4528 – 5207 kg /ha) over control. Similar

increase in straw yield was noticed in zinc sulphate applied plots (5602 – 6427 kg/ha)

over control.

Grain and straw yield recorded in Zinc sulphate demonstrations in four tankfed

villages

Name of the village Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha)

Control ZnSO

4

Control ZnSO4

Pamurai (Average of 9 farmers) 4565 5160 5292 5602

Pullalarevu (Average of 9 farmers) 4528 4816 5583 5778

Rangampeta (Average of 16 farmers) 5180 5918 5728 6427

Madigubba (Average of 16 farmers) 5207 5934 5707 6375

Mean 4870 5457 5577 6045

Large number of demonstrations were conducted with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in all

four villages of Pamurai and Madigubba during kharif 2004 – 05. (Table 8). The paddy

grain yield increased with application of gypsum (4896 – 5737 kg /ha) over control.

Similar increase in straw yield was noticed in gypsum applied plots. (5535 – 6200 kg/ha)

over control.

171

Grain and straw yield recorded in gypsum demonstrations in four tankfed villages

Name of the village Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Straw yield

(kg/ha)

Contr

ol

Gypsum Control Gypsu

m

Pamurai (Average of 6 farmers) 4597 4896 5194 5535

Madigubba (Average of 10

farmers)

5050 5737 5690 6200

Mean 4823 5316 5442 5867

At harvest, there was more reduction in pH in gypsum-applied plots.

Effect of gypsum application on soil pH at different intervals of the crop

period in tankfed villages of Anantapur district

S.No. Treatments pH (mean of the 7 farmers plots)

Initial 10 DAT After harvest

1. Control 9.1 8.3 8.3

2. Gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha 9.1 8.2 7.8

172

KADAPA

Greengram/ Bajra preceding to rice:

Growing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed

yield of 2225 Kg/ha and 668 kg/ha with net returmns of Rs. 8100 and 8413/ha

respectively. Further straw of these crops is used as fodder to cattle. Some of the farmers

incorporated the bhusa of greengram into the soil, which improved the soil fertility and

rice yields by 250-375 kg/ha.

Yield of bajra and greengram preceding rice in tankfed areas, 2003

S.no Crop Avg grain

yield

(Kg/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

Cost of

Cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Net

Returns

(Rs/ha)

BCR

1 Bajra 2275 13350 5250 8100 1.54

2 Greengram 667.5 13350 4938 8413 1.70

Transplanted Rice

With Improved water management higher grain yield (5868 Kg/ha) and net

returns (Rs. 22843/ha) and B:C ratio (1.47) was recorded as compared to farmers practice

(5525 Kg/ha). Besides this there was saving of 1/3rd

of irrigation water with this practice.

The farmers practically experienced and accepted this method of rotational irrigation

system. Lower seed yield of 3470 Kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy with net returns

of Rs. 6170/ha and B:C ratio of 0.37 where in wet seeded rice, normal yields (4938

kg/ha) were obtained with net returns of Rs. 18086/- and B:C ratio of 1.27 which were

comparable with that of farmers practice of transplanted rice.

Water management practices of rice in tankfed areas, 2004

Crop Grain Yield

(kg/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

COC

(Rs/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs/ha)

BCR

Semi dry paddy 3470 22670 16500 6170 0.37

Wet seeded rice 4938 32261 14175 18086 1.27

Rotational irrigation 5868 38318 15475 22843 1.47

Farmers practice of

Water management

5525 36078 17400 18678 1.07

173

Sunflower / Jowar as contingent crop to rice under late Kharif in tankfed areas

Most of the tankfed farmers with no borewells keep lands fallow, if the tanks are

not filled. The tank areas receive rainfall during September and October. In such

situations, for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture, sunflower and

jowar was sown as contingent crop in fallow lands during the month of October under

rainfed conditions.

Performance of Jowar and Sunflower under tank ayacut during rabi 2004-05

Crop Grain Yield

(kg/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

COC

(Rs/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs/ha)

BCR

Jowar 2076 14532 8750 5782 0.66

Sunflower 1700 23800 10475 13325 1.27

Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops during the months of October and

November recorded an average seed yields of 2076 Kg/ha and 1700Kg/ha with net

returns of Rs. 5782 and Rs. 13325 /ha and B:C ratio‟s of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. As a

result, farmers of four tanks obtained an additional income with grain as well as fodder,

through effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture.

Cropping Systems:

Sunflower was sown in rice fallows during the months of December and January

in tankfed areas having bore wells. A new short duration rabi vegetable crop –French

bean was introduced at three locations. Most of the farmers successfully grown the third

crop of sunflower/French bean (vegetable crop) in rice fallows with water saved during

rabi due to multivariate of ID crops.

Performance of Sunflower, French bean after rice in summer 2004-05

Crop Grain Yield

(kg/ha)

Gross

returns

(Rs/ha)

COC

(Rs/ha)

Net Returns

(Rs/ha)

BCR

Sunflower 1770 23800 10475 13325 1.27

French bean 7041

(green pods)

35205 12500 22705 1.81

174

Sunflower and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770

Kg/ha and green pods of 7041 Kg/ha. As a result, the farmers in four tankfed areas got

additional net returns of Rs. 13325 and Rs. 22705 per hectare with B:C ratio of 1.27 and

1.81 respectively.

If tanks are not filled, the remunerative cropping systems under tankfed areas of

Kadapa district are Greengram/Bajra during May-June fallowed by Jowar-Sunflower

during October-November. For tanks supported with borewells, greenmanure/greengram-

rice-sunflower was found remunerative with conjunctive use of rain, surface and ground

water.

175

VIZIANAGARAM

Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice,

growing short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress,

introduction of maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle

reaches were tried.

1) Weed Management in dry seeded in Paddy (2003)

The grain yield of rice under dry seeded conditions when butachlor was applied as

pre-emergence herbicide ranged between 26-28 t/ha, which were fairly satisfactory when,

compared to the yields obtained under controlled conditions. In 2004-05 spraying of

butachlor as pre-emergence herbicide in case of dry sown paddy was quite effective and

recorded 18.7% increase in grain yield over farmer‟s practice.

Effect of butachlor application on grain yield of dry seeded rice, Galavilli, 2003

S.

No

Name of the Farmer Variety

No. of

productive

tillers / m2

Grains /

panicle

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 Sivvala Yerukunaidu RGL-2537 257 238.70 2800

2 Vaddapalli

Simhachalam

RGL-2537

216 214.50 2500

3 Majji Seethalu RGL-2538 299 121.00 2660

4 Poreddi Chandrayya RGL-2538 286 121.00 2600

CONTROL

1 Vanjarapu Thoudu RGL-2538 231 98.90 1750

2 Makka Narayanarao RGL-2538 225 130.20 1875

Aerobic rice

176

In 2003, the average grain yield under direct sown conditions was 2.94 t/ha when

compared to 3.63 t/ha under transplanted conditions. Among the varieties RGL -2537

has resulted grain yield of 3.45 t/ha compared to RGL -2538 (2.9 t/ha) and mashuri (2.8

t/ha).

Performance of rice varieties under aerobic conditions, Galavilli, kharif 2003

S.No Name of the Farmer Variety

No. of

Prod. tillers / m2

Grains /

panicle

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 Sathivada Y Naidu RGL-2538 252 140.50 3280

2 Alugubilli Raminaidu RGL-2537 246 219.36 3100

3 Vaddapalli Krishna RGL-2538 258 108.00 2660

4 Vanjarapu A Naidu RGL-2538 241 125.90 2500

Transplanting

1 Kadagala Dalinaidu RGL-2537 - - 4000

2. Alugubilli S Naidu Mashuri - - 4400

3. Makka Venkati Mashuri - - 2500

During 2004-05 cultivation of paddy under aerobic conditions was found

advantageous over wet seeded and transplanted rice in Galavilli village.

177

Demonstration of aerobic transplanted rice, kharif 2004

S.

No. Name of the Farmer Variety

Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

Direct Sown

1 A. Raminaidu RGL-2332 19.6.04 18.11.04 2975

2 V. Madhava Naidu RGL-2332 20.6.04 18.11.04 2308

3 A. Laxmu RGL-2538 18.6.04 2.11.04 3990

4 T. Jogi Naidu RGL-2538 18.6.04 29.10.04 2055

5 V. Ramulu MTU-1010 19.6.04 11.10.04 3531

6 S. Appayya MTU-1010 20.7.04 20.10.04 3037

7 A. Apparao RGL-2537 4.7.04 18.11.04 2188

Puddled

1 R. Appadu RGL-2537 19.6.04 27.11.04 1825

2 V. Appala naidu RGL-2538 18.6.04 8.11.04 2460

Transplanted

1 S. Kamayya RGL-2537 5.7.04 2700

2 K. Kondamnaidu RGL-2537 6.7.04 2500

3 S. Appalaram RGL-2537 6.7.04 2000

INM in Paddy

In 2004-05 an increase in grain yield (33.3%) was observed with INM over that of non-adoption

of INM (Table 4).

Demonstration of INM in paddy

S.No. Name of the

Farmer Variety

Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesti

ng

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 V. Ramulu MTU-1010 19.6.04 11.10.04 3531

2 A. Laxmu RGL-2538 18.6.04 2.11.04 3990

Control

1 S. Appayya MTU-1010 20.7.04 20.10.04 3037

2 M. Apparao RGL-2537 19.6.04 26.11.04 1980

At Gangada, among the rice varieties tested under aerobic conditions, RGL-2535

was found most promising as it recorded highest grain yields when compared to RGL-

2537 and MTU-1010.

178

Demonstration of aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05)

S.No Name of the Farmer Variety Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 S.Sivvunnaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 4.11.04 4770

2 M.Krishna RGL-2538 21.6.04 4.11.04 4890

3 G.Satyam RGL-2538 4.7.04 5.11.04 4220

4 N.Suryanarayana MTU-1010 4.7.04 22.10.04 4030

5 P.Joji MTU-1010 4.7.04 17.10.04 3970

6 M.Chinnababu RGL.2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615

7 G.Krishna RGL-2537 21.6.04 28.11.04 3988

Application of butachlor in aerobic rice was found most effective in controlling the

weeds and recorded 17.4% higher grain yield as compared to control.

Chemical weed management in aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05)

S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 M. Appalaswamy RGL-2538 21.6.04 19.10.04 4430

2 M. Chinnababu RGL-2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615

Control

1 G. Narayanaswamy RGL-2538 4.7.04 5.11.04 3720

2 M.Satyam RGL-2537 21.6.04 28.11.04 3753

IPM in wet sown paddy

Use of recommended doses of NPK, leaving alleyways at 3 m interval and spraying of

need based plant protection chemicals improved the grain yield over control.

179

Demonstration of IPM in paddy

S.No Name of the Farmer Variety

No. of

productive

tillers / m2

Grains /

panicle

Yield

(kg/ha)

Demonstration

1 Allu Laxmu RGL-2537 301 142.40 3750

2 Sivvapu J Chetty RGL-2537 251 151.00 3150

3 Sathivada Y naidu RGL-2538 252 140.50 3280

4 Nandigana Appalanaidu RGL-2538 276 158.00 3000

Control

1. Alugubilli Raminaidu RGL-2538 225 168.90 2500

2. Vangapandu A Naidu RGL-2538 318 123.30 1800

Crop Diversification

Under crop diversification maize was introduced in the upper and middle

topography under tankfed commands during Kharif season. Atrazine spraying was found

quite effective in controlling the weed population and there was an increase in yield

(31%) over control. An increase of 40% grain yield was observed when recommended

NPK fertilization was given to the crop.

180

Effect of chemical control on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003

S.No Name of the

Farmer

Plant stand

/ ha

Plant height at

Harvest (m)

Cob

length

(cm)

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

1 Makka

Satyanarayana

65,555 2.41 16.10 3625

Control

1 Vanjarapu

Sanyasinaidu

58,500 2.51 15.60 2500

Effect of recommended NPK on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003

S.No Name of the

Farmer

Plant stand /

ha

Plant height

at Harvest

(m)

Cob

length

(cm)

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

1 Vanjarapu

Sanyasappalanaidu

68,000 2.41 16.55 3600

Control

1 Vanjarapu

Appalanaidu

57,000 2.32 15.55 2125

Maize crop was found more remunerative than paddy since the sale prices of both

the commodities are more or less the same.

Performance of non-traditional crop maize, Gallavilli, 2004-05


Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 A. Laxmunaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 29.9.04 4500

2 V. Appalanaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2405

3 M. Satyannarayana SMH-36 5.7.04 26.9.04 2737

4 A. Ramarao SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2812

5 V. Sanyasappalanaidu SMH-36 5.7.04 28.9.04 2543

6 V. Satyannarayana KH-517 6.7.04 29.9.04 2050

181

In maize, application of atrazine as pre-emergence herbicide was found effective in

controlling the weeds and application increased (11%) grain yield over control.

Application of recommended doses of NPK has resulted in increasing the grain yield to

the tune of 41.3%.

Maize was introduced for the first time in Gaganda during kharif season (2004) as

ID crop in place of Paddy.

Performance of maize in tank command area of Gangada (2004)


Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

1 V. Hari babu C-302 12.7.04 8.10.04 3216

2 G. Bogesu C-302 9.7.04 4.10.04 2029

Introduction of non-traditional crop sunflower in rabi

Sunflower was first time introduced in rabi after harvest of maize as well as paddy.

The crop sown after harvest of maize (25th November) has resulted in seed yield of 1330

kg/ha. Where as the crop sown after harvest of paddy (31st December) has recorded a

lower yield (1000 kg/ha) than that sown after maize.

Performance of sunflower during rabi after kharif rice and maize

S.No Name of the

Farmer

Plant

Stand /ha

Plant

height at

harvest

(m)

Head

diameter

(cm)

No. of

irrigations

given

Seed

yield

(kg/ha)

1 Vanjarapu S A

naidu (After maize)

69,500 1.78 61.27 2 + twice

rainfall

1330

2 Alugubilli Rama

Rao ( After Paddy )

67,000 1.48 50.60 3 + Once

rainfall

1000

182

EVALUATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

Under rice based cropping system ragi is one of the important crops grown by the

farmers. Trials were laid out to demonstrate the relative advantage of use of NPK

fertilizers in ragi.

