isxy, ndidj yd idys;hh · 1 o

i

isxy,

NdIdj yd idys;Hh

11 fYa%‚h

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ii

m<uqjk uqøKh 2015

fojk uqøKh 2016

f;jk uqøKh 2017

isõjk uqøKh 2018

miajk uqøKh 2019

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978-955-25-0408-2

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

msgfldaÜfÜ" mdf.dv mdr" fkd' 110"

isidrd m%skaÜfõ m%hsjÜ ,sñgâys

uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'

iii

Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh

Y%S ,xld ud;d

wm YS% ,xld" kfuda kfuda kfuda kfuda ud;d

iqkaor isßnßkS" iq/¢ w;s fidanudk ,xld

OdkH Okh fkl u,a m,;=re msß ch N+ñh ruHd

wmyg iem isß fi; iokd Ôjkfha ud;d

ms<s.kq uek wm Nla;s mQcd

kfuda kfuda ud;d


Tn fõ wm úoHd

Tn u h wm i;Hd

Tn fõ wm Yla;s

wm yo ;=< Nla;s

Tn wm wdf,dafla

wmf.a wkqm%dfKa

Tn wm Ôjk fõ

wm uqla;sh Tn fõ

kj Ôjk foñfka ks;sk wm mqnqÿ lrka ud;d

{dk ù¾h jvjñk /f.k hkq uek ch N+ñ lrd

tl ujlf. ore le, neúkd

huq huq ù fkdmud

fm%au jvd ieu fNao ÿ/r Þ kfuda kfuda ud;d


iv

wms fjuq tl ujlf. orefjdatl ksjfiys fjfikdtl mdge;s tl reêrh fõwm lh ;=< ÿjkd

tneúks wms fjuq fidhqre fidhqßfhdatl f,i tys jefvkdÔj;a jk wm fuu ksjfiafid¢k isáh hq;= fõ

ieug u fu;a lreKd .=fKkSfj<S iu.s oñkSrka ñKs uq;= fkd j th u h iem;dlsis l, fkdu Èrkd

wdkkao iurfldaka

vi

fmrjok

f,dalfha wd¾Ól" iudÔh" ixialD;sl yd ;dlaI‚l ixj¾Okh;a

iu`. wOHdmk wruqKq jvd ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ñksia w;a±lSï"

;dlaI‚l fjkiaùï" m¾fhaIK iy kj o¾Yl weiqfrka bf.kSfï yd

b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sh o kùlrKh fjñka mj;shs' tys§ YsIH wjYH;dj,g

.e<fmk f,i bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lrñka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd úIh ks¾foaYfha ±lafjk wruqKqj,g wkql+,j"

úIhdkqnoaO lreKq we;=<;aj fm<fmd; iïmdokh ùu wjYH h'

fm<fmd; hkq YsIHhdg bf.kSfï WmlrKhla muKla fkdfõ' th

bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug;a keK .=K j¾Okhg;a p¾hduh yd

wdl,amuh j¾Okhla iys;j by< wOHdmkhla ,eîug;a bjy,a jk

wdYS¾jdohls'

ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh h:d¾:hla njg m;alrñka 6 fY%aKsfha

isg 11 fYa%Ksh olajd fm<fmd;a 91la muK rcfhka Tng ;s<sK flf¾'

tu .%ka:j,ska Wmßu M, ,nk w;r u tajd /l .ekSfï j.lSu o Tn

i;= nj isysm;a lrñ' mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì" rgg jevodhSs hym;a

mqrjeishl= ùfï mßph ,nd .ekSug fuu fm<fmd; Tng WmldÍ fj;ehs

uu wfmalaId lrñ'

fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg odhl jQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï

uKav, idudðl uy;au uy;aókag;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ

ld¾h uKav,hg;a udf.a ia;=;sh m< lr isáñ'

ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl"

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a"

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

biqremdh"

n;a;ruq,a,'

2019'04'10

vii

kshdukh yd wëlaIKh ví,sõ' tï' chka; úl%ukdhl

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a


fufyhùu ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ^ixj¾Ok&


iïnkaëlrKh m%.S;sld chfialr

iyldr flduidßia


ixialdrl uKav,h

1' r;akisß wrx., uydpd¾h

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

2' i|f.dañ fldamrfyajd uydpd¾h

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

3' B' wd¾' ksu,a fma%ul=udr fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

4' Ys%hdks wfíúl%u ksfhdacH wOHlaI

NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

5' m%.S;sld chfialr iyldr flduidßia


NdId ixialrKh

uydpd¾h mS' î' talkdhl

viii

wjidk we.hSu

1' uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a

2' uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x.

f,aLl uKav,h

1' khk ;s,la r;akdhl úY%dñl isxy, úIh wOHlaI" -je,a,jdh

2' mS' Ô' Ô' .hd jehsfyak .=re WmfoaYl

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" fydaud.u

3' î' ã' iqks,a ìhkaú, .=re fiajh

.sß$úl%uYs,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,

4' ví,sõ' tï' tka' nKavdr .=re fiajh

nm$.ï$fodïfm uy úÿy," fodïfm

5' wreK m%§ma; fldaÜfgf.a .=re fiajh

y$Wvu,, uy úÿy," Wvu,," yïnkaf;dg

fidaÿm;a lshùu ch;a mshoiqka l¾;D uKav,h" is¿ñK"

,xldfõ iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u

msgljr ks¾udKh

bkaÈl .=Kj¾Ok

mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackh

tia' ù' Ô' trx.d È,arelaIs mß.Kl ;dlaI‚l iydhl"


ix

1 o<od fmryer 1

jpk fjka fldg ,sùu 6

2 ÿlg lshk lú iSmo 8

3 wlaIr ud,dj yd wlaIr úkHdih 13

4 úYajfldaIh 25

isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< 28

5 riska ri ujk nia uysuh 33

6 jdlH Í;s 41

l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl fNaoh 42

úfYaI jdlH Í;s 45

7 jdlH rpkh 49

8 idys;H ri úkaokh yd úpdrh 56

idrdxYlrKh 69

9 Èhjr isßir 73

mgqk

x

19 n<kaf.däka .eÆ meKir fu;a .Õ=, 16120 woH;k idys;H ks¾udKhkays NdIdj 168 wjHh mo 17421 j;=r u, 17922 mqj;am;a jd¾;d" ±kaùï iy m%dfhda.sl f,aLk 190 mqj;am;a jd¾;d 191 ±kaùï 195 fj<| ±kaùï 198 wdlD;s m;% ilia lsÍu yd iïmQ¾K lsÍu 19923 iqNdIs;h 20224 w;aoelSï m%;sks¾udKh 207 25 YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.h 216 úrdu ,laIK 22426 ;, u, msms,d 226 w;aoelSï yd kdgH msgm;a rpkh 232 idïm%odhsl fhÿï 236

10 YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia 80

11 úNla;s 89

12 ni bmÿKq ieá wikq h úia;r 100 rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùu 110

