ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 7, Number 2

June 2015

2015

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editor-in-Chief

Tsanko YablanskiFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Co-Editor-in-Chief

Radoslav SlavovFaculty of AgricultureTrakia University, Stara ZagoraBulgaria

Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2015

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 2June 2015

Product Quality and Safety

Near Infrared Spectroscopy and aquaphotomics for monitoring changes during yellow cheese ripening

S. Atanassova*

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Physics, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

Abstract. The aim of the study has investigation of the feasibility of Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and aquaphotomics as a tool for the monitoring a changes during ripening of Bulgarian yellow cheese from cow milk. The cheeses were made according to Bulgarian national standard for Bulgarian yellow cheese from cow milk. Samples for spectroscopic and chemical analysis were taken after 1, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 days of ripening. Total protein, water-soluble protein, dry matter and titratable acidity were determined for all samples. NIRS measurements were performed by NIRQuest 512 spectrometer (Ocean Optics, Inc.) in the region 900-1700 nm using reflection fiber-optics probe. Aquagram coefficients were calculated. Differences in spectral data of cheese samples in the range of first overtone water region from 1300-1550 nm were found. The changes of aquagram patterns of cheese samples were significant. Investigation of aquagrams showed decreasing the free water and the number of hydrogen bonding of water molecules and increasing of solvated water in the process of ripening. Changes in aquagram patterns depend mainly on changes in titratable acidity and protein fraction in cheese during ripening. We can conclude from obtained results that NIR Spectroscopy and aquaphotomics has a potential for monitoring cheese ripening stage.

Keywords: Bulgarian yellow cheese, ripening, aquaphotomics, near-infrared spectroscopy

Abbreviations: NIRS – near-infrared spectroscopy, WAMACS – water matrix coordinates, BNS – Bulgarian national standard

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 2, pp , 2015269 - 272

Introduction

Cheese is worldwide spread dairy product and has great commercial importance within the food industry. A rapid and reliable analysis of the cheese products, including the determination of its chemical properties, ripening stage and geographical origin, would be highly desirable both for the manufacturers and consumers. Traditional approaches require sampling and chemical analysis, which are expensive and time consuming.

Specific water vibrations were assigned, connected with free water, specific water configuration such as dimers, trimers, solvation shells etc., and named water matrix co-ordinates (WAMACS). In the region of 1300 – 1550 nm 12 WAMACS coordinates are proposed at 1344, 1364, 1372, 1382, 1398, 1410, 1438, 1444, 1464, 1474, 1492 and 1518 nm, which cover the most distinctive species of water structure. To visualize the changes in water absorbance pattern a chart termed Considerable interest for “Aquagram” are used.development of instrumental techniques for objective, faster, non-

Jinendra et al. (2010) applied NIR spectroscopy with destructive and less expensive assessments of cheese quality aquaphotomics for the in-vivo diagnosis of soybean plants infected existed. with soybean mosaic virus at early stage of the disease. The most Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used as a method significant spectral differences between healthy and infected plants to predict the quality of different foods and agricultural products due were found at water specific wavelength region (890–1025 nm). The to the speed of analysis, minimal sample preparation and low cost. spectral calibration model based on soft independent modeling of NIR has shown good prediction abilities for determination of fat, class analogy, predicted the disease with 91.6% sensitivity and moisture, protein and inorganic salts in cheese (Adamopoulos et al., 95.8% specificity. Munćan et al. (2014) used aquaphotomics for 2001; Blaquez et al., 2004; Curda and Kukackova, 2004; interpretation of near-infrared spectra of mineral waters and Atanassova et al., 2011). Several authors investigated possibilities investigation of organization of water molecules. The study confirms of NIRS for prediction of storage time of Italian fresh cheese the potential of NIRS in discrimination and classification of Crescenza (Cattaneo et al., 2005); maturity and sensory attributes of commercial mineral waters. This shows that apart from the present 24 Cheddar cheeses produced using five renneting enzymes and solutes and their concentration, these waters can be classified stored at 4ºC for up to 9 months (Downey et al., 2005), and selected according to their NIR spectra, by the means of the multivariate free amino acids and soluble nitrogen during Edam cheese ripening analysis and Aquaphotomics, which are actually giving information (Mlček et al., 2011). about organization of water molecules. Aquaphotomics is a new term, introduced to describe the water-

The aim of the study has investigation of the feasibility of NIRS light interaction in aqueous solutions and biological systems and aquaphotomics as a tool for the monitoring a changes during . ripening of Bulgarian yellow cheese from cow milk.

respective bio functionalities and would contribute to better understanding of water as a life matrix.

