Background to the Background to the Problem of Israel and Problem of Israel and

PalestinePalestine

God’s covenant with God’s covenant with AbrahamAbraham

► ““You shall be the father of many nations”You shall be the father of many nations”

► ““I will establish my covenant between me I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants for ever”and you and your descendants for ever”

► ““I will give to you, and to your descendants, I will give to you, and to your descendants, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession; and I will be their God”possession; and I will be their God”

Genesis 17:4-8Genesis 17:4-8

QuestionsQuestions►Who are the descendants of Abraham?Who are the descendants of Abraham?

►What is the land of Canaan?What is the land of Canaan?

►To whom should the land belong?To whom should the land belong?

►What authority does such a promise What authority does such a promise made 4000 years ago have today?made 4000 years ago have today?

Abraham’s familyAbraham’s family

Abraham and IshmaelAbraham and Ishmael► God promised God promised

Abraham he would Abraham he would have a sonhave a son

► But Sarah his wife But Sarah his wife was 77 years oldwas 77 years old

► So Sarah suggested So Sarah suggested to Abraham that he to Abraham that he have a son through have a son through her maid Hagarher maid Hagar

Sarah presenting Hagar to Abraham

Abraham

Hagar Sarah

Ishmael

Abraham’s familyAbraham’s family

Abraham and IsaacAbraham and Isaac13 years later God 13 years later God spoke to Abraham:spoke to Abraham:

““I will bless Sarah and I will bless Sarah and I will give you a son by I will give you a son by her; and she shall be a her; and she shall be a mother of nations; mother of nations; kings of peoples shall kings of peoples shall come from her.”come from her.”Genesis 17:16Genesis 17:16 An angel speaks to Abraham

Abraham

Hagar Sarah

Ishmael

Isaac

Abraham’s familyAbraham’s family

“Sarah said to Abraham, ‘Cast out this slave woman with her son; for the son of this slave woman shall not be the heir with my son Isaac.’”Genesis 21:10

God’s promises about God’s promises about IshmaelIshmael

““I will bless [Ishmael] I will bless [Ishmael] and make him fruitful and make him fruitful and he shall be the and he shall be the father of 12 princes father of 12 princes and I will make him a and I will make him a great nation. But I great nation. But I will establish my will establish my covenant with Isaac.”covenant with Isaac.”Genesis 17:20-21Genesis 17:20-21

Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael away

Abraham offers his sonAbraham offers his son► God told Abraham to God told Abraham to

offer his son as a burnt offer his son as a burnt offering on Mount offering on Mount MoriahMoriah

► The Bible says this son The Bible says this son was Isaacwas Isaac

► Muslims believe it was Muslims believe it was IshmaelIshmael

► Jacob had his dream of Jacob had his dream of the ladder going up to the ladder going up to heaven on this rockheaven on this rock

The Rock

Holy site for Jews and Holy site for Jews and MuslimsMuslims

► On this rock the Jewish On this rock the Jewish Temple was built Temple was built

► Muslims believe that on Muslims believe that on his Night Journey his Night Journey Muhammad went to Muhammad went to visit heaven from this visit heaven from this rock rock

► Now it is covered by Now it is covered by the Dome of the Rock the Dome of the Rock shrineshrine

Model of Solomon’s Temple

Dome of the Rock

Building the Ka’abaBuilding the Ka’aba► Later Abraham and Later Abraham and

Ishmael built the Ishmael built the Ka’aba, the first house Ka’aba, the first house for the worship of Godfor the worship of God

► ‘‘As Abraham raised the As Abraham raised the foundations of the shrine, foundations of the shrine, together with Ishmael (they together with Ishmael (they prayed): “Our Lord, accept prayed): “Our Lord, accept this from us. You are the this from us. You are the Hearer, the Omniscient.”’ Hearer, the Omniscient.”’

Qu’ran Qu’ran 2:1272:127

Ishmael and Abraham prayafter building the Ka’aba

Muhammad and the Ka’abaMuhammad and the Ka’aba► Muhammad helped Muhammad helped

to rebuild the Ka’abato rebuild the Ka’aba

► In 630 Muhammad In 630 Muhammad cleared the Ka’aba of cleared the Ka’aba of its idolsits idols

► It is an obligation for It is an obligation for Muslims to go on Hajj Muslims to go on Hajj once in their lifetime once in their lifetime if they can afford it if they can afford it