13 nyq úO udOH Ndú;h 113 ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms yd iÕrd ,sms 117 l;= jels 118 ;Sre ,sms 119

14 rg jgd mo rgd 121 ikaê 127

15 iudi 129

16 fYdalh;a rihla l< ñksfila 137

17 m%;Hhd¾: kdu 145 ;oaê; 146 lDoka; 153

18 ñys ,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla''' 156

1fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'PB fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

wei< fyj;a cQ,s udifhys Èjhsfka m%Odk úydria:dk

lsysmhla uq,a fldg f.k meje;afjk w,xldr

fmryer foaYSh ckhdf.a fuka u úfoaYslhkaf.a o

wdl¾IKhg ,la jQ foaYSh ixialD;sldx.hls'

uykqjr" w¨;a kqjr" kj.uqj" fojqkaor" r;akmqrh"

l;r.u wdÈ ia:dkj, o wei< fmryer meje;ajqK

o b;d W;al¾Ifhka wei< fmryer meje;afjkafka

uykqjr o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%;j h'

mrïmrdkq.;j mejf;k k¾;k" jdok yd rx.k

wx. rdYshlska yd bmer‚ pdß;%j,ska iukaú; fï

fmryer" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lrk

W;aijhla f,i ie,flhs' wfma wei< fmryer

mer‚ bkaÈhdfõ mej;s wdIdV W;aij fyj;a wei<

fl<sfha mßKdufhka we;s jQjla fia ie,flhs'

uykqjr wei< fmryer j¾;udk uqyqKqjr f.k

we;af;a lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iufhka miqj nj

fmfka' úúO m%foaYj, wei< fmryer meje;afjkqfha

ta ta m%foaYhg wêm;s fia ie,flk foúhl= uq,a lr

.ksñks' uykqjr wei< fmryer o<odj uq,a ;ekays,d

meje;afjk fn!oaO ufyda;aijhls' tfy;a thg

mßjdr jYfhka úúO foújreka iïnkaO lr .ekSu

isÿ flf¾' tfyhska o<od fmryer úúO wd.ï w;r

iyÔjkh j¾Okh lrk pdß;% pdß;%j,ska iukaú;

jQjla fia w.h l< yels h' isxy, úYajfldaIfha

;=kajk ldKavfha wei< fmryer uefhka jk ,smsh

wdY%fhka iïmdÈ; fuu mdvu o<od fmryer ms<sn|

flá ye¢kaùuls'

wei< fyj;a cQ,s udifhys Èjhsfka m%Odk úydria:dk

lsysmhla uq,a fldg f.k meje;afjk w,xldr

fmryer foaYSh ckhdf.a fuka u úfoaYslhkaf.a o

wdl¾IKhg ,la jQ foaYSh ixialD;sldx.hls'

uykqjr" w¨;a kqjr" kj.uqj" fojqkaor" r;akmqrh"

l;r.u wdÈ ia:dkj, o wei< fmryer meje;ajqK

o b;d W;al¾Ifhka wei< fmryer meje;afjkafka

uykqjr o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%;j h'

mrïmrdkq.;j mejf;k k¾;k" jdok yd rx.k

wx. rdYshlska yd bmer‚ pdß;%j,ska iukaú; fï

fmryer" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lrk

W;aijhla f,i ie,flhs' wfma wei< fmryer

mer‚ bkaÈhdfõ mej;s wdIdV W;aij fyj;a wei<

fl<sfha mßKdufhka we;s jQjla fia ie,flhs'

uykqjr wei< fmryer j¾;udk uqyqKqjr f.k

we;af;a lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iufhka miqj nj

fmfka' úúO m%foaYj, wei< fmryer meje;afjkqfha

ta ta m%foaYhg wêm;s fia ie,flk foúhl= uq,a lr

.ksñks' uykqjr wei< fmryer o<odj uq,a ;ekays,d

meje;afjk fn!oaO ufyda;aijhls' tfy;a thg

mßjdr jYfhka úúO foújreka iïnkaO lr .ekSu

isÿ flf¾' tfyhska o<od fmryer úúO wd.ï w;r

iyÔjkh j¾Okh lrk pdß;% pdß;%j,ska iukaú;

jQjla fia w.h l< yels h' isxy, úYajfldaIfha

;=kajk ldKavfha wei< fmryer uefhka jk ,smsh

wdY%fhka iïmdÈ; fuu mdvu o<od fmryer ms<sn|

flá ye¢kaùuls'

wei< udifhys ^cq,s-wf.daia;=& Èjhsfka m%Odk

úydria:dk lsysmhla uq,a fldg f.k meje;afjk

w,xldr fmryer foaYSh ckhdf.a fuka u

úfoaYslhkaf.a o wdl¾IKhg ,la jQ foaYSh

ixialD;sldx.hls' uykqjr fuka u l;r.u" fojqkaor"

w¨;akqjr" kj.uqj" r;akmqrh wdÈ ia:dkj, wei<

fmryer meje;ajqK o b;d W;al¾Ifhka wei< fmryer

meje;afjkafka uykqjr o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%;j h'

mrïmrdkq.;j mejf;k k¾;k" jdok yd rx.k wx.

rdYshlska yd bmer‚ pdß;%j,ska iukaú; fï fmryer

YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj ms<sìUq lrk W;aijhla f,i

ie,flhs' wfma wei< fmryer mer‚ bkaÈhdfõ mej;s

wdIdV W;aij fyj;a wei< fl<sfha mßKdufhka we;s

jQjla fia ms<s.efka' uykqjr wei< fmryer j¾;udk

uqyqKqjr f.k we;af;a lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rdc iufhys

mgka nj fmfka' úúO m%foaYj, wei< fmryer

meje;afjkqfha ta ta m%foaYhg wêm;s fia ie,flk

foúhl= uq,a lr .ksñks' tfy;a uykqjr wei<

fmryer o<odj uq,a ;ekays ,d meje;afjk fn!oaO

ufyda;aijhla jk w;r thg mßjdr jYfhka úúO

foújreka iïnkaO lr .ekSu isÿ flf¾' tfyhska

o<od fmryer úúO wd.ï w;r iyÔjkh j¾Okh

lrk pdß;% jdß;%j,ska iukaú; jQjla fia w.h l<

yels h' isxy, úYajfldaIfha ;=kajk ldKavfha wei<

fmryer uefhka jk ,smsh wdY%fhka iïmdÈ; fï

mdvu o<od fmryer ms<sn| flá ye¢kaùuls'

o<od fmryer 1

3fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'2 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

o<od fmryer wdrïN jQfha ljod o hkak ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ks.ukhla Èh yels fkd

