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COUN 6627Conceptual Counseling TheoriesComprehensive Exam

1. The body of Freud’s work has become known as ________________________.A. psychic determinismB. attachment theoryC. psychodynamic traditionD. psychoanalytic theoryE. transactional

2. John Bowlby’s and Mary Ainsworth’s work with _______________________ demonstrates how many of Freud’s ideas apply to human development.

A. psychic determinismB. attachment theoryC. psychodynamic traditionD. psychoanalytic theoryE. transactional ANS: F. African unconscious

3. Freud’s belief that a person’s behavior is determined by both interpersonal and intrapsychic forces is known as ________________________.

A. psychic determinismB. attachment theoryC. psychodynamic traditionD. psychoanalytic theoryE. transactional

4. Which one of the following is an INACCURATE description of the central components of Freud’s worldview?

A. Client developmental history is important and needs to be considered for full client understanding.

B. Important in our developmental history are the key people we have experienced in our lives.

C. We are unaware (unconscious) of the impact of biological needs, past developmental attachments, and of cultural determinants on our present behavior.

D. We constantly act out our known developmental history and our conscious biological drives.

E. The task of counseling and therapy is to help clients become more conscious of the ways in which past influences impact their present thinking, feeling, and behaving.

5. Children who successfully negotiate _________________________ typically develop feelings of empowerment, while those who cannot may develop feelings of low self-esteem.

Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy: A Multicultural Perspective, 7th Edition by Allen E. Ivey, Michael J. D’Andrea and Mary Bradford Ivey - © 2012 SAGE Publications

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A. The Oral StageB. The Anal StageC. The Phallic StageD. The Latency StageE. The Genital Stage

6. ___________________________ begins from age 11, throughout the life span, and challenges adolescents and adults to solidify their personal identities, develop caring and altruistic feelings toward others, establish positive and loving sexual relationships, and progress in successful careers.


7. Individuals experiencing _________________________ must learn how to take control over their own lives and become separate and eventually individuated persons.


8. The ____________ serves as a mediator between the _______________,manifested in unconscious ideals, rules, and expectations put forth by societyand one’s family, and the ______________, expressed in unconscious rebellionagainst such ideals, rules, and expectations.

A. id….ego….superegoB. superego….id….egoC. ego….superego….idD. id….superego….egoE. superego….ego….id

9. Which of the following defense mechanisms against anxiety were identified as a result of attachment theorist James Bowlby’s research on British children separated from their parents during WWII?

A. repression and continuationB. projection and displacementC. acting-out and avoidance


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D. identification and projectionE. fixation and rationalizationF. conversion and denial

10. Which of the following is a client resistance behavior? The client may_______________________________________________________.A. say “What?” and look puzzledB. hear the therapist but forget what was said within a few minutes or

between sessionsC. come late to the interviewD. refuse to free associateE. All of these are resistance behaviors.F. None of these are resistance behaviors.

11. Which of the following ACCURATELY describes a limitation of psychodynamic methods?A. Psychodynamic approaches have been criticized as being irrelevant for

anyone other than highly verbal middle-class clients.B. If cultural and family considerations are not central when using the

psychodynamic approaches with diverse client populations, you mayunintentionally transmit forms of psychological oppression in thecounseling process.

C. The psychoanalytic framework is too closely associated with patriarchyand male domination.

D. Most traditionally trained psychodynamic therapists overemphasize individualistic and autonomous psychological considerations without directing equal time to relational and contextual issues which underlie the anxiety many female clients experience.

E. All of these are limitations of psychodynamic methods.F. None of these are limitations of psychodynamic methods.

12. Which one of the following is a proponent of Alfred Adler’s worldview?A. Human development is largely impacted by goal-directed drives.B. Humans are driven by nature to achieve a state of perfectability.C. Women should be provided the same opportunities as men.D. Adler promoted preventive strategies in his professional practice.E. All of these are part of Adler’s worldview.F. None of these are part of Adler’s worldview.

13. According to Adler’s worldview, people construct unique meaning of their life experiences. These personal interpretations of the world lead them to unconsciously develop their own _____________________.


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A. social interestB. life tasksC. spiritualityD. preventionE. fictional goalsF. private logic

14. Adler’s pioneering work in _________________ intervention distinguished him from other theorists and practitioners of his time.

A. social interestB. life tasksC. spiritualityD. preventionE. fictional goalsF. private logic

15. Which birth position is most likely to create a child that is not likely to develop a competitive lifestyle?

A. first bornB. second born, or middle childC. last bornD. only child

16. In which one of the following stages would an Adlerian therapist make use of interpretation and confrontation skills and assist their clients in becoming more conscious of unconscious aspects of their psychological development?