Muhammad praying at Ka’aba

Pilgrims circling the Ka’aba

Abraham’s descendantsAbraham’s descendantsAbraha

mHagar Sarah

Ishmael

Isaac

Arab nation

Muhammad

Islam

Jewish people

Judaism Christianity

Jesus

Into and out of EgyptInto and out of Egypt

Jacob’s family move to Egypt

Exodus Hebrews led by Mosesreturn to Canaan

12 tribes of Israel settle in 12 tribes of Israel settle in CanaanCanaan

The Israelite kingdomThe Israelite kingdom► King David ruled Israel

from 990 BCE to 968 BCE

► His son King Solomon expanded the kingdom

► 931 BCE - kingdom split into Judah (south) and Israel (north)

► 722 BCE - Assyria destroyed the northern kingdom of Israel

One empire after anotherOne empire after another

Babylonian Empire 600 BCE Persian Empire 539 BCE

Greek Empire 333 BCE Roman Empire 63 BCE

Israel under RomeIsrael under Rome► King Herod

appointed king of Israel by Rome from 40 BCE to 4 BCE

► After Herod’s death kingdom divided

► Jesus 4 BCE – 30 CE

Jesus crucified in JerusalemJesus crucified in Jerusalem► Jesus was tried and Jesus was tried and

put to death in put to death in JerusalemJerusalem

► Many Christian holy Many Christian holy sitessites Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Tomb of the Virgin Mary

Destruction of Jerusalem and Destruction of Jerusalem and IsraelIsrael

► First Jewish revolt against Roman rule

► Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple 70 CE

► Second Jewish revolt 132-135 CE

► 500,000 Jews killed, 985 villages destroyed

► Jews forbidden to live in Jerusalem

► Judea renamed Palaestina Arch of Titus in Rome

New Jewish DiasporaNew Jewish Diaspora

Byzantine Holy LandByzantine Holy Land► Emperor Constantine Emperor Constantine

supported Christianitysupported Christianity

► Empress Helena Empress Helena started building of started building of many churchesmany churches

► Pilgrimages to Holy Pilgrimages to Holy Land and Jerusalem Land and Jerusalem developeddeveloped

Church of theAnnunciationNazareth

The Basillica in Bethlehem

Rise of IslamRise of Islam► Muhammad “the Muhammad “the

Seal of the Seal of the Prophets” born 570Prophets” born 570

► Islam the heir of the Islam the heir of the promises given to promises given to Abraham, Moses Abraham, Moses and Jesusand Jesus

► Jihad to establish Jihad to establish Muslim hegemony Muslim hegemony to facilitate the to facilitate the spread of Islamspread of Islam

Muhammad preaching in Makkah

Conquest of the Holy landConquest of the Holy land► Caliph Umar conquored Caliph Umar conquored

Palestine & Jerusalem Palestine & Jerusalem from Byzantines in 638from Byzantines in 638

► Al-Aksa Mosque built Al-Aksa Mosque built 674674

► Dome of the Rock built Dome of the Rock built in 687 in 687

► Jewish and Christian Jewish and Christian pilgrims allowed to pilgrims allowed to freely visit holy sitesfreely visit holy sites Caliph Umar enters Jerusalem

Expansion of the Islamic Expansion of the Islamic EmpireEmpire

New rulers, new policies New rulers, new policies ►Fatimid dynasty established in Egypt in 969Fatimid dynasty established in Egypt in 969►Caliph Al-Hakim bi-AmrCaliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr destroyed Church of destroyed Church of

the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 the Holy Sepulchre in 1009 ►Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantines at Battle of Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantines at Battle of

Manzikert in 1071 and seized AnatoliaManzikert in 1071 and seized Anatolia►Christian pilgrim routes threatenedChristian pilgrim routes threatened►Crusade to retake Jerusalem and protect Crusade to retake Jerusalem and protect

pilgrims preached by Pope Urban II in 1095pilgrims preached by Pope Urban II in 1095

The CrusadesThe Crusades► There were 9 CrusadesThere were 9 Crusades► Jerusalem captured in Jerusalem captured in

1099 and its population 1099 and its population massacredmassacred

► Saladin recaptured Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187Jerusalem in 1187

► Crusader rule in Syria Crusader rule in Syria ended 1291ended 1291

► Constantinople Constantinople conquered by Ottomans conquered by Ottomans in 1453 in 1453

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1299 - 1923)(1299 - 1923)

Ottoman Empire expanded into Europe until defeated at 2nd siege of Vienna 1683

Recent Jewish historyRecent Jewish history

Anti-Semitism or JudeophobiaAnti-Semitism or Judeophobia► Forced conversion and baptismForced conversion and baptism► Compulsory Christian sermons in synagoguesCompulsory Christian sermons in synagogues► Public disputationsPublic disputations► Burning of Jewish booksBurning of Jewish books► Forced into ghettosForced into ghettos► Restrictions on professionsRestrictions on professions► Expulsions and slaughterExpulsions and slaughter► GenocideGenocide► Holocaust denialHolocaust denial

