ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 2, Number 1

March 2010

2010

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ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 2, Number 1March 2010

Influence of some stimulators on the grain yield and sowing-seed properties of two durum wheat cultivars

1 2 1G. Delchev *, D. Nenkova , D. Stoychev

1Cotton and Durum Wheat Research Institute, 6200, Chirpan Bulgaria2Cryobiology and Food Technologies Institute, 65 Cherni vrah, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria

* e-mail: delchevgrd@dir.bg

Abstract. A two-factor experiment was carried out on pellic vertisol soil type in 2007-2009 on the experimental field of the Cotton and Durum Wheat Research Institute, Chirpan, Bulgaria. Factor A included 2 Bulgarian durum wheat cultivars - Vuzhod and Saturn, which belong to var. valenciae. Factor B included 6 rates – non-treated control and 3 stimulators: Tritimil - 300 ml/ha, Napsil - 300 and 500 ml/ha, Cemofol - 500 and 700 ml/ha. All stimulators were treated in the tillering

-st -ndstage of the durum wheat. Stimulators Tritimil, Napsil and Cemofol decreased less the 1 and 2 overgrown internode length of cultivar Saturn compared with cultivar Vuzhod. Napsil and Cemofol increased grain yield by 9.0 % and 10.9 % in cultivar Vuzhod and by 10.3 % in cultivar Saturn. Both stimulators have equal or increased effectiveness compared with the standard Tritimil. The studied stimulators increased the vitreousness, protein content, wet and dry gluten contents. Stimulators Tritimil, Napsil and Cemofol increased germination energy and seed germination and decreased the waste grain quantity.

Keywords: durum wheat, stimulators, cultivars, grain yield, grain quality, sowing-seed properties

sprinkler tank. Early spring feeding was carried out with 120 kg N/ha, Introductionin the form of ammonium nitrate. All other cultivation practices are carried out according to accepted technology for cultivation of durum Growth regulators properly selected and used of appropriate wheat.level of mineral fertilization, increase grain yield and grain quality in

The effect of foliar fertilizers on the grain yield of durum wheat cases where traditional methods and tools are little effective or has been studied. The changes occurring in the physical properties nearly exhausted their opportunities (Taniguchi et al., 1999; Vildflush of the grain - 1000 grains weight, test weight, vitreousness - and and Gurban, 1999; Delchev, 2003). In literature, there is evidence biochemical properties of the grain - protein content, wet and dry that common and durum wheat respond differently to treatment with gluten contents have been investigated. Received from each variant the same preparations (Rapparini et al., 1984; Pomati, 1987; grain was cleaned through a sieve with mesh width of 2.2 mm and Pestryakov et al., 1991). According to some authors (Jürgens and was the quantity of waste grain (screenings). Received by each Knittel, 1985; Rapparini et al., 1987) in their reaction to some variant seeds were determined a germination energy and laboratory retardants durum wheat is closer to barley than to common wheat.germination. The intensity of initial growth of seeds was studied Based on these data, we set ourselves the aim to determine the expressed by the length of primary roots and coleoptile. They influence of some stimulators on grain yield, grain quality and determine on the eighth day after setting the samples. Mathematical sowing-seeds properties of two durum wheat cultivars.data processing is done by the method of analysis of variance.

Material and methods

Results and discussionThe investigation was conducted in the period 2007-2009 in the

experimental field of the Cotton and Durum Wheat Research Lodging of the crops of durum wheat may become a problem in Institute - Chirpan on pellic vertisol soil type. A two-factor field its cultivation at higher farming practices. It is due to the discrepancy experiment was carried out embedded in the block method in 4 between the weight of the overgrown part of the plant and the size of 2

-st -ndreplications with the 15 m crop plot size. Factor A included 2 the 1 and 2 overgrown internodes that can withstand greater Bulgarian durum wheat cultivars - Vuzhod and Saturn, which belong loads. Therefore, in assessing the effectiveness of stimulators, it is to var. valenciae. Factor B included 6 rates – non-treated control and important to establish what its impact on those internodes is. Results 3 stimulators: Tritimil (derived phytalamine acids, chlorofenoxy obtained showed that the tested stimulators Tritimil, Napsil and

