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Is : 3362 1977

Indian StandardCODE OF PRACTICE FOR NATURAL

VENTILATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS( First Revision)

Second Reprint MAY IWO

UDC 697.921.2:728.1

@ Cobyright 1978BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAKBHAVAN, 9 BAHADURSHAHZAFARMARG

NEWDELHI 110002Gr 6 June 1978

( Reaffirmed 1999 )

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IS : 3362 1977

Indian StandardCODE OF PRACTICE FOR NATURAL

VENTlLATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS( First Revision )

Functional Requireme in Buildings Sectional Committee, BDC 12Chairman Representing

SHRI B. N. BANERJEA Public Works Department, Governmen. of WesstBengal, Calcutta

M embersPROF A. J . CONTRACTOR University of Roorkee, RoorkeeSHRIMATI E. S. GHU~AN Indian Institute of Architects, BombaySHRI J . M. BENJ AMIN Al t ernafe )SHRI R. G. GOKHALB In personal capacity ( Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi )SHRI J . C. KAPUR Danfoss ( India ) Ltd, New DelhiSHRI K. K. KHANNA National Buildings Organization, New DelhiSHRI M M. MISTRY (Alternate) Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch. Army Headquarters,HRI B. D. KSHIRSAGAR New Delhi

SHRI L. R. LALLA ( AllernateSHRI M. M. PANDESuru M. D. PATELSHIU R. N. PAWARSHRI S. PURUSHOTHAMA

Voltas Limited, BombayInstitution of Engineers ( India ), CalcuttaDirectorate General of Health Services ( Ministry ofHealth & Family Welfare ), New DelhiDirectorate General of Factory Advice Service &Labour Institute, BombaySHRI PARELKAR ( Al t ernat e )SHRI M. M. RANASHRIR. K. S. SAXENASHRI SAYEDS. SHAPISHRI D. P. SHARMA AlternateSHRI M. R. SHARMA

Central Public Works Department, New DelhiDirectorate General of Observatories (Ministry ofTourism & Civil Aviation ), New DGlhiInstitute of Town Planners, India, New DelhiCentral Building Research Institute ( CSI R ) ,RoorkeeSHRI S. SUBBA RAO All India Institute of Hygiene & Public Health,CalcuttaSHRI A. V. RAO ( Alternote

Cot SUKHDEVSINGH National Safety Council, New DelhiSHRI N. C. MUKHERJ EE Al t ernate )( Cont i nued on page 2 )

@ Copyright 1978BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is protected duder the Zndian Copyri ght Act ( XIV of 1957) andreproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of thepublisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

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I6:3362-1977( ontinuedfrom paga 1 )

Members RepresentingSHRI R. L. SURI Suci and Suci Consulting Acoustical Engineers, NewDelhiSHRI GAUTAM SURI ( Alternate )Soar L. G. TOYP.SHRI V. K. PUNJ ( Alternate )SHRI D. AJ ITHA SIMHA,Director ( Civ Engg )

Ministry of RailwaysDirector General, IS1 ( Ex-oJ cio Member )

SecretavSHRI SUCESHMALKANI

Assistant Director ( Civ Engg ), IS1

Orientation and Ventilation Subcommittee, RDC 12 : 4Convener

SWRI M. V. SATHE Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters,New DelhiMembers

SHRI A. P. KANVI NDESHRI M. M. MISTRY Messes Kanvinde & Rai, New DelhiSHRI B. D. DHAWAN ( Alternate ) National Buildings Organization, New DelhiSHRI M. M. PANDESHRI R. S. PANESAR Voltas Limited, BombayCouncil of Scientific & I ndustrial Research, NewDelhiSHRI V. K . PUNJSHRI S. PURUSHOTHAMA Ministry of RailwaysDirectorate General of Factory Advice Service &SHRI U. S. V. PRASAD ( Alternate ) Labouc Institute, BombaySHRI M. M. RANA

SHRI R. K. S. SAXENA Central Public Works Department, New DelhiDirectorate General of Observatories I Ministcv ofSHRI M. R. SHARMA

DR ISHWAR CHAND ( Alternate )

Tourism & Civil Aviation ), New Delhi CentI fado,kBeUeildingResearch Institute ( CSIR ),