(Tsenkova, 2009, 2010) Aquaphotomics is based on NIRS and multivariate analysis. It relates water absorbance patterns to

* e-mail: atanassova@uni-sz.bg

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Material and methods

,

λ

λ

σ λ λ

λ

Results and discussion

l

lll

s

m-=A

Aq

Table 1. Changes in tested parameters in cheese samples during ripening

°

Figure 1. Second derivative absorbance spectra of measured cheese samples in the range of 1300-1550 nm

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Figure 2. Aquagram of analyzed cheese samples

Table 2. Correlation coefficients between aquagram values and titrable acidity, water-soluble protein, maturity rate and drymatter of investigated cheese samples

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Downey G, Sheehan E, Delahunty C, O'Callaghan D, Guinee T Referencesand Howard V, 2005. Prediction of maturity and sensory attributes of Cheddar cheese using near infrared spectroscopy. International Adamopoulos G, Goula AM and Petropakis HJ, 2001. Quality Dairy Journal, 15, 701-709.control during processing of Feta cheese-NIR Application. Journal of IDF 20-5:2001 Milk - Determination of nitrogen content - Part 5: Food Composition and Analysis, 14, 431-440.

. Determination of protein-nitrogen content.Atanassova S, Naydenova N, Kolev T, Iliev T and Mihaylova G.Jinendra B, Tamaki K, Kuroki S, Vassileva M, Yoshida S and 2011. Near Infrared Spectroscopy for monitoring changes during Tsenkova R, 2010. Near infrared spectroscopy and aquaphoto-yellow cheese ripening. mics: Novel approach for rapid in vivo diagnosis of virus infected soybean. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Barzaghi S, Cremonesi K, Passolungo L and Cattaneo T, 2014. 397, 685-690.Aquaphotomics as a tool for the study of the accelerated shelf life of Karoui R, Mouazen AM, Dufour É, Pillonel L, Schaller E, De PDO Taleggio cheese. In: Aquaphotomics, “Understanding Water in Baerdemaeker J and Bosset J-O , 2006. Chemical Biological World”, The 5th Kobe University Brussels European characterization of European Emmental cheeses by near infrared Centre Symposium “Innovation, Environment, and Globalisation”, 4 spectroscopy using chemometric tools. International Dairy Journal, October 2014, Brussels, Belgium.16, 1211-1217.http://www.aquaphotomics.com/pdf-posters/9_Barzaghi_et_al.pdfMlček J, Rop O, Dohnal V and Šustová K, 2011. Application of Bázár G, Kovács Z, Tanaka M and Tsenkova R, 2014. near infrared spectroscopy to estimate selected free amino acids Aquaphotomics and its extended water mirror concept explain why and soluble nitrogen during cheese ripening, Acta Veterinaria NIRS can measure low concentration aqueous solutions, In: BRNO, 80, 293-297; doi:10.2754/avb201180030293Aquaphotomics, “Understanding Water in Biological World”, The Munćan J, Matija L, Simić-Krstić J, Nijemčević S and Koruga D, 5th Kobe University Brussels European Centre Symposium 2014. Discrimination of mineral waters using near-infrared “Innovation, Environment, and Globalisation”, 4 October 2014, spectroscopy and aquaphotomics, Hemijska Industrija, 68, 257-Brussels, Belgium.264, doi: 10.2298/HEMIND130412049M.http://www.aquaphotomics.com/pdf-posters/nr2.pdfMurtaza MA, Ur-Rehman S, Anjum FM, Huma N and Hafiz I, 2014. Blaquez C, Downey G, O'Donnell C, O'Callaghan D and Howard Cheddar Cheese Ripening and Flavor Characterization: A Review, V, 2004. Prediction of moisture, fat and inorganic salts in processed Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54, 1309-1321, DOI: cheese by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and multivariate 10.1080/10408398.2011.634531.data analysis. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 12, 149-157.Tsenkova R, Atanassova S, Kawano S and Toyoda K, 2001. BNS 1109:1989. Milk and milk products. Methods for determination Somatic cell count determination in cow's milk by near-infrared of moisture and dry matter.spectroscopy: a new diagnostic tool. Journal of Animal Science, 79, BNS 1111:1980. Milk and milk products. Determination of acidity. 2550-557.BNS EN ISO 8968-1:2002. Milk - Determination of nitrogen content - Tsenkova R, 2009. Introduction aquaphotomics: dynamic Part 1: Kjeldahl method (ISO 8968-1:2001)spectroscopy of aqueous and biological systems describes BNS EN ISO 8968-5:2002. Milk - Determination of nitrogen content - peculiarities of water. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy,17, Part 5: Determination of protein-nitrogen content (ISO 8968-5:2001)303-313.Cattaneo T, Giardina C, Sinelli N, Riva M and Giangiacomo R, Tsenkova R, 2010. Aquaphotomics: Water the biological and 2005. Application of FT-NIR and FT-IR spectroscopy to study the aqueous world scrutinized with invisible light, Spectroscopy Europe, shelf-life of Crescenza cheese. International Dairy Journal 15, 693-22, 6-10. 700.Sousa MJ, Ardö Y and McSweeney PLH, 2001. Advances in the Čurda L and Kukacková O, 2004. NIR spectroscopy: A useful tool study of proteolysis during cheese ripening, International Dairy for rapid monitoring of processed cheeses manufacture. Journal of Journal, 11, 327–345.Food Engineering, 61, 557-560.