A. Stage 1. Building a Trusting RelationshipB. Stage 2. The Assessment StageC. Stage 3. Promoting InsightD. Stage 4. Reorientation

17. In which one of the following stages would an Adlerian therapist help a client move from developing new views to more effective and satisfying actions?

A. Stage 1. Building a Trusting RelationshipB. Stage 2. The Assessment StageC. Stage 3. Promoting InsightD. Stage 4. Reorientation

18. Which one of the following is a proponent of Carl Jung’s worldview?


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A. Jung believed that people realize their human potential by finding ways to have a positive impact in the world.

B. Positive, cultural, and strength-based factors have an equal if not more substantial effect on healthy psychological growth.

C. People constantly undergo physical, cognitive, emotional, psychological, and spiritual changes during their lives.

D. Counseling and psychotherapy provide a means for people to transcend the unconscious and realize untapped potential for psychological development.

E. All of these are part of Jung’s worldview.F. None of these are part of Jung’s worldview.

19. ___________________________ is an instinctual force that continuously pushes us toward wholeness and realization of our particular meaning in life.

A. psychological oppositesB. symbolsC. archetypalD. individuationE. transcendental function

20. According to Jung, ____________________ are the individual’s personality is composed of a complex, universal, and primordial set of psychic images that are common to all of humanity.

A. psychological oppositesB. symbolsC. archetypesD. individuationE. transcendental function

21. The increased individuation and transformative processes that occur in_______________________________ of Jungian counseling and therapy unfold as the client struggles to learn more about the shadow side of her or his personality.

A. Stage 1. Catharsis and Emotional CleansingB. Stage 2. ElucidationC. Stage 3. EducationD. Stage 4. Transformation

22. The activity that occurs in _________________________________ has been compared to the release of feelings about one’s problems that may occur in the confessional rite of Christian religions, initiatory practices, and rites of passage of many diverse cultural groups.

A. Stage 1. Catharsis and Emotional CleansingB. Stage 2. Elucidation


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C. Stage 3. EducationD. Stage 4. Transformation

23. Ivan Pavlov’s work with dogs resulted in the introduction of ______________.A. classical conditioningB. operant conditioningC. cognitive-behavioral theoryD. behaviorismE. cognitive therapyF. social learning theory

24. ___________________ is the theoretical perspective that attempts to trace all behavior to physiological responses to various stimuli.

A. classical conditioningB. operant conditioningC. cognitive-behavioral theoryD. behaviorismE. cognitive therapyF. social learning theory

25. B. F. Skinner introduced four types of ____________________________: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction.


26. Albert Bandura noted that people commonly exhibit behaviors that are rooted in factors beyond earning rewards or avoiding punishment. His research with aggressive boys resulted in _______________________________.



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27. Donald Meichenbaum suggests that therapists promote cognitive, emotional, and behavioral change and prevent relapse in the process. He is also considered one of the primary forces in the development of _________________________.


28. Aaron Beck, successful in his treatment of depressed patients, suggests that practitioners assist clients to examine their way of thinking and develop new modes for thinking. His helping process is __________________________.


29. Strengthening a desired behavior by stopping or avoiding a negative condition is___________________________, while following an undesired behavior with an undesirable consequence is ______________________________.

A. positive reinforcement….negative reinforcementB. negative reinforcement….punishmentC. punishment….positive reinforcementD. extinction….punishmentE. positive reinforcement….extinction

30. Bandura’s research findings with the Bobo dolls led him to conclude that____________________ was a powerful and pervasive process that accounted for much learning that people experience.

A. social learning theoryB. modelingC. observable behaviorD. imitative performanceE. self-regulationF. self-efficacy


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31. ______________________ is a conditioning technique used with clients who experience various phobias, credited to Joseph Wolpe.

A. anxiety hierarchyB. modeling C. systematic desensitizationD. self-regulationE. relaxation training

32. CBT holds that there is only one reality.A. TrueB. False

33. Which of the following defines personal schemas?A. streams of negative and harmful thoughts that move through our mindsB. cognitive structures we use to organize the experiences we have in lifeC. conditioned responses based on unconditioned stimuliD. behavior exhibited from antecedent conditions

34. Which one of the following phases of stress management training does Meichenbaum believe is the most complicated?

A. helping clients develop a cognitive understanding of the role stress plays in their livesB. teaching specific coping skills to deal with stress more effectivelyC. working with clients’ thoughts and feelings about stress so they will be motivated to

do something about stress outside of the counseling session

35. Albert Ellis began a _____________________ practice before he began work on his theory of rational-emotive therapy, and he has stressed the importance of_________________ in this theoretical writings and clinical practice.