2

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IS:3362-1977

Indian StandardCODE OF PRACTICE FOR NATURAL

VENTILATION OF RESIDENTIAL( First Revision ) BUILDINGS

0. FORE,WORB0.1 This Indian Standard ( First Revision) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 31 October 1977, after the draft finalized by theFunctional Rcquircmcnts in Buildings Sectional Committee had beenapproved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.0.2 Provision for ventilation becomes necessary for the supply of fresh airfor breathing, for dilution of inside air for control of odours, for theremoval of products of cumbustion and for maintaining satisfactorythermal environments ( sze 3 ). Therefore due consideration should begiven on designing ventilation requirements of residential buildings. Forthe maintenance of satisfactory thermal environments in the residentialbuilding by means of ventilation, it is necessary to take into considerationthe climate of the region in which .he building is located. In hot andarid regions, the main problem in summer is to provide protection fromsuns heat so as to keep the indoor temperatures lower than outside; andfor this purpose windows and doors are generally kept shut and onlyminimum ventilation is provided for the control of odours or for removalof products of cumbustion. Again in hot and humid regions, the primeobject in the design of residential buildings is to provide free air movementand to keep the indoor temperatures lower than outside, and for thispurpose the buildings are oriented to face the direction of prevailing windsand windows and doors are kept open in both windward and leewardsides to provide large amount of ventilation. In the colder parts of thecountry in winter months again the windows and doors are kept shutparticularly during the nights and only minimum ventilation is providedfor the control of odours and for the removal of products of combustion.0.3 This standard was first issued in 1965. In view of the experiencegained in the country in this field, the Committee responsible for thepreparation of this standard felt the necessity for its revision. In thisrevision, the definitions for comfort ventilation, permanent ventilation andindoor wind speed have been added. Requirements for comfort venti-lation for hot humid regions, details regarding the calculation of probable

3

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IIS : 3362 - 1977indoor wind speed and someincluded. The provision ofbeen modified.0.4 This standard is one ofrequirements of buildings.

typical illustrative examples have also beengeneral rules for natural ventilation havea series of Indian Standards on functional

0.5 For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of thisstandard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, express-ing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordancewith IS: 2-1960*. The number of significant places retained in therounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in thisstandard.

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard covers the essential factors necessitating ventilation,minimum standards of ventilation and factors affecting ventilation. Thestandard also recommends certain rules and guidelines in the design ofresidential buildings for natural ventilation. It also describes briefly themethods of calculating rate of airflow and probable indoor wind speed inresidential buildings.2. TERMINOLOGY2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.2.1 Air Change per Hour- The ratio of the volume of outside airallowed into a room in one hour to the volume of the room.2.2 Dry Bulb Temperature- The temperature of the well ventilatedair, read on thermometer placed in such a way as to avoid errors due toradiation.2.3 Humidity, Absolute - The mass of water vapour per unit volume.2.4 Humidity, Relative - The ratio of the actual to the partialpressure of the water vapour at the same temperature.2.5 Indoor Wind Speed- The average of wind speeds measured atsymmetrically distributed points on a horizontal plane in the normallyoccupied zone ( a region lying between 0.6 to 1.2 m above the floor).2.6 Openings-These are openings in the buildings provided forventilation purposes.

*Ruler for roundingoff numerical valuc~ (rrrkd ) .4 \

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IS : 3362 - 1977food, etc, have a direct influence upon bodily processes. Maintenance ofthermal equilibrium of the body is very essential for securing thermalcomfort and for avoiding heat stress. Heat transfer between human bodyand the environment occurs through conduction, convection, radiationand evaporation; the relative magnitude of each process varying withchanges in ambient conditions. However, under hot environments,evaporation is most important process of heat loss from the human bodyfor securing thermal comfort. As the room air or especially the airaround body becomes more nearly saturated due to humidity it becomesmore difficult to evaporate perspiration and a sense of discomfort is felt.A combination of high humidity and high air temperature proves veryoppressive. In such circumstances even a slight movement of air near thebody gives relief. It would, therefore, be desirable to consider a rate ofventilation which may produce necessary air movement.4. MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR VENTILATION4.1 Standards for Permanent Ventilation - Since the amount of freshair required to maintain the carbon dioxide concentration of air withinsafe limits and to provide sufficient oxygen content in the air for respira-tion is very small, the minimum standards of ventilation are based oncontrol of body odour or the removal of products of combustion depend-ing on the requirements of each case.

