Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

इंटरनेट मानक

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam

“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 14907 (2001): Human/Human Surrogate Impact (SingleShock) Testing and Evaluation - Guidance on TechnicalAspects [MED 28: Mechanical Vibration and Shock]

IS 14907:2001ISO 10227:1996

*ml%

Wl=FVwl? WmTTR”lmg(qmum)wtw-rqti.

I*1 T&k#iiW!JdiW ft?@Tt?T

Indian Standard

HUMAN/HUMAN SURROGATE IMPACT(SINGLE SHOCK) TESTING AND

EVALUATION — GUIDANCE ON TECHNICALASPECTS

ICS 13.160

@ BIS 2001

BUREAU OF IN DIAN ST ANDA RDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

February 2001 Price Group 3

Mechanical Vibration and Shock Sectional Committee, ME 28

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard which is identical with ISO 10227:1996 ‘Human/human surrogate impact (singleshock) testing and evaluation — Guidance on technical aspects’ issued by the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on therecommendations of the Mechanical Vibration and Shock Sectional Committee and approval of theMechanical Engineering Division Council.

The text of ISO standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard withoutdeviations. In the adopted standard, certain conventions are not identical to those used in IndianStandards. Attention is especially drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should beread as ‘Indian Standard’.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards, the current practiceis to use a point (.) as decimal marker.

In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which IndianStandards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their placeare listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:

/nternationa/ Corresponding Indian Degree of

Standard Standard Equivalence

ISO 5805:1997 IS 13281:1999 Mechanical vibration and shock Identicalaffecting man — Vocabulary

ISO 8727:1997 IS 14910:2001 Mechanical vibration and shock do— Human exposure — Biodynamics coordinatesystem

IS 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

Indian Standard

HUMAN/HUMAN SURROGATE IMPACT(SINGLE SHOCK) TESTING AND

EVALUATION — GUIDANCE ON TECHNICALASPECTS

1 Scope

This International Standard defines technical aspectsof experiments dealing with human or human surro-gate testing and procedures for collecting and report-ing biomechanical data. Recommended practicesregarding measurements, instrumentation and report-ing of results are outlined. These recommended prac-tices are provided as guide for ease of interpretationand comparison of data among different organizations.

This International Standard ‘is limited to experimentsinvolving indirect (inertial) impact and does not ad-dress direct impact with vehicle surfaces or the use ofthe airbag-type of active restraining device.

2 Normative references

The following standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis International Standard. At the time of publication,the editions indicated were valid. All standards aresubject to revision, and parties to agreements basedon this International Standard are encouraged to in-vestigate the possibility of applying the most recenteditions of the standards indicated below. Membersof IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid in-ternational Standards.

ISO 5805:— 1), Mechanical vibration and shock affect-ing man — Vocabulary.

ISO 8727:— 2), Me~hanj~a/ vjbratjon and shoc& —

Human exposure — Biodynamics coordinate systems.

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, thedefinitions given in ISO 5805 and the following defini-tions apply.

3.1 test subject Human being or human surrogate(e.g. cadaver, animal, manikin) that serves as the testoccupant of the vehicle.

3.2 test subject coordinate system: Right-handedorthogonal coordinate system (x, y, z), in accordancewith ISO 8727, which is used to locate the position ofthe instrumented segments of the test subject.

3.3 vehicle: Structure to which the driving force orimpact is delivered. This includes all elements of thesystem which transmit forces to the test subject, in-cluding any integrated support/seat and restraint sys-tem.

3.4 vehicle coordinate system: Right-handed or-thogonal coordinate system (x, y, z) which is used tolocate the occupant position and restraint or impactsurface configuration. Its origin should be defined rela-tive to a rigid structure (one that is not significantly de-formed during the test) on the vehicle.

4 Measurement requirements

4.1 Initialconditions

All measurements of location and orientation shouldbe transformable to the vehicle coordinate system.

‘\

1) To be published. (Revision of ISCI5805:1981)2) To be Dublished.

1S 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

4.1.1 The numbers, surveyed locations, orientations,mounting and coupling characteristics of all trans-ducers and photometric targets should be reported.

4.1.2 The initial position of the test subject, the re-straint, and support or seat configuration should bedescribed as fully as possible. The restraint systemdescription should include the following:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

location and orientation of anchor attachmentpoints;

angles of belt restraints relative to body contactpoints and anchor attachment points;

distances along webbing from anchor points tothe points where the belts contact the occupant;

webbing properties, dimensions and type ofhardware;

webbing retractor characteristics;

webbing connector characteristics;

preloads on restraint components;

webbing force-elongation properties.