Performance of ragi after rice with recommended level of NPK, Galavilli, 2003

S.No Name of the Farmer Variety Plant height at

harvest (cm)

Grain yield

(kg/ha)

Recommended NPK

1 Sasubilli Pakheernaidu Ratnagiri 54 1800

2 Majji Appalanaidu Ratnagiri 57 2500

Control

1. Poreddi Appalanaidu Local 52 1300

Among the vegetables, french bean after rice was found to be most suitable and

highly remunerative (Table 14). Among the sesamum cultures YLM-11 was found to be

most suitable to include in the rice based cropping system.

Demonstration of INM in paddy, Gangada (2004-05)


Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

INM

1 M. Krishna RGL-2538 21.6.04 4.11.04 4890

2 M. Chinnababu RGL-2537 4.7.04 28.11.04 4615

3 S. Sanyasinaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 8.11.04 4160

Control

1 V. Sivunnaidu RGL-2538 4.7.04 3.11.04 3390

2 G. Narayanaswamy RGL-2537 4.7.04 5.11.04 3720

183

Performance of sesamum after rice

S.

No

Name of the

Farmer Variety

Date of

sowing

Date of

harvesting

Plant

stand /

m2

Plant

height at

harvest

(cm)

No. of

capsules

/ plant

Grain

yield

(kg/ha)

1 A. Appa Rao YLM-11 1.1.04 22.3.04 79 83 68 322

2 R. Appadu YLM-11 1.1.04 25.3.04 43 85 89 418

3 A. Sanyasinaidu YLM-11 1.1.04 24.3.04 50 101 140 421

4 S. Thamminaidu YLM-11 1.1.04 28.3.04 42 97 108 347

5 A. Sriramulu YLM-11 3.1.04 27.3.04 39 96 133 428

6 T. Joginaidu Gowri 27.1.04 21.4.04 40 97 54 250

7 G. Rammurty-

naidu

YLM-17 7.1.04 21.4.04 64 94 92 250

8 A. Laxmu YLM-17 21.1.04 3.4.04 61 96 54 400

Green manure crops sunhemp and diancha were grown and incorporated in situ

besides applying the recommended doses of NPK increased the grain yield (21.9%) when

compared to the farmer‟s practice (imbalanced fertilizer application).

Performance of sesamum, sunflower and bhendi after rice, Gangada (2004-05)

S.No. Name of the

farmer Variety

Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ha)

Net

Income/ ha

SESAMUM

1 A.Jaggababu YLM-11 11.1.05 2.4.05 210 2667

2 V.Haribabu YLM-11 11.1.05 27.1.05 225 2880

3 V.Appalaswamy YLM-11 17.1.05 31.3.05 250 3296

SUNFLOWER

1 A.Jaggababu Suryanath-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 1340 9095

BHENDI

1 P.Satyanarayana 2630 10460

2 P.Sriramulu 3216 11566

3 R.Sambayya 3166 11216

184

RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

Under rice based cropping systems cultivation of Bhendi was found to be more

remunerative when compared to Sesamum and Sunflower.

Performance of sunflower, sesamum, french bean and bhendi after rice, Galavilli,

2004-05

RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

Sno. Name of the

farmer Variety

Date of

Sowing

Date of

Harvesting

Yield

(kg/ ha)

Net

Income/ha

SUNFLOWER

1 B. Appadu

Suryana

dh-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 2250 16408

3 M. Appalanaidu

Suryana

dh-666 31.12.04 28.3.05 1833 16629

SESAMUM

1 P. Applanaidu

YLM-

66 20.1.05 17.4.05 450 5730

FRENCH BEAN

1 V. Srirammurthy 4400 10550

2 B. Trinadh 5575 16500

3 P. Narayana Rao 4075 14375

4 M. Appalanaidu 4075 12000

BHENDI

1 A. Sanyasinaidu 1500 3850

In Gujjangivalasa village 34 demonstrations of dry sown paddy were conducted

during Kharif-2004. The effectiveness of butachlor application for the control of weeds

was demonstrated. An amount of 398.8mm of rainfall was received from June to

November as against the normal rainfall of 888 mm which had severe effect on the dry

sown paddy from tillering stage onwards

185

Chapter-VI

Input - Output - Outcome

187

Final outcome report of MAHABOOBNAGAR (2003-04)

Sl.No Input Output Outcome

1. Crop introduction

ID crops like maize, cotton,

castor were during kharif

season and sunflower,

vegetables crops during rabi

season

The average yields of Maize crop ranged between

5.46 to 5.65 t/ha.

The average yields of cotton ranged 1.5 t/ha.

The average yield of castor was 1.43 t/ha

Change of crops and cropping system

Increasing cropping intensity with

higher income

2. Integrated weed management

in paddy

Grain yield was more in case of IWM method

(4.60 to 6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method

(3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.) This reduction in manual labour

requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation

Adoption of IWM reduces labour

requirement and increases yields there

by net returns are high

3. Integrated Nutrient

Management in paddy

On an average grain yield increased by 21.77 % in

the two villages over farmers method

Adoption of INM reduces cost of

cultivation and increases yields there

by net returns are high

.4 Rotational irrigation in paddy The results indicated that rotational water

management recorded slightly lower yields varying

from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to

6.98% straw yield than the yields recorded in

continuous submergence treatment.

Rotational irrigation in paddy water

Saves water by 20-25 % with marginal

reduction in yields

5. Direct seeding in paddy In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent yield

reduction was observed compared to transplanted

crop.

Suitability of dry seeding in paddy has

to be tested for one or two more

seasons before confirmation.

6. Evaluation of crops and

cropping systems

The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded

highest gross returns fallowed by Rice-Groundnut cropping

system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system

Among the ID crops based cropping systems maize

followed by vegetables was found to be

economically most remunerative

Rice-vegetables/ rice-ragi system can

be recommended of black soils and

Rice-groundnut system can be

recommended for Redsoils.

7. Training Programmes on ID

crops

Farmers were educated in recent production

technologies of ID crops

Technology transfer from farmer to

farmer.

188

(2004-05)

Sl.No Input Output Outcome





vegetables crops during rabi

season

The average yields of Maize crop ranged

between 3.15 and 4.57 t/ha.

The average yields of cotton ranged

between 1.26 and 1.58 t/ha.

The average yield of castor was 1.04 t/ha


Increasing cropping intensity with higher

income

2. Irrigations at critical crop

growth stages of maize

There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent

increased in seed yield in black and red

soils respectively with two irrigations

given at tasseling and grain filling stage

By giving two supplemental irrigations in kharif

to maize could increase productivity of maize

3. Integrated pest management in

cotton

With the implementation of IPM

practices in cotton, cost of cultivation

decreased by 18-20 % over farmers

practice

Due to the decrease in cost of cultivation, the

net returns were higher

4. Inter cropping studies in maize

and castor

There was 6.5 % increase in net returns

with Maize + redgram cropping over

Maize sole crop. Similarly 17.34 %

increase in net returns with castor +

redgram intercropping over castor sole

crop.

Inter cropping of maize/castor with red gram

can be adopted under tank command areas

5. Training Programmes on ID

crops

Farmers were educated in recent

production technologies of ID crops

Technology transfer from farmer to farmer.

189

2005-06

S.No Input Output Outcome





vegetables crops during

rabi season

The average yields of Maize crop ranged between 2.12

and 4.67 t/ha.

The average yields of cotton ranged between 1.18 and

1.37 t/ha.

The average yield of castor was 1.09 to 1.12 t/ha

Introduction of alternate crops and

cropping system increased the

cropping intensity of the command

areas

2. Irrigations at critical crop

growth stages of maize

Moisture stress was not observed in the crop growth

period

-

3. Inter cropping studies in

maize and castor

There was 8.4 % increase in grain yield with Maize +

redgram cropping over Maize sole crop. Similarly21.0 %

increase in grain yield.with castor + redgram

intercropping over castor sole crop.

Inter cropping of maize/castor with red

gram can be adopted under tank

command areas

4. Rotational irrigation in

paddy

The results indicated that rotational water management

recorded yields varying from –2.42 % to +5.8 % grain

yield in case of black soils and +3.67 to 6.26 % in red

soils compared continuous submergence conditions.

Rotational irrigation in paddy can

be adopted in tank command areas.

5. Survey of tank catchment

areas

Watershed works and cultivation in the catchment areas

are responsible for low inflows in to the tanks

Survey of the tank cathment area

provide vital clues for estimating the

probability of filling of tanks

6. Training Programmes on

ID crops

Farmers were educated in recent production technologies

of ID crops

Technology transfer from farmer to

farmer.

190

MEDAK

2003-04

INPUT OUT PUT OUT COME

1 Demonstration of Dry seeding

of Rice under tankfed area

A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha

with two supplemental irrigations and

without any supplemental irrigation

Significant yield increase can be noticed with two

supplemental irrigations to dry sown paddy.

2 Integrated Nutrient Supply

Management in Paddy

Integrated nutrient supply management in

paddy obtained an additional yield of 0.82

t/ha.

120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green leaf

maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is recommended

for Paddy under tank commands.

3 Introduction of Maize under

tank commands

A mean grain yield of 2.24t/ha was

obtained by growing maize during Kharif

under tank commands.

Instead of keeping the land fallow, by utilizing the

rainfall Maize can be successfully grown.

4 Introduction of Soybean under

tank commands


obtained by growing maize during Kharif


Soybean crop doesn‟t come up well under tank

commands

5 Integrated Pest Management in

Cotton

There is a reduction of Rs.10825 per ha in

Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over non-

IPM plots.

IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the cost

of cultivation and also increasing the net returns.

6 Balanced fertilizer management

in Maize

Balanced fertilizer management in Maize

obtained an additional yield of 0.32 t/ha.

90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is

recommended for Maize tank commands

7 Demonstration of Production

Technology in Paddy

Improved management practices in paddy

yielded an additional yield of 1.44t/ha

Seed treatment, raising nursery on raised seedbeds,

need based plant protection measures planting 2-3

seedlings per hill, making alley ways for every 2-

3m, Integrated nutrient supply management is

recommended.

8 Demonstration of production


Improved management practices in castor

resulted in an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha.

Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing residual

soil moisture

9 Introduction of Bengalgram

under

Tank commands after maize




Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing

residual soil moisture

191

2004-05


1 Demonstration of Dry seeding of

Rice under tankfed area

A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha without

any supplemental irrigation

Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall

though yields less than transplanted crop.

2 Water management practices for


irrigated areas

There was no significant yield reduction

by use of alternate wetting and drying.

Rice can be successfully grown under

alternate wetting and drying conditions.

3 Introduction of Maize under tank

commands


obtained by growing maize during

Kharif under tank commands.

Instead of keeping the land fallow, by

utilizing the rainfall Maize can be

successfully grown.

4 Introduction of Desi cotton

under

Tank commands

A mean seed cotton yield of 0.607 t/ha

was obtained by Desi cotton with cost of

cultivation of Rs. 8003 per ha under

tank commands.

Desi cotton can be taken up by farmers with

less capital investment

5 Introduction of Genetically

Modified cotton (Bt) under tank

commands


was obtained by Bt. cotton with less pest

incidence.

Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is highly

remunerative, if the farmer can invest Rs.

15000 per ha and supplemental irrigation.

6 Integrated Pest Management in

Cotton

There is a reduction of Rs. 2280 per ha

in Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over

non-IPM plots.

IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the

cost of cultivation and also increasing the net

returns.

7 Introduction of castor under tank

commands after maize

Recorded a yield of 0.5 to 0.75 t/ha

grown on residual soil moisture

Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing


8 Introduction of Bengalgram

under

Tank commands after maize

Recorded a yield of 0.5-1.75 t/ha grown

on residual soil moisture

Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing


9 Introduction of sunflower during

Rabi after paddy

Recorded a yield of 1.07 t/ha Sunflower can be grown on residual soil

moisture in black soils and in soils after

paddy

10 Introduction of Coriander during

Rabi after fallow

Recorded a yield of 1.0t/ha grown on

residual soil moisture.

Coriander can be successfully grown in black

soils on residual soil moisture.

192

2005-06

Input Output Outcome

1 Demonstration of Dry seeding

of rice under tankfed area


obtained without any supplemental

irrigation.

Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall.

2 Water management practices


tankfed irrigated areas.


obtained.

Rice crop can be successfully grown under

alternate wetting and drying conditions

3 Introduction of maize under

tank commands


obtained.

Maize crop can be successfully grown under

tank commands instead of keeping the land

fallow.

4 Intercropping studies in maize A mean MGEY of 5.08 t/ha was

obtained when maize was intercropped

with cowpea.

Intercropping of maize with cowpea can be

adopted.

5 Introduction of Genetically


tank commands


was obtained with less pest incidence.

Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is

remunerative.

6 Introduction of fodder sorghum A mean fodder yield of 4.4 t/ha was

obtained.

Fodder sorghum can be successfully grown


193

VIZIANAGARAM 2003-04


1 Demonstration of Dry seeded paddy

and converted to wet

A yield of 2.5-3.28 t/ha

was obtained.

It was realized that the cultivation of direct sown paddy under dry

conditions under limited water availability with medium duration

varieties.

2 Demonstration of chemical weed

control methods in direct sown paddy.

Recorded the yield of

2.5-2.8 t/ha

Satisfied with the performance of the application of herbicide

butachlor, which was altogether a new practice.

3 Introduction of maize in Kharif Yield obtained was

2.12-3.62 t/ha

Convinced with the performance of the and interested to adopt the

new practice i.e cultivation of maize in Kharif in upper reaches of

the tank Ayacut.

4 Water management practices in

transplanted paddy.

Recorded the yield of

2.5-4.4 t/ha

Paddy can be successfully cultivated under rotational irrigation

schedules.

5 Introduction of sunflower in rabi A yield of 1-1.3 t/ha was

recorded

Impressed with the performance of the crop and interested to adopt

the innovative practice.

2004-05


1 Demonstration of Dry seeded


A yield of 3.0-4.0t/ha was obtained by 50

farmers.

Rice crop could be successfully grown by taking

advantage of rainfall received in the region especially

with short and medium duration varieties.

2 Demonstration of puddle

seeded rice under late

conditions

Recorded a yield of 1.8-2.6 t/ha . As a contingent package for rice under late conditions

puddle seeding can be adopted.