4.1.1 Where no contaminants are to be removed from air, amount offresh air required for dilution of inside air to prevent vitiation by bodyodours, depends on the air space avai!able per person and the degree ofphysical activity; the amount of air decreases as the air space per personincreases, and it may vary from 20 ms to 30 ma per person per hour. Inrooms occupied by only a small number of persons such an air change willautomatically be attained in cool weather by normal leakage aroundwindows and other openings and this may easily be secured in warmweather by keeping the openings open.4.2 Air movement is necessary in hot and humid weather for body cooling.A certain minimum desirable wind speed is needed for achieving thermalcomfort at different temperatures and relative humidities. Such windspeeds are given in Table 1. Where somewhat warmer conditions can betolerated without perceptible discomfort, minimum wind speeds fur justacceptable warm conditions given in Table 2 may be followed. Forobtaining values of indoor wind speed above 2.0 m/s mechanical means ofventilation may have to be adopted.4.3 Recommended Values for Air Changes

4.3.1 Li vi ng Rooms and Bed Rooms In case of living rooms and bedrooms, a minimum of three air changes per hour should be provided.6

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IS : 3362 - 1977TABLE 1 DESIRABLE WIND SPEEDS (m/s) FOR THERMALCOMFORT CONDITIONS

( Clause 4.2 )DRY BULB RELATIVE HUMIDITY ( PERCENTAOE

TEMPERATURE,OC c---- ____h----------__~30 40 50 60 70 80 902829303132333435

+ L + * * l ** + * l * 0.06 0.19* * l 0.06 D-24 0.53 0.85* 0.06 0.24 0.53 1.04 1.47 2.10

0.20 0.46 0.94 I .59 2.26 304 t0.77 1.36 2.12 3.00 t t t1.85 2.72 t t t t t3.2 t t t t t t

*None.tH igher than those acceptable in practice.

TABLE 2 MINIMUM WIND SPEEDS (m/s ) FOR J UST ACCEPTABLEWARM CONDITIONS( Clause 4.2 )

DRY BULB RELATIVE HUMIDITY ( PERCENTAGETEMPERATURE,OC r-----------;o---*---7;--;~---F~ 6028 * + l t * l l29 t * * + * l l30 * + * I * . l31 + * l * . 006 0.2332 + l * 0.09 0.29 0.60 0.9433 * 0.04 0.24 0.60 1so4 1.85 2.1034 0.15 0.46 0.94 1.60 2.26 3.05 t35 0.68 1.36 210 3.05 t t t36 1.72 2.70 t t t t t

*None.tH igher than those acceptable in practice.4.3.2 I~Y/chcns - Large quantities of air are nccdcd to remvve the steam,heat, smell and fumes generated in cooking and to prevent cxccssivc rise

of temperatures and humidity. However, for the requirement of kitchenin which cooking is done for a family of not more than five persons,minimum rate of ventilation of about six air changes per hour shall beprovided.

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IS I 3362 - 197743.3 Bathrooms and Water-Closets - Considerable ventilation of bath-rooms and water closets is desirable after use, and the equivalent of sixair changes per hour should be provided.4.3.4 Passages - Th e period of occupation of passagth, lobbies and the

like is very short and as such no special consideration is necessary indesigning their ventilation system.5. FACTORS AFFECTING NATURAL VENTILATION5.1 The rate of ventilation by natural means through doors and windowsand other openings depends on:

a) direction and velocity of wind outside and sizes and position ofthe openings (wind action), andb) stack effect.

5.11.1 When both wind and stack pressure are acting, each pressuremay be calculated as acting independently under conditions ideal to itand then a percentage be applied. However, ventilation in residentialbuildings due to stack pressure both in hot arid region and hot humidregion appears to be insignificant and at any rate may be neglected, aswhen both wind pressure and stack pressure are acting, wind pressureeffect may be assumed to be predominant.5.2 The method for determining the rate of ventilation based on windpressure and the probable indoor wind speed induced by wind actionis given in Appendix A.6. GENERAL RULES AND DESIGN GUIDELINES6.0 A few of the important rules of natural ventilation and some of theguidelines for designing buildings for the best possible utilization of out-door, wind indoors are given in 6.1 to 6.9.6.1 Inlet openings in the buildings should be well distributed and shouldbe located on the windward side at a low level, and outlet openings shouldbe located on the leeward side. Inlet and outlet openings at high levelsmay only clear the top air at that level without producing air movementat the level of occupancy.