-st -ndacids, quaternary ammonium salts) at a dose of 300 ml/ha, Napsil Cemofol have small affect on the diameter of the 1 and 2 (derived chlorofenoxyacetic acid, naftilacetic acid, phtalamine acid, overgrown internodes in both durum wheat cultivars (Table 1). Three chlorochlorine chloride, folic acid, trace elements) in doses of 300 stimulators give little influence on the length of these two internodes and 500 ml/ha, Cemofol (derived methilphtalamine acid, in cultivar Saturn. But Saturn is a very low cultivar and the lodging chlorochlorine chloride, folic acid, salicylic acid, trace elements, risk is minimum. In the variety Vuzhod reduction of internode length surface active substance) in doses of 500 and 700 ml/ha. is significantly greater. The greatest reduction in the length is

All stimulators were treated in tillering stage of the durum wheat -ndobtained at the 2 internode of cultivar Vuzhod. This is an important with consumption of working solution 20h l/ha. Mixing was done in a

feature of the three stimulators because Vuzhod is higher and the

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 2, No 1, pp 29 - 32, 2010

29

Table 2. Physical and biochemical properties of the grain (mean 2007-2009)

Variants Gluten

Vuzhod

Saturn

Cultivars Stimulators

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

45.6

46.8

46.6

46.8

46.2

46.4

80.3

80.7

80.0

80.5

80.1

80.8

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

LSD 5 %

LSD 1 %

LSD 0.1 %

1.7

2.8

4.9

0.41

0.57

0.84

3.0

5.1

7.2

6.3

8.5

10.7

4.8

6.4

8.2

0.8

1.7

2.2

1000 grainweight, g

Test weight, kg

Vitreous-ness, %

Protein, %

40.8

42.2

42.2

42.2

42.6

42.8

82.7

83.4

82.8

82.7

82.6

82.8

85.2

88.4

88.4

88.8

88.8

89.0

12.48

13.11

12.95

13.44

12.92

13.54

77.4

80.3

80.2

81.2

80.3

81.0

11.14

12.17

12.03

12.11

11.80

11.96

21.5

23.5

23.0

24.2

23.2

24.3

8.0

8.9

8.7

9.2

8.8

9.4

Wet, % Dry, %

16.5

19.7

19.5

20.2

19.1

19.3

6.1

7.5

7.2

7.9

7.1

7.2

30

risk of lodging it is greater. trend of increase in mass of 1000 grains has been observed with the Average for the period of study stimulator Napsil leads to use of the test stimulators (Table 2). However, with all options the

mathematically proven to increase grain yield of 333 kg/ha - 9.0 % in value of this indicator is above the requirements of standards.cultivar Vuzhod and of 400 kg/ha - 10.3 % in cultivar Saturn. Test weight characterizes grain consistence and it is one of the Stimulator Cemofol increased grain yield by 406 kg/ha - 10.9 % in most important technological parameters. It does not change under Vuzhod and by 400 kg/ha - 10.3 % in Saturn. Throughout the the influence of Tritimil, Napsil Cemofol in both cultivars, although investigated period both stimulators have equal or increased some increase is reported in relation to non-treated control and there effectiveness compared with the standard Tritimil. In two durum is some variation during different years. Test weight retained its high wheat cultivars Vuzhod and Saturn observed slight, but unproved values typical of durum wheat - in all variants it is over 80 kg in

-st -ndTable 1. Sizes of 1 and 2 overgrown internodes. Grain yield (mean 2007-2009)