3 Water management practice

in transplanted paddy

A yield of 2.4-3.0t/ha was recorded though

it experienced terminal drought.

Rice can be successfully grown under alternate wetting

and drying conditions

4 Introduction of Sesamum,

Mesta

Sesamuum recorded a yield of 0.15-0.35

t/ha and Mesta recorded a yield of 0.52 t/ha.

Sesamum and Mesta crops can be grown under tank

commands.

5 Introduction of Maize Maize recorded a yield of 4.3t/ha Maize crop can be adopted in tank commands

6 Introduction of Sesamum,

Vegetables and sunflower

after rice/maize

These crops were successfully grown after

rice/maize

After rice sesamum, sunflower and vegetables can be

taken up.

194

2005-06


1 Sowing of ragi,mesta and green manure

crops preceding paddy.

Ragi yields 5q/ha

Mesta recorded the yield

6-6.75 t/ha.

Sesainmum ,ragi and mesta can be

cultivated preceding rice (Kharif) to

increase the economic returns.

2 Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy

under dry conditions later converted to

wet including weed management and

varietial

Performance.

Short duration varieties yielded 2.25 t/ha and

Medium duration varieties yielded 3.75to4.46

t/ha

Cultivation of short and medium

duration varieties is very much

preferable under tankfed situations

(limited irrigated conditions)

3 Water management practice in

transplanted paddy.

Lesser yields recorded than direct sown paddy. Cultivation of transplanted paddy is

always a risky due to the erratic

rainfall patterns under limited irrigated

conditions.

4 Introduction of non-traditional crop like

maize during Kharif.

Maize obtained the yield of 3.2 t/ha Maize can be successfully grown in

the upper reaches of the tank Ayacut

during Kharif.

5 Sowing of sesamum and sunflower after

paddy

Crops are at vegetative growth stage. After Kharif paddy sesamum and

sunflower cultivation can be taken up

successfully.

195

KADAPA

Input Output Outcome

1 Introduction of Greengram, Bajra and

Green manure crops

Farmers harvested 5.62 t / ha and

incorporated bhusa in paddy fields

which improved the paddy yields by

2.5-4.2 t/ha


Increasing the cropping intensity

2 Water management in transplanted

paddy with rotational irrigation

20% water saved in rice with higher

yield of 5-6.2 t/ha. The water thus

saved was utilized for raising additional

sunflower crop during rabi

The rice can be successfully grown under

rotational irrigation with saving in irrigation

water , which can be utilized for growing I.D

crops.

3 Semi dry paddy under bore-wells of

black and red soils

The yields of 4.6t/ha was obtained in

black soils and 2.61t/ha in red soils

with less water than that of irrigated

crop

In semi dry rice, water productivity is higher in

black soils than that of red soils. The semi dry

rice technology can be adopted in black soils

under wells.

4 Introduction of new vegetable crop of

French bean

Instead of one crop 2-3 crops were

raised

Crop diversification increasing cropping

intensity.

5 Introduction of Jowar as rainfed crop

on conserved moisture during rabi

(Magi Jowar) after greengram

Jowar yield of 2t/ha was obtained in the

crop sown in October

Jowar crop can be grown on conserved

moisture or as rainfed in tank commands which

can meet the fodder requirement of cattle and

also income to the farmer

6 Training programmes Farmers were educated in recent

production technologies of I.D crops

Technology transfer from farmer to farmer

196

ANANTHAPUR (2003-04)

S .No Input Output

Outcome

1. Introduction of crops like

hybrid sorghum (Haritha)

fodder sorghum during

early kharif for utilizing

the early rains

The average yields of hybrid sorghum crop

ranged between 4.0 and 4.6 t/ha.

The average green fodder yields of fodder

sorghum ranged between 24 and 30 t/ha.

Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing

early rains with higher income

2. Introduction of sunhemp

and diancha crops as green

manures under tank

command areas

Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose

due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead

of using as green manure. The average green

fodder yield ranged between 24 and 31 t/ha

Green manures crops introduced under tank

command areas as preceding crop to rice. At

the same time if tanks couldn‟t get water the

same may be utilize for fodder purpose.

3. Soil reclamation with

gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in

paddy

The average grain yield in paddy ranged between

5780 – 6586 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum

applied plots.

Awareness was created about reclamation of

soil with soil amendments and also yields are

increased in paddy.

4. Soil reclamation and

correction of Zn deficiency

with zinc sulphate @ 50

kg/ha in paddy

The average grain yield in paddy ranged between

5509 – 5629 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum

applied plots and also rectified the Zn deficiency

which is common in alkaline soils.

Awareness was created about Zn deficiency

in paddy especially growing in tank

commands where soils are alkaline in nature

and also yields are increased in paddy.

5. Diversification of crops

like sunflower under

borewell irrigation in place

of paddy

The average grain yield in sunflower ranged

between 5.2 – 7.2 q/ acre and also farmers

cultivated more area with limited available water

instead of going in limited area paddy

Farmers get more net returns by cultivating

more area with limited available water.

6. Training Programmes Training programmes to line departments, Rythu

mitra groups, extensional personnels and farmers

on different aspects

Technology transferred to farmers through

Rythu Mithra groups line departments.

7. Work shop A work shop on “Crops, cropping systems and

irrigation management under tainfed irrigated

areas of Rayalaseema region” was conducted.

More awareness was created about tankfed

irrigation to irrigation department officials,

agricultural department officials and farmers

197

(2004-05)

S .No Input Output Outcome


sorghum (NTJ – 2) during

early kharif for utilizing the

early rains

The average green fodder yields of fodder

sorghum ranged between 11.6 and 13.8 t/ha.

Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains

with higher income

2. Introduction of sunhemp and

greengram crops as green

manures under tank

command areas

Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose

due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead

of using as green manure. The average green

fodder yield 9.45 t/ha in case of greengram and

21.12 t/ha in case of sunhemp was recorded.

Green manures crops introduced under tank

command areas as preceding crop to rice. At the

same time if tanks couldn‟t get water the same may

be utilize for fodder purpose.


gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy

The average grain yield in paddy ranged

between 4680 – 5622 kg /ha was recorded in

gypsum applied plots.

Awareness was created about reclamation of soil

with soil amendments and also yields are increased

in paddy.




kg/ha in paddy


between 4825 – 5906 kg /ha was recorded in

gypsum applied plots and also rectified the Zn

deficiency which is common in alkaline soils.

Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in

paddy especially growing in tank commands where

soils are alkaline in nature and also yields are

increased in paddy.

5. Diversification of crops like



The average grain yield in sunflower ranged

between 12.8 – 17.25 q/ ha and also farmers

cultivated more area with limited available water

instead of going in limited area paddy

Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully

grown under tank command area of Anantapur

district during late kharif and summer.

6. Training Programmes Training programmes to line departments and

extensional personnel‟s on different aspects

Proven technology transferred to line departments

officials and farmers, farmers got first hand

information in various aspects.

7. Work shop A workshop on “management crops in tankfed

irrigated areas” was conducted.

Results on research and demonstration under tank

command area were transformed to department

officials and farmers

198

(2005-06)

S .No Input Output Outcome


sorghum (NTJ – 2) during

early kharif for utilizing the

early rains

The average green of fodder yield is 15.6

t/ha.

Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains

with higher income

2. Introduction of sunhemp and

greengram crops as green

manures under tank

command areas

The average green fodder yield ranged

between 16.05 and 19.55 was recorded in

sunhemp.

Green manures crops introduced under tank command

areas as preceding crop to rice. At the same time if

tanks couldn‟t get water the same may be utilize for

fodder purpose.


gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy


between 4674 – 5172 kg /ha was

recorded in gypsum applied plots.

Awareness was created about reclamation of soil with

soil amendments and also yields are increased in

paddy.




kg/ha in paddy


between 4602 – 5060 kg /ha was

recorded in gypsum applied plots and

also rectified the Zn deficiency which is

common in alkaline soils.

Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in paddy

especially growing in tank commands where soils are

alkaline in nature and also yields are increased in

paddy.

5. Diversification of crops like



The average grain yield in sunflower

ranged between 13.75 – 18 q/ ha and also

farmers cultivated more area with limited

available water instead of going in

limited area paddy

Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully

grown under tank command area of Anantapur district

during late kharif and summer.

6. Training Programmes Training programmes on cultivation

aspects of vegetables and short duration

horticultural crops, fertilizer management

in different crops.

Farmers were trained recent production technologies

in different field crops.

199

Chapter-VII

Extension activities

201

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

A) MEDAK

A) Training programs, Farmers and scientists interaction meetings, and Farmers, scientists and line

department interaction meetings.

i) Training Programs

Date Place Topic covered

1 16-08-03 Ramunipally Production technology and IPM in cotton

2 08-12-03 Kukunoorpally Production technology of Bengalgram

3 24-07-04 Kukunoorpally IPM in Cotton

4 09-10-04 Mangole Production technology in Groundnut

5 19-10-04 Konaipally Production technology in I.D crops

6 20-10-04 Kukunoorpally Production technology of Bengalgram

7 15-02-05 Kukunoorpally Plant protection measures in Vegetable crops

8 07-01-06 Thipparam Production technology in ID crops

ii) Farmer Scientist Interaction meetings

Date Place

1 22-06-03 Bhoompally

2 22-06-03 Kukunoorpally



iii) Farmer, Scientist and Line department officers interaction meeting

Date Place



3 11-01-05 Khajipur

4 12-01-05 Mangole

202

2003-04

A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 29th

January 2004 at Bhoompally and 30th

January 2004 at Kukunoorpally. Mandal

Agriculture Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary

Doctor, Asst. E.E (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group

Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers

from various villages participated in the training programme.

A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology),

Production technologies on Maize, Soybean, Redgram, Bengalgram, Rajmash, Cotton,

Castor, Sunflower and Groundnut was done. A discussion on Drip and sprinkler irrigation

systems was also done.

The Horticulture Scientist answered to the queries posed by the line department

officers and farmers on mango, vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants.

Literature on micro irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler irrigation systems) was

published in a booklet form and was distributed to the farmers, line department officials

and the participants to the training programme at Bhoompally on 29th

January and

Kukunoorpally on 30th

January 2004.

2004-05

A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 11th

January 2005 at Khajipur and 12th

January 2005 at Mangole. Agriculture Extension

Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary Doctor, Asst.

Executive Engineer (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group

Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers

from various villages participated in the training programme.

A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology),

Production technologies on Maize, Redgram, Bengalgram, Sunflower, Cotton, Castor,

and Groundnut, Integrated Pest Management was done.

Scientists, Line department officers and farmers visited the fields at Mangole.

203

Booklets on Production technologies of I.D crops, Leaflets on Pesticides dosages

and usage, IPM in cotton, redgram, Pamphlets on Castor, Rajmash were distributed to the

farmers, line department officials.

B) Publicity material

Leaflets:

1. Knowledge on pesticide usage

2. Production technology on Maize, Bengalgram and Castor

3. IPM in Cotton and Redgram

Pamphlets:

1. Rajmash

2. Castor

Booklets:

1. Production technology of Irrigated Dry Crops

2. Drip and sprinkler Irrigation systems

Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project

and were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department

officers meetings.

C) Papers presented in the workshops/ symposium

Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Resource

characterization and socio-economic status of tankfed farmers, Medak district.

Proceedings of workshop on “ Agricultural Research and Demonstration under

Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh” Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural

University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005.

Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Crops and cropping

systems for tankfed areas of Medak district characterization and socio-economic

status of tankfed farmers, Medak district. Proceedings of workshop on “

Agricultural Research and Demonstration under Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra

Pradesh” Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,

Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005.

204

D) Press notes/ articles published in print media

Press notes were published in various newspapers (Enadu, Vartha, Andhra Jyothi and

AndhraBhoomi)

2003-04

1. Role of trap crops in pest control-17th

August 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper)

2. Minimization of Pesticides usage in pest control-2nd

November 2003,Eenadu

(Daily News paper)

3. Good yields in Barren lands of tank command-23rd

November 2003, Andhra

Jyothi (Daily News paper)

4. Training programme to farmers by Agricultural University Scientists. 23rd

November 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper)

5. Pest control in Bengalgram-12th

December 2003-Vartha (Daily News Paper)

6. Scientists support to farmers in maximizing crop yields-22nd

December 2003,

Eenadu (Daily News paper)

2004-05

1. Cultivation of Vegetables in rabi is better-20th

October 2004, Eenadu (Daily News

paper)

2. Water to soil is like blood to Human being-12th

January 2005,Eenadu (Daily

News paper)

3. Cultivate with scientific approach-13th

January 2005, Vartha (Daily News paper)

4. Cultivate Irrigated dry crops-13th

January 2005, Eenadu (Daily News paper)

5. Vegetable cultivation is profitable by adopting simple techniques-16th

February

2005-Eenadu (Daily News Paper)

Year Number

1 2003-04 6

2 2004-05 5

3 2005-06 1

205

B) MAHABOOBNAGAR

I) Training programmes:

Training programmes were conducted in each tank fed area to create awareness

among the farmers regarding crop diversification; alternate cropping systems crop

production and crop protection. Farmers of WUA, other farmers of the village, line

department officials participated in the training programmes. List of the areas on which

the training programmes were conducted are

1. Importance of ID crops and their potentiality for kharif season.

2. Water saving technologies in rice cultivation

3. Crop protection in different kharif crops

4. Suitability of ID crops in Rabi

5. Irrigation management in ID crops

6. Crop protection in Rabi crops

7. Vegetable and fodder crop production

II) Pamphlets published:

1. Varilo neeti yajamanya paddathulu

2. Rabilo kuragayala sagu valana adhika labhalu

Pamphlets were published and distributed to farmers by Rythumithra Sangas and

other organizations through Department Of Agriculture officials and various NGOs and

GOs of the district.

III) Extension activities (2004-05)

In addition to the regular meetings and on-farm discussions with the farmers of

the tank command areas in the selected villages the following extension activities were

conducted for dissemination of the project results in the district as well as in the state.

a) TV Programmes:

To disseminate the results achieved in the project villages among he farming

community of the state we have invited Rythu Mithra Unit of Teja TV to picturize the

results and to interact with the farmers in Vattem and Indrakal villages. These programs

were broadcasted on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004 in Rythu-Mithra programme of Teja

TV.