6.1.1 Maximum air movement at a particular plane is achieved bykeeping the sill height of the opening at 85 percent of the height of theplane. The following levels of occupancy are recommended:a) For sitting on chair = 0.75 m

b) For sitting on bed = 0.60 m, andc) For sitting on floor = 0.40 m.

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6.2 nlet openings should not as far as possible be obstructed by adjoiningbuildings, trees, sign boards or other obstructions or by partitions insidein the path of air flow. The distance of such obstructions from theopenings should conform to local building byelaws.6.3 Greatest flow per unit area of opening is obtained by using inlet andoutlet openings of nearly equal areas at the same level.

6.3.1 For a total area of openings ( inlet and outlet) of 20 to 30 percentof floor area, the average indoor wind velocity is around 30 percent of out-door velocity. Further increase in window size increases the availablevelocity but not in the same proportion. In fact, even under mostfavourable conditions the maximum average indoor wind velocity does notexceed 40 percent of the outdoor velocity.6.4 Where the direction of wind is quite constant and dependable, the sizeof the inlet should be kept within 30 to 50 percent of the total area ofopen-ings and the building should be oriented perpendicular to the incidentwind. Whcrc direction of the wind is quite variable the openings may bearranged so that as far as possible there is approximately equal area on allsides. Thus no matter what the wind direction be, there would be someopenings directly exposed to wind pressure and others to air suction andeffective air movement through building would be assured.6.5 Windows of living rooms should open directly to an open space. Inplaces where building sites are restricted, open space may have to becreated in the building by providing adequate courtyards.6.6 In the case of a room with only one wall exposed to outside, provisionof two windows on that wall is preferred to that of a single window.6.7 Windows located diagonally opposite to each other with the wind-ward window near the upstream corner ( as shown in cases 2 and 7 inTable 4 ) give better performance than other window arrangements formost of the buildings orientations.6.8 Provision of vertical louvers increases the room air motion, providedthat the vertical projection does not obstruct the incident wind.6.9 Verandah open on three sides is to be preferred since it causes anincrease in the room air motion for most of the orientations of the build-ing with respect to the incident wind.

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IS : 3362 - 1977Figure 1 gives the values of X for various ratios of the areas of the twoopenings, for wGx.ls perpendicular to the opening and at 45 to it.

NOTE -For data on outdoor wind speed at a place reference may be made toClimatological and Solar Data for Design of Buildings for Comfort in India,published by the Central Building Research Inatitute, Roorkee.NOTE 2 - From the formula given under A-3.1, it may be noted that the flowthrough a square opening of side nearly 036 m, wtth an outlet of equal area, anda wind of 5 km/h blowing inclined at 45 to the opening, would amount to nearly194 ms/h approximately sufficient for a room of 4 x 4 x 4 m size.

d6-F LARGER OPENlNGOF SMALLER OPENI NJ

FIG. 1 VALUES OF COEFFICIENT OF EFFECTIVENESS K FORFLOW THROUQH TWO OPENINGS

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Is:=-1977A-4. PROBABLE INDOOR WIND SPEEDA-4.0 General - The simple conditions of an isolated enclosure in whicha~%opening is provided in each of the two opposite walls seldom occur inpractice, the problem being considerably complicated by the existence ofopenings into the building other than those in the room under conidera-tion, and also by the effect of obstructions in the neighbourhood of thebuilding, on the wind pressure distribution.A-4.1 Room with Windows Only on One Walla>

b)

The available wind velocity in a room with single window onthe windward side is about 10 percent of outdoor velocity atpoints up to a distance one-sixth of room depth from the window.Beyond this, the velocity decreases rapidly and hardly any airmovement is produced in the leeward half of the room.The average indoor wind velocity is generally less than 10 percentof outdoor velocity. The value however is increased up to15 percent when two windows are provided instead of one andwind impinges obliquely on them.

A-4.2 Room with Windows on Two Sidesa) When identical windows are provided on opposite walls and oneof the windows faces normally incident wind, the average indoorvelocity at a plane passing through the sill of the windows 0.9 mabove the floor, is determined from Fig. 2. For example, forwindows with openings of 20 percent of the floor arca, the aver-age indoor wind velocity is about 25 percent of outdoor velocity.

