ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 6, Number 4

December 2014

2014

Scope and policy of the journalAgricultural Science and Technology /AST/ – an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues.

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Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

Nutrition and Physiology

Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2014

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 6, Number 4December 2014

Genetics and Breeding

Identification of promising genotypes for hybridization in spring barley

B. Dyulgerova*, D. Dimova, N. Dyulgerov

Institute of Agriculture, 8400 Karnobat, Bulgaria

Abstract. The objective of this study was to identify genetically divergent spring barley parents with desirable spike traits for hybridisation particularly for Bulgarian feed barley breeding program. The study was conducted in the Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, during the period 2011 – 2012. Barley germplasm comprising of 27 genotypes was evaluated for seven quantitative traits through cluster and principal component analyses. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes regarding all the traits studied. Genotype had most influence on spike length. Year and genotype X year interaction had most strong impact on the grain weight per a spike. Principal component analysis indicated 74.5% of the total variation. Varieties AC Hawkeys, AC Roser and Creme having positive values for principal component 1 and 2 were of considerable breeding interest because of their good combination for the studied traits. Cluster analysis revealed that 29 accessions of spring barley were clustered into four main groups. The following crosses were recommended based on the genetic divergence and mean performance of studied traits: genotypes from group I (CDC Sister, Manny, Trochu, Stander, Excel, MNbrite, Creme, Vivar) with genotypes from group II (Malebo, AC Renger, Kakapo, AC Roser).

Keywords: spring barley, genetic divergence, parent selection

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 6, No 4, pp , 2014383 - 386

Introduction barley parents with desirable spike traits for hybridisation particularly for Bulgarian feed barley breeding program.

Barley is one of the most important cereals in Bulgaria. Despite the interest of farmers there is no spring feed barley varieties in the

Material and methodsOfficial variety list of the Republic of Bulgaria (Executive Agency for Variety Testing, Field Inspection and Seed Control, 2013). Grain yield is the most important economic trait in spring feed barley This research was conducted in the 2011 and 2012 growing breeding. Improvement of barley yield depends on the use of large seasons in the experimental field of the Institute of Agriculture, germplasm and best cultivars as a parent. Karnobat, Southeastern Bulgaria. The soil of experimental field was

slightly acid (pH 6.2) leached chernozemsmolniza. Long term average precipitation for this region was 203.1 mm per growing season. The amount of precipitation in the first year growing period

Bertan was lower (141.1 mm) than that in the second year (193.4 mm). The et al., 2007 experiments were organized in a Randomized Complete Block

Design with 3 replications. Each plot consisted of five 110 cm rows, 30 cm apart. Sowing was performed by hand in March. Standard agronomic and plant protection practices were used.

The materials used in present study included 27 varieties of six-rowed spring barley – CDC Sister, AC Vision, AC Rosser, AC Renger,

The grain yield is highly sensitive to environment than the AC Legend, AC Malpe, AC Hawkeyе, Diamond, Creme, Niska, Vivar, component characters. Therefore, Singh et al. (1997) emphasized Trochu, Mahigan, Manny, Tango, CN 17822 bred in deferent the need to base the selection for yield on yield components which locations in Canada, Mnbrite, Excel, Atlas, Hitchcock, Tango, have a very strong association. Grain yield in barley can be Tamaplais, Creel, Hеrаld, Stander from USA, Winston from determined by three major components: the number of tillers per England, Malebo from Australia and Kakapo from New Zealand and plant or per unit area, the number of two genotypes – 4900,2 (resistance to BYDV) and Interspecific – H.

. murinum/H. vulgare//H. Bulbosum (resistance to Pyrenophora graminae, leaf and stem rust, powdery mildew, BYDV, root rot).

(Tapsell and Thomas, The traits spike length (cm), awn length (cm), spikelet number 1983) per a spike, grain number per a spike, grain weight per a spike (g)

and 1000 grains weight (g) were measured in the laboratory on ten plants sampled from the middle of the plot of each genotype in each

This experiment was aimed at identifying genetically divergent replication.