fõ' úch m%uqL W;=re bkaÈhdkq wd¾h ckhdf.a wd.ukh iu. oUÈj mej;s wdIdV

W;aijh fuys o meje;aùug lghq;= fh§u wei< fmryer wdrïN ùug fya;= jQ nj

fuys wdrïNh iïnkaO tla woyils' wei< fmryer" iqrdiqr hqoaOfha § iqrhka

ch.%yKh ,eîu ieuÍug wdrïN jQ njg o u;hla fjhs' ;j;a woyila kï

jxlkdisl ;siai rcq ^ls%'j' 110-113& iufhys fid<S wdl%uKfha § meyer .;a isxy,

isrlrejka 12000la o 12000la fid<S ckhd o md;%d Od;=j o iu. m;a;sks foaúhf.a

rka i,U wdÈ mQcH jia;=" .cnd rcq úiska kej; isß,lg f.k tau isys lsÍug

wei< fmryer wdrïN jQ nj hs'

j¾;udk uykqjr wei< fmryef¾ wdrïNh ls%'j' oy wgjk ishji ueo Nd.fha §

muK isÿ jkakg we;ehs ie,fla' Bg we;=<;a jQfha kd:" l;r.u" úIaKq" m;a;sks

hk i;r foajd,fha fmryer mu‚' je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkaf.a wkqYdikd

mßÈ lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rcq ^ls%'j'1747-1782& úiska tlS i;r fmryerg o<od ud,s.dfõ

fmryerla o tla lsÍu fya;=fjka wei< fmryerg fn!oaO uqyqKqjrla ,enqKq fia

ie,lsh yels h' ta wkqj j¾;udk o<od fmryef¾ wdrïNh lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc

oji isÿ jQ fia ie,lSu fhda.H h'

mer‚ o<od fmryer ixialD;sldx. m%o¾Ykhg jvd rdcH n,h fmkaùfï wjia:djla

jQ nj mer‚ jd¾;d msßlaiSfï § fmkS hk lreKls' tjlg ,xldfõ wdKavqldrjrhd

jQ YS%u;a tâjâ ndkaiaf.a wjirh mßÈ 1828 uehs 29 Èk meje;ajqKq o<od fmryer

ms<sn| ,sÅ; úia;rhg wkqj" fmryer wdrïN ù we;af;a hqoaOdpdr uOHfha h'

tl, w,s we;=ka msßjrd .;a m%foaYSh kdhlfhda Tjqkaf.a Oc iy ,dxPk /f.k

yuqqodj msßjrd f.k fmryerg tla jQy' j¾;udkfha th o<od ud,s.dfõ ks,OdÍka

iy .x oyfha úodfk,d we;=¿ m%dfoaYsl iq¿ ks,OdÍka msßilg iSud ù ;sfí' by;

oelajqK wjêhg jvd j¾;udkfha o<od fmryer k¾;kdx. /ilska iukaú; h'

fjia kegqï wdÈ úÑ;%dx. /ila thg tla ù ;sfí'

“ld,;=jlal= fjä iy fldä;=jlal= úismy .Kka .; fkd yels ;rï

uy;a f>daIdjla tod meje;a;=jd h' fuhdldr uy;a f.!rjfhka lr`vqj

jevujd f.keú;a we;d <Õ isáh m,af,a.ïmfya uyks,fï w;g

W;=udKkajykafiaf.ka lr`vqj ,enqKd h' we;d msg isáh ud;f,a

Èidm;s uy;auhd iy Wvm<df;a Èid uy;auhd;a úiska rkays,sf.a

wNHka;rhg lr`vqj jevujd we;d msáka ìug neyemq ;ek f;ajdj

NdKav wr.;a iEu ro,jre úiska u W;=udKkajykafiag jev isàug

;kd ;snqK m%:u uKavmhg W;=udKkajykafia le|jdf.k f.dia tys

fmdfrd;a;= l<d h'”


o<od ud,s.dfõ kel;a fudfydÜgd, úiska kshu lrkq ,nk iqn fudfyd;ska ‘lma

isgqùfuka’ fmryer wdrïN fjhs' lma isgqùu hkq i;r foajd,fha msßila wei< ui

wudjl Èkg Èk lsysmhlg fmr m, fkd yg .;a fldia .ilg mqo mQcd mj;ajd

tys wrla .;a foúfhla fõ kï bj;aj hk f,i wdhdpkd fldg .i lmd" tys

lf|ka ßhk ne.ska È.e;s fldgia i;rla lmd f.k foajd, i;rg fnod f.k

fmryeßka f.k f.dia foajd, N+ñfhys isgqùu hs'

i;r foajd,fha lmqjka foajd,hg wh;a rka wdhqO lm jgd jevu lrjk" l=v"

fldä" fiai;a" ojq,a" fydrKE iys; fmryer" ‘foajd, fmryer’ f,i ye¢kafjhs'

th lma isgqjQ Èk isg mia Èkla ikaOHd ld,fha meje;afjhs' mia jk Èkfha isjq

foajd,fha niakdhl ks,fujreka we;=¿ ks,OdÍyq rkaisúf.hl rka wdhqO ys÷jd

rkaisúf.h we;=msg ;nd fmryeßka wjq;a o<od ud,s.dj bÈßmsg foaj ixysf|a § o<od

lr`vqj iys; rkaisúf.h jevujk" ud,s.dfõ we;d m%uqL fmryer fmrgq lr f.k

mia Èkla ùÓ ixpdrh lr;s' fuh ‘l=U,a fmryer’ kï fjhs' fmruqfKa rd,"

.ckdhl ks,fï" ldßhlrjk rd," Èhjvk ks,fï wdÈ ks,OdÍka o lilrejka"

fldä" fiai;a" mkaoï orkakka" mdjv t<kakka" ojq,a" fnr" fydrKE wdÈh

jhkakka" keÜgqjka" mkaf;arelrejka wd§kaf.ka fï fmryer iukaú; fjhs'


i;r foajd,hkays foajdNrK jevujk jdyk ^rka foda,s&" l=U,a fmryer wdrïN ù

mia jk Èkfhys fmryer w.g tla flfrhs' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ kñka ye¢kafjkafka

th hs' o<od fmryef¾ l+gm%dma;sh f,i ie,lsh yels fuu fmryer fyaúislrejka

yd fydrKElrejka" keÜgqjka" w,s we;=ka wd§kaf.ka m%udKd;aulj l=U,a fmryerg

jvd úYd, jk w;r u úÑ;%;ajfhka o wkQk h' fuh o Èk myla uq¿,af,a

meje;afjk w;r wjidk Èk foflys fmryer w;sYh w,xldrj;aj mj;ajkq ,efí'

lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iuhg fmr we;a fmryef¾ tla mfilska rka foda,s f.k hEfï

isß; mej;sh o rcqf.a ksfhda. mßÈ th fmryef¾ w.g tla jQ nj lshefõ'

rka foda,s fmryef¾ mia jk Èk rd;s%fha fmryer wjidkfha wia.sß úydrfha

wdodyku¿ úydrfhys lr`vqj pdß;%dkql+,j ;ekam;a flfrhs' miqod w¨hu i;r

foajd, fmryer .egfò f;dfÜ Èh lemSug tla fjhs' Èh lemSu iqr wiqr hqoaOfha

§ wiqrhka uerE lvq iqrhka úiska fia§u ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nk njg u;hls' ta