206

b) All India Radio Programme:

Keeping in view the wider reach and popularity of the radio among the rural farming

community we have invited AIR Hyderabad staff to interact with the farmers of all the

project villages. About twenty four farmers were interviewed by the air correspondent

and these interviews were broadcasted on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004 in Farm- Home

program of AIR Hyderabad station.

Similarly, Interviews of the Associate Director of Research, RARS, Palem and

Scientist-in-charge APERP project were also recorded by the AIR correspondent and these

were also broad cast on AIR on later dates.

c) Field Day:

To ensure the spread of the technologies that were evaluated and which were

found to be more suitable for the tank command areas through out the Mahaboobnagar

district we have organized a Field Day in Indrakl village on 28-10-2004. In this field day

Director of Research, ANGRAU, Smt Balamanemma and Dr. Narsimha Reddy , Board of

Management , ANGRAU, Joint Director of Agriculture, Mahaboobnagar district

Irrigation Agronomist, Mahaboobnagar district and Department of Agriculture Officials

participated in the field day along with the farmers from all the project villages and other

villages.

d) Interaction session for the Department of Agriculture Officials of the district.

To disseminate project results to all the mandals of the district through the

Department of Agriculture officials, as they have wider reach and better access to the

farmers of the district as a whole, an interaction session and field visit was arranged for

them in Indrkal village on 12-10-2004. In this visit Joint Director of Agriculture and

other officers from all the mandals of the district participated and they have actively

interacted with the farmers of the village.

e) Press Meet:

A press meet was arranged on 08-11-2004 with the farmers from all the project

villages and various farmers Union leaders of the district level and state level and

reporters of the all popular telugu dailies of the district. In this press meet

reporters from various dailies actively interacted with the farmers of different

villages. This meet was give wide publicity in all the local editions of the district.

We are planning to organize village wise training programs to the farmers of the

project villages during March 2005.

207

ANANTHAPUR:

Training programmes were organized on different aspects which identified

necessary based on the constraints identified in the tank fed command area. Training

programmes were conducted by project staff with scientists of ARS Anantapur, ARS

Reddipalli, KVK and DAATT Centre. The trained personnel include tankfed farmer‟s

non-tankfed farmers, Rythu Mitra groups, line departments and agricultural extension

officers. A through discussion was carried out after every programme. Leaflets and

pamphlets were distributed to farmers. Farmers interacted positively and gained first hand

knowledge from the training. a good response was received as a feed back from them.

Details of training programmes carried out under the project

Sl.no Date Title of training programme Members

covered

No. of

partipants

1 Jan

2004

Training to line departments and

agricultural extension personnel

AO,s and ADA‟s

30

2 Feb

2004

training programme to the farmers of the

tankfed areas on SRI technology

farmers 30

3 Feb

2004

Problems and prospects of different crops

and mechanization in dry land

agriculture.

Rythu Mitra

Group farmers

40

4. Mar

ch

2004

Problems and prospects of different

crops, raising of nurseries in different

crops, mechanization in groundnut

cultivation.

Rythu Mitra

groups farmers of

Bukkarasamudra

m and Raptadu

35

5. 11-

2004

SRI technology Pullalarevu

farmers

40

6. 10 –

2004

Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation AO,s and ADA‟s 65

7. 5.07.

2004

Reclamation of problematic soils. Rangampeta

farmers

30

8. 6.07.

2004

Reclamation of problematic soils. Pamurai farmers 45

9. 21.0

7.20

04

SRI technology Madigubba

farmers

47

10. 22.0

7.20

04

Reclamation of problematic soils. Madigubba

farmers

27

11. 27.0

7.20

04

Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation. AO‟s 94

208

12 08.1

1.20

04

SRI technology Pullalarevu

farmers

30

13. 20.0

2.20

05

Pest management in different crops Madigubba

farmers

30

14 23.0

2.20

05

Pest management in different crops Rangampeta

farmers

30

15. 25.0

2.20

05

Pest management in different crops Pullalarevu

farmers

26

16. 26.0

2.20

05

Management of different crops and

reclamation of problematic soils.

Pamurai farmers 30

17. 9.03.

2005

Management of crops, pest and diseases

control in different crops

Pamurai farmers 25

18. 15.0

3.20

05

Management of crops B.Yelaru 40

19. 16.0

3.20

05

Management of crops, Pests and diseases

management in different crops.

Nayanavaripalli 41

20 17.0

3.20

05

Management of different crops, pest and

diseases management in horticulture

crops.

Y.Kottapalli 26

Work shops and field days

Workshop on “Crops, cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed

areas of Rayalaseema region” (AEPRP).

A two day work shop was conducted on 30th

January and 31st January 2004

“crops and cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed areas of

Rayalaseema region” and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop

production in tankfed areas. The participants included the scientists of the Scarce Rainfall

Zone of Andhra Pradesh (Agronomist and Soil Scientists), extension personnel‟s of

department of Agriculture, progressive farmers and Associate Director of Research,

RARS, Nandyal with Dr.G.Sreedhar, Registrar, S.K.University, Anantapur as the chief

guests.

209

Recommendations of workshop on crops, cropping systems and irrigation

management under tankfed areas of Rayalaseema region (AEPRP).

1. Suitable crops for different soils like musk melon for sandy soils and sunflower

for alkali soils.

2. Reclamation of alkali soils

Green manuring with diancha

Gypsum application

Application of sand

Since the tankfed areas are deficient in zinc, it should be applied @ 50 kg/hectare

Work shop on” Management of crops in Tank fed irrigated areas”

One day work shop was conducted on 15-2-2005 on “Management of crops in

Tank fed irrigated areas” and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop

production in tank fed areas. The participants included the Scientist of the Agricultural

Research station, Anantapur, Agricultural Research station, Reddipalli, Krishi Vigyan

Kendra, Reddipalli, extension personal of Deportment of Agriculture, irrigation

department Engineers, District irrigation Agronomist, progressive farmers of tank fed

villages and Associate Director of Research, RARS, Nandyal. Scientist‟s in charge of

tankfed irrigation project of Kadapa, Palem, Jagityal have also participated.

Recommendations of the work shop:

Alternate to rice, sunflower, pulses, jowar, maize, bajra and vegetable crops can be taken

up.

1. Reclamation of alkali soils with gypsum helps to get higher yields

2. Green manuring with sunhemp, diancha crops can be recommended and

popularized

3. Short duration horticultural crops like chrysanthemum, melons (musk melon,

water melon) can be recommended

4. Before onset of monsoon, soils should be thoroughly prepared.

5. Under limited water conditions SRI technique can be adopted.

Field day was conducted on 02.08.2005 at Madigubba village on crop diversification.

210

VIZIANAGARAM

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to

create awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the

scarce resource like water to reap maximum benefits covering 671

participants 13 training programmes on the following items.

1. Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice).

2. Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during

kharif season.

3. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production.

4. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting

suitable crop planning.

5. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank

command.

6. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM.

7. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in

I.D. crops.

8. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies /

disorders , forecast of pests and diseases and their management.

During the above training programmes, discussed with the farmers on the package

of practices of the crops like aerobic rice, maize, sunflower, sesamum, ragi and

vegetables. Discussions were held on the importance of use of rain water and better

management practices for realizing optimum crop yields under I.D. conditions. Explained

the farmers about the importance of rice based cropping system under the present days of

water shortage and to identify most suitable and more remunerative cropping systems

including cropping intensity under the tank commands.

211

The farmers were sensitized about the difference between pest and disease incidence and

are able to take up suitable control measures for the effective management of various

pests and diseases on different crops grown under the tank command. Motivated the

farmers for the efficient utilization of the available irrigation water resources under the

tank commands by proper planning of crop sequences to harvest better yields.

Extended technical expertise on various pests and diseases on different crops

grown by the farmers in the entire village by visiting their fields, time to time. Field days

were organized and discussed the merits and demerits encountered by introducing the

non-traditional crops. The precautionary measures to be taken while using the chemicals

for weed control especially in the aerobic rice and I.D. crops. During the midseason the

IPM and INM practices and their impact were discussed in the context of over usage of

these commodities at times and the need to maintain proper pollution check. The

importance of basal application of Phosphorus and Potash fertilizers were very much

stressed as most of the farmers were in the habit of applying them in the form of complex

fertilizers as top dressing and some times even at the time of flowering stage. The

advantage of application of straight fertilizers at the right time crop need was also very

much stressed.

212

KADAPA

TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED DURING 2005-06

Sl.

No.

Date Training

programmes / Group

discussions /

Demonstrations /

Field visits

Resource persons Name of the

conducted

village

No.of

Partic

ipants

1. 5.7.05 Training

programme on

“Alternate crops to

rice” (I.D crops)”.

P.V.Krishana Reddy

(Soil science)

R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br)

Research Associates:

Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao

Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Ibrahimpet 67

2. 7.7.05 Training programme

on “Alternate crops

to rice” (I.D crops)”.

P.V.Krishana Reddy

Senior scientist (Soil science)

Dr.K. Sankara Reddy,

Senior scientist (Agro) and

project in-charge.



Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Puttayapalli 72


on Production

technology on Jowar

and Sunflower



Project in-charge.



Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Gangaperuru 59


on Production

technology on Jowar

and Sunflower



Project in-charge.



Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Thippanapalli 51

213

TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED 2004-05

Sl.

No.

Date Training

programmes/Group

discussions/Demonst

rations/Field visits

Resource persons Name of the

conducted

village

1. 4.6.04 Training

programme on

“Irrigated dry crop”

(I.D crops)”.

Dr.K.SankarReddy

Senior scientist (Agro) and project in-

charge

Research associates:


Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Gangaperuru

2. 7.6.04 Training

programme on


(I.D crops)”.


Senior scientist (Agro) and project in-

charge.



Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Puttayapalli

3. 8.6.04 Training

programme on


(I.D crops)”.



Project in-charge.



Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Thippanapalli


on Production

technology on

Sunflower and

Vegetable



Project in-charge




Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Gangaperuru


on Production

technology on

Sunflower and

Vegetable



Project in-charge




Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Ibrahimpet

6. 21.2.05 Field day JDA, Cuddapah.

Smt. Jaheera Bhanu,

Board Member,ANGRAU

Dr. K.Sankara Reddy,

Senior scientist and project in-charge

Puttayapalli

“Alternate crops to rice” (I.D crops)”. Production technology on Jowar and

Sunflower“Irrigated dry crop” (I.D crops)”. Production technology on

Sunflower and Vegetable.

214

Extension activities in Kadapa

215

Extension activities in Mahaboobnagar district

Faremers Field Day conducted in Indrakal Village on 24-10-2004

Farmers visit to Indrakal village

216

Exposure visit to Officers of Department of Agriculture,

Mahaboobnagar

district to Project villages

Training to Farmers through FTC, Mahaboobnagar

217

On-Farm Interaction program

Training to framers in RARS, Palem

218

Extension activities in Medak district

Farmers training program in Khajipur village on 11-01-2005

Participants in the training program

219

Famers training program in Magole village on 12-01-2005

Participants in the training program

220

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES

MEDAK

To achieve the objectives of the project, trials and demonstrations were conducted

under Kalakalamma cheruvu (Kukunoorpally), Pedda cheruvu (Bhoompally) tank

commands for three years (2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06) and under Doddi cheruvu

(Mangole) and Pedda Cheruvu (Khajipur) tank commands for two years (2004-05 &

2005-06).

The outstanding achievements are as follows.

1. Demonstration / Evaluation of different crops and crop sequences

Instead of keeping the land fallow I.D crops like maize, cotton (Genetically

modified cotton), Maize intercropped with redgram, cowpea and beans were identified as

profitable crops / crop sequences under tank commands.

As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton

during Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander

during Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project

implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally,

Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation.

2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or

situation

Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of

water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank

commands

3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production

and returns.

Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands.


improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in


Several I.D crops like bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut, redgram, coriander

were successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall

and ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving

the WUE and increasing cropping intensity.

221

5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate

farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures.

Demonstrations on recommended fertilizer application and Integrated Pest

Management in different crops were organized. The fertilizer consumption reduced. The

practice of alleyways in rice has become popular in the command area.

Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of

Rs.1089 per hectare. Integrated nutrient management in paddy resulted in a mean

additional net income of Rs. 4828 per hectare. Integrated pest management in paddy,

cotton and castor resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757, 15327 and 1824

per hectare

6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmer’s managerial capabilities

Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four

Farmers, Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under

APERP project during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to

benefit 30-250 farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the

cropping pattern to be adopted for effective management of water under tank command

areas, with the objective to have more acreage under command area profitable crops,

which require less irrigation have been identified and recommended in place of rice.

Special lectures were arranged to educate farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient

irrigation water management and integrated pest management for successful growing of

crops under irrigated dry conditions.

The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge

gained by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of

adoption of improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in

cropping intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages.

222

Mahaboobnagar district

Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced 10 irrigations compared to continuous

saturation method both in black and red soils, but slightly decreased grain (5.96%)

and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method.

Maize seed yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively

with two irrigations given at critical crop growth( silking and grain filling) stages as

compared to cultivation under rainfed situation

There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to green manuring

(daincha) along with recommended fertilizers over farmers method (with out green

manuring).

In cotton, 18-20 per cent reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with

integrated pest management over farmer‟s method.

There was 6.5 and 17.34 per cent increase in returns with maize + red gram and

castor + red gram inter cropping over sole maize and castor

Among different rice based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more

remunerative, while in case of ID based cropping systems, maize followed by

vegetables recorded more returns.

223

Ananthapur District

The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is

a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if

neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area,

project entitled “Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district.

Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for

study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field

demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots

were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve

the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the

tankfed areas.

1. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October

and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and

diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing

the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent

2. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient

deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and

application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical

and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that

3. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the

entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry

crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace

paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also

4. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land

fallow due to non – availability of water in their holding.

224

Vizianagaram District

1. Maize can be cultivated during kharif season under the tank commands

preferably in heavy black soils in the upper reaches and in medium red soils in

the middle reaches wherever proper drainage facilities exist. The crop need to

be harvested before October as the North Coastal Zone is cyclone prone.

2. Weeds can be effectively managed with the application of Atrazine at 1.0 –

1.25 kg a.i per ha as pre emergence.