A. psychodynamic. . . . actionB. individual psychology . . . . choiceC. analytic psychology . . . . workingD. cognitive-behavioral . . . . thinking

36. If clients are to change, Ellis (2000) outlined important ways for counselors and therapists to help them. Therapists can best help clients by assisting them to_______________________________________________________.

A. examine the ways in which clients construct meaning in their livesB. understand the irrational beliefs that underlie many of their mentalconstructions


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C. reconstruct more rational cognitionsD. use free will to make behavior changes based on new and more rationalconstructions of themselves and the world in which they operateE. All of these choices were outlined by Ellis.F. None of these choices were outlined by Ellis.

37. Albert Ellis and rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) is one of the only helping theories to include a focus on the client’s personal ______________.

A. work ethicB. philosophy or belief systemC. physical characteristicsD. demeanorE. religion

38. What are the indicators in client statements that may denote irrational thinking?A. statements that reflect client helplessnessB. “all-or-none” thinkingC. statements including the words, should, ought, never, and mustD. underlying demand for perfection coupled with the denial of the possibility of

perfectionE. all of these choicesF. none of these choices

39. Ellis placed more emphasis on changing _____________________ rather than on changing ________________________.

A. the consequences from the behavior . . . . the way the client thinks about the behaviorB. the actual behavior . . . . the way the client thinks about the behaviorC. the way the client thinks about behavior . . . . the actual behaviorD. the actual behavior . . . . the consequences from the behavior

40. According to REBT client change is likely to occur, with or without the presence of emotion.A. TrueB. False

41. William Glasser’s reality theory suggests that clients be told the truth: The past is over; clients cannot change what they or anyone else did in the past. All clients can do now is work to build a more effective present.

A. TrueB. False


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42. Major importance is placed on _________________________ in reality theory.A. thinkingB. feelingC. behaviorD. responsibilityE. belief

43. A critical part of reality therapy is client awareness of the ___________________ her or his actions.

A. thought patterns precedingB. consequences ofC. choices of alternatives prior toD. therapist’s influence on

44. Glasser suggested that individuals have much less control over their “internal world” than they do over the “external world.”

A. TrueB. False

45. More than any other group of theories, the existential-humanistic tradition focuses on the nature and meaning of ___________________________.

A. human cognitive developmentB. client control over his or her own livesC. the client and counselor relationshipD. client behavioral choicesE. behavioral antecedents and consequences

46. Which one of the following is NOT a major helping theory added by existential-humanistic theorists?

A. existentialB. Gestalt theoryC. person-centeredD. social learningE. logotherapy

47. Who has been most influential in popularizing the tenets of existential-humanistic tradition?A. Clemment VontressB. Carl RogersC. B. F. SkinnerD. Aaron Beck


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E. Albert EllisF. Fritz Perls

48. Existentialists often think of the individual in terms of the person in relationship to her- or himself,___________________________.

A. being-in-the-worldB. eigenweltC. mitweltD. umweltE. uberwelt

49. Which of the following does NOT belong in Carl Rogers’ worldview?A. People are positive,B. forward moving,C. basically good,D. sometimes self-defeating, andE. ultimately self-actualizing.

50. The term fusion as it applies in existential-humanistic perspectives is MOST closely associated with _____________________________.

A. thought processesB. personality disordersC. behavioral consequencesD. boundaries in relationshipsE. individual psychology

51. What characterized Carl Rogers’ Nondirective approach? A. assessment of the clientB. establishment of the appropriate session climate for each clientC. a review of the client’s ideasD. permissiveness during the counseling and psychotherapeutic encounter

52. Proponents of the ‘core conditions’ assert that healing and growth can only take place in conditions that include ____________________________.

A. unconditional regardB. empathyC. authenticityD. real human exchangeE. all of these choicesF. none of these choices


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53. Which one of the following theorists was known to be the LEAST directive with clients?A. Carl RogersB. Clemmont VontressC. Viktor FranklD. Fritz Perls

54. Which one of the following theorists was known to use extremely directive techniques?A. Carl RogersB. Clemmont VontressC. Viktor FranklD. Fritz Perls

55. When Frankl asked a patient to deliberately try to faint in the street (her fear), this was an example of ________________.