Expulsions of JewsExpulsions of Jews

Growth of Jewish community Growth of Jewish community in the Land of Israel in the Land of Israel

Mikveh Israel agricultural school 1870

Petah Tiqwa founded 1880

► Jews always lived in Jews always lived in the Land of Israelthe Land of Israel

► Return to Jerusalem Return to Jerusalem and Israel a constant and Israel a constant theme in Judaismtheme in Judaism

► Jews often emigrated Jews often emigrated there in Middle Agesthere in Middle Ages

► Jewish philanthropists Jewish philanthropists sponsored sponsored agricultural agricultural settlements in 19th settlements in 19th centurycentury

Growth of ZionismGrowth of Zionism► Movement to support a Jewish homeland in Movement to support a Jewish homeland in

the Biblical Land of Israel the Biblical Land of Israel ► Response to rampant anti-Semitism of 19th Response to rampant anti-Semitism of 19th

century Europecentury Europe Russian pogroms and expulsions of 1880sRussian pogroms and expulsions of 1880s Dreyfus Affair in France in 1890sDreyfus Affair in France in 1890s Persecution 1930s and Holocaust 1940sPersecution 1930s and Holocaust 1940s

► Secular but with religious rootsSecular but with religious roots Desire for a refuge from persecutionDesire for a refuge from persecution Desire to be self-governing independent nation Desire to be self-governing independent nation

► 1st Zionist Congress 18971st Zionist Congress 1897

World War IWorld War I

AlliesBritainFranceRussiaUSA

Central PowersGermany

Austria-HungaryTurkey/Ottoman Empire

Sykes-Picot Agreement 1915-Sykes-Picot Agreement 1915-1616

The British and French signed a secret agreement on post-WW I spheres of influence

Fixed the southern border of Israel

Britain’s agreement with the Britain’s agreement with the ArabsArabs

In 1916 Britain promised the Sharif of Mecca it In 1916 Britain promised the Sharif of Mecca it would support Arab independence if they revolted would support Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans except in these areas:against the Ottomans except in these areas:

The districts of Mersin and Alexandretta, and The districts of Mersin and Alexandretta, and portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, cannot be of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo, cannot be said to be purely Arab, and must on that account said to be purely Arab, and must on that account be excepted from the proposed delimitation.be excepted from the proposed delimitation.Sir Henry MacMahon 1915Sir Henry MacMahon 1915

Did this include Palestine?Did this include Palestine?► Did the area to be Did the area to be

excluded from Arab excluded from Arab control include the control include the Sanjak of Jerusalem Sanjak of Jerusalem and the Vilayet of and the Vilayet of Beirut, in other Beirut, in other words Palestine?words Palestine?

► The Arabs said “No”The Arabs said “No”► The British in 1922 The British in 1922

said “Yes”said “Yes”

Balfour Declaration 1917Balfour Declaration 1917"His Majesty's Government view with "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and , and will use their best endeavours to facilitate will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and , or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." other country."

British MandateBritish Mandate► Britain given control Britain given control

of Palestine by of Palestine by Versailles Conference Versailles Conference in 1919in 1919

► Faisal-Weizmann Faisal-Weizmann Agreement signedAgreement signed

► In 1920 the League of In 1920 the League of Nations gave Britain Nations gave Britain the mandate to the mandate to administer Palestine administer Palestine and establish a Jewish and establish a Jewish homelandhomeland

Separation of Palestine from Separation of Palestine from JordanJordan

In 1921 Britain In 1921 Britain stopped Jewish stopped Jewish settlement in settlement in Transjordan and gave Transjordan and gave the territory to Emir the territory to Emir Abdullah who later Abdullah who later became the first King became the first King of Jordanof Jordan

Rise of Palestinian Rise of Palestinian nationalismnationalism

►Muhammad Amin al-Husseini, a convicted Muhammad Amin al-Husseini, a convicted anti-Jewish rioter, made Grand Mufti despite anti-Jewish rioter, made Grand Mufti despite opposition of Muslim High Council in 1922opposition of Muslim High Council in 1922

►He eliminated Arabs who opposed him and He eliminated Arabs who opposed him and who wanted to cooperate with Jews who wanted to cooperate with Jews