The description of the support/seat fixture should in-clude the following:

a) geometry and materials adequate to establish thedeformation and friction characteristics of thesupport/seat surface;

b) dimensions and orientations relative to the ve-hicle coordinate system;

c) energy absorption or deformation characteristicsof support structures between the origin of thevehicle coordinate system and the occupant, ifpertinent;

d) location of point of impact.

4.1.3 Ambient environmental factors affecting theoutcome of the experiment should be reported.

4.2 Input variables

The input variables include time-dependent displace-ment, velocity, acceleration and force. All measure-ments of variables should be transformable to thevehicle coordinate system and should be accom-plished in the number of degrees of freedom mat-ching those included in the response measures.Typical amplitude-time histories of the input are desir-able; otherwise, a statement of the methodology usedto measure these variables should be reported.

4.3 Subject parameters\

Measurement of body dimensions are crucial for de-scribing the test subject and estimating mass distri-bution properties. Mass distribution properties of thewhole body and anatomical segments can be obtaineddirectly in cadaveric research but must be estimatedfor live volunteer subjects. Biomechanical parameters

such as segment mass, centre of gravity, moment ofinertia, etc., can be used in extrapolating results topopulations of interest.

4.3.1 Anthropometric measures

These should include, but need not be limited to, thefollowing:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

i)

k)

1)

m)

n)

o)

P)

q)

r)

mass;

stature;

sitting height;

shoulder height;

head height;

head breadth;

head length;

head circumference;

neck circumference;

shoulder breadth;

shoulder/elbow length;

elbow-rest height;

elbow/finger tip length;

chest circumference;

thoracic thickness;

popliteal height;

buttock/knee length;

knee height (sitting).

4.3.2 Condition and prehistory

For live human subjects, complete medical historiesincluding age and gender should be recorded and anyanomalies noted. Similar information, where possible,should also be provided for cadavers. Cadaveric exper-iments should be conducted on specimens free frominjuries, wounds, or other anomalies which may inter-fere with the conduct of the test or interpretation ofresults. Cadavers should be as fresh as possible andembalming procedures should be completely de-scribed. Storage conditions of the cadaver, up to thetime of the experiment, should also be described. Anyancillary procedures, such as vascular injection or con-trol of the thoracic volume of cadavers, should becompletely defined.

For all types of testing (live human subject, humansurrogate), anatomical landmarks should be identified,marked and measured in relation to defined anatom-ical coordinate systems (in accordance withISO 8727). If possible, radiographic records of thesubjects with instrumentation mounts and measure-ment scales should be made. Insufficiently visible ana-tomical landmarks should be enhanced via the use ofradio-opaque spheres. Photographs or schematicswith dimensions identified should be maintained ifradiographic records are not possible.

2

IS 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

5 Instrumentation

5.1 Transducers

Data collected from transducers mounted on thesubject and within the seat, restraint or other force-transmitting structure, as well as physiological sen-sors, are used to quantify both the severity of the testand local responses of the anatomy to crash and im-pact forces, and to delineate transmission character-istics and transfer functions of anatomical segments.Subclauses 5.1.1 to 5.1.6 give the required transducercharacteristics.

5.1.1 Transducers and other sensors mounted on thesubject should have low mass so as to affect mini-mally the responses of the monitored anatomicalsegment.

5.1.2 Transducers and other sensors mounted on thesubject should be mounted as solidly as possible towell-defined anatomical structures relative to theskeletal system so that their data are unaffected byrelative motion artifact. If solid attachment is not poss-ible (as may be the case in the testing of live humansubjects), a complete description of the attachmentmethod should be provided.

5.1.3 Transducers- and sensors should have appro-priate frequency response with respect to the antici-pated phenomena to be measured. In cases wherethe frequency characteristics of the body segment arenot known, broad-band frequency measurementsshould be attempted, with subsequent analysis con-ducted to identify the significant frequency content ofthe signal.

5.1.4 All transducers and other sensors mounted onthe subject should be surveyed with respect to theanatomical coordinate system of the particular ana-tomical segment. If translation to other points ofinterest is warranted, then both linear and angularresponse shall be monitored.

5.1.5 Transducers mounted within the seat, restraintsystem or other force-transmitting sTructure should besurveyed with respect to the vehicle coordinate sys-tem.

5.1.6 Transducers and sensors should be in currentcalibration. Each data path should also be calibrated toassess the effects of environmental factors such asdrift of the data signal, etc.

5.2 Displacement tracking

Data from surface-mounted targets is used to quantifythe displacement responses of the anatomy to crashand impact forces. Photographic or video cameras andtargets may be used as well as solid-state target

tracking systems. Subclauses 5.2.1 to 5.2.5 give therequirements for displacement tracking.