ms<sn| wfkla woyi jkafka .cnd rcq iu. fid<S rgg .sh kS, uyd fhdaOhd ish

h.odfjka .id uqyqÿ Èh fonE l< whqre oelaùug Èh lemSu isÿ flfrk njhs'

foajd,hj, lmq uy;ajre .Õ ueog .uka lr fmryerg isgqjQ lm iy .sh j¾Ifha

,nd .;a c,h .x c,hg tl;= lr;s' bka miqj rka lvqfjka .Õ Èh fonE lr

flKaähg .kakd c,h fmryeßka f.k tkq ,efí' Èh lemSfuka miq uykqjr .K

foú fldaú,g meñfKk fuu fmryer tys § kej;S mqo mQcdj, ksr; fjhs' ijia

jrefõ o<od fmryer wia.sß úydrfha § iQodkï jk w;r kshñ; fõ,dj yÕjk

fjä y`v wkqj isjq foajd, fmryer o tla ù ùÓ ixpdrh fldg iqn fudfyd;ska

o<od ud,s.hg m%úIag fjhs' isjq foajd, fmryer ta ta foajd,h lrd hhs' fuh ‘oj,a

fmryer’ kï fjhs' ñka miq Èk y;la úIaKq foajd,fha ‘j,shla kegqu’ kue;s

Ydka;sl¾uh isÿ flfrk w;r i;a jk Èkfha jia fodia yeÍu i|yd jk ‘.rd hla

kegqfuka’ fmryer yd iïnkaO lghq;= wjika flfrhs'


i;r foajd,hkays foajdNrK jevujk jdyk ^rka foda,s&" l=U,a fmryer wdrïN ù

mia jk Èkfhys fmryer w.g tla flfrhs' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ kñka ye¢kafjkafka

th hs' o<od fmryef¾ l+gm%dma;sh f,i ie,lsh yels fuu fmryer fyaúislrejka

yd fydrKElrejka" keÜgqjka" w,s we;=ka wd§kaf.ka m%udKd;aulj l=U,a fmryerg

jvd úYd, jk w;r u úÑ;%;ajfhka o wkQk h' fuh o Èk myla uq¿,af,a

meje;afjk w;r wjidk Èk foflys fmryer w;sYh w,xldrj;aj mj;ajkq ,efí'

lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy rc iuhg fmr we;a fmryef¾ tla mfilska rka foda,s f.k hEfï

isß; mej;sh o rcqf.a ksfhda. mßÈ th fmryef¾ w.g tla jQ nj lshefõ'

rka foda,s fmryef¾ mia jk Èk rd;s%fha fmryer wjidkfha wia.sß úydrfha

wdodyku¿ úydrfhys lr`vqj pdß;%dkql+,j ;ekam;a flfrhs' miqod w¨hu i;r

foajd, fmryer .egfò f;dfÜ Èh lemSug tla fjhs' Èh lemSu iqr wiqr hqoaOfha

§ wiqrhka uerE lvq iqrhka úiska fia§u ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nk njg u;hls' ta

ms<sn| wfkla woyi jkafka .cnd rcq iu. fid<S rgg .sh kS, uyd fhdaOhd ish

h.odfjka .id uqyqÿ Èh fonE l< whqre oelaùug Èh lemSu isÿ flfrk njhs'

foajd,hj, lmq uy;ajre .Õ ueog .uka lr fmryerg isgqjQ lm iy .sh j¾Ifha

,nd .;a c,h .x c,hg tl;= lr;s' bka miqj rka lvqfjka .Õ Èh fonE lr

flKaähg .kakd c,h fmryeßka f.k tkq ,efí' Èh lemSfuka miq uykqjr .K

foú fldaú,g meñfKk fuu fmryer tys § kej;S mqo mQcdj, ksr; fjhs' ijia

jrefõ o<od fmryer wia.sß úydrfha § iQodkï jk w;r kshñ; fõ,dj yÕjk

fjä y`v wkqj isjq foajd, fmryer o tla ù ùÓ ixpdrh fldg iqn fudfyd;ska

o<od ud,s.hg m%úIag fjhs' isjq foajd, fmryer ta ta foajd,h lrd hhs' fuh ‘oj,a

fmryer’ kï fjhs' ñka miq Èk y;la úIaKq foajd,fha ‘j,shla kegqu’ kue;s

Ydka;sl¾uh isÿ flfrk w;r i;a jk Èkfha jia fodia yeÍu i|yd jk ‘.rd hla

kegqfuka’ fmryer yd iïnkaO lghq;= wjika flfrhs'

w;S;fha isg fï olajd úúO fjkialïj,g Ndckh fjñka mj;ajd f.k wd kuqÿ

o<od fmryer .uka lsÍfï idïm%odhsl wkqms<sfj<la o olakg ,efí' tlS

fm<.eiafï ;sfnk iuyr fmryer wx.j, ixfla;d;aul w¾: o we;s njg woyila

mj;S' kshÕfhka yd ÿ¾NslaIfhka rg wdrlaId lr f.k rdcH úpdÍu md,lhdf.a

hq;=luls' ta i|yd c,h w;HjYH h' jeiaig wêm;s bkaø foúhkaf.a ksfhdað;hd

f,i rc;=ud fï ish,a, ixfla;d;aulj bgq lrhs' lma isgqùu" Èh lemSu wdÈh

c,h yd iïnkaO ixfla;d;aul ld¾h fia ie,fla' tksid u o<od fmryer c,h

wdYs%; W;aijhla f,i o ie,flhs' jeiai wdYs%;j flfrk úÿ,s flàu li

msmsrùfuka ixfla;j;a flfrhs' bkaø foúhkaf.a jeis j,dl=¿ fuka u rcqf.a

Yla;sh o w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a flf¾' idudkH ckhdf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka

flfrk fmryerj, § w,s we;=ka fjkqjg .jhd fhdod .ekSu oelsh yels h'

kj.uqj m;a;sks foajd,fha wei< fmryer Bg ksoiqkls' fyK yf`vys fodaxldrh

isys .ekaùug fnr y`v fhdod .efkk nj ms<s.efka'

uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryefrys wisßh yd ieris,s pdß;% jdß;% ms<sn|j foaYSh uQ,dY%hj,

fuka u *dyshka" yshqx idx wd§kaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;dj, o i|yka fõ' frdnÜ

fkdlaiaf.a ,xldj ms<sn| .%ka:fhys iy ì%;dkH md,k iufha Wvrg ixpdrhl

fhÿKq ffjµ jhsg¾ fydama bÈßm;a l< jd¾;dj, lma isgqùfï mgka f.j§u olajd

jQ ish¨ úia;r we;=<;a lr we;' fcdaka fâú" ú,afy,aï .hs.¾" y¾nÜ l=Iaudka

wd§kaf.a f,aLkj, o wei< fmryer ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a h' ú,shï ,sÜ,audka

keue;a;d wei< fmryer Ñ;%hg o k.d we;'