► Instigated Arab revolts in 1920, 1927, 1936Instigated Arab revolts in 1920, 1927, 1936►Poisoned Jewish – Palestinian relations until Poisoned Jewish – Palestinian relations until

todaytoday

Muhammad Amin al-HusseiniMuhammad Amin al-Husseini► He stayed with Hitler during WW2 He stayed with Hitler during WW2

and encouraged the Holocaust:and encouraged the Holocaust:► ““The Mufti was one of the initiators The Mufti was one of the initiators

of the systematic extermination of of the systematic extermination of European Jewry and had been a European Jewry and had been a collaborator and adviser of collaborator and adviser of Eichmann and Himmler in the Eichmann and Himmler in the execution of this plan. ... He was one execution of this plan. ... He was one of Eichmann's best friends and had of Eichmann's best friends and had constantly incited him to accelerate constantly incited him to accelerate the extermination measures.”the extermination measures.” Eichmann's deputy Dieter Wisliceny Eichmann's deputy Dieter Wisliceny at Nuremburg Trialsat Nuremburg Trials

► Yasser Arafat was Husseini’s nephewYasser Arafat was Husseini’s nephew

Between a rock and a hard Between a rock and a hard placeplace

► Jews wanted unlimited emigration to Jews wanted unlimited emigration to Palestine to escape persecution in Europe Palestine to escape persecution in Europe and verbally and violently rejected British and verbally and violently rejected British attempts to limit immigrationattempts to limit immigration

►Arabs opposed Jewish immigration as Arabs opposed Jewish immigration as they saw it would lead to a Jewish they saw it would lead to a Jewish majority and the loss of their country. So majority and the loss of their country. So they verbally and violently attacked they verbally and violently attacked Britain for allowing itBritain for allowing it

Inconsistent British policyInconsistent British policy► British Zionists versus British ArabistsBritish Zionists versus British Arabists

► Arabists – Jewish emigration wrong: threatened Arabists – Jewish emigration wrong: threatened British interests in Arab world namely oil & British interests in Arab world namely oil & IndiaIndia

► Zionists – Supported Jewish emigration due to Zionists – Supported Jewish emigration due to mandate obligations and for humanitarian and mandate obligations and for humanitarian and sometimes religious reasonssometimes religious reasons

► British policy fluctuated, giving in to the British policy fluctuated, giving in to the community which used the most violencecommunity which used the most violence

The demography of The demography of JerusalemJerusalem

Jerusalem: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Population (1910-2000)

The demography of Palestine The demography of Palestine Mandate Palestine: Arab / Jewish Population (1914 - 1946)

The demography of IsraelThe demography of IsraelIsrael: Jewish / Arab Population (1949-2003)

Jews in Europe in 1933Jews in Europe in 1933

Jewish emigrationJewish emigration

Extent of the HolocaustExtent of the HolocaustCountry Jewish pop.

Sept. 1939Number Jews

murderedPercentage of

Jews murderedPoland 3,300,000 2,800,000 85

Soviet Union 2,100,000 1,500,000 71

Romania 850,000 425,000 50

Hungary 404,000 200,000 50

Czechoslovakia 315,000 260,000 82

France 300,000 90,000 30

Germany 210,000 171,000 81

Lithuania 150,000 135,000 90

Holland 150,000 90,000 60

Others 522,000 313,000 60

Total 8,301,000 5,978,000 72

Jews in Europe in 1950Jews in Europe in 1950

UN partition plan of 1947UN partition plan of 1947► 2 state solution with 2 state solution with

Jerusalem under international Jerusalem under international controlcontrol

► Most Jews accepted the plan Most Jews accepted the plan

► Arab leadership in and out of Arab leadership in and out of Palestine rejected the planPalestine rejected the plan

► Britain refused to implement Britain refused to implement the plan and ended mandate the plan and ended mandate on 15on 15thth May 1948 May 1948

Arab-Israeli war of 1948Arab-Israeli war of 1948►April 9April 9thth Deir Yassin massacre of 107 Arabs Deir Yassin massacre of 107 Arabs

prompted many Arab villagers to fleeprompted many Arab villagers to flee►April 13April 13thth Jewish medical convoy attacked Jewish medical convoy attacked

killing 77 medical staff and civilians killing 77 medical staff and civilians ►May 14May 14thth Israel declaration of independence Israel declaration of independence►May 15May 15thth Arab declaration to create a Arab declaration to create a

United State of Palestine United State of Palestine ► Israel invaded by 5 Arab armiesIsrael invaded by 5 Arab armies

After the 1949 armisticeAfter the 1949 armistice The territory of theThe territory of the State of Israel State of Israel proposedproposed by the UN in 1947 by the UN in 1947

Territory conquered byTerritory conquered by Israel 1948-49 Israel 1948-49

New frontier agreed in New frontier agreed in 1949 armistice1949 armistice

West Bank annexed by West Bank annexed by Jordan in 1950Jordan in 1950

Refugees, refugeesRefugees, refugees► 600,000 Jews expelled/encouraged to leave 600,000 Jews expelled/encouraged to leave

Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Egypt etc. They Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Egypt etc. They left behind houses, businesses, possessionsleft behind houses, businesses, possessions

► They fled to Israel where they settledThey fled to Israel where they settled

► 720,000 Palestinians fled to Egypt, Jordan, 720,000 Palestinians fled to Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, West Bank, GazaLebanon, West Bank, Gaza

► They were not given citizenship but kept in They were not given citizenship but kept in refugee camps until todayrefugee camps until today

Palestinian refugees 1948Palestinian refugees 1948““The Arab States The Arab States encouraged the encouraged the Palestine Arabs to Palestine Arabs to leave their homes leave their homes temporarily in order temporarily in order to be out of the way to be out of the way of the Arab invasion of the Arab invasion armies,” armies,” Jordanian Jordanian newspaper newspaper FilastinFilastin (February 19, 1949) (February 19, 1949)

Refugee problem Refugee problem perpetuatedperpetuated

► Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia all Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia all refuse to grant citizenship to Palestinians or refuse to grant citizenship to Palestinians or allow them to settle or take up employmentallow them to settle or take up employment

► Only Jordan welcomed Palestinians and Only Jordan welcomed Palestinians and granted them citizenship on the basis that granted them citizenship on the basis that Jordanians and Palestinians were both ArabsJordanians and Palestinians were both Arabs

► In 1952 the UN set up a $200m fund to In 1952 the UN set up a $200m fund to resettle the refugees but it was left untouchedresettle the refugees but it was left untouched

Insistence on a ‘right of Insistence on a ‘right of return’return’

““Any discussion aimed at a solution of Any discussion aimed at a solution of the Palestine problem which will not be the Palestine problem which will not be based on ensuring the refugees' right based on ensuring the refugees' right to annihilate Israel will be regarded as to annihilate Israel will be regarded as a desecration of the Arab people and a desecration of the Arab people and an act of treason.” an act of treason.”

Resolution passed at the Refugee Conference at Resolution passed at the Refugee Conference at Homs, Syria in 1957Homs, Syria in 1957

Jewish refugees 1948Jewish refugees 19481948 2000

Country Jewish population

Jewish population

Morocco 265,000 5,800

Algeria 140,000 100

Tunisia 105,000 1,300

Libya 38,000 0

Egypt 75,000 200

Lebanon 6,000 0

Syria 30,000 200

Iraq 150,000 100

Iran 100,000 12,500

Afghanistan 5,000 2

Pakistan 2,000 300

Yemen 63,000 200

Ethiopia 23,270 100

Total 1,002,270 20,800

In 1948 800,000 Jews were encouraged or forced to leave Muslim countries where their ancestors had lived for up to 2500 years. Their possessions were seizedwithout compensation.About 600,000 settled in Israel and were given citizenship. Another 300,000 soughtrefuge elsewhere.

Lead up to the war of 1967Lead up to the war of 1967► 1818thth May Egypt asked May Egypt asked

UN peacekeepers to be UN peacekeepers to be removed from Sinairemoved from Sinai

► Sinai remilitarized by Sinai remilitarized by EgyptEgypt

► 2222ndnd May Straits of Tiran May Straits of Tiran closed to Israeli shippingclosed to Israeli shipping

► 3030thth May Egypt, Jordan & May Egypt, Jordan & Syria sign military pactSyria sign military pact

► Other Arab countries Other Arab countries mobilise armiesmobilise armies

Arab declarations of intentArab declarations of intent► "If Israel embarks on an aggression against Syria "If Israel embarks on an aggression against Syria

or Egypt...The battle will be a general one and or Egypt...The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel." our basic objective will be to destroy Israel." President Nasser of Egypt 26President Nasser of Egypt 26thth May 1967 May 1967

► "The existence of Israel is an error which must "The existence of Israel is an error which must be rectified. This is our opportunity to wipe out be rectified. This is our opportunity to wipe out the ignominy which has been with us since the ignominy which has been with us since 1948. Our goal is clear - to wipe Israel off the 1948. Our goal is clear - to wipe Israel off the map." map." President Aref of Iraq 4President Aref of Iraq 4thth June 1967 June 1967

Six-Day WarSix-Day War► 55thth June Israel launches June Israel launches

pre-emptive strike pre-emptive strike against Egypt & Syriaagainst Egypt & Syria

► 55thth June Jordan attacks June Jordan attacks IsraelIsrael

► 77thth June Israel occupies June Israel occupies Old City and West BankOld City and West Bank

► 1010thth June Israel captures June Israel captures Golan HeightsGolan Heights

► 1111thth June ceasefire June ceasefire signedsigned

Khartoum ResolutionKhartoum Resolution► On September 1On September 1stst 1967 8 Arab 1967 8 Arab

countries met and declared:countries met and declared:

► No peace with Israel No peace with Israel ► No recognition of Israel No recognition of Israel ► No negotiations with Israel No negotiations with Israel

Expansion of Jewish population Expansion of Jewish population in occupied territoriesin occupied territories

► Initially few settlements as Israel hoped to Initially few settlements as Israel hoped to return captured land in exchange for peacereturn captured land in exchange for peace

► No possibility of peace No possibility of peace settlements startsettlements start► 1977 Likud government encouraged settlements1977 Likud government encouraged settlements

Jewish population 1948 1966 1972 1983 1993 2004 2005

West Bank (excl. Jerusalem) 480 0 800 22,800 111,600 231,800

Gaza Strip 30 0 700 900 4,800 8,000 0

Parts of Jerusalem annexed in 1967 300 0 9,200 75,000 130,000 177,000

SettlementsSettlements► Communities built by Israel in areas Communities built by Israel in areas

captured during Six-Day War:captured during Six-Day War: West BankWest Bank East JerusalemEast Jerusalem GazaGaza Golan HeightsGolan Heights Sinai Sinai

► Declared illegal by UN resolutionsDeclared illegal by UN resolutions► Israel claims they are legalIsrael claims they are legal

Ma'ale Levona settlement

SettlementsSettlements► Settlements now occupy Settlements now occupy

50% of Palestinian land50% of Palestinian land► Method of taking control Method of taking control

of land often violated due of land often violated due process and natural process and natural justicejustice

► Palestinians’ human Palestinians’ human rights violatedrights violated

1973 Arab-Israeli War1973 Arab-Israeli War► On Yom Kippur (6On Yom Kippur (6thth

October) Egypt and Syria October) Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack launched a surprise attack and made much progressand made much progress

► By end of 2By end of 2ndnd week Israel week Israel had fought backhad fought back

► Israel pushed Syria out of Israel pushed Syria out of Golan Heights and Golan Heights and counter-attacked Egypt in counter-attacked Egypt in SinaiSinai

► 2424thth October ceasefire and October ceasefire and disengagement talksdisengagement talks

Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords► November 1977 President November 1977 President

Sadat travels to IsraelSadat travels to Israel► Camp David talks in 1978 Camp David talks in 1978

mediated by President mediated by President CarterCarter

► Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty 19791979

► US financial support for US financial support for Egypt and IsraelEgypt and Israel

► Arab world disunitedArab world disunited► Sadat assassinated 1981Sadat assassinated 1981

President Sadat arrives in Israel

Sadat, Carter and Begin

1st Intifada 1st Intifada 1987-19931987-1993

Causes of Intifada 1987-1993Causes of Intifada 1987-1993►Growing Palestinian frustration at lack Growing Palestinian frustration at lack

of progress towards a settlementof progress towards a settlement►Lack of support from Egypt or JordanLack of support from Egypt or Jordan►Worsening Israeli oppressionWorsening Israeli oppression► Jewish settlements increasingJewish settlements increasing►Growing population and unemploymentGrowing population and unemployment►Spontaneous uprising led by Spontaneous uprising led by

community councilscommunity councils

Results of IntifadaResults of Intifada►1,612 Palestinians killed including 241 1,612 Palestinians killed including 241

children. 100s informers killed by militiachildren. 100s informers killed by militia►160 Israelis killed160 Israelis killed►Embittered Israeli-Palestinian relationsEmbittered Israeli-Palestinian relations►Palestinian self-identity strengthenedPalestinian self-identity strengthened► Israel criticised by international communityIsrael criticised by international community►Damaged both economies esp. tourismDamaged both economies esp. tourism►Led to Madrid Conference and Oslo AccordsLed to Madrid Conference and Oslo Accords

Oslo Accords 1993Oslo Accords 1993► Israel:Israel:

Recognised PLO as Recognised PLO as representative of representative of PalestiniansPalestinians

Agreed to withdraw from Agreed to withdraw from Gaza and West BankGaza and West Bank

Agreed to gradual transfer Agreed to gradual transfer to Palestinian Authorityto Palestinian Authority

► PLO:PLO: Recognized right of the Recognized right of the

State of Israel to existState of Israel to exist Renounced terrorism, Renounced terrorism,

violence and desire to violence and desire to destroy Israeldestroy Israel

Rabin, Clinton and Arafat13th September 1993

Other Palestinian Other Palestinian reactionsreactions

Hamas, Islamic Jihad & Hamas, Islamic Jihad & PopularPopularFront rejected Accords as Front rejected Accords as they they rejected Israel’s right to rejected Israel’s right to existexist

Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 1994 1994

► Washington Declaration Washington Declaration signed by Rabin, signed by Rabin, Hussein and ClintonHussein and Clinton