3. Direct sown paddy under dry conditions later convert to wet (aerobic rice) can

be successfully cultivated instead of transplanted paddy with early duration

varieties like MTU-1010 in the upper reaches, medium duration varieties like

RGL-2538, in the middle reaches,

long duration varieties BPT-3291, RGL-2332 and RGL-2537 even in the

lower reaches of the tank commands. In the years late monsoon aerobic rice

cultivation is more profitable than the traditional method of rice cultivation.

4. Weed menace is the major hurdle coming in the way of aerobic rice

cultivation. This can be over come by application of Butachlor (pre-

emergence herbicide).

5. Green manure crops like sunhemp, diancha, pilli pesara can be raised

preceeding paddy and can be incorporated at puddling time to improve soil

fertility.

6. Sesamum can be raised profitably under the residual moisture conditions.

7. Whenever limited irrigation facilities are available sunflower cultivation is

more remunerative.

8. Cultivation of Vegetables like French bean, bhendi are profitable where better

irrigation facilities are available.

9. Under crop sequence approach.

1. Maize/ rice – Sesamum (residual moisture)

2. Maize / aerobic rice – sunflower (limited irrigations)

Ragi – Sunflower (1 or 2 irrigations)

3. Maize – French bean / bendi (better irrigation)

4. Aerobic rice – Maize (when N-E monsoon is active)

225

Recommendations for adoption

Based on the research and demonstration under tank mount areas in the districts of

different agro-climatic regions of A.P. The following crops and cropping systems have

been recommended depending on type of soils.

MAHABOOBNAGAR

Black Soils

Tanks filled

Green gram /green manure-paddy-Sunflower

Green gram /green manure-paddy -Maize.

Green gram /green manure-paddy -Sorghum.

Tanks partially filled /unfilled

Cotton-sunflower

Early onset of monsoon : Maize-sunflower /Bengal gram.

Late onset of monsoon : Sunflower / castor - ragi /vegetables.

Complete rain fed

Maize + red gram /castor +red gram /sorghum +red gram during kharif fallow in Rabi.

Red Soils

Tanks filled

Sunflower- groundnut or maize - groundnut.

Tanks partially filled /unfilled

Maize - sunflower /groundnut or

Sorghum - groundnut / ragi / sunflower

Complete rain fed

Sorghum +red gram - fallow

Castor + red gram - fallow

Total diversification from paddy to dry crops under bore wells.

226

MEDAK

Red soils under completely rain fed

Maize-fallow

Castor-fallow

Maize + red gram (2-4: 1)

Black soils completely rain fed, (tanks not filled)

Maize - Bengal gram

Maize - sunflower

Cotton (hybrid)

Cotton (bt)

Red soils -rain fed supported by bore wells:

Maize - groundnut

Maize - castor

Maize + field beans (2-4: 1)

Black soils- rain fed supported by bore wells

Maize - Bengal gram

Maize - sunflower

Paddy - sunflower

Maize - coriander

Cotton ( bt )

Cotton (hybrid)

KADAPA

Tanks not filled

Green gram / bajra / preceding rice from may - Aug. and jower / sunflower as

contingent crops during October for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil

moisture.

Tanks supported by bore well

Green gram /green manure -rice - sunflower / vegetables ( French bean )

French bean in rice fallow under rice based cropping system

ANANTAPUR

Tanks not filled

Under rain fed situation:

Fodder sorghum, sunhemp / grain sorghum instead keeping land fallow.

Tanks receive water and supported by bore wells:

Soil reclamation with gypsum / green manure for Paddy crop.

In Paddy, ZnSO4 application to combat Zn deficiency in alkaline soils which is common

in tank ayacut of Anantapur.

227

VIZIANAGARAM

Black Soils (Clay and Silty Soils)

Aerobic rice with early and medium varieties for upper and middle reaches

Maize under proper drainage condition

Ragi instead of groundnut and mesta in elevated areas.

Late onset of monsoon, aerobic rice during kharif followed by sesamum in Rabi.

Maize-sunflower system under limited irrigation facilities.

Paddy-maize systems where N.E. monsoon is active.

Red soils (sandy loams or sandy clay loams )

For middle and upper reaches maize / ragi / groundnut /aerobic rice with early and

medium duration varieties and aerobic rice with long duration varieties in lower reaches.

For late onset of monsoon :

Wet seeded rice and maize / ragi as contingent crops for kharif and during Rabi

under limited irrigation facilities sunflower and vegetables like French bean, Raddish and

carrot.

228

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT

ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED

AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

1. Name of the centre: Medak

2. Details of the project location: Kukunoorpally (Kondapak Mandal)

Bhoompally (Mirdoddi Mandal)

Mangole (Kondapak Mandal)

Kazipur (Mirdoddi Mandal)

3. Details of rainfall in the project areas:

Kondapak Mandal

Years Normal rain

fall

(mm)

Actual rainfall

(mm)

Distribution of

rainfall /maximum

rainy months

% Deviation from

normal

1998-1999 635.0 460.4 July, Aug & Sep 27.5 Deficit

1999-2000 635.0 534.6 -do- 15.8 Deficit

2000-2001 635.0 1003.1 June, July & Aug 57.9 Excess

2001-2002 635.0 453.8 June & Aug 28.5 Deficit

2002-2003 635.0 366.9 Aug & Oct 42.2 Deficit

2003-2004 635.0 480.9 Oct 24.3 Deficit

2004-2005 635.0 696.7 July & Oct 9.7 Excess

2005-2006 635.0 992.4 July & Sep 56.3 Excess

Mirdoddi Mandal

Years Normal rain

fall

(mm)

Actual rainfall

(mm)

Distribution of

rainfall /maximum

rainy months

% Deviation from

normal

1998-1999 686.9 954.0 June, July, Aug,

Sep & Oct

38.9 Excess

1999-2000 686.9 661.2 June, July, Aug &

Sep

3.7 Deficit

2000-2001 686.9 578.4 June, July &Aug 15.8 Deficit

2001-2002 686.9 624.8 June & July 0.9 Deficit

2002-2003 686.9 208.6 Aug 69.6 Deficit

2003-2004 686.9 414.9 Aug & Oct 39.6 Deficit

2004-2005 686.9 677.9 July & Sep 1.3 Deficit

2005-2006 686.9 797.3 July, Sep & Oct 16.1 Excess

4. Details of the tank in the project location:

Particulars Tank-1 Tank-2 Tank-3 Tank-4

Name of the tank Kalkalamma

cheruvu

Pedda Cheruvu Doddi Cheruvu Pedda Cheruvu

Area of the tank 56.8 ha 67.6 ha 16.0 ha 61.6 ha

Tank filling status

(%)

Before project

implementation

100% filled in

1996-97

100% filled in

1996-97

100% filled in

1996-97

100% filled in

1996-97

2003-04 25 25 25 25

2004-05 30 25 30 25

2005-06 100 80 100 75

Total command

area under the tank

(ha)

41.712 170.4 62.44 97.636

229

Dr. Balasubramanyam, World Bank Consultant's visit to

project villages in Madak District

World bank consultant and other review team members interacting

with farmers in Medak district

230

Dr. A. Padma Raju, Director of Research, ANGRAU during a

field visit in Indrakal Village

231

Chapter-VIII

Impact Assessment

233

5 a) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Kalkalamma tank (Kukunoorpally)

Gross

command

area (ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)

Kharif Rabi Summer Total Cropping

intensity

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

41.712

Paddy

Cotton

F. Jowar

14.0

0.2

0.8

Paddy

Bengalgram

Castor

4.0

2.0

0.4

Paddy

Cotton

F. Jowar

Bengalgram

Castor

18.0

0.2

0.8

2.0

0.4

0.51

15.0 6.4 21.4

2003-04

41.712

Paddy

Cotton

Maize

Soybean

F. Jowar

14.8

0.4

4.0

2.4

0.8

Paddy

Bengalgram

Castor

Others

4.0

12.0

2.0

0.4

Paddy

Cotton

Maize

Soybean

F. Jowar

Bengalgram

Castor

Others

18.8

0.4

4.0

2.4

0.8

12.0

2.0

0.4

0.98

22.4 18.4 40.8

2004-05

41.712

Paddy

Cotton

Maize

Soybean

F. Jowar

14.0

7.0

9.2

0.4

0.8

Paddy

Bengalgram

Castor

Sunflower

Redgram

Coriander

F.Jowar

4.8

14.0

2.4

3.2

0.4

0.4

0.8

Paddy

Cotton

Maize

Soybean

F. Jowar

Bengalgram

Castor

Sunflower

Redgram

Coriander

18.8

7.0

9.2

0.4

1.6

14.0

2.4

3.2

0.4

0.4

1.38

31.4 26.0 57.4

2005-06

41.712

Paddy

Cotton

Maize(S)

Maize(I)

Castor

F. Jowar

9.6

6.6

17.1

1.4

1.2

0.1

Paddy

Bengalgram

Castor

Sunflower

Coriander

Others

11.6

4.0

0.4

6.0

0.6

2.7

Paddy

Cotton

Maize(S)

Maize(I)

Castor

F. Jowar

Bengalgram

Sunflower

Coriander

Others

21.2

6.6

17.1

1.4

1.6

0.1

4.0

6.0

0.6

2.7

1.47

36.0 25.3 61.3

234

5 b) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Bhoompally)

Gross

command

area (ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)


intensity

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

170.4

Paddy

Maize

Castor

14.0

3.2

4.0

Paddy

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

1.6

10.0

4.8

4.0

Paddy

Maize

Castor

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

15.6

3.2

8.0

10.0

4.8

0.24

21.2 20.4 41.6

2003-04

170.4

Paddy

Maize

Castor

Soybean

24.8

21.6

4.0

15.2

Paddy

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

--

44.0

4.8

12.8

Paddy

Maize

Castor

Soybean

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

24.8

21.6

16.8

15.2

44.0

4.8

0.75

65.6 61.6 127.2

2004-05

170.4

Paddy

Maize

M+R

Cotton

Soybean

15.2

72.0

8.8

1.6

1.6

Paddy

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

1.2

64.0

10.4

12.8

Paddy

Maize

M+R

Castor

Cotton

Soybean

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

16.4

72.0

8.8

12.8

1.6

1.6

64.0

10.4

1.10

99.2 88.4 187.6

2005-06

170.4

Paddy

Dry Paddy

Maize

M+C

M+R

Castor

Cotton

F.Jowar

10.4

1.6

25.8

20.4

18.9

1.2

0.4

0.1

Paddy

Sunflower

Bengalgram

Castor

Sugarcane

Safflower

2.4

0.8

35.2

10.0

13.4

0.4

Paddy

Dry Paddy

Maize

M+C

M+R

Castor

Cotton

F.Jowar

Sunflower

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Safflower

12.8

1.6

25.8

20.4

18.9

11.2

0.4

0.1

0.8

35.2

13.4

0.4

0.83

78.8 62.2 141.0

235

5 c) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Doddi Cheruvu tank (Mangole)

Gross

command

area (ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)


intensity

percent Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

62.44

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

Cotton

Castor

Cowpea

8.0

1.6

0.8

2.0

0.8

0.4

Paddy

Bengalgram

Castor

5.0

1.6

1.6

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

Cotton

Castor

Cowpea

Bengalgram

13.0

1.6

0.8

2.0

2.4

0.4

1.6

0.35

13.6 8.2 21.8

2004-05

62.44

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

M+Bean

Cotton

Soybean

Castor

Coepea

Redgram

8.2

16.8

4.8

1.2

6.6

1.2

0.8

1.2

2.0

Paddy

Bengalgram

G‟nut

Castor

Sunflower

Others

2.0

14.0

5.2

6.0

1.6

1.2

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

M+Bean

Cotton

Soybean

Castor

Coepea

Redgram

Bengalgram

G‟nut

Sunflower

Others

10.2

16.8

4.8

1.2

6.6

1.2

6.8

1.2

2.0

14.0

5.2

1.6

1.2

1.17

43.0 30.0 73.0

2005-06

62.44

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

M+Bean

Cotton

Castor

F.Jowar

9.1

17.1

1.4

2.4

5.9

5.5

0.1

Paddy

Bengalgram

G‟nut

Castor

Sunflower

16.8

6.0

0.8

0.8

5.0

Paddy

Vegetables

6.0

5.0

Paddy

Maize

M+RG

M+Bean

Cotton

Castor

F.Jowar

Bengalgram

G‟nut

Sunflower

Vegetables

31.9

17.1

1.4

2.4

5.9

6.3

0.1

6.0

0.8

5.0

5.0

1.31

41.5 29.4 11.0 81.9

236

5 d) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Khazipur)

Gross

command

area(ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)


intensity

percent Crop

name

Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop

name

Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

97.636

Paddy

Maize

10.0

0.8

Paddy

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

1.6

6.0

6.0

12.0

Paddy

Maize

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

11.6

0.8

6.0

6.0

12.0

0.37

10.8 25.6 36.4

2004-05

97.636

Paddy

Maize

M+R

Cotton

Soybean

Redgram

7.0

33.6

2.8

0.8

2.0

1.2

Paddy

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

Others

0.8

32.0

8.8

26.0

3.6

Paddy

Maize

M+R

Cotton

Soybean

Redgram

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

Others

7.8

33.6

2.8

0.8

2.0

1.2

32.0

8.8

26.0

3.6

1.26

47.6 71.2 118.8

2005-06

97.636

Paddy

Maize

M+CP

M+R

Cotton

Castor

F.Jowar

10.3

23.4

22.5

16.9

0.2

1.2

0.1

Paddy

Sunflower

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Castor

Safflower

Others

3.6

0.4

24.0

2.8

7.2

0.4

5.8

Paddy

Maize

M+CP

M+R

Cotton

Castor

F.Jowar

Sunflower

Bengalgram

Sugarcane

Safflower

Others

13.9

23.4

22.5

16.9

0.2

1.2

0.1

0.4

24.0

2.8

0.4

5.8

1.26

74.6 44.2 118.8

237

6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas:

Kalkalamma cheruvu : 41.712 ha (Kukunoorpally)

Kharif Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg.