5.2.1 The requirements given in 5.1.1, 5.1.2 and5.1.4 apply with “target” substituted for “transducersand other sensors”.

5.2.2 If motion is confined to one plane, and a cam-era can be located on an axis perpendicular to thisplane, then only one camera is required. Othetwise atleast two cameras are needed.

5.2.3 Camera location and orientation should bemeasured relative to the target and other cameras, inthe vehicle coordinate system.

5.2.4 If time-dependent measurenlepts are madefrom dispbcement data, then an accurate timingsource shall be preeisely synchronized to the dis-placement recording system. Timing signal accuracyand frame rate measurement techniques should bedescribed.

5.2.5 If applicable, the lens type, focal length andaperture opening should be described and calibratedas used in the test.

5.3 Data acquisithm

The data channel includes the entire signal path fromthe transducer to the recording device. All proceduresimplementing the requirements given in 5.3.1 to 5.3.6should be documented.

5.3.1 Each data channel should be calibrated againsta reference signal traceable to known standards.

5.3.2 The entire data channel should be calibrated asa unit. As a less desirable alternative, each subsystemin the data channel path may be calibrated individuallyand the overall accuracy of the channel computedfrom these results.

5.3.3 If used in data analysis, the linearity error ofeach data channel should be determined.

5.3.4 For each channel, the amplitude-frequency re-sponse, phase-frequency’ response, damping charac-teristics and the roll-off rate and phase lag should bedetermined and reported. The cut-off frequencyshould be consistent with the anticipated frequencyresponse of the anatomical segment monitored.

5.3.5 For each transducer, the cross-axis sensitivityshould be determined.

5.3.6 For each transducer, the sensitivity coefficientshould be determined. A recommended method is thelinear least-squares computation to determine thesensitivity coefficient on the basis of calibration data.

IS 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

6 Data retrieval and processing

This clause deals with storage, retrieval and process-ing of data. The guidelines given should be consideredthe minimum requirements.

6.1 Filtering and recording

The data channel (see 5.3.4) filtering should be com-patible with the dynamic range of the recorder, pre-cluding high-frequency saturation of the recorder oraliasing error in the digitizing process.

6.2 Digitization

6.2.1 In cases where the analog signal is digitized,the amplitude resolution should be a minimum of tenbits. Twelve bit or greater resolution is preferred forminimizing digitization error in the analog-to-digitalconversion.

6.2.2 The sampling frequency used should be com-patible with the cut-off frequency and roll-off rate tominimize aliasing error associated with non-band-limited signals.

6.3 Processing

All filtering of recorded data should be reported interms of amplitude response, cut-off frequency, roll-off characteristics and phase shift. The cut-off fre-quency should be consistent with the anticipatedfrequency response of the anatomical segment moni-tored

7 Repotiing of results

7.1 Inertial response

The inertial responses used to quantify both theseverity of the test and local responses and transferproperties of the anatomy to crash and impact forcesshould include the results described in 7.1.1 to 7.1.5.Results should be translated to anatomically basedreference points to provide a basis for comparisonamong subjects.

7.1.1 Head inertial response

Results should include

a) orthogonal components of linear acceleration atthe centre of gravity of the head along the axes ofthe head anatomical coordinate system, and

b) angular acceleration or velocity about the ana-tomical axes of the head.

7.1.2 Neck inertial response

Neck response can be characterized by the relation-ship between the measured accelerations at TI (firstthoracic vertebral body) and the accelerations at theoccipital condylar point computed from the head iner-tial response. The shear and axial forces, as well asthe equivalent torque at the occipital condyles, can becalculated using results which should include

a) linear and angular head accelerations translated tothe occipital condylar point,

b) orthogonal components of linear acceleration atthe origin, and along the axes, of the T1 anatom-ical coordinate system, and

c) angular acceleration or velocity about the TI ana-tomical axes.

7.1.3 Thorax inertial response

For live human subjects, the thorax is not rigid so isnot easily instrumented, and measurements are sub-ject to inaccuracies. Invasive methods have beenused in the case of human surrogates to improve thecoupling between the transducer and the bony ana-tomical landmark. Since tissue and bone propertiesmay be affected, resulting data may be less valid thanthose obtained from rigid anatomical segments suchasthe head. Documented procedures should be usedto minimize these effects. Results should include theorthogonal components of the linear accelerations atthe chosen anatomical locations.