úfoaYslhkaf.a weiska ÿgq idlaIsj,g wu;rj uydjxih" §mjxih" odGdjxih"

mQcdj,sh" o<od isß;" o<od mQcdj,sh" o<od j;=r" t¿ o<od jxYh" o<od mqj;" o<od

jreK wdÈ .%ka:j, o ta ta wjêfha o<od fmryer meje;ajQ wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

/ila we;=<;a h'


hula j¾Kkd lsÍu" úia;r lsÍu" iajNdjh oelaùu i|yd Ndú; lrk mo ‘úfYaIK

mo’ hs' bka j¾Kkd fjk moh ‘úfYaIH moh’ hs'

W.;a úpdrlhd ish¨ idys;H ks¾udK uOHia:j úfõpkh lrhs'

by; jdlHfha ‘úpdrlhd’ hk kdu mohg ‘W.;a’ hk úfYaIK moh;a ‘úfõpkh

lrhs'’ hk ls%hd mohg ‘uOHia:j’ hk úfYaIK moh;a fhdod we;' kdu mohlg

uq,ska fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘kdu úfYaIK’ f,i;a ls%hd mohlg uq,ska

fhfok úfYaIK mo ‘ls%hd úfYaIK’ f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

fuu ljr úfYaIKhla jqj o f,aLkfha § fjk u mo f,i fjka fldg ,sùu Í;sh

hs' tfy;a úfYaIKh úfYaIHh yd tla fldg ,sùfï iïm%odhla o mj;S'

r;=u,

WKqj;=r

N+p,k

N+ñlïmdj

r;= u,

WKq j;=r

N+ p,k

N+ñ lïmdj

Wmi¾.hla ks;r u kdu mohl fyda ls%hd mohl uq,g tl;= jkakls' tksid

Wmi¾. fjk u mohla f,i f,aLkfha fkd fhfohs'

w;solaI f,i wNsO¾uh foiQ wkqkdysñhkag odhlfhda oyï m`vqre ms<s.kaj;s'

fuys w;solaI" wNsO¾uh" wkqkdhl" ms<s.kaj;s hk moj, w;s" wNs" wkq" ms<s hk

Wmi¾. olaI" kdysñs" O¾uh" .kaj;s hk mo iu. tlaj fh§ we;'

úfYaIK mo

jpk fjka fldg ,sùu

Wmi¾.

wjfndaOh

1' uq,a hq.fha wei< fmryer iukaú; jQfha l=uk foajd,hkays fmryerj,ska o@

2' ‘lma isgqùu’ hkafkka woyia flfrkqfha l=ula o@

3' o<od ud,s.dj wdYs%; W;aijj,g wjYH ish¨ kele;a ilia lrk ,oafoa

ljqreka úiska o@

4' o<od fmryefrys .uka .;a w,s we;=kaf.ka ixfla;j;a jQfha l=ula o@

5' ‘rka foda,s fmryer’ hkq l=ula o@


w¾:j;a kdu mohla fyda ls%hd mohla iEfokafka m%lD;shg m%;Hhla tla ùfuks'

kdu mohl kï Yío m%lD;shlg úNla;s m%;Hhla o" ls%hd mohl kï Od;= m%lD;shlg

ls%hd m%;Hhla o tl;= fjhs'

fufia m%;Hhla m%lD;shlg tla ùfuka ñi ;ks mohla f,i Ndú; fkd fjhs'

ñksia¬wdf.a > ñksidf.a

fuys ‘wdf.a’ hk m%;Hh ‘ñksia’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'

lr¬hs > lrhs

fuys ‘hs’ hk m%;Hh ‘lr’ hkakg tl;=j ñi fjk u fkd fhfoa'

m%;Hh

,sÅ; wNHdi 1' ¸' úfYaIK mo fh¥ jpk mylaa mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'

¸¸' my; oelafjk jpkj,g úfYaIK mo fhdod ,shkak'

<uhd" foudmshka" ßhÿrd" f,aLlhd" fmd;" lrhs" kghs" iskdfihs" ,shhs"

ÿjhs

2' ¸' my; oelafjk Wmi¾. fhdod jpk idokak'

mr" iq" ÿ" ix" ÿIa" ks¾" wê" ú" m%

¸¸' my; oelafjk moj, we;s Wmi¾. háka bß w¢kak'

ksYaYío" w;sri" ikaksfõokh" mn," wjudkh

3' m%lD;s yd m%;Hh tla fldg ,shkak'

n¨¬wd" ß<d¬wd" ñksia¬wdf.a" fmd;a¬j," .ia¬tka"

lr¬ñ" ÿj¬;s" kg¬ñka" n,¬uq" ,sh¬ys

2' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


ruŒh yeÕSï .eí jqKq rpkdjla idys;H ks¾udKhla

fia y÷kajkq ,efí' idys;H ks¾udKhl .eí jk

yeÕSï tys ks¾udmlhdf.a fyj;a rplhdf.a w;aoelSï

weiqfrka Wmka tajd fuka u rplhd úiska ld,amkslj

f.dvkÕk ,o tajd o úh yels h' wo idys;Hh hkq

,shkq ,enQjla jqj o ukqIHhd f,aLkh wdrïN lsÍug

fmr isg u idys;Hh wdrïN ù ;sì‚' th Y%jH

udOHfhka mj;ajd f.k hkq ,enQ w;r ri ú£u o

isÿ jQfha ijka §fuks' f,aLkh jHdma; jQ miq o

ijka §u wruqKq lr .ksñka idys;Hh ìys úh' ijka

§ ri ú£fï § ks¾udKfha w¾:h fuka u thska u;=

jk Yíoh o jeo.;a fjhs' Yíoh o mµh w¾:h

fuka u leá fldg .;a idys;H ks¾udKhls' bmer‚

.µ o ijka §u i|yd ,shejqKq nj fmfka' nq;airK"

o<od isß; jeks isxy, .µ lD;s Bg ksoiqka fjhs'

úkaokh ,eîu i|yd jk ks¾udKd;aul idys;Hh

yereKq úg oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk idys;Hh o

tod mßYS,kh flrefKa Y%jH udOHfhks'

fï lú fm< ,shù we;af;a t<siu isjq mo wdlD;sfhks'

ud;%d 17" 18" 19 wdÈ m%udKj,ska hq;= mµ tys we;=<;a

ù ;sfí'