Cost of

cultivat

ion

(Rs/ha

Avg.

yield

(q/ha)

Avg.

market

price

Rs/q

Crop Area

(ha)

Av.

cost of

cultivat

ion

Rs/ha

Avg.

yield

(q/ha

)

Avg.

market

price

Rs/q

Crop Area

(ha)

Av.

Cost

of

cultiva

tion

Rs/ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.

mark

et

price

Rs/q

Before

implement

ation of

the project

Paddy

Cotton

F. J

14.0

0.2

0.8

8100

25000

36.01

0.0

520

2000

Paddy

Bengal

gram

Castor

4.0

2.0

0.4

9000

3600

4000

40.0

4.5

4.0

580

1000

900

After

implement

ation of

the project

Paddy

Cotton

Maize

M+RG

Castor

F.J

9.6

6.6

17.1

1.4

1.2

0.1

14000

16250

7100

8000

5200

46.2

19.1

35.4

44.0

10.0

620

1750

540

540

1200

Paddy

Bengal

gram

Castor

Sunflo

wer

Corian

der

Others

11.6

4.0

0.4

6.0

0.6

2.7

14500

4000

4700

8600

4000

7405

52.0

8.0

10.0

15.0

14.0

80.0

650

1200

1100

1500

1700

500

238

Pedda Cheruvu : 170.4 ha (Bhoompally)

Before

project

Kharif Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Av.cost

of

cultivatio

n

(Rs/ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.mar

Price

Rs/q

Crop

Area

(ha)

Av.cost

of cult

(Rs/ha)

Av.yield

(q/ha)

Av.mar

price

Rs/q

Crop Area

(ha)

Av.c

ost of

cultiv

ation(

Rs/ha

A

v.

yi

el

d

(q/

ha

)

Av.

mar

price

Rs/q

Paddy

Maize

Castor

14.0

3.2

4.0

8040

6400

4900

40.0

15.0

7.2

520

450

900

Paddy

Bengalgr

am

Sugarcan

e

Castor

1.6

10.0

4.8

4.0

9000

3600

22000

4000

42.0

7.2

600.0

6.0

550

1000

650

900

After

implement

ation of

the project

Paddy

Dry

Paddy

Maize

M+C

M+R

Castor

Cotton

F.J

10.4

1.6

25.8

20.4

18.9

1.2

0.4

0.1

13000

11500

7100

7500

8000

5200

15000

42.7

45.0

33.0

44.6

50.2

10.0

10.5

45.0

620

620

540

540

540

1200

1750

Paddy

Sunflowe

r

Bengalgr

am

Castor

Sugarcan

e

Safflower

2.4

0.8

35.2

10.0

13.4

0.4

14500

8600

4800

4000

25000

4000

50.0

13.5

9.0

8.4

750.0

10.0

650

1500

1200

1100

810

800

239

Doddi cheruvu : 62.44 ha (Mangole) Kharif Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg.

Cost of

cultivati

on

(Rs/ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Avg.

market

price

Rs/q

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg.

cost of

cultivati

on

(Rs.)

Avg.

yield

(q/ha)

Avg.

market

price Rs/q

Crop Are

a

(ha)

Avg.

cost of

cultivat

ionRs/

ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.

marke

t price

Rs/q

Before

implement

ation of

the project

Paddy

Maize

M+R

Cotton

Castor

Cowpe

a

8.0

1.6

0.8

2.0

0.8

0.4

10000

6500

7500

22000

4500

3500

25.0

15.0

18.0

15.0

6.25

4.0

520

470

470

2000

900

1000

Paddy

Bengal

gram

Castor

5.0

1.6

1.6

10500

4500

4500

40.0

5.0

6.0

650

1100

900

After

implement

ation of

the project

Paddy

Maize

M+B

M+R

Cotton

Castor

F.J

9.1

17.1

2.4

1.4

5.9

5.5

0.1

10500

7800

17500

8500

16500

5000

26.0

28.0

81.25

45.0

18.0

10.0

45.0

650

570

800

570

1750

1200

Paddy

SRI

Paddy

Sunflo

wer

Bengal

gram

G‟nut

Castor

16.0

0.8

5.0

6.0

0.8

0.8

13000

12500

8500

3800

12500

4050

54.0

64.0

18.0

12.0

30.0

10.0

650

650

1500

1200

1200

1000

Paddy

Vegetab

les

6.0

5.0

11000

15000

48.0

50.0 700

600

240

Pedda Cheruvu : 97.636 ha (Khazipur) Kharif Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg.

cost of

cultivati

on

(Rs/ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Avg.

market

price

Rs/q

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg.

cost of

cultivati

on

Avg.

yield

(q/ha)

Avg.

market

price Rs/q

Crop Are

a

(ha)

Avg.

cost of

cultivat

ion(Rs/

ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.

marke

t price

Rs/q

Before

implementa

tion of the

project

Paddy

Maize

10.0

0.8 8040

6400

38.0

16.0

520

450

Paddy

Bengalg

ram

Castor

Sugar

cane

1.6

6.0

12.0

6.0

9600

3600

4900

40.0

7.2

6.4

550

1000

900

After

implementa

tion of the

project

Paddy

Dry

Paddy

Maize

M+C

M+R

Cotton

Castor

FJ

9.9

0.4

23.4

22.5

16.9

0.2

1.2

0.1

11500

9000

7800

8100

8500

15000

5000

46.6

55.0

41.0

56.4

60.0

10.8

10.0

40.0

620

620

540

540

540

1750

1200

Paddy

Sunflow

er

Bengalg

ram

Castor

Safflow

er

Sugarca

ne

3.6

0.4

24.0

7.2

0.4

2.8

13000

8500

4200

4000

4700

25000

48.0

12.5

9.0

8.0

10.0

720

650

1500

1200

1100

800

810

241

7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact

Name of the intervention made No. of

beneficia

ries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage

(Kg/ha)

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Kalkalamma Cheruvu 41.712 ha

2003-04


management in Paddy

(120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O +

Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg

ZnSO4/ha is recommended for

paddy)

3 1.0 740 4070

IPM in Cotton 5 2.0 11750 175 15425


technology in paddy

5 2.0 1640 9020

Balanced fertilization in Maize 5 2.0 300 1440

Production technology in Castor 5 2.0 268 3000

2004-05 Alternate wetting and Drying 14.2 A mean grain yield of 5.5

t/ha was obtained

Introduction GM Cotton 3 2.4 A net returns of Rs.

15800 per ha was

obtained

IPM in Cotton 1 0.6 2790 0.45 10665 An additional net returns

of Rs. 10665 was

obtained

2005-06 Alternate wetting and Drying 28 9.6 A mean grain yield of

4.62 t/ha was obtained

Introduction GM Cotton 10 6.6 A seed cotton yield of


242


beneficia

ries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage

(Kg/ha)

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Pedda Cheruvu 170.4 ha

2003-04

Demonstration of Dry seeding in Paddy 4 1.6 980 5400 An additional yield of 0.98

t/ha was obtained with two

supplemental irrigations

Integrated Nutrient Supply management

in Paddy

(120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O + Green

leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4/ha is

recommended for paddy)

5 1.0 900 4800 An additional net returns

of Rs 5430/ha was

recorded

Integrated pest management in cotton 5 2.0 9900 260 15130


technology in paddy

5 2.0 1250 7629


technology in Castor

5 2.0 334 4000

Balanced fertilization in Maize 5 2.0 500 260 1720

2004-05

Dry seeding in Paddy 6 1.6 A mean grain yield of 2.39

t/ha was obtained

Water management practices in Paddy

(Alternate Wetting & Drying)

20 11.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5

t/ha was recorded

Introduction of GM cotton 2 0.8 A net returns of Rs 3737

per ha was obtained

2005-06 Dry seeding in Paddy 4 1.6 A mean grain yield of 4.5

t/ha was obtained

Water management practices in Paddy



t/ha was obtained

Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.4 A seed cotton yield of 10.5

q/ha was recorded

243


beneficiaries

Area

covera

ge

(ha)

Cost

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage

(Kg/ha)

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Doddi Cheruvu 62.44 ha

2004-05


Paddy


25 8.2 A mean grain yield of 3.8 t/ha was

recorded

Introduction of GM cotton 4 1.4 A net returns of Rs 28996 per

ha was obtained

IPM in Cotton 2 0.6 1840 1880 34740 B : C ratio of 3.71 was reported

in IPM plots as against a B:C

ratio of 1.45 in non IPM plots

2005-06


Paddy


24 9.1 A mean grain yield of 2.6 t/ha

was obtained

Introduction of GM cotton 12 5.9 A seed cotton yield of 18.0 q/ha

was obtained

Introduction of Fodder

Sorghum

1 0.1 4.5 t/ha of green fodder was

obtained

Introduction of SRI method in

Paddy

2 0.8 A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha

was obtained

Introduction of Sunflower 10 5.0 A mean grain yield of 18.0 q/ha

was obtained

Introduction of Groundnut 4 0.8 A mean grain yield of 30.0 q/ha

was obtained

244


beneficia

ries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage

(Kg/ha)

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Pedda Cheruvu 97.636 ha

2004-05


Paddy



t/ha was obtained

Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.8 A net return of Rs. 12750

was recorded.

2005-06

Dry seeding in Paddy 1 0.4 A mean grain yield of 5.5

t/ha was obtained


Paddy (Alternate Wetting &

Drying)

24 9.9 A mean grain yield of

4.66 t/ha was obtained

Introduction of GM cotton 1 0.2 A seed cotton yield of


Introduction of Fodder sorghum 1 0.1 4.0t /ha of green fodder

was obtained

245

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK

Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 41.712 ha

Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Yield kg/ha 3563 2665 3222 3468 3769 3592

GROSS income ( Rs/ha) 17739 16131 17258 24170 24670 24377

Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 7893 7000 7626 10569 10230 10450

Net income Rs /ha

/year

9846 9131 9632 13601 14390 13927

Net income Rs/ total tank

area/year

147680 58440 206120 489635 364080 853715

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

6,47, 595-00


Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 170.4 ha

Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total

Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Yield kg/ha 3004 1046

(Excl Sugarcane)

4120 1098

(Excl Sugarcane)

GROSS income

Rs/ha

15977 15576 15781 22907 18930 21153

Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 7200 8431 7804 8292 9440 8798

Net income Rs /ha

/year

8777 7145 7977 14615 9490 12355


area/year

186080 145760 331840 1151711 590300 17,42,011

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

14,10,171-00

246


Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 62.44 ha


Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi Summer

Yield kg/ha 2029 2654 2264 2745 3773 4891 3402

GROSS income Rs/ha 13834 17980 15394 20975 29016 31964 10320

Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 10691 8159 9739 9824 10086 12818 25338

Net income Rs /ha

/year

3143 9821 5655 11151 18930 19146 15018


area/year

42748 80540 123288 462786 556540 210600 12,29,926-00

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

11,06,638-00


Location: Khazipur Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 97.636 ha

Particulars Existing cropping system Total Improved cropping system Total Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi

Yield kg/ha 3651 933

(Excl. Sugarcane)

5017 10.30

(Excl. Sugarcane)

GROSS income

Rs/ha

15977 15576 15781 27731 13775 22539

Cost of cultivation Rs/ha 7200 8431 7804 8510 5694 7463

Net income Rs /ha

/year

8777 7145 7977 19221 8081 15076


area/year

186080 145760 331840 1433877 357196 1791073

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

13,63,473-00

247

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK

Location: Kukunoorpally Tank:Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 41.712 ha

Name of the farmer: Kasam Naveen

Particulars Existing

Cropping system

Total Improved cropping system Total

Paddy

(K)

Paddy (R)

Paddy

(K)

Cotton

(K)

Sun

Flower (R)

Area (ha) 1.0 0.8 1.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.4

Yield kg/ha 4600 4000 5250 4000 1750

GROSS income

Rs/ha

30000 27000 28500 34200 72000 26250 44150

Cost of cultiva-

tion Rs/ha

12500 9500 11000 13500 17500 11000 14000

Net incomers /ha

/year

17500 17500 17500 20700 54500 15250 30150

Net incomers

Rs/total tank area/year

17500 14000 31500 8280 32700 6100 47080

Additional income

by APERP/tank

15580

248

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK

Location: Mangole Tank:Doddi Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 62.44 ha

Name of the farmer: Y. Bapu Reddy

Particulars Existing cropping

System

Total Improved cropping system Total

Paddy

(K)

Paddy (R)

Fallow Maize+

Beans

Maize Paddy

(K)

Sun

flower

Area (Acres) 2.5 2.0 2.5 4.5 2.0 2.0 1.75 3.0 5.0

(0.5 acre leased in)

Yield kg/ha 4600 4000 4500 3850 2066

GROSS income

Rs/ha

30000 27000 28500 52000 22500 26000 31000 32875

Cost of cultiva-

tion Rs/ha

12500 9500 11000 14000 7500 9500 11000 10500

Net incomers /ha

/year

17500 17500 17500 38000 15000 16500 20000 22375

Net incomers


17500 14000 31500 30400 12000 11550 24000 77950

Additional income

by APERP/tank

46450

249

EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF MEDAK

Name of the tank Existing cropping system

Area in ha

Before Project Implementation

Total

Area in ha

Improved cropping system

Area in ha

After Project Implementation

Total

Area in ha

Percent (%)

increased

cropping

intensity Kharif Rabi Summer Kharif Rabi Summer

Kalkalamma

Cheruvu-41.712ha

15.0 6.4 21.4 36.0 25.3 61.3 186.4

Pedda Cheruvu-

170.4 ha

21.2 20.4 41.6 78.8 62.2 141.0 238.9

Doddi Cheruvu-

62.44 ha

13.6 8.2 21.8 41.5 29.4 11.0 81.9 275.7

Pedda Cheruvu-97.636 ha 10.8 25.0 35.8 74.6 44.2 118.8 231.8

120.6 403.0 234.2

251

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED

AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

1. Name of the centre: Kadapa

2. Details of the project location: Thippanapalli ( Badvel Mandal )

Gangaperuru (Vontimitta Mandal )

3. Details of rainfall in the project areas:

Badvel Mandal

Years Normal rain fall

(mm)

Actual rainfall

(mm)

Distribution of

rainfall /maximum

rainy months

Any other

information

/Remarks

1998-1999 661.6 733.8 July,Aug,Sep,

Oct,Nov

-

1999-2000 661.6 603.1 June ,Aug -

2000-2001 661.6 714.2 June ,Aug -

2001-2002 661.6 840.8 Sept,Oct -

2002-2003 661.6 581.6 Sept,Oct -

2003-2004 661.6 628.8 May,June,Oct -

2005-2006 661.6 912.3 July,Oct -

Vontimitta Mandal

Years Normal rain fall

(mm)

Actual rainfall

(mm)

Distribution of

rainfall /maximum

rainy months

Any other

information

/Remarks

1998-1999 573.0 591.4 July,Aug,Sep,

Oct,Nov

-

1999-2000 573.0 497.4 May,June,july,Oct -

2000-2001 573.0 562.6 June.Aug,Oct -

2001-2002 573.0 753.8 August, Oct -

2002-2003 573.0 346.6 October -

2003-2004 573.0 747.4 July,Sep,Oct -

2005-2006 573.0 917.4 July,Aug,Oct,Nov -

252

4. Details of the tank in the project location:

Particulars Tank-1 Tank-2 Tank-3 Tank-4

Name of the tank Thippanapalli Puttayapalli Gangaperuru Ibrahimpet

Storage of the tank 36.5ha 44.0ha 46.6ha 104.8ha

Tank filling status

(%)

rainfed Rainfed rainfed rainfed

Before project

implementation

2003-04 Full - Full -

2004-05 1/4 ¼ 1/4 1/4

2005-06 1/4 ¼ 1/4 1/4

Total command

area under the

tank(ha)

16.2 59.08 38.0 176.78

.Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas : Thippanapalli tank

Thippanapalli

tank

Gross

command

area(ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)

Early Kharif Late Kharif/Rabi Summer Total Cropping

intensity

percent

Crop

name

Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

16.0 10.0 - - Rice 16.0 Cotton

10.0 Paddy

Cotton

16.