.

spring

Genetic distance measures based on phenotypic characters are one of the main multivariate techniques used to provide criteria for choosing parents. Genetic distance between genotypes is a way to predict the genetic variability among hybrid combinations (

). However, in addition to genetic distance studies, it is also necessary that the genotypes selected for crosses possess high individual performance for yield When these requirements are fulfilled, there is a high probability of selecting transgressive genotypes due to the occurrence of heterosis and the action of complementary dominant genes.

grains per spike, and single grain weight (i.e.1000-grain weight) Tillering and so the number of spikes per plant varies greatly with the environmental conditions, far more so than some of the spike characteristics

. For this reason selection for yield especially in early generations often is done on the basis of the spike traits as number and weight of grains per spike.

383

* e-mail: bdyulgerova@abv.bg

384

The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Two multivariate analyses – principal component and cluster analyses were utilized. Principal component analysis and ANOVA were obtained by SPSS 16.00 for Windows (SPSS Inc., 2007). The cluster analysis was performed using the program Statistica 7.0 (StatSoft Inc., 2004) that adopts Euclidean distance as a measure of dissimilarity and the Ward's method as the clustering algorithm (Ward, 1963) using the newly created variables after standardizing. Mean values of variables, calculated based on measurements on plants from replication and years for each genotype, were used in the cluster and principal component analysis.

the GEI and effect of year for all investigated traits. Genotype had Results and discussion most influence on spike length. Year and genotype X year interaction

had most strong impact on the grain weight per a spike.Analysis of variance showed highly significant (P < 0.01) The mean values of the traits studied are shown in Table 2.

differences for all the characters studied, suggesting the existence Spike length ranged from 4.79 for Interspecific to 9.47cm for variety of high genetic variability among the genotypes (Table 1). The CDC Sister. Maximum spikelet number per a spike of 78.73 was genotype effect was the dominant source of variation, followed by exhibited by variety AC Hawkeys whereas minimum spikelets per a

Table 1. Partitioning of sum of squares (η2) for spike traitsin 29 spring barley genotypes