► Settled borderSettled border► Normalised relationsNormalised relations► Jordan’s position as Jordan’s position as

guardian of Muslim guardian of Muslim Holy Sites in Jerusalem Holy Sites in Jerusalem affirmedaffirmed

► 1995 Rabin 1995 Rabin assassinatedassassinated Rabin, Clinton and Hussein

Gaza separation barrierGaza separation barrier► Built in 1994 by Built in 1994 by

Rabin to Rabin to "take Gaza "take Gaza out of Tel Aviv”out of Tel Aviv”

► Since 1996 suicide Since 1996 suicide bombers prevented bombers prevented from entering Israelfrom entering Israel

► Hamas developed Hamas developed Qassam rockets Qassam rockets insteadinstead

Camp David 2000Camp David 2000►Clinton, Barak and Arafat to negotiate Clinton, Barak and Arafat to negotiate

“final status settlement”“final status settlement”►No agreement reached over 3 issuesNo agreement reached over 3 issues

TerritoryTerritory Jerusalem and the Temple MountJerusalem and the Temple Mount Refugees and the 'right of return' Refugees and the 'right of return'

►Arafat blamed for failure of the summitArafat blamed for failure of the summit

Second Intifada 2000-2005Second Intifada 2000-2005► Sharon visited Temple Sharon visited Temple

Mount with approval Mount with approval and agreement of and agreement of Arafat and other Arafat and other officialsofficials

► Next day riots in Next day riots in Jerusalem and West Jerusalem and West BankBank

► Some analysts believe Some analysts believe the Intifada was pre-the Intifada was pre-planned and planned and orchestratedorchestrated

Sharon visits Temple mount

Descent into violenceDescent into violence► Riots and murders Riots and murders

by Palestiniansby Palestinians► Heavy handed Heavy handed

response by Israelisresponse by Israelis► Palestinians smuggle Palestinians smuggle

in illegal weaponsin illegal weapons► Suicide bombings of Suicide bombings of

civilians in clubs, civilians in clubs, hotels, buses, cafeshotels, buses, cafes

Bus in Jerusalem 2002

Muhammad al-Durrah shot 2000

Intensification of conflictIntensification of conflict► IDF reoccupies IDF reoccupies

Palestinian areasPalestinian areas► 150 suicide bombings 150 suicide bombings

between 09/00-12/05between 09/00-12/05► ““Battle of Jenin” 2002Battle of Jenin” 2002

52 Palestinians killed52 Palestinians killed 23 Israeli soldiers killed23 Israeli soldiers killed

► Israel starts to build a Israel starts to build a separation barrierseparation barrier

Area of Jenin where fighting occurred

Suicide bombers in Jenin

Separation BarrierSeparation Barrier► ““Fence for Life” Fence for Life”

movement starts movement starts 20012001

► Prevent terrorists Prevent terrorists entering Israeli citiesentering Israeli cities

► Prevent illegal entry Prevent illegal entry by Palestiniansby Palestinians

► Approximately Approximately follows 1949 Green follows 1949 Green LineLine

► Not supposed to be a Not supposed to be a legal borderlegal border

Results of the barrierResults of the barrier► For:For:

Incidents of terrorism reduced by 90% - 2002-5Incidents of terrorism reduced by 90% - 2002-5 Fewer checkpoints, roadblocks and Israeli incursionsFewer checkpoints, roadblocks and Israeli incursions Economic growth in West Bank and IsraelEconomic growth in West Bank and Israel

► Against:Against: Most of the barrier is built illegally on Palestinian landMost of the barrier is built illegally on Palestinian land Severed Palestinian communities and access to Severed Palestinian communities and access to

services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenitiesservices, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities Destruction of trees and loss of agricultural land Destruction of trees and loss of agricultural land Alleged to be attempt to annex Palestinian land and Alleged to be attempt to annex Palestinian land and

to pre-empt final status negotiationsto pre-empt final status negotiations

Road Map for PeaceRoad Map for Peace► Proposed 2002 by Proposed 2002 by

‘Quartet’ of UN, US, ‘Quartet’ of UN, US, EU and Russia - EU and Russia - April 2003April 2003

► Goal: An independent Goal: An independent Palestinian state living Palestinian state living side by side in peace side by side in peace with the State of Israelwith the State of Israel

Abbas, Bush and Sharon at Red Sea Summit in Aqaba, Jordan June 4 2003

Phase 1Phase 1► End to Palestinian violenceEnd to Palestinian violence

Suicide bombings and missile attacks continueSuicide bombings and missile attacks continue► Palestinian political reformPalestinian political reform

