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ISSUES AND POLICIES OF INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT

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definitionThe link between infrastructure and development is not a once for all affair. it is a continues process and progress in development has to be preceded accompanied and followed by progress in infrastructure if we are to fulfill our declared objectives of a self accelerating process of economic development Dr. V.K.R.V ,RAO

INTRODUCTIONThe prosperity of a country depends directly upon the development of agriculture and industry.Agriculture production however requires irrigation,power,credit,transport facilities etcIndustrial production requires not only machinery and equipment but also skilled manpower , management,energy,banking and insurance facilities marketing facilities and transport services

Importance of infrastructural developmentTapping development potentialFacilitates smooth functioning of economyRaising mobility of manpowerReducing povertyRational use of financial resourcesPromotes marketing and tradeEnhance social welfare

Infrastructure and their related issues and policies

Sources and demand for energy Power or electricityCoal Oil ,gasAtomic energyNon-conventional sources of energyThe transport system in IndiaRailwaysRoad transport

Water transportAir transportCommunicationsPostal servicesTele communications

Sources and demand for energy Rapid growth of GDP needs to be supported by an increase in energy consumption .

Power or electricityCoalOil ,gasAtomic energyNon-conventional sources of energy

Power or electricityPower or electricity is the essential source of commercial energy in order to attain economic development power is required in every step with the gradual development of various sectors of the economy

Sources of electric powerThermal power and REC(renewable energy sources)Hydel powerNuclear power

Programmes and policies Rajeev Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikarana Yojana (RGGVY)Deendayal Upadhaya Gram Jyoti Yojana(DDUGJY)Revised mega power policyThe electricity act 2003National electricity policy 2005

coal

Coal has been considered as the major source of energy in India .Coal-based generation of power constitutes around 80 percent of thermal generation and around 66 percent of the total generation of power The geological coal reserves of the country have been estimated at 293.5 billion tones as on April 1,2012.In view of the advantage which this country enjoys in coal The National Coal development corporation established in 1956,

Oil & gasIn spite of the fact that known oil and gas reserves in this country are limited Over the years dependence on this source of energy has increased considerablyThe oil and natural gas corporation ltd.(ONGC),and the oil India limited (OIL)were established in 1955 and 1959 respectively.

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The major reforms introduced in the oil and gas sector in recent years are Allowing private sector participation in exploration and production of oil and natural gasDismantling the administered pricing mechanism(APM)Allowing domestic companies to acquire international oil and gas reserves

Atomic energyIndia is now one of the countries which have made considerable progress in the field of atomic energy. Atomic energy can be produced by using uranium or thorium

Non conventional energy sourcesThe government has accorded a high priority to promotion and utilization of renewable resources of energy to supplement conventional sources of energy. SOLAR ENERGYWIND POWER BIO GASTidal energy

DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT IN INDIATransport system is broadly considered as nerves covering the entire economy of the countryIn India we have four tier transport system ie,Railways,Water ways, Road ways and Airways .

Significance of transport system in economic development of IndiaMovements of inputs and outputsLabour mobilityFacilities specializationExtension and perfection of markets opening lip remote and inaccessible regionsDirect demand for industrial goodsWidening outlook of the people

railwayAmong all the transport system of the country railways occupy the most important position as it carry nearly 80 percent of total goods traffic and 70 percent of the passenger traffic .Indian railways had started its operation on April 16,1853 with its first route of 22 milesIt has become Asia's largest and worlds second largest organization in terms of its route length .The route length of Indian railways which was 53600kms in 1950-51 gradually rose to 65800 kms in 2013-14

Beneficial effects of railways on Indian economyBenefit to agriculture Benefit to industryBenefit to tradeSocial benefitsPolitical and administrative benefits

Problems of railway transport in IndiaImpact of inflationSocial responsibilitiesIncreasing inefficiency

Road transportRoad transport is the second important mode of transport in India. It covers every corner of the country which the railway transport could not even over. Road transport provides the basic infrastructural facilities to both the agricultural and industrial sector of the country. Moreover construction and maintains of roads can generate huge employment opportunities

Indian roads are broadly classified into four categoriesNational highwaysNational highways are considered as main arterial routes as it connects big cities , industrial centers , major ports and different state of the country . State highways State highways are the important roads which are connecting district headquarter and important towns and cities with the capital and NHs .