Traits Genotype Year Genotype x Year

Spike length

Awn length

Spikelet number per a spike

Grain number per a spike

Grain weight per a spike

1000 grains weight

89.07***

79.88***

81.57***

75.73***

62.30***

82.11***

0.53**

0.63***

0.44*

4.15***

8.00***

2.96***

10.40***

19.49***

17.99***

20.11***

29.70***

14.93***

Table 2. Mean performance of 29 spring barley genotypes for spike traits

Genotype

CDC Sister

AC Vision

AC Roser

AC Renger

AC Legend

AC Malpe

AC Hawkeys

Diamond

Creme

Niska

Trohu

Manny

Vivar

Tango

Interspecific

4900,2

CN 17822

Tamaplais

Herold

Mahigan

MNbrite

Hitchcock

Atlas

Creel

Stander

Exel

Malebo

Kakapo

Winston

LSD 0.05%

9.47

7.28

7.77

7.08

7.82

7.67

9.18

7.50

8.31

7.57

8.64

8.98

7.95

6.52

4.79

7.16

6.97

7.90

7.99

7.57

7.86

5.32

8.85

6.51

7.65

8.21

6.42

7.56

7.85

0.80

10.42

11.76

12.29

13.21

12.51

10.92

15.73

11.48

11.73

13.75

10.77

11.81

10.89

11.56

11.50

12.33

10.76

12.88

9.91

9.86

11.00

10.12

12.78

9.76

11.79

11.25

12.58

11.71

14.43

0.87

76.00

57.31

67.11

62.48

64.42

63.96

78.73

62.66

70.74

65.95

73.25

77.43

71.82

60.81

68.50

53.82

66.52

69.38

71.75

68.07

71.40

59.66

73.44

59.22

70.68

70.47

57.34

67.49

73.50

6.23

64.52

45.59

50.12

45.67

51.39

50.75

64.46

47.08

51.39

52.25

58.52

61.13

54.23

43.12

58.58

35.75

51.65

49.04

56.15

52.99

62.05

46.77

51.83

50.37

61.05

61.76

40.80

48.74

59.03

7.78

2.28

1.90

2.38

2.19

2.20

1.90

2.72

2.34

2.35

1.95

2.59

2.44

2.39

1.88

1.85

1.17

2.35

1.92

2.31

2.04

2.60

1.52

2.07

2.11

2.48

2.46

2.31

2.31

1.99

0.53

36.44

41.24

46.78

49.41

42.91

38.17

49.25

43.08

43.10

38.85

45.26

39.39

44.08

43.44

30.43

35.49

44.74

48.05

42.73

37.29

42.09

34.79

40.22

40.00

41.52

40.12

53.28

48.70

36.63

0.71

Spike length,cm

Awn length,cm

Spikelet number per a spike

Grain number per a spike

Grain weight per a spike, g

1000 grains weight, g

385

spike of 53.82 was recorded for the genotype 4900.2. Grain number per a spike ranged from 35.75 to 64.52. Grain weight per a spike varied from 1.17 g for genotype 4900.2 to 2.72 g for variety AC Hawkeys. Data for 1000-grain weight ranged between 30.43 g and 53.28 g, maximum 1000-grain weight was recorded for variety Malebo whereas minimum was recorded for genotype Interspecific.

Pearson's correlation coefficient was computed between spike traits among 29 genotypes of spring barley (Table 3). Positive correlation was found between most of traits. Spike length was highly significant and positively correlated with spikelet number per a spike (r=0.69), grain number per a spike(r=0.51) and grain weight per a spike (r=0.54). Spikelet number per a spike showed significant positive relationship with grain number per a spike (r=0,88). Grain number per a spike exhibited significant positive correlation with grain weight per a spike (r=0,63) and spikelet number per a spike (r=0,64). Association between 1000 grains weight and grain weight per a spike was of positive nature and significant (r=0,50).

Correlation between traits is so important because it helps the breeder to select important characters from the studied traits. Most of the traits such as yield and yield component traits are influenced by interaction of genotype and environment, and, therefore,

barley.selection based on correlation coefficient makes it easy for plant The first two principal components accounted for 75% of the breeders (Ahmadikhah et al., 2008). The relationship between spike

overall variation among genotypes (Table 4). The first principal length and grain number per spike is indicative of simultaneous component (PC1) was positively correlated with spikelet number per genetic improvement in these two traits. Several researchers like a spike (0.928), grain number per a spike (0.850), grain weight per a Khaliq et al. (2004), Budakli Carpici and Celik (2012) have also spike (0.831) and spike length (0.801). Maximum genetic variance to reported similar positive association between spike length and grain PC2 was contributed by 1000 grains weight (0.955) and awn length number per spike. There are studies (Sukram et al., 2010; Budakli (0.571). Carpici and Celik, 2012; Dyulgerova, 2012) reported that grains

Such results indicated that traits spikelet number per a spike, number per spike exerted direct positive effect on grain yield in grain number per a spike, grain weight per a spike and spike length contributed maximum towards diversity of genotypes. Ram and Singh (1989) found spike length, grain per spike and grain weight were the main characters contributing yield in barley. It may be concluded that the greater divergence in the genotypes due to these characters would offer a good scope for the improvement of barley

Table 3. Pearson's correlation coefficient for spike traits of 29 spring barley genotypes

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

Traits Spike length Awn lengthSpikelet number

per a spikeGrain number

per a spikeGrain weight per a spike

Awn length

Spikelet number per a spike

Grain number per a spike

Grain weight per a spike

1000 grains weight

0.23

0.69**

0.51**

0.17

0.54**

0.17

0.02

0.31

0.05

0.88**

-0.06

0.64**

-0.24

0.63** 0.50**

Table 4. Principal component analysis of 29 spring barley genotypes

Characters

Factor loadings

PC1 PC2

Eigenvalues

% of variance

Cumulative %

Spike length

Awn length

Spikelet number per a spike

Grain number per a spike

Grain weight per a spike

1000 grains weight

0.801

0.230

0.928

0.850

0.831

0.181

0.094

0.571

-0.228

-0.433

0.250

0.914

3.001

50.009

50.009

1.472

24.534

74.544

Malebo

AC HawkeysAC Renger

KakapoAC RoserTamaplais

AC LegendCreme

Trochu

TangoDiamond

AC Vision4900.2CN 17822

NiskaAtlas Vivar

Stander

Manny

Exel

MnbriteWinstonCreelAC Malpe

HeroldMahigan

CDC SisterHitchcock

Interspecific

PC

2

3.00

-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 1.00 2.00 3.00.00

2.00

1.00

.00

-1.00

-2.00

PC 1

Figure 1. Scatter diagram for PC1 and PC2 in 29 spring barley genotypes

Table 5. Cluster mean of studied traits of 29 spring barleygenotypes

Traits Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV

Spike length, cm

Awn length,cm

Spikelet number per a spike

Grain number per a spike

Grain weight per a spike, g

1000 grains weight, g

8.41

11.88

73.27

58.84

2.39

41.73

7.38

11.27

64.67

48.06

2.25

47.87

7.19

11.27

62.55

49.18

1.96

39.83

5.75

11.31

60.66

47.04

1.52

33.57

386

through rational selection. ReferencesFigure 1 displays a biplot in the dimension of the first and second