Prime Minister appointedPrime Minister appointed► Israeli withdrawal and freeze on settlement Israeli withdrawal and freeze on settlement

expansionexpansion Israel leaves Bethlehem (2003), unilaterally leaves Israel leaves Bethlehem (2003), unilaterally leaves

Gaza (2005) and closes some settlements in West BankGaza (2005) and closes some settlements in West Bank► Palestinian electionsPalestinian elections

Mahmoud Abbas elected President January 2005Mahmoud Abbas elected President January 2005 Hamas win parliamentary elections January 2006Hamas win parliamentary elections January 2006

Phase 2Phase 2► International Conference to support Palestinian International Conference to support Palestinian

economic recovery and launch a process, leading economic recovery and launch a process, leading to establishment of an independent Palestinian to establishment of an independent Palestinian state with provisional borders state with provisional borders

► Revival of multilateral engagement on issues Revival of multilateral engagement on issues including regional water resources, environment, including regional water resources, environment, economic development, refugees, and arms economic development, refugees, and arms control issuescontrol issues

► Arab states restore pre-Intifada links to Israel Arab states restore pre-Intifada links to Israel (trade offices, etc.)(trade offices, etc.)

Hostilities resume 2006Hostilities resume 2006►The “Road Map for Peace” broke down The “Road Map for Peace” broke down ►Hamas elected in Palestine on Hamas elected in Palestine on

platform of destroying the State of platform of destroying the State of IsraelIsrael

►Hizbollah attacks Israel as part of its Hizbollah attacks Israel as part of its goal of eliminating Israelgoal of eliminating Israel

► Iran declares that it will eliminate Iran declares that it will eliminate IsraelIsrael

What is required?What is required?A Spiritual Road Map for A Spiritual Road Map for

PeacePeace

Development of Judeophobic Development of Judeophobic mythologymythology

► Antiquity – Jews accused of being:Antiquity – Jews accused of being: LeparsLepars MisogynistsMisogynists LazyLazy

► Middle Ages – Jews accused of being:Middle Ages – Jews accused of being: God - killersGod - killers Drinkers of Christian bloodDrinkers of Christian blood Partners of SatanPartners of Satan

► Modern – Jews accused of:Modern – Jews accused of: Trying to take over the worldTrying to take over the world Racial pollutionRacial pollution Money grabbersMoney grabbers

LebanonLebanon► In 1970 PLO expelled from Jordan and In 1970 PLO expelled from Jordan and

moved to Lebanonmoved to Lebanon►PLO attacked Israel from LebanonPLO attacked Israel from Lebanon►Delicate Christian-Muslim balance upset Delicate Christian-Muslim balance upset

and led to Lebanese civil war in 1975and led to Lebanese civil war in 1975►Syria sent in peace-keeping force which Syria sent in peace-keeping force which

sided with the Muslimssided with the Muslims►PLO controlled South LebanonPLO controlled South Lebanon

Sunni-Shia divisionSunni-Shia division► Disagreement about who should have Disagreement about who should have

inherited authority and leadership inherited authority and leadership ► ShiaShia believed ruler should be from family of believed ruler should be from family of

the Prophet. Mostly in Persia/Iran & Iraqthe Prophet. Mostly in Persia/Iran & Iraq► SunniSunni believed ruler could be any qualified believed ruler could be any qualified

person. Arabs and most Muslim countriesperson. Arabs and most Muslim countries► Some differences in practice and beliefSome differences in practice and belief

One empire after anotherOne empire after another

► Umayyad dynastyUmayyad dynasty (661-750) Sunni, (661-750) Sunni, Arab, capital Damascus. Later SpainArab, capital Damascus. Later Spain

► Abbasid dynastyAbbasid dynasty (750-1258) (750-1258) Sunni/Shia, Arab/Persian, capital Sunni/Shia, Arab/Persian, capital Bagdad. Power fractured amongst Bagdad. Power fractured amongst regional dynastiesregional dynasties

► Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)(1299-1922)► Safavid dynastySafavid dynasty (1501-1722) based in (1501-1722) based in

PersiaPersia

Umayyad dynasty (661-750)Umayyad dynasty (661-750)► Sunni ArabSunni Arab► Capital DamascusCapital Damascus► Huge expansion of Huge expansion of

Islamic landsIslamic lands

► Continued in Spain Continued in Spain until 1031until 1031

AbbasidAbbasid dynasty (750-1258)dynasty (750-1258)► Sunni/ShiaSunni/Shia► Arab/PersianArab/Persian► Capital BagdadCapital Bagdad► Power fractured Power fractured

amongst regional amongst regional dynastiesdynasties

► Dynasty ended Dynasty ended with the sack of with the sack of Bagdad by the Bagdad by the MongolsMongols