Variants

Cultivars

Vuzhod

Saturn

Stimulators

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

3.10

3.14

3.23

3.43

3.42

3.46

4.95

3.21

3.46

3.23

3.45

3.31

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

LSD 5 %

LSD 1 %

LSD 0.1 %

285

378

491

7.7

10.2

13.2

-st1 internode

Diameter, mm

Length, cm

3.40

3.62

3.59

3.65

3.62

3.67

4.70

4.20

4.51

4.32

4.55

4.44

3.50

3.57

4.00

3.92

4.08

3.95

10.67

10.20

9.98

8.63

9.41

8.27

3.71

3.78

3.88

3.91

3.72

3.79

3.96

3.68

3.91

3.88

3.72

3.75

3711

3983

3928

4044

3922

4117

100

107.3

105.8

109.0

105.7

110.9

kg/ha %

Grain yield

3900

4261

4200

4300

4178

4300

100

109.3

107.7

110.3

107.1

110.3

cultivar Vuzhod and over 82 kg in cultivar Saturn. Vitreousness of the good harvest is the use of quality seeds. Seeds must have the grain is increase proved in the treatment with the three stimulators, necessary sowing properties, the main of which are high although some variation is obtained over the years. In all cases it is germination energy and seed germination. Germination energy is with values above the requirements of international standards for one of the most important characteristics of the sowing properties of over 75 % vitreousness. Under all variants vitreousness is high - the seed. The high germination energy is the reason for faster more than 85 % in cultivar Vuzhod and more than 77 % in cultivar development of primary roots and coleoptile after seed germination Saturn. and is associated with earlier germination in field conditions, bigger

The protein content was determined by cultivar, but very much tempering of plants and a lower risk of frost in the winter. depending on weather conditions and farming practices. Treatment Germination is the most important index characterizing the sowing with the three stimulators increases the protein content, most properties of the seed. At high laboratory germination sowing should pronounced by the use of Napsil in dose of 500 ml/ha. Wet and dry be done with lower sowing rate, which decreases the production gluten contents are very important elements of the qualitative cost. It was found that stimulators Tritimil, Napsil and Cemofol characteristics of the grain. The data show that all stimulators increased germination energy and seed germination in both durum increase the gluten content. The increase was the greatest for wheat cultivars - Vuzhod and Saturn (Table 3). This led to higher treatment with Napsil at a dose of 500 ml/ha. grain yields. The obtained results for germination energy and seed

One of the important conditions for obtaining normal crop and germination are a prerequisite to continue to investigate the effect of

Table 3. Sowing properties of the seeds (mean 2007-2009)

Vuzhod

Saturn

Variants

Cultivars Stimulators

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

92.0

95.0

93.5

96.0

94.0

95.0

93.5

96.5

96.0

98.0

95.5

96.5

Control – non-treated

Tritimil - 300 ml/ha

Napsil -300 ml/ha

Napsil - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 500 ml/ha

Cemofol - 700 ml/ha

LSD 5 %

LSD 1 %

LSD 0.1 %

2.0

3.6

5.2

1.8

3.3

4.6

1.4

2.9

4.3

Germinative energy, %

Germination %

Waste grain, %

89.5

94.0

93.0

93.5

94.5

96.5

91.5

96.0

95.5

97.5

97.0

98.0

Length, cm

Coleoptile Root

10.6

11.2

11.1

11.2

11.2

11.7

12.9

15.4

14.4

15.1

16.0

16.1

0.43

0.61

0.78

1.38

1.54

1.78

10.2

12.4

11.1

11.7

10.2

10.6

12.2

13.8

15.1

15.6

14.3

15.7

14.3

11.4

11.1

10.4

10.1

9.4

14.4

11.3

13.8

13.7

14.0

13.8

31

stimulators on the initial intensity of the growth of seeds, expressed increase the intensity of the initial growth, expressed by the length of by the length of roots and coleoptiles. It was found that the influence the root and coleoptile at germination and the decrease in the of the three stimulators on the length of the primary root is stronger quantity of waste grain under the influence of the herbicides are than their effect on the length of the coleoptile. Their positive effect explained by the positive effects on growth and development of on early growth of seeds leads to better rooting of young plants, less durum wheat during its vegetation period.damage by frost and prevents plant withdrawal during winter months.

At the evaluation of the sowing characteristics we have to Conclusionconsider not only the characteristics of the sowing seeds but also the quantity of the waste grain (siftings) which are gained at the -stStimulators Tritimil, Napsil and Cemofol decreased less the 1 preparation of these seeds. The treatment with stimulators Tritimil, -ndand 2 overgrown internode length of cultivar Saturn compared to Napsil and Cemofol of cultivars Vuzhod and Saturn in tillering stage

cultivar Vuzhod. Napsil and Cemofol increased grain yield by 9.0 % of durum wheat decreases the amount of screenings received. Less

and 10.9 % in cultivar Vuzhod and by 10.3 % in cultivar Saturn. Both amount of screenings leads to lower cost of the seed and increases