A. reframingB. decision for the futureC. hyperreflectionD. paradoxical intentionE. dereflectionF. the appealing technique

56. The Gestalt therapy worldview includes the concept that_________________________________________________________A. each unique individual is holistic consisting of many varied partsB. people can be responsible for their actions in the world, and the world is so complex

that very little can be understood at any given momentC. focuses extensively on the present-tense, immediate, here-and-now experience of the

clientD. all of these choices are Gestalt therapy worldviewE. none of these choices are Gestalt therapy worldview

57. Which one of the following techniques constitutes an imaginary dialogue between the client and someone with whom they may be in conflict?

A. here-and-now experiencingB. language changesC. the empty chair techniqueD. top dog and underdogE. staying with one’s feelingsF. dreamwork


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58. Using the technique of __________________, Gestalt therapy most closely resembles its psychoanalytic foundation, but differs in its focus on present-day, here-and-now living.

A. here-and-now experiencingB. language changesC. the empty chair techniqueD. top dog and underdogE. staying with one’s feelingsF. dreamwork

59. Choose the commonality among the first three theoretical forces to whichfeminist counselors and therapists object citing institutionalized sexism and patriarchy.

A. The three forces were developed mostly by men.B. The three forces were developed by people from middle- and upper-class

socioeconomic positions.C. The three forces were developed by people from White European-American

backgrounds.D. All of these choices are objectionable.E. None of these choices are objectionable.

60. Early pioneers in the feminist counseling theory movement directed much attention to uncovering how gender biases embedded in the three traditional theoretical forces routinely play out in the work of mental health practitioners.

A. TrueB. False

61. Which one of the following is an important focus in the feminist counseling theory worldview?

A. power and its many manifestations in our contemporary societyB. the adverse impact that sexism has on women and men’s psychological developmentC. the important place that the self-in-relation (or person-in-relation) concept holds in this

theoretical worldviewD. all of theseE. none of these

62. A major shortcoming of traditional helping theories rests with the tendency of these theories to _______________________________________________.

A. exclusively cater to men’s mental healthB. ignore client’s environmental context and the impact of social positionalityC. focus on multicultural counseling


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D. emphasize power distribution among cultural groupsE. ignore female independence in favor of male interdependence

63. Feminist counseling theorists believe that interdependent and mutually respectful relationships play an important part in men’s and women’s mental health and collective well-being.

A. TRUEB. FALSE

64. The sense of empowerment that clients experience as a result of better managing relational changes leads to a sense of _____________ and resilience.

A. vicitimologyB. self-in-relationC. vulnerabilityD. relational flexibilityE. relational confidence

65. Which of the following is basic to brief counseling and therapy?A. Continual emphasis on problems helps clients resolve their issues.B. Counselors and therapists focus on assisting clients to a thorough understanding of life

challenges and problems.C. People grow and solve their problems when they focus on what they can do rather than

what they cannot do.D. Clients tend to be described in terms of what is wrong rather than what is right.

66. Which of the following notables is NOT known for contributing to the emergence of positive psychology and the wellness model?

A. Carl RogersB. B. F. SkinnerC. Leona TylerD. Martin Seligman

67. Myers and Sweeney’s (2005b) Wellness Model includes five major components of the ___________________, a self that is connected with a person’s life context and environment in multiple ways.

A. essential selfB. self-in-relationC. indivisible selfD. relational selfE. divisible self


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68. As a part of the ______________________, there is growing evidence that a person’s thoughts and moods, particularly humor, have a stimulating impact on wellness and positive psychology.

A. essential selfB. coping selfC. social selfD. relational selfE. creative selfF. physical self

69. Dealing effectively with multiple stressors that are inherent to our environment is key to the _________________________.


70. ________________________________ deals with a person’s ability to relate to the world in a connected manner.


71. Clients who experience stressors about different situations that occur in their lives may benefit from which of the following activities?

A. brainstorming and choosing an alternativeB. problem solving and decision makingC. listening and/or assertiveness trainingD. stress management trainingE. group therapy sessions

72. Lonely or shy clients may benefit from which of the following activities?A. brainstorming and choosing an alternativeB. problem solving and decision making


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C. listening and/or assertiveness trainingD. relaxation and/or desensitizationE. group therapy sessions

73. Which of the following is NOT a subfactor of the essential self?A. SpiritualityB. Gender IdentityC. Culture IdentityD. Self-CareE. Work

74. Which of the following is NOT a subfactor of the coping self?A. Realistic beliefsB. Stress ManagementC. ControlD. Self-WorthE. Leisure


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