7.1.4 Pelvis inertial response

The pelvis, although rigid, poses unique problems inmounting transducers, due to its complex interactionwith the seating and restraint system. These interac-tions can severely degrade the mechanical couplingbetween the transducers and the bony anatomy, in-troducing measurement errors. Documented pro-cedures should be used to minimize these effects.

Invasive methods (i.e. rigidly mounting transducers tobony anatomical features) have been used in the caseof human surrogate testing. Results should include

a) orthogonal components of linear accelerations atthe origin, and along the axep, of a well-definedanatomical coordinate system, and

b) angular accelerations or Wdocities about the y-axis, used to define pelvis-lap belt interaction(possible submarining, etc.).

7.1.5 Additional inertial responses

The inertial response of body segments other than thehead, neck, thorax or pelvis should include

a) orthogonal components of linear accelerations atthe origin, and along the axes, of a well-definedanatomical coordinate system, and

4

IS 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

b) when appropriate, angular acceleration or velocityabout well-defined anatomical axes.

7.2 Force transmission

If the transmission of forces through the restraint sys-tem, seat and other supporting structures is meas-ured, the data should include the force componentswith respect to the vehicle coordinate system.

7.3 Displacement

If displacement results are reported, the consider-ations regarding transducer placement discussed in7.1.1 to 7.1.4 also apply to target placement.

7.3.1 Head displacement

Results should include

a) orthogonal components of linear displacementwith respect to the initial location of the head ana-tomical coordinate system, and

b) angular displacement about the initial location ofthe head anatomical axes.

7.3.2 Neck displacement

Neck displacement can be characterized by the rela-tive displacement between T1 and the occipital condy-Iar point. Results should include

a) head linear and angular displacements (see 7.3.1)translated. to the occipital condylar point with res-pect to the initial location of the TI anatomicalcoordinate system, and

b) orthogonal components of the linear and angulardisplacements at the origin of the T1 anatomicalcoordinate system with respect to the initial lo-cation of the T1 anatomical coordinate system.

7.3.3 Thorax displacement

Results should include the orthogonal components ofthe linear displacements at the chosen anatomical lo_cations with respect to the initial locations of well-defined anatomical coordinate systems.

7.3.4 Pelvis displacement

Results should include

a) orthogonal components of linear displacementswith respect to the initial location, and along theaxes, of a welldefined anatomical coordinate sys-tem, and

b) angular displacements about the initial location ofthe y-axis, used to define pelvis-lap belt interac-tion (possible submarining, etc.).

7.3.5 Additional body segment displacement

The displacement of body segments other than thehead, neck, thorax or pelvis should include

a} orthogonal components of linear displacementswith respect to the initial location, and along theaxes, of welldefined anatomical coordinate sys-tems, and

b) when appropriate, angular displacements aboutthe initial location of well-defined anatomical axes.

7.4 Physiological data

Physiological data collected during tests with live hu-man subjects or live human surrogates should be re-ported where these data represent deviations fromthe normal range for the measurement. Other physio-logical data should be reported in the form of a sum-mary.

7.5 Subjective data

Written or verbal data collected from live human sub-jects to determine their subjective response to thetest variables should be collected in a reliable andconsistent manner. This should enable comparisonwith physical and physiological data.

7.6 Medical findings

Observations of injury, physiological changes or otherindications of medical significance should be reported.Records of these findings should be permanentlymaintained for each live subject used in impact tests.

5

IS 14907:2001

ISO 10227:1996

Annex A(informative)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 1503:1977, Geornetrica/ orientation and directions of movements.

[21 ISO 2041:1990, Vibration and shock — Vooabu/ary.

[31 ISO 7250:J~, Basic list of anthropometric measurements.

3) To be published.

6

Bureau of Indian Standards

61S is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification ofgoods and attending to connected matters in the country.

Copyright

61S has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications maybe reproduced in anyform without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the courseof implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or gradedesignations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards arealso reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review ind icatesthat no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision.Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments oredition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalog ue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. ME 28 ( 0541 ).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:

Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams : ManaksansthaTelephones :3230131,3233375,3239402 (Common to all offices)

Regional Offices : Telephone

Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg

{

3237617NEW DELHI 110002 3233841

Eastern : 1/14 C. I.T. Scheme Vll M, V. 1.P. Road, Kankurgachi

{

3378499,3378561cALcu-f-rA700054 3378626,3379120

Northern :

Southern:

Western :

Branches

SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022

{

603843602025

C. 1.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113

{

2350216,23504422351519,2352315

Manakalaya, E9 MlDC, Marol, Andheri (East)

{

8329295,8327858MUM BA1400093 8327891,8327892

AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR. KANPUR.LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.

‘ Printed at Printogmph, New Delh, Ph.: 5726847