10

-

After

implementation

16.0 16.0 Bajra

Green

gram

Daincha

12

2

2.0

Paddy

Sunflower

French bean

10

6.0

0.5

Sunflower

Cotton

8

8

Paddy

Bajra

Green gram

Sunflower

Cotton

Dhaincha

10

12

2

14.0

8.0

184

253

Gangaperuru

tank

Gross

command

area(ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)

Early Kharif Late Kharif/Rabi Summer Total Cropping

intensity

percent

Crop

name

Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Crop name Area

(ha)

Before

implementation of

the project

38.0 38.0 - - Rice 38.0 Cucumber

Gingelly

12

8

Rice

Cucumber

Gingelly

38.0

12.0

8.0

-

After

implementation

38.0 38.0 Green

gram

38.0

Paddy

Sunflower

French bean

32.0

4.,0

0.5

Sunflower

38.0

Paddy

Green gram

Sunflower

32.0

38.0

2

42.0

196

254

6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas.:

Early Kharif Late Kharif /Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Av.cost

of

cultivati

on

(Rs/ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.mar

ket

price

Rs/q

Crop Are

a

(ha)

Av.cost

of

cultivati

on

Av.yiel

d (q/ha)

Av.market

price Rs/q

Crop Are

a

(ha)

Av.cos

t of

cultivat

ion(Rs/

ha

Av.

yield

(q/ha)

Av.

marke

t price

Rs/q

Thippanapalli- Tank: 16.0ha

Before

implementatio

n of the

project

-- -- -- -- -- Paddy 16 14500 50.0 800 Cotton 10.

0

15500 16.0 2200

After

implementatio

nhe project

Bajra

Gree

Green

gram

12.0

2.0

8000

5000

21.0

616

12600

16500

Paddy

Sunflow

er

10 14500 50.0

1650

800

2000

Sunflow

er

Cotton

8

8

9000

15500

21.0

15.0

2000

2200

Gangaperuru- Tank: 38.0ha

Before project

-- -- -- -- Rice 38 15000 50.0 800 Cucumb

er

Gingell

y

12

8

5000

6000

120

500

150

2400

After

implementatio

n of the

project

Green

gram

38 5000 551

2500

Rice 32 15000 54.0 800 Sunflow

er

38 10000 21.0 2000

255

7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact

Name of the

tank

Name of the intervention made Number of

beneficiaries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage(K

g/ha

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Thippanapalli-16.0ha

Water management in Rice

25 10 -- 225 1800 20%

irrigation was

alsosaved

Weed control with Butachlor 20 8.0 800 200 1600

Alley formation in rice 20 8.0 -- 250 2000

Zn application in Rice 25 10.0 - 150 1200

Ridge and furrow sowing in

Sunflower

6.0 14.0 1200 150 3300

Application of Boran to Sunflower 6.0 14.0 -- 100 2200

Semidry paddy 2.0 1.0 2000 -- --- Minimising

the cost of

cultivation

256

Name of the

tank

Name of the intervention made Number of

beneficiaries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost advantage

(Rs/ha)

Yield

advantage(K

g/ha

Income

advantage

(Rs/ha)

Remarks

Gangaperuru-38.0ha

Water management in Rice

30 32 -- 205 1640 20%

irrigation was

also saved

Weed control with Butachlor 22 20 750 180 1440

Alley formation in rice 22 25 -- 150 1200

Zn application in Rice 30 32.0 - 125 1000

Ridge and furrow sowing in

Sunflower

15 28.0 1200 150 3300

Application of Boron to Sunflower 20.0 24.0 -- 100 2200

Semidry paddy 1.0 0.5 2000 -- --- Minimising

the cost of

cultivation

257

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA PER TANK

Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area: 38


Fallow Rice Gingelly Green gram Rice Sunflower

Yield kg/ha - 4,950 500 5,450 552 5,485 2,150 8,187

GROSS income

Rs/ha

- 29,700 10,000 39,700 13,800 32,910 38,700 85,410

Cost of cultivation Rs/ha - 15,000 6,250 21,250 5,000 15,000 10,000 30,000

Net income Rs /ha

/year

- 14,700 3,750 18,450 8,800 17,910 28,700 55,410


area/year

- - - 7,01,100 - - - 21,05,580

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

- - - - - - - 14,04,480

258

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA/TANK

Location: Vontimitta Tank:Ibrahim pet Ayyacut Area: 176 ha



Yield kg/ha - 4,800 550 5350 612 5000 1625 7237

GROSS income

Rs/ha

- 28,800 11,000 39,800 15,300 30,000 29,250 74,550

Cost of cultiva-

tion Rs/ha

- 15,000 6,250 21,250 5,000 15,000 10,000 30,000

Net incomers /ha

/year

- 13,800 4,750 18,550 10,300 15,000 19,250 44,550

Net incomers


- 24,28,800 3,80,000 28,08,800 6,79,800 24,00,000 18,48,000 49,27,800

Additional income

By APERP/tank

- 21,19,000

259

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA

Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area:176 ha

Name of the farmer: M.SUBBAREDDY Land holding: 2.4 ha



Yield kg/ha - 4800 5500 10300 625 5150 1550 7325

GROSS income

Rs/ha

- 28800 11000 39800 15,625 30,900 27,900 74,425

Cost of cultivation Rs/ha - 15000 6250 21250 5000 15,000 10,000 30,000

Net income Rs /ha

/year

- 13800 4750 18550 10,625 15,900 17,900 44,425


area/year

- - - 44520 - - - 1,06,620

Additional income

Rs /tank by APERP

- - - - - - - 62,100

260

EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF KADAPA

Name of the

tank

Existing cropping system

area in ha

Total Improved cropping system

area in ha

Total area

in ha

Percent (%)

increased cropping

intensity Early

kharif

Late

kharif

Rabi/

summer

Early

kharif

Late

kharif

Rabi /

summer

Gangaperuru-

38ha

- 38 20 58 38 38 38 114 196

Ibrahimpet-

176.6ha

- 160 80 240 66

70

101

74

160 425 177

Thippanapalli-

16.6ha

- 16 10 26 16 14

2

8

8

48 184

Puttayapalli-

59.8ha

- 40 - 40 14

40

40

14

- 108 270

261

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND

DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

1. Name of the centre : Anantapur

2. Details of the project location: Pamurai, Madigubba, Pullalarevu and Rangampeta

of Anantapur district.

3. Details of rainfall in the project area:

Years Rainfall (mm) Distribution of

rainfall/maximum

rainy months

Any other

information /

Remarks Normal Actual

1998-1999

600 937.2 8 Months nil

1999-2000

600 471.6 8 Months Nil

2000-2001

610.0 590.2 8 Months Nil

2001-2002

615.9 731.2 6 Months Nil

2002-2003

625.5 389.4 7 Months Nil

2003-2004

634.5 256.2 5 Months Nil

2004-2005

591.8 515.8 6 Months Nil

2005-2006

---- 685 9 Months nil

4. Details of the tanks in the project location

Pamurai Pullalarevu Madigubba Rangampeta

Name of the tank

Storage capacity of the

tank

Information

not

provideded

Information

not provideded

Information not

provideded

Information not

provideded

Tank filling status (%) 75% 60% 85% 50%

Before project

implementation

55% 50% 70% 40%

2003- 2004 85 55% 85% 50%

2004-2005 85 60% 75% 50%

2005-2006 85 75% 70% 50%

Total command area under

the tank (ha.)

60 ha. 52 ha. 168 ha. 48 ha.

262

5. Details of cropping pattern in tankfed areas.

Gross

com

mand

area

(ha)

Actual

cultivated

area (ha)

Kharif

Rabi

Summer

Total

Croppin

g

intensity Crop name Area (ha) Crop name Area

(ha) Crop name Area (ha) Crop name Area

(ha)

Pamurai

Before

project

36 20 Paddy 19 Paddy 10 ha Paddy 29 ha 105.2%

2003 –

2004

36 29 Paddy

Green manures

20ha

10.5ha

Paddy

Green manures

17 ha

10 ha

Paddy

Green

manures

37 ha

20.5

ha

127.5%

2004 –

2005

36 30 Green manures

Paddy

Green gram

10 ha

22 ha

0.5 ha

Green manures

Paddy

15 ha

25 ha

Sunflower

10 ha Green gram

Paddy

Sunflower

05 ha

45 ha

10 ha

143.3%

2005 –

2006

36 32 Green manures

Paddy

20 ha

25 ha

Green manures

Paddy

15 ha

25 ha

Sunflower 12 ha Green

manures

Paddy

Sunflower

35 ha

34 ha

12 ha

173.25%

Pullalarevu

Before

project

52 26.5 Paddy 14.5 Paddy 14 ha Paddy 33.5 126.4%

2003 –

2004

52 27 Paddy 21 ha Paddy 22 ha Paddy 43 159.2

2004 –

2005

52 33 Green manures

Paddy

Fodder jowar

05 ha

30 ha

04 ha

Green manures

Paddy

06 ha

15 ha

Sunflower

Jowar

15 ha

15 ha

Green

manures

Paddy

Sunflower

Fodder jowar

10 ha

45 ha

15 ha

04 ha

181.8

2005 –

2006

52 35 Green manures

Paddy

50 ha

32 ha

Greenmanures

Paddy

Fodder jowar

05 ha

20 ha

10 ha

Sunflower 20 ha Green

manures

Paddy

Sunflower

10 ha

52 ha

20 ha

205.7%

263

Madigubba

Before

project

168 96 Paddy 20 ha Paddy 72 ha Paddy 102 106.2%

2003 –

2004

168 96 Paddy 25 Paddy 90 Paddy 115

2004 –

2005

168 115 Greenmanures

Paddy

12

28

Green manures

Paddy

Fodder jowar

10

84.5

20

Sunflower 25 Green

manures

Paddy

Sunflower

Fodder jowar

22

12.5

25

20

149.1

2005 -

2006

168 122 Green manures

Paddy

18

55

Green manures

Paddy

Fodder jowar

10

70

25

Sunflower 45 Green

manures

Paddy

Sunflower

Fodder jowar

28

125

45

25

178.2

Rangampeta

Before

project

48 30 Paddy 10 Paddy 27 Paddy 37 112.2

2003 -

2004

48 35.4 Green manures

Paddy

Green gram

10

20.8

25

Hb Jowar

Paddy

Fodder jowar

04

30

2.5

Green

manures

Paddy

Hb Jowar

10

47.4

04

128.5

2004 –

2005


Paddy

Green gram

10

20.8

05

Paddy

Fodder jowar

30

10

Sunflower

10 Green

manures

Paddy

Fodder Jowar

Sun flower

Green gram

10

40

2.5

10

05

157.9

2005 -

2006


Paddy

14

15

Fodder jowar

Paddy

05

35

Sunflower 14.4 Green

manures

Paddy

Fodder Jowar

Sun flower

14

50

05

14.4

175.2

264

6. Details of crop production in tankfed areas.

Kharif Rabi Summer

Crop Area

(ha)

Average

cost of

cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Aver

age

yield

(Q/h

a)

Average

Market

price

(Rs/Q)

Crops

name

Area

(ha)

Average

cost of

cultivation

(Rs/ha)

Average

yield

(Q/ha)

Average

market

price

(Rs/Q)

Crop Area

(ha)

Avg

COC

(Rs/ha)

Avg

yield

(Q/ha)

Average

market

price

(Rs/Q)

Before

project

1.paddy

19 12660 52 600 Paddy 10 11900 54 550

2003-04

1.green manure

2.paddy

10.5

20

3220

12750

16.8

53

Incorporate

d

650

Green gram

Paddy

5

17

2050

12800

15 t

35

Incorporate

d

700

2004-05

1.green manures

2. paddy

3. Green gram

10

36

05

3000

12000

2000

17 t

54

incor

porat

ed

650 Green gram

Paddy

Fodder jowar

05

35

05

3200

11000

2100

17 t

55

Incorporate

d

800

fodder

purpose

Sunflow

er

10 1000 16 1850

2005-06 1. Green gram

2. paddy

10

25

2750

11750

18 t

54

Incorporate

d

800

Green manures

Paddy

15

29

2500

11750

18 t

54

Fodder

purpose

850

Sunflow

er

12 7000 17 1900

Pullalarevu

Before

project

1. Paddy

14.5 11600 53 650 Paddy 11900 54 600 -- -- -- -- --

2003-04 1.paddy 21 11700 55 700 Paddy 23 12150 55 600 -- -- -- --

2004-05

1. Green

manures

2. Paddy

3Fodder Jowar

5

30

4

2750

12125

800t

18t

54

13 t

Incorporate

d

750

fodder

jowar

Green manure

Paddy

6

20

2500

12250

18 t

55

Incorporate

d

750

Sunflow

er

jowar

15

15

7650/-

750/-

2530/-

--

2005-06

1. Green

manures

2. Paddy

5

32

2800

12200

19 t

55

Incorporat

ed

800

Green

manures

Paddy

5

20

3000

11500

18 T

56

incorporat

ed

750

sunflow

er

20 8200/

-

15 1900/

-

265

Kharif Rabi Summer

Crops name

Area

(ha)