PCs. The accessions with positive values for PC1 and PC2 were of Ahmadikhah A, Nasrollanejad S and Alishah O, 2008. considerable breeding interest because of their good combination Quantitative studies for investigating variation and its effect on for the studied yield related traits – AC Hawkeyе, AC Rosser, heterosis of rice. International Journal of Plant Production, 2, 297-Tamaplais and Creme. Hybridization between the genotypes with 308. high positive values for PC1 as AC Hawkeyе, Manny, CDC Sister Bertan I, Carvalho FIF and Oliveira AC, 2007. Parental selection and varieties with high positive values for PC2 as Malebo, AC strategies in plant breeding programs. Journal of Crop Sciences and Renger is expected to give promising and desirable segregants in Biotechnology, 10, 211-222.subsequent generations. Budakli Carpici E and Celik N, 2012. Correlation and path

Accessions were grouped into four clusters at a distance of 5 coefficient analyses of grain yield and yield components in two-units. The cluster means of the investigated traits are presented in rowed of barley (Hordeum vulgare convar. distichon) varieties. Table 5. Comparison of means of various traits in different clusters Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 4, 128-131.revealed that cluster I recorded the highest value for spike length, Dyulgerova B, 2012. Correlations between grain yield and yield awn length, spikelet number per a spike, grain number per a spike, related traits in barley mutant lines. Agricultural Science and grain number per a spike, grain weight per a spike and grain weight Technology, 4, 208-210.per a spike. The cluster II with 8 varieties had the highest value for Executive Agency for Variety Testing, Field Inspection and 1000 grains weight. Based on mean performance of studied traits Seed Control, 2013. Bulgarian official catalogue of varieties of and the genetic divergence (Figure 2) the following crosses were agriculture and vegetable plant species. Sofia.recommended: genotypes from group I (CDC Sister, Manny, Trochu, Khaliq I, Parveen N and Chowdhery MA, 2004. Correlation and Stander, Excel, MNbrite, Creme, Vivar) with genotypes from group II path coefficient analysis in bread wheat. International Journal of (Malebo, AC Renger, Kakapo, AC Roser). Agriculture and Biology, 6, 633-635.

Ram M and Singh DP, 1989. Estimation of genetic component of variability in barley. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 14, 98-106.ConclusionSingh I, Redhy AS and Jindal Y, 1997. Harvest index a better selection criteria for yield improvement in bread wheat. Haryana Significant differences were observed among the genotypes Agricultural University Research Journal, 27, 27-30.regarding all the traits studied. Genotype had most influence on SPSS Inc., 2007. SPSS for Windows. Release 16.0.SPSS Inc. spike length. Year and genotype X year interaction had most strong Chicago, IL. USA.impact on the grain weight per a spike. Principal component analysis

indicated 74.5% of the total variation. Varieties AC Hawkeys, AC Sukram P, Tejveer S and Ramesh B, 2010. Estimation of Genetic Roser and Creme having positive values for principal component 1 Parameters in Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Crop Improvement, 37, and 2 were of considerable breeding interest because of their good 52-56.combination for the studied traits. Cluster analysis revealed that 29 Tapsell CR and Thomas WTB, 1983. Cross predictions studies on accessions of spring barley were clustered into four main groups. spring barley. 2. Estimation of genetic and environmental control of The following crosses were recommended based on the genetic yield and its component characters. Theoretical and Applied divergence and mean performance of studied traits: genotypes from Genetics, 64, 353-358.group I (CDC Sister, Manny, Trochu, Stander, Excel, MNbrite, Ward JH, 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective Creme, Vivar) with genotypes from group II (Malebo, AC Renger, function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236-Kakapo, AC Roser). 244.