Agricultural Science and Technology, 3, 390-394.

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Effect of physical form and protein source of starter feed on growth and development of dairy calves E. Yavuz, G. Ganchev, N. Todorov

Characterization of Plasmopara viticola isolates from Bulgaria with microsatellite markersK. Kosev, I. Simeonov, G. Djakova, T. Hvarleva

Total phenol content, antioxidant activity of hip extracts and genetic diversity in a small population of R. canina L. cv. Plovdiv 1 obtained by seed propagationM. Rusanova, K. Rusanov, S. Stanev, N. Kovacheva, I. Atanassov

Correlation between qualitative-technological traits and grain yield in two-row barley varieties N. Markova Ruzdik, D.Valcheva, D.Vulchev, Lj. Mihajlov, I. Karov, V. Ilieva

Application of path coefficient analysis in assessing the relationship between growth-related traits in indigenous Nigerian sheep (Ovis aries) of Niger State, NigeriaS. Egena, D. Tsado, P Kolo, A. Banjo, M. Adisa-Shehu-Adisa

Effect of height of stem on the productivity of winter common wheatN. Tsenov, T. Gubatov, E. Tsenova

Influence of the direction of crossing on activities of heterosis regarding the height of plants and number of leaves in Burley tobacco hybridsTs. Radoukova, Y. Dyulgerski, L. Dospatliev

Common winter wheat lines with complex resistance to rusts and powdery mildew combined with high biochemical indexV. Ivanova, S. Doneva, Z. Petrova

Study of emmer (Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Shuebl.) accessions for traits related to spike productivity and grain quality in connection to durum wheat improvementK. Taneva, V. Bozhanova, B. Hadzhiivanova

Phenotypic stability of yield on varieties and lines of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)R. Dragov, D. Dechev

Classification and regression tree analysis in modeling the milk yield and conformation traits for Holstein cows in BulgariaA. Yordanova, S. Gocheva-Ilieva, H. Kulina, L.Yordanova, I. Marinov

Potential N-supplying ability of soil depending on the size of soil units under different soil tillage systems M. Nankova, P. Yankov

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Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

Tolerance and own tolerance of wheat under conditions of permanent and long-term rotationN. Nankov, G. Milev, A. Ivanova, I. Iliev, M. Nankova

Influence of fertilization and sowing density on grain production of Sorghum bicolor L., in the climatic conditions of Central Moldavia, RomaniaS. Pochişcanu, T. Robu, A. Gherasim, M. Zaharia

Effect of locomotor activity of Russian sturgeons (Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii Brandt) on water heat flows in a recirculation system K. Peychev, Y. Staykov, S. Stoyanova

The effect of stocking density on some hydrochemical parameters and growth traits in European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), cultivated in a recirculation systemG. Zhelyazkov

Agroecological assessment of wastewater from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant by physico-chemical parameters G. Kostadinova, D. Dermendzhieva, G. Petkov, I. Taneva

Exploring the yield potential and spike characteristics of tritordeum (×Tritordeum ascherson et graebner) accessions under the conditions of South DobrodzaH. Stoyanov

Effect of amitraz on varroosis in bees (Apis mellifera L.)K. Gurgulova, I. Zhelyazkova, S. Takova, K. Malinova

New data about Crocus olivieri J. Gay on the territory of Sinite Kamani Natural Park, BulgariaN. Grozeva, M. Todorova, M. Gerdzhikova, G. Panayotova, N. Getova, D. Dohchev, K. Tsutsov

Near Infrared Spectroscopy and aquaphotomics for monitoring changes during yellow cheese ripeningS. Atanassova

Investigation on the technological traits of Bulgarian and imported merino wool batchesD. Pamukova

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Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

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