Average

cost of

cultivatio

n

(Rs/ha)

Averag

e

Yield

(Q/ha)

Avera

ge

marke

t

price

(Rs/Q

)

Crops

name

Area

(ha)

Average

cost of

cultivatio

n (Rs/ha)

Averag

e yield

(Q/ha)

Average

market price

(Rs/Q)

Crops

name

Area

(ha)

Averag

e

cost of

cultivati

on

(Rs/ha)

Avera

ge

yield

(Q/ha

)

Aver

age

mark

et

price

(Rs/Q

)

Madigubba

Before

Project

1. Paddy 20 12000 50 650 Paddy `80 11000 50 600 -- -- -- -- --

2003-04

1.paddy

25 11600 52 700 Paddy 90 11500 53 650 -- -- -- -- --

2004-05 1. Sunhemp

2.paddy

12

28

2560

12060

20 t

60

Incor

porate

d

700

Paddy

Fodder

jowar

--

20

12200

2600

54

14.5 t

750

fodder purpose

Sunflo

wer

25 7500 17 1800

2005-06 1. Green

manures

2. Paddy

3

18

55

2600

11800

50

Incor

porate

d

52

Green

manures

Paddy

Fodder

jowar

18

55

20

2200

11600

950

58

Incorporated

800

fodder purpose

Sunflo

wer

45 8200/- 17 1850

Rangampeta

Before

Project

1. paddy

48 11800 52 615 Paddy 27 12200 52 600 -- -- -- -- --

2003-04 1. green

manures

2. paddy

10

20.8

2200

11500

52

Incor

porate

d

700

Hyb jowar

Paddy

Fodder

jowar

04

30

2.5

13700 54 750 SUN

FLOW

ER

4 8000 14 1850

2004-05

1Green manure

2 paddy

3greengram

10

20.8

5

2650

13500

3100

55

750

Fodder

jowar

Paddy

30

10

12200

900

55 750

fodder purpose

sunflo

wer

10 7500 15.5 1800

267

7. Details of project intervention / activities and impact

Names of the intervention Number of

beneficiaries

Area

coverage

(ha)

Cost

advantage

(Rs./ha)

Yield advantage

(Q/ha)

Income

advantage

(Rs./ha

Remarks

Pamurai

2003-04

Green manure crops introduction

Gypsum application in paddy

ZnSo4 application in paddy

35

10

25

20.5

17

20

2-3

4-5

3-4

2100

4000

3500

2004-2005


Sunflower introduction

15

10

40

35

3-4

15

3500

28000

2005-2006

Butaclore application in paddy



Chelated Zinc

04

15

20

10

2.5

25

35

04

1700

5-6

4-5

--

--

4200

3600

--

Pullalarevu

2003-04

2004-2005



Fodder jowar

Sunflower

Green manure

20

20

15

30

10

25

27

10

20

20

3-5

4-6

12t

16

9 t

3500

4300

2160

25000

incorporated

2005-2006

Green manure

Sunflower



25

20

50

50

10

20

25

25

10.5

16.5

4-6

4-6

Incorporated

26000

4000

4200

269

Madigubba

2003-04

2004-2005



Green manure

Sunflower introducation

Fodder jowar

50

60

44

80

10

20

25

20

50

05

3-5

4-5

12 t

14

13

3600

4400

2450

23400

2500

2005-2006

Green manure



Fodder jowar

18

60

60

30

10

25

20

15

10 t

4-6

4-5

13

2500

4400

3500

--

Rangampeta

2003-04

Green manure



Green gram

20

30

20

10

05

20

15

05

12 t

2-3

2-3

10 t

2200

3200

2500

2000

2004-2005

Green manure



Sunflower

10

50

30

30

10

15

25

15

13 t

3-4

3-5

14

2400

3500

3400

24000

2005-2006

Fodder jowar



Green manures

10

20

30

20

05

10

15

15

10.5 t

4-6

4-6

incorporated

1600

3750

4500

---

270

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Methodology:-

The project was under taken in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district. They

are Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba. To study the impact of the project

on cropping pattern, input utilization, cropping intensity and annual net returns twenty

farmers were selected at random from each village.The total of 80 farmers from tankfed

area are selected for study. Data were collected through survey method with the help of

schedule. The collected data were tankfed and statistically analyzed for interpretation of

the findings with the following objectives:

1. To study the impact of introduction of cropping range on cropping intensity

2. To study the impact of crop diversification

3. To study the impact of soil reclamation on growth and yields at crops..

4. To asses the impact of training programmes conducted to the farmers.

1. To study the impact project intervention on cropping intensity

Mostly the land is kept fallow during kharif as filling of tank takes place in

October and November. Instead of keeping land fallow, early kharif crops like sunhemp,

diencha and fodder sorghum were introduced and during late kharif and in summer the

cultivated area increased by diversifying the farmers from growing paddy to sunflower

and jowar.

Villages

Before project After project %

increasing

in

cropping

intensity

Gross

cropped

area

(ha.)

Net

cropped

area

(ha.)

Cropping

Intensity

Gross

cropped

area

(ha.)

Net

cropped

area

(ha.)

Cropping

Intensity

Pamurai 1.54 1.47 105.2 2.39 1.47 163.25 55.1

Rangampeta 1.79 1.60 112.2 2.8 1.6 175.2 56.1

Madigubba 32.2 2.8 115 4.82 2.8 178.2 52

Pullalarevu 3.92 3.12 125.64 5.33 3.12 170.83 26.4

With project intervention, cleaning of tank and clearance of feeder channels were

also under taken, which resulted in increase in cropping intensity ranging from 26 to 56

percent when compared to the tankfed area before the project.

271

2. To study the impact of crop diversification

With the limited water available in borewell supported by tanks, farmers in

general cultivate paddy and rest of the land is kept fallow. Hence there is a need for crop

diversification from paddy and bring more area under cultivation and there by increase

net return of the farmers. For this new irrigated dry crops like sunflower, hybrid jowar

were introduced.

Village

Before the project After the project

Gross

cropped

area

(ha.)

Gross

returns

(Rs.)

Net

returns

(Rs.)

Gross

cropped

area

(ha.)

Gross

returns

(Rs.)

Net

return

s (Rs.)

Income

advantag

e

Pullalarevu 0.79 28499 18737.37 1.61 39868 26901 8164

Rangampeta 0.5 68000 44030 1.26 96357 63574 19547

Pamurai 0.40 13746.61 8646.61 21899.71 14642.

17

5996

Madigubba 0.88 69500 44500 2.06 108855 73688 29188

With the project intervention more area was brought under cultivation . The annual

income advantage of Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba were

Rs.5996,19547,81649and Rs.29188 respectively.

3. Impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on yields of paddy:

To study the impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on paddy yields, average

yields of three years were recorded in four villages. These yields were compared with

control plots.

272

In gypsum applied plots the percentage increase in grain yield ranged from 4.04 to

10.89 percent and increase in straw yield ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 percent compared to

control plot. Maximum yield increase was recorded in Pamurai village.

ZnSo4 was applied @ 50kg/ha in treated plots, maximum percentage increase in

grain and straw yields was recorded Rangampeta village viz; 13.62% and 12.04%

respectively in when compare to the control plot.

Impact of Training programme:

A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the training programme. Data was

collected through interview method.

Comparison of the topics presented in the training programme as perceived by the

farmers:

S.No Topic Mean score Rank

1. Reclamation of problematic soils 4.1 I

2. SRI Technology 3.82 II

3. Management of pests and diseases in

different crops

3.76 III

4. Crop production technology 2.27 VI

5. Management of PSND in groundnut 2.41 V

6. Crop diversification to utilize

available resources efficiently

2.76 IV

Village name

Control Gypsum ZnSo4

Grain yield

kg/ha.

Straw

yield

kg/ha.

Grain

yield

kg/ha.

Straw yield

kg/ha.

Grain yield

kg/ha.

Straw yield

kg/ha.

Pamurai 4635 5323.6 5140.3 5711 5210 5509

Pullalarevu 4574 5245 4778 5707 4693 5551

Madigubba 4673 5494 5115 6012 5290 6077.5

Rangampeta 4720 5453 4958.3 5754 5363.6 6100.3

273

From the table it can be inferred that reclamation of problematic soils (1) was

more effective followed by SRI technology (II) and management of pests and diseases in

different crops (III) as all these are major problems in the region.

Crop diversification tankfed (IV) followed by management of PSND in groundnut

(V) and crop production technology (VI) these are very much useful to farmers in daily

crop management practices.

Effectiveness of training programmes in terms of coverage clarity etc., was also

evaluated.

S.No Issue Mean score Rank

1. Coverage of content 3.84 I

2. Clarity of presentation 3.65 II

3. Method of training 2.41 V

4. Duration of training 3.01 III

5. Facilitations provided by trainees 2.76 IV

From the table it can be inferred that the farmers were impressed by coverage of

content (I) clarity of presentation II and duration of training IV. Facilitation provided in

trainees and method of training ranked IV and V as it was difficult to provide facilities to

all farmers as the number was more.

Overall rating of the training programmes was as follows.

S.No Category Frequency Percentage

1. Excellent 06 7.5

2. Satisfactory 32 40

3. Fair 35 43.75

4. Un satisfactory 7 8.75

Majority of the farmers expressed fair (43.75%) and satisfactory (40%) as all the

topics covered were related to the existing problems faced by the farmers 7.5 percent

farmers rated the programme as excellent and only 7 percent of farmers expressed un

satisfactory over the programme.

274

Impact of the project in general

The farming communities in the tankfed area have in many ways benefited from

the project because the entire programme was conducted at farmers filed level for easy

transfer of technology.

The impact aspects are furnished below:-

1. Cleaning up at the tanks and clearance of feeder channels was taken up with the

assistance of Agrose Govt. organization and with co operation of farmers in the

village.

2. Inputs such as seeds of green manure crops, jowar, sunflower and other inputs

like gypsum, Zinc etc. were given free accept the technology and implement

them.

3. The forgo then technology like growing green nmanure crops as a preceeding

crop to main crop has provoked interest among to farmers further continue the

practice as this resulted in vigoroles growth of preceeding crop.

4. Farmers attended training programmes, vented demonstration plots and few

farmers started complementary in their field.

5. Application of gypsum followed by ZnSo4 has got highest yield recorded in the

village. This aspect helped in increasing the productivity in paddy fields in the

villages.

6. Crop diversification from paddy was useful in efficient utilization, of water and

land this was an appreciated practice.

7. Water trade which was not practiced has been proved by the project that growing

crops with purchased water is profitable.

8. There is a good impact on line departments due to conducting training programme

and workshop to Agricultural Officers and ADA‟s.

275

Chapter-IX

Summary & Conclusions

276

Summary and Conclusions

The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is

a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if

neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area,

project entitled “Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district.

Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for

study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field

demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots

were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve

the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the

tankfed areas.

Conclusions:-

5. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October

and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and

diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing

the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent

6. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient

deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and

application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical

and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that

7. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the

entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry

crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace

paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also

8. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land

fallow due to non – availability of water in their holding.

277

CONCERNS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

The technologies popularized in the project needs support by Government and

extension agencies for further continuation after the project. These /issues are discussed

below.

1. The water should be made available in the tank for giving scheduled irrigations to

different crops.

2. Different crops and vegetables (Coriander, French beans) tested in various cropping

systems are cultivated on a limited scale by farmers. These require Government support

for marketing for their expansion.

3. The practice like Gypsum application has become popular in the project command

area. This requires support from agricultural department for further spread to other

farmers.

4. The practice of IPM technology should be adopted on the community basis for getting

maximum benefit. This needs further popularization and various components of IPM

should be made available in the market for more adoption.

5. The field channels in the command area are to be maintained by water users

association members. These channels require to be maintained by the farmers to get

sufficient water to their fields.

6. The training and visit to demonstrations by more number of farmers with the help of

extension agencies involving water users associations will disseminate the technologies

identified in the project

278

CONSTRAINTS IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

APERP project conceived during the year 2003-04 was under implementation in

five districts (Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Ananthapur, Kadapa and Vizianagaram) for three

years. In the process of implementation of the project few but considerable constraints

were encountered in acceptance and implementation of improved new technology by the

farmers. The technology introduced to the farmers at times was not accepted in Toto but

with few modifications to suit the local conditions. The constraints and failures in the

project implementation are discussed in detail below.

1) Introduction of ID crops in place of rice to achieve the equitable distribution

of water to the farmers was not well accepted by the farmers who have bore-

wells as they have water as per requirement. Comparatively, farmers without

bore-wells have accepted cultivation of the ID crops in place of paddy and are

cultivating these crops.

2) The low acceptance rate of the ID crops by the farmers under tank commands

is due to easy management of rice and assured returns from the crop compared

to the ID crops introduced like maize, cotton, redgram, groundnut etc.

3) Cultivation of pulse crop in crop rotation for maintaining the soil health is

well understood by the farmers but practiced to the certain extent due to

higher pest and disease infestation and fluctuations in the yield and market

price of the produce in comparison to the problem free Maize crop.

4) In case of soybean during the year 2003, there was heavy infestation of stem

girdler devastating the crop. It could not be controlled with any of the

chemicals. As a result of this many of the farmers have given up cultivation of

soybean.

5) With the project implementation most of the farmers are enlightened on

Gypsum but very few farmers apply gypsum due non-availability.

6) Availability of improved variety seed in case of pulses is a constraint coming

in the way of large-scale cultivation of pulses, as farmers still are not

practicing the seed village concept to the extent required. The farmers do not

preserve the seed for the next season.

irrigation water management crops and cropping systems n irrigation tank command areas of andhra...

Documents

ground water

aperp project

water resources

available water

better water use

water use efficiency

v agricultural research

agricultural demand