District roads District roads connect production centers and markets it also connects main roads to the interior place of each and every districts Village roads village roads of India are connecting villages with one another and also connect the village roads with the nearest district roads ,highways,railwaystation or river hat .

Central road fund (crf)The central road fund created under the central road fund act 2000 .This was a major milestone in obtaining user charges to fund road consumptionNATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (NHDP) This project is known us National Highway Development Project (NHDP) the largest highway project ever undertaken by the country is envisaged to convert 14279 kms of national highway into 4/6 lanes at a total cost of 65000 crore

Public private partnership in road constructionIn recent years ,public private partnership is gradually become popular ,historically investments in infrastructure ,particularly in the highways ,were being made by the government mainly because of large volume of resources required ,long gestation period uncertain return and associated externalities. The increasing volume of resource requirements and the concern for managerial efficiency and consumer responsiveness in recent times have led to an active involvement by the private sector also .

Special accelerated road development programme in the north eastern region (SARDP-NE)SARDE NE ,framed for improving road connectivity to remote places of north eastern region. This will also ensure the connectivity of 34 district headquarters out of a total of 85 which are still not connected to the national highways in the eight north eastern states

PRADHAN MANTRI BHARAT JODO YOJANA (PM-BJY) The project involves connecting all major cities not covered by NNDP by four line highways. The project involves four lanning of 10000 km of road stretchesPRADHAN MANTRY GRAMA SADAK YOJANA (PMGSY)AND RURAL ROADS pradhan mantry grama sadk yojana (PMGSY)launched in December 2000, has been considered as one of unique programme undertaken by the government for improving the road connectivity in rural areas .

Importance of road transport for the Indian economyRoad transport can open up backward and interior remote areas of the countryRoad transport in India is contributing significantly towards the growth of GDP of the countryIn comparison to railways road transport is more convenient quicker and more flexibleRoad transport is complementary to railway and other modes of transportRoad transport is very much helpful to agricultural sector and industrial developmentRoad transport is generating huge number of employment in the country road transport is very important with reference to defense of the country

Problems of road transport in India Unfavorable road conditionsPrivate ownershipExcessive tax burdenHigh cost of operationRail road competition and co-ordination

Water transport in IndiaAt present water transport in India maybe divided into two groupsInland water transport (IWT)Coastal/marine transportINLAND WATER TRANSPORT Inland water transport is the cheapest among all modes of transport. Inland water transport is now considered as one of the most efficient modes of transport. Moreover inland water transport is a labour intensive mode of transport which is providing much benefits to the weaker sections of our society.

COASTAL OR MARINE TRANSPORT In a country like India the importance of coastal or marine transport is very high .India has total coast line of 4200 miles and huge volume of international trade shipping corporation of India The shipping corporation of India was formed on 2nd October 1961.The status of SCI has been changed from a private limited company to public limited from 18 September 1992.The SCI was conferred Mini ratnastatus by the government on 24th February 2000

Ports of IndiaIndia has a very long coastline. At present there are 12 major ports ,and 200 minor operable ports along the coastline .The major ports handle approximately 75 per cent of the all India port throughout

Air transport in India Air transport is a quickest mode of transport. In India civil aviation started in 1920 with the construction of some aerodromes by the government. In 1927 civil aviation department was setup after 2nd world war. In 1950 air transport enquiry committee was setup and this committee recommended for nationalization of all private airline companies. Accordingly 1953 air transport corporation act was passed. This act paved the way for the establishment of Indian airlines Airport authority of India :The airports authority of India is a major airport operator managing 125 airports across the country and also entrusted by the government with the sovereign function of providing air traffic services in India

Communications INDIAN POSTAL SERVICES Postal service is the cheapest mode of communication .Indian postal service has been growing over the year . The country is at present maintaining the largest network of post offices in the world with its total number of 1.55 lakh at the end of march 2008,of more than 1.39 lakh are in rural areas

TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICESThe telecom service in India has been one of the fastest growing sector in recent years. It is now the second largest telephone network in the world after chinaNational Telecom PolicyIn may 1994,the national telecom policy was announced .The most important feature of the policy is the introduction of competition in basic telecom services

TRAI-Telecom Regulatory Authority of IndiaOn 25th march 2007,a three member telecom authority of India came into being with Mr.Justice S S Sodhi as its first chairman on the basis of TRAI ordinances promulgated by the President of India on the 25th January 1997

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