NdId ,laIK w;ska i,lk l, lú fmf<ys

wka;¾.;hg .e<fmk nia jyrla Wmfhda.s lr

.ekSu úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= h' lú fm<g

jia;= ù we;af;a .eñ iudchl yg .ekqK kEkd -

uiaiskd fm%au iïnkaOhls' lú fmf<ys Wmhqla;

jpk ud,dj kEkd - uiaiskd fm%auhg mokï jk

.eñ iudch Ñ;%Kh lsÍug fhda.H jpk ùu;a ta

jpk weiqfrka WmÈk Yíod,xldr" .eñ jHjydrhg

wkql+, ùu;a fï lú fmf<ys id¾:l;ajhg fya;= ù

;sfí'

ruŒh yeÕSï .eí jqKq rpkdjla idys;H ks¾udKhla

fia y÷kajkq ,efí' idys;H ks¾udKhl .eí jk

yeÕSï tys ks¾udmlhdf.a fyj;a rplhdf.a w;aoelSï

weiqfrka Wmka tajd fuka u rplhd úiska ld,amkslj

f.dvkÕk ,o tajd o úh yels h' wo idys;Hh hkq

,shkq ,enQjla jqj o ukqIHhd f,aLkh wdrïN lsÍug

fmr isg u idys;Hh wdrïN ù ;sì‚' th Y%jH

udOHfhka mj;ajd f.k hkq ,enQ w;r ri ú£u o

isÿ jQfha ijka §fuks' f,aLkh jHdma; jQ miq o

ijka §u wruqKq lr .ksñka idys;Hh ìys úh' ijka

§ ri ú£fï § ks¾udKfha w¾:h fuka u thska u;=

jk Yíoh o jeo.;a fjhs' mµh w¾:h fuka u

Yíoh o leá fldg .;a idys;H ks¾udKhls' bmer‚

.µ o ijka §u i|yd ,shejqKq nj fmfka' nq;airK"

o<od isß; jeks isxy, .µ lD;s Bg ksoiqka fjhs'

úkaokh ,eîu i|yd jk ks¾udKd;aul idys;Hh

yereKq úg oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd jk idys;Hh o

tod mßYS,kh flrefKa Y%jH udOHfhks'

fï lú fm<g jia;= ù we;af;a .eñ iudchl yg

.ekqK kEkd - uiaiskd fm%au iïnkaOhls' lú

fmf<ys Wmhqla; jpk ud,dj kEkd - uiaiskd

fm%auhg mokï jk .eñ iudch Ñ;%Kh lsÍug

fhda.H ùu;a ta weiqfrka WmÈk Yíod,xldr" .eñ

jHjydrhg wkql+, ùu;a fï lú fmf<ys

id¾:l;ajhg fya;= ù ;sfí' NdId ,laIK w;ska

i,lk l, lú fmf<ys wka;¾.;hg .e<fmk nia

jyrla Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu úfYaI wjOdkhg ,la

l< hq;= h'

fï lú fm< ,shù we;af;a t<siu isjq mo wdlD;sfhks'

ud;%d 17" 18" 19 wdÈ m%udKj,ska hq;= mµ tys we;=<;a

ù ;sfí'

ÿlg lshk lú iSmo 2


msf<aa meÿr fyakg wrf.k tkjd

t<d meÿr ueiafia tys ie;fmkjd

rgd úhmq w;a fol ug isysfjkjd

ysf;a ÿlg t;fldg lú lshfjkjd

br mdhd br wjrg .shdfoda

y| mdhd y| wjrg .shdfoda

we`vQ l÷¿ uQog tla jqKdfoda

<ud <má kEkd fldhs .shdfoda

tf.dv;a ne,sñ tf.dv;a kqU kef;ahd

fuf.dv;a ne,sñ fuf.dv;a kqU kef;ahd

fof.dv u ne,sñ fof.dv u kqU kef;ahd

isjqmo lshk uu ;kshu mef,ahd

tf.dv f.dfâ W, f,akd w`vkafka

fuf.dv f.dfâ uu iSmo lshkafka

fof.dv yßh f.ú,d msks jefgkafka

fof.dv f.däka fld;k o kqU isákafka

iS; lrk W÷jma uy ÿre;af;a

iS;, Wyq,kav ug nerejd i;af;a

lef,a uÿre ueis lror f;dr ke;af;a

mef,a .skak ú;rhs ;kshg we;af;a

Wfò lrg u,a ud,d f.d;kakg

uÿ u,a msfmkjd fyafka jeg È.g

Wfò láka .S iSmo wykakg

;ju;a .srjq tkjd fmr mqreoaog

wfka .srjqfka ud ni widmka

kÕd isák ;ek fld;ek o fidhdmka

mef,a ;ksj ud b¢f;hs lshdmka

ysf;a ÿlg ks¢ ke;sjd lshdmka

? ;sia mefha me,a /l ksÈ urkafka

mdkaorg hka;ï wei msfhkafka

fyafka lvq,a,g tmsáka isákafka

ySfkka weú;a kEkd w; jkkafka


WUhs udhs wms fokakd tl;= fj,d

lef,a lmd j,a fldg,d .sks ;sh,d

jejQ l=rlalka f.dn oeka l¿ .eys,d

fudarhs nxä u| iq<Õg keó,d

rka oEle;s wrka fokakd fomi isg

ng fmd;= fmÜá mqrjd tl msg tlg

kEfka jfrka ta wiajka fk<kakg

l=ryka meyS fudlg o WU ke;s odg

Tmke,s háka fm;s f.daur bfyk kfÕa

we¢ fiaf,a /,s iq<Õg kgk kfÕa

nq,;a ymd ym iq<Õg msôk kfÕa

l=ryka lmkakg fyakg jäka kfÕa

wre;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu

ilajd,sys‚ - uy.u fialr ^1964&

wiajka - wia jeÿKq foa" mSÿKq foa" yg.;a foa" wiajekak

W,f,akd - le,Enoj fjfik" ksYdpr mlaIsfhls¦ W,ud" W,f,akd"

W,,sys‚hd" W,f,aks hkqfjka o kï flf¾'

W,f,akdf.a y`v wms%h ckl fia ie,lSu .eñ úYajdihls'

.eñhkaf.a u;h th urKhl fmr ksñ;a;la nj hs'

Tmke,s - we÷fï fhdok /,a,¦ we÷ï yev jev oud w,xldr lr

.ekSug fhdod .kakd /,s ud,djls' ldka;d we÷ï i|yd

w,xldrhla f,i o Tmke,s fhdod .efka'

;siameh - Èklska w¾Ohla¦ ^isxy, ld, .Kka l%uh wkqj Èklg

meh yegls' j¾;udk jHjydr mehl ld,hla i|yd isxy,

meh folyudrla we;=<;a h'& ? ;sia meh hkq /hla myka

jk ;=re ld,hhs'

fof.dvyßh - uOHu rd;s%h fome;a;g u iuj ;sfnk fõ,dj'

ms< - f.hl ;kd we;s ñá mgq fõÈldj" ys| .ekSu yd ksod

.ekSu i|yd ;ekQ ñá ì;a;sh' mqrdK ksfjiaj, fujeks

ms<la ;ekSu o ta u; meÿrla w;=rd ;sîu o olakg ,eì‚'

fm;s f.daur - f.daur hkq YÍrfha yg .kakd le,e,a úfYaIhls' fuh

mqia ^È,Sr& fya;=fjka yg .kakd p¾u frda.hls' tfy;a

f.daur yg.;a ia;S% YÍrfha fYdaNdjla we;ehs lúfhda

mji;s' th lúhdf.a iïu;h hs'


wjfndaOh

1' lúhdf.a is;g ÿl oefkkafka l=ula ksid o@

2' kEkd ms<sn|j u;lhg kxjk isoaê f,i lúhd olajd we;af;a fudkjd o@

3' ‘<ud <má kEkd’ hk fhÿfuka èjks; jkafka l=ula o@

4' fuys l:lhd iy Tyqf.a kEkd wfkHdakH iyfhda.fhka Ôú;h .; l< nj

m%ldY jk mµh l=ula o@

5' kEkdf.a fl<s f,d,a Ôú;h ms<sn|j ye`.Sï biau;= lr olajk mµ mdGhla

Wmqgd olajkak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka tla tla fhÿug iudk fhÿu mµ mka;sfhka Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' <dnd, -