stimulators have equal or increased effectiveness compared to the the economic effect of seed production of durum wheat. Increases in

standard Tritimil. Investigated stimulators increased the the values of germination energy and laboratory seed germination,

vitreousness, protein content, wet and dry gluten contents. Pestryakov AM, Pankin AA and Remezov VD, 1991. The Stimulators Tritimil, Napsil and Cemofol increased germination effectiveness of some retardants on growth winter wheat. energy and seed germination and decreased the quantity of waste Agrochemisty, 22-24 (Ru).grain. Rapparini G, Giordani G, Logi G and Contanelli G, 1984.

Resultati delli prime esperience con i nuovi regulatori di crescita. Informatore Agrario, 40 (12), 79-85.Rapparini G, Benussi D and Bassi F, 1987. Verifica dell'utilita

References d'impiego di fitoregulatori di crescida sui cereali vernini. Informatore Agrario, 43 (5), 29-35.

Delchev G, 2003. Use of growth regulators and complex foliar Taniguchi Y, Fujita M, Sasaki A, Ujihara K and Ohnushi M, 1999. fertilizers on different rates of mineral fertilization in durum wheat. Effect of top dressing at booting stage on crude protein content of Thesis for DSc, Chirpan, (Bg). wheat in Kyushu district. Japanese Journal of Crop Science, 68 (1), Jürgens G and Knittel H, 1985. Durum-Weizen: die 48-53.Produktionstechnik ansfeilen. DLG - Mitteilunger. BRD, 100 (4), Vildflush IR and Gurban KA, 1999. Yield and quality of spring 184-186. wheat in an integrated application of mineral fertilizers, trace Pomati S, 1987. Il programma grano Basf. Informatore Agrario, 43 elements and new growth regulators. In: International scientific (24), 51-55. conference. Minsk, Belarus, 16-19.02.1999, 84-85 (Ru).

32

CORRECTIONS

On:AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 1 No 4 pp 130

Figure 4 is:

and have to be:

The Editorial board of Agricultural Science and Technology wood like to apologize to the author of the paper Mr N. Tsenov and all scientistsinterested in our journal for the technical error, made by the publishing house.

Figure 4. Duration of the period to heading and maturity in the group of late varieties expressed as relative value from the standard

DH

DPM

133.3

133.3

140.0

146.7

153.3

153.3

97.6

104.9

100.0

100.0

102.4

102.4

Ideal

Svilena

A 91/7-8

Mizia

C 92/203-1

Rekviem

Laska

Milena

Kaloyan

Lazarka

126.7

126.7

133.3

133.3

107.3

107.3

100.0

95.1

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t hperformance in dairy cows, IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

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Volume 2, Number 1March 2010

CONTENTS

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Quality and Safety

Synchronization of estrous in gilts with Altrenogest S. Dimitrov, G. Bonev, Hr. Taseva

Phenotypic stability of new cotton varieties with improved fiber quality A. Stoilova

Effect of age upon the reproductive performance of Japanese quailsА. Genchev

Ethological evaluation of a building for free housing of dairy cows. II. Behavioural activities in the winterІ. Varlyakov, T. Slavov, N. Grigorova

Effect of the addition of VemoZim F (phytase) to diets with decreased content of phosphorus on the microstructure of tibia in broiler chickensV. Georgieva, D. Yovchev, A. Atanasov

Quantitative changes in major components of lavender oil during the distillation processG. Zhekova, N. Nedkov

Influence of some stimulators on the grain yield and sowing-seed properties of two durum wheat cultivarsG. Delchev, D. Nenkova, D. Stoychev

Anthropogenically disturbed soils and methods for thier reclamationM. Banov, V. Tsolova, P. Ivanov, M. Hristova

Using microwave mineralization in order to determine heavy metal concentration in samples of herbs used for pharmaceutical purposes

Tolerance of lucerne varieties to Apion seniculus Kirby (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)I. Nikolova, N. Georgieva

Probiotic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from feces of breast-fed infantS. Boycheva

Heat-induced changes in organic compounds characteristics and properties of sandy soilsI. Atanassova, S. Doerr

L. Dospatliev

3

6

9

14

22

26

29

33

40

44

48

52