Win

ston

Atla

s

Viv

ar

Her

old

Cre

me

Mnb

rite

Sta

nder

Exe

l

Troc

hu

AC

Haw

keys

Man

ny

CD

C S

iste

r

Mal

ebo

Tam

apla

is

AC

Ren

ger

Kak

apo

AC

Ros

er

CN

178

22

Dia

mon

d

AC

Leg

end

Mah

igan

AC

Mal

pe

Nis

ka

Cre

el

Tang

o

AC

Vis

ion

4900

.2

Inte

rspe

cific

Hic

hcoc

k

Link

age

dist

ance

Figure 2. Cluster diagram of 29 spring barley genotypes on the basis of spike traits

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Effect of cubicle technological parameters on welfare and comfort of dairy cowsD. Dimov

Identification of promising genotypes for hybridization in spring barleyB. Dyulgerova, D. Dimova, N. Dyulgerov

Comparative evaluation of triticale cultivars grown in the region of DobrudzhaA. Ivanova, N. Tsenov

Stress tolerance to drought of inbred maize linesP. Vulchinkova

Sericin content in raw silk from Bombyx mori L. cocoons with different fluorescent characteristicsM. Panayotov

Genetic variability in two-rowed spring barleyB. Dyulgerova, N. Dyulgerov, M. Dimitrova-Doneva

Testing of new Bulgarian sunflower hybrids under the conditions of Northeast BulgariaII. Phenological specificityG. Georgiev, P. Peevska, E. Penchev

Maize hybrids testing in system “Plus”S. Vulchinkov, V. Valkova, D. Ilchovska, P. Vulchinkova

Effect of gamma-irradiation on the fatty acid composition and susceptibility to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) of oilseed rape plantsM. Petkova, M. Dimova, D. Dimova, S. Bistrichanov

Investigations on haematological parameters and bone marrow morphology in broiler chickens with experimental aflatoxicosisI. Valchev, D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, L. Lazarov, N. Grozeva, Y. Nikolov

D. Vladova, D. Yovchev, R. Dimitrov, M. Stefanov, P. Hristov

Clinical and haematological studies on subclinical lactational ketosis in dairy goatsR. Binev, V. Marutsova, V. Radev

Effect of linseed and sunflower oils in the diet on the growth parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) cultivated in a recirculating systemG. Zheliazkov

Light microscopy of the adipose tissue distribution along the coronary branches in the myocard of the New Zealand White rabbit

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Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

Intensity of spike increase in Triticum aestivum L. cultivars depending on some agronomy factors M. Nankova, A. Ivanova, N. Tsenov

Effect of the complex suspension foliar fertilizers Lactofol and Amalgerol premium on grain yield from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) under the conditions of Dobrudzha regionG. Milev, R. Todorova

Seasonal dynamics of virus pathogens important for Foeniculum vulgareB. Dikova, H. Lambev

Fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs under semi arid conditions in NigeriaA. Raji, S. Mbap, G. Mohammed, I. Kwari

Algae cenoses with dominate Homoeothrix varians Geitler and Homoeothrix crustaceae Woronichin in the Veleka River, BulgariaK. Velichkova, I. Kiryakov

Relationship between soil salinity and Bassia hirsuta, Salicornia europaea agg. and Petrosimonia brachyata distribution on the territory of Pomorie lake and Atanasovsko lakeM. Todorova, N. Grozeva, L. Pleskuza, Z. Yaneva, M. Gerdgikova

Environmental friendly methods of inducing resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus in pepperN. Petrov

Meat quality traits in Japanese quails with regard to storage conditions and durationP. Vasileva, H. Lukanov, A. Genchev

Analytical features of an optimized method for HPLC analysis of some polyphenolic acids and flavonoids in tomato fruits D. Georgieva, I. Tringovska, A. Atanasova, V. Kmetov

Effect of vitamin E in the diet of pigs on the lipid and protein oxidative stability of meat during storageT. Popova, P. Marinova, M. Ignatova

Variability of individual coagulation ability and qualitative composition of milk from Kalofer Longhaired goatsG. Kalaydzhiev, A. Vuchkov, T. Angelova, D. Yordanova, V. Karabashev, J. Krastanov, D. Dimov,N. Oblakov, S. Laleva, Y. Popova

Influence of the distillation rate on the quality and quantity of essential oil from Rosa alba L.A. Dobreva

Short Communication

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

Animal welfareStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 6, Number 4December 2014

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