¸¸' ks|d .kakjd -

¸¸¸' ueÈhu wjika ù -

¸¹' iS;, we;s ckjdßfha -

¹' iS;, ord .kak -

¹¸' /h myka jk ;=re -

¹¸¸' kskao hkafka -

¹¸¸¸' iq<Õg fi,fjk -

2' my; bÈßm;a lr we;s tla tla fhÿfï jHx.Hd¾: ,shd olajkak'

¸' rgd úhmq w;a fol ug isys fjkjd -

¸¸' we`vQ lÿ¿ uqyqog tla jqKd foda -

¸¸¸' isjq mo lshk uu ;kshu mef,ahd -

¸¹' mef,a .skak ú;rhs ;kshg we;af;a -

¹' wfka .srjqfka ud ni widmka -

uÿ u,a - .sß;s,a, l=,fha je,a úfYaIhl yg.kakd u,a¦ ck lúhd

ks;r ÿgq u,a j¾.h fuh nj fmfka'

ueiai - ,S fldagq iu Wilska rgdjlg wkqj ;nd yryg ne| ks|d

.ekSug yels jk f,i me,l ;kd .kakd we|¦ ,S ;Ügqj"

wÜgd,h hk w¾: o fohs'

fia,h - bKg w¢k m%udKfhka È. froao

PBfkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'12 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

¹¸' ySfkka weú;a kEkd w; jkkafka -

¹¸¸' l=ryka meyS fudlg o WU ke;s odg -

¹¸¸¸' l=ryka lmkakg fyakg jäka kfÕa -

3' my; i|yka tla tla fhÿï i|yd mµ mka;sfha we;=<;aj ;snQ ckjyr bÈßm;a

lrkak'

¸' rgd úhQ -

¸¸' túg -

¸¸¸' ueÈhu -

¸¹' fkdue; -

¹' fkd yels h -

¹¸' Tnf.a uqúka -

¹¸¸' wE;ska -

¹¸¸¸' keÕ‚fhda -

¸º' fidhkak -

º' ksÈj¾ð;j -

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mka;sh lKavdhï jYfhka ilia ù mµ mka;sh wdYs%;j my; olajd we;s

ls%hdldrlï bÈßm;a lrkak' wjYH úg § .=re iydh ,nd .kak'

1 lKavdhu

mµ mka;sfha wka;¾.;h meyeÈ,s lrkak'

2 lKavdhu

mµ mka;sfha we;=<;a Yío rih WodyrK iys;j úia;r lrkak'

3 lKavdhu

mµ mka;sfha w¾: rih ms<sn| flá idlÉPdjla mj;ajkak'

4 lKavdhu

mµ ks¾udKh ri ú¢ñka flá úpdrhla bÈßm;a lrkak'

5 lKavdhu

.=re iydh ,nd f.k by; bÈßm;a lsÍïj, W!k mQrKh" we.hSu" iudf,dapkh

isÿ lr" wjik ia;=;sh mqo lrkak'


wlaIr ud,dj yd wlaIr úkHdih

udkjhdf.a jeo.;a u iudÔh yd Ôj úoHd;aul

Wreuh jkafka NdIdj hs' NdIdjl uqLH iajrEmh

jkafka l:kh fyj;a NdIKh hs' È.= l,la l:kh

ud¾.fhka ikaksfõok ld¾hfhys ksr; jqKq udkjhd

ish m‚úvh jeä l,la ;nd .ekSug yd jeä ÿrla

lrd f.k hEug f,aLkh ks¾udKh lr .ekSfuys

iu;a úh' NdIKh fyj;a l:kh ie,flkafka

ukqIHhdf.a udkisl wkqN+;Ska ksfhdackh lsÍfï

ud¾.hla jYfhks' f,aLkh tlS NdIKh fyj;a

l:kh oDYH rEm njg m;a lsÍfï ud¾.hls'

isxy, NdIdj o f,dj ÈhqKq f,aLk l%u iys; NdId

w;=frka tlls' isxy, NdIdj fyda f,aLk l%uh fyda

ljr odl wrïN ù o hkak iïnkaO ksYaÑ; idOl

fuf;la yuq ù ke;' oekg wm yuqfõ we;s f;dr;=re

wkqj furfgys ,shejqKq wmg yuq jk mer‚

u f,aLk ls%ia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk ishjig wh;a hehs

ms<s.efka' t;eka isg wo olajd isxy, f,aLk l%uh

yd wlaIr rEm;a NdIdj;a úmßKduhg ,la fjñka

mej; wd wkaou ms<sn| idOl wm i;= h' ta wkqj

wdrïNfha § furg Ndú; ù we;af;a wl=re 25lska

iukaú; jQ wlaIr ud,djls' wk;=rej úúO wjYH;d

i|yd jßka jr úúO wl=re tla lr .ksñka j¾Okh

jQ isxy, fydaäh wo jk úg wlaIr rEm 60lska

iukaú;j ;sfí'

3


isxy, NdIdfjka ,sùu i|yd Ndú; flfrk wlaIr iuQyh “isxy, wlaIr ud,dj” f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu wlaIr ud,dj fydaäh" j¾K ud,dj" wl=re je, hk kïj,ska

o ye¢kafõ'

wo Ndú;fha mj;akd isxy, wlaIr ud,dj wlaIr 60lska iukaú; fjhs' tu wlaIr

ud,dj y÷kd .ksuq'

Tn óg fmr W.;a wlaIr j¾.SlrKh kej; isysm;a lr .kak'

² wlaIr uQ,sl m%fNao folls'

1' iajr ^m%dKdlaIr$mKl=re& 18ls'

2' jH[ack ^.d;%dlaIr$.;l=re& 42ls'

fuu wlaIr úúO m%fNao hgf;a y÷kd .ksuq'

y%iaj ^flá$ÿq$,>q& iajr wgls' w we b W R Ì t T

§¾> ^Èla$.=re& iajr wgls' wd wE B W! RD Ï tA ´

ixhqla; ^ñY%& iajr folls' ft T!

iajr j¾.SlrKh

² iajr folla ixhqla;j iEfok ksid ft" T! iajr ixhqla;

iajr$ñY% iajr f,i ye¢kafõ'

w ¬ t - ft ^tal ¬ tal - taffll&

w ¬ T - T! ôka; ¬ ÍaGc - okaf;!IaGc&

iajr 18w wd we wE b B

W W! R RD Ì Ï

t tA ft T ´ T!