NOTE-The value of local velocity at different points shows a deviation from theaverage taken over the whole room area. For window sizes normally used in practice,the root mean square deviation (RMSD) of local velocity from the average value maybe obtained from Fig. 3. In this context a low value of RMSD connotes a moreuniform air speed distribution in the room space whereas a high value of RMSDsignifies very high air speeds at certain points in the air stream and very low airspeeds at other points.

b) For a different sill height, the available average velocity ( Va )at the sill level may be computed using the equation:

whereV00 =

S mvo -

v, = V,., + 0,072 ( 1 - S) Voaverage indoor wind velocity in km/h as determinedfrom (a),relative sill height with reference to normal sill heightof O-9 m, andoutdoor wind velocity in km/h. _I12

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IS I 3362 - 1977

AREA OF INLET(PERCENT OF TOTAL AREA OF OPENINGS)

FIG. 3 EFFECTOF SIZE OF INLET ON ROOT MEAN SQVARXDEVIATION1.21

o-9(3

III>x 0. 60Yi iul

0.30

0

I-

l-

0 20 40 60 80 lfAREA OF INLET

(PERCENT OF THE TOTAL AREA OF OPENINGS)FIG. 4 EFFECT OF SIZE OF INLET ON THE PERFORMANCE FFICIENCY

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IS : 3362 - 1977

TABLE 5 INFLUENCE OF LOUVERS ON INDOOR AIR MOTION[ Claure A-4.2 (f) ]

TYPE OF LOUVER CHANGE IN V ( PERCENTOF V)r_---h_____ .--700 45(1) (2) (3)

Chhajja -20 -20Horizontal and vertical +5 +10Box type :

Contraction ratio 1 : 1 0 -25Contraction ratio 2 : 1 0 0

Multiple horizontal -10 -13Multiple vertical -15 -25

TABLE 6 EFFECT OF VERANDAH ON INDOOR AIR MOTION

TYPE OP VERANDAH

(1)Open on three sidesOpen on two sidesOpen side parallelroom wall to theOpc;;ic$a Plerpendicular to

[Clause A-4.2 (g) ]LOCATIONOF VERANDAH

(2)WindwardLeewardWindwardLeeward

CHANGE N V (PERCENTOF V)#-_~~~~h~~_~~~00 450(3) (4)

+15 +10+15 +100 00 0

WindwardLeeward - 10 -100 0Windward -50 -30Leeward 0 +15

A-4.3 Illustrative Example - It is required to find out the probableaverage indoor wind velocity in the living room of two roomed house asshown in Fig. 5, when the wind is incident normally on the exposed sideof the room. The living room has a floor area of 1 l-3 ms. Area of thewindow opening on the exposed side is 1% ms and area of the windowopening on the leeward side is 1.9 m8.

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ISt3362-1977

TABLE 7 EFFECT OF LOCATION OF INTERCONNECTING DOORSON AIR MOTION IN ROOMS - ContdPI!2EDUCTION IN V (% OF V25 1515 15

50251030LO30

305555553045

3035

ORIENTATIONLOCATION OF INTERZONNECTING DOORS

4 -99REDUCTION IN VI% OF VIt5 LO30 15

El /:,I:L5I 1:0El I::/:

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IS:3362-1977DIRECTION OF WIN0~___-_------_______, I

LIVING ROOMFLOOR AREA 11.3 t-n* BED ROOM

V

VERANDAH

D = Door, D* = Door shown closed position,W = Window, V = Ventilator,

Wt P Window of Area 1.6 m* and WS = Window of Area 1.9 mqFIG. 5 PLAN OF A TYPICAL Two ROOM HOUSE

Solutiona)

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1sr3362-1977

b)

4

4

Size of inlet X 100Total area of openings = 45 percentPerformance efficiency from Fig. 3 = 100Therefore V&s = 0.32 VOSill height in the present case = O-76 mAverage indoor wind velocity V, at a plane passing through thesill of window is given by

Pa= 0.32+.072 (1 -g)]VO[= 0.331 V0Since the wind is incident normally and inlet is located almost inthe centre of the wall, no correction is needed ( Table 4).

e) Since the window is provided with a horizontal louver, theLreduction in Vs as determined from Table 5 is 20 percent.Vs = 0331 ( 1 - 20/100) vo

= 0265 Vof) In the present c%e, the reduction in room air velocity due teseries connection ( as determined from Table 7 ) is 20 percent.

Final value of average indoor wind velocity= O-265 (1 - 20/100 ) Ve= 21.2 percent of outdoor wind velocity.

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