jH[ack

42

^w&x ^w&#

l L . > X Õ

p P c ® [ `c

g G v V K ~

; : o O k |

m M n N u U

h r , j

Y I i y < *


wkqiajdrh ^mQ¾K kdislHh& ^w&x

úi¾.h ^úi¾ckSh& ^w&#

j¾.dlaIr 25³

l - j¾.h l L . > X

p - j¾.h p P c ® [

g - j¾.h g G v V K

; - j¾.h ; : o O k

m - j¾.h m M n N u

j¾.dka; wkqkdisl wlaIr X [ K k u

i[a[l wlaIr 5 Õ `c `v | U

wka;#ia: wlaIr 4

^w¾O iajr&

h r , j

W!Iau wlaIr 5 Y I i y *

uydm%dK wlaIr 10 L P G : M > ® V O N

w,amm%dK wlaIr 10³³ l p g ; m . c v o n

oka; ´IaGc wlaIr j *

jHCoack j¾.SlrKh

f>daI jH[ack wlaIr

27

^w&x

. c v o n

> CO V O N

X [ K k u

Õ `c `v | U

h r , j

y <

wf>daI jH[ack wlaIr

15

^w&#

l p g ; m

L P G : M

Y I i *

³ j¾;udkfha we;eïyq i[a[l wlaIr my ^Õ" `c" `v" |" U& o we;=<;a fldg j¾.dlaIr 30la fia

i,l;s'

³³ w,amm%dK hkqfjka idudkHfhka ye¢kafjkafka uydm%dK wlaIr oyhg wkqrEm w,amm%dK

wlaIr oyh muKls' tfy;a uydm%dK wlaIr oyh yer fiiq j¾.dlaIr ish,a, w,amm%dK fõ'

^w&#

3' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


W;am;a;s ia:dkh wkqj wlaIr j¾.SlrKh

lKaGc wlaIr w wd l L . > X Õ y ^w&#

;d¨c wlaIr b B p P c ® Co `c h Y

uQ¾Oc wlaIr R RD g G v V K ~ r I <

oka;c wlaIr Ì Ï ; : o O k | , i

ÍaGc wlaIr W W! m M n N u U

lKaG ;d¨c wlaIr we wE t tA ft

lKaG ÍAGc wlaIr T ´ T!

oka; ÍaGc wlaIr j *

mQ¾K kdislH ^w&x

² X" [" K" k" u wlaIr WÉpdrKh jkqfha kdia l=yrh Tiafia Yíoh msg ùfuks'

fï wlaIr kdislH wlaIr jk w;r úfYaIfhka tu wl=re my j¾.dka;dkqkdisl

f,i ye¢kafõ'

² Õ" `c" `v" |" U hk wlaIr WÉpdrKfha § w¾O jYfhka kdih o WmldÍ fõ' tu

wlaIr w¾Odkqkdisl wlaIr f,i o ye¢kafõ'

jH[ackdlaIrhla m%lD;s jYfhka u y,a wl=rla f,i mj;S' tAjdg iajr ixfhda.

lsÍfuka y,a iajNdjh ke;sj f.dia myiqfjka WÉpdrKh l< yels ;;a;ajhg

m;a fõ'

jpkhl uq, fhfok iajrh muKla iajrdlaIrfha uq,a iajrEmfhka u ,shkq ,efí'

wur R;=j

bínd t<sh

Wi T!IO

tfy;a m%lD;s jHCoackhlg iajr tl;= l< nj fmkaùug úfYaI ,l=Kq Ndú;

flf¾' tu ,l=Kq ms,s ^ms,a,ï& f,i ye¢kafõ' ms,a,lska ksrEmKh jkafka iajr

Yíohls' fï ms,a,la wl=rl uq,g" Wvg" hgg" w.g fyda we;eï úg lSm ;ekl

u fhfoa' tA ixfhda. jk iajrh wkqj hs' jH[ackhlg ‘w’ iajrh tl;= jQ nj

fmkajkqfha jH[ackfha y,a ,l=K bj;a lsÍfuks'

la ¬ w } l

ï ¬ w } u

ha ¬ w ¬ ;a ¬ W ¬ ¾ ¬ w ¬ } h;=r

la ¬ W ¬ ò ¬ W ¬ ¾ ¬ t ¬ ka } l=Uqfrka

ms,s y÷kd .ksuq


my; § we;s j.=j weiqfrka jH[ack yd tla jk iajrh;a tA i|yd fhfok i,l=K;a

th y÷kajk ku;a wlaIrhl fhfok wdldrh;a y÷kd .kak'

iajrh ms,a, ms,s kduh fhfok whqre

la ¬ w úfYaI

ms,a,ula ke;

- lúh

la ¬ wd d we,ms,a, ldish

la ¬ we e weoms,a,$weoh$weldrdxYh lejqu$/yek

la ¬ wE E Èla weo ms,a,$ §¾>

weoh$§¾> weldrdxYh

lEor$?k

la ¬ b s biams,a, lsß

la ¬ B S §¾> biams,a, lSg

la ¬ W = mdms,a, l=,a,

¾ ¬ W e mdms,a, rejk

ka ¬ W q mdms,a, kqjK

la ¬ W! + §¾> mdms,a, l+vh

¾ ¬ W! E §¾> mdms,a, rEu;a

ka ¬ W! Q §¾> mdms,a, kQ,

la ¬ R D .eg we,ms,a, lD;%su

;a ¬ RD DD .eg we,ms,s fol Ydia;DDka

la ¬ t f fldïnqj flfi,a

la ¬ tA

ï ¬ tA

f a$f fldïnqj iys; §¾>;aj

i,l=K

fla;,h$fïih

la ¬ ft ff fldïnq fol ffl,di

la ¬ T f-d fldïnqj yd we,ms,a, fld<U

la ¬ ´ f-da fldïnqj yd §¾>;aj

i,l=K iys; we,ms,a,

flda,u

la ¬ T! f-! fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a; fl!Y,H

y,a ,l=K( y,a ,l=K ms,a,la fkd fõ¦ fuh fhfokafka Y=oaO

jH[ack Yíohla fyj;a iajrhla iu. tla kqjQ jH[ackhla

oelaùug hs'

fuys iajrEm folls' jdudj¾;j by<ska wjika jk wl=re i|yd

‘ ’ ixfla;h o olaIsKdj¾;j my<ska fyda wdk;j ol=Kq mig

fyda wjika jk wl=re i|yd ‘ a ’ ixfla;h o fhfoa'

y,a ,l=Kq( ‘ a ’ ^fldäh&

‘ ’ ^/yek&


jH[ackdlaIr fjkqjg fhfok ixfla; lsysmhla isxy, f,aLk jHjydrfhys yuq

fjhs'

% rldrdxYh - jH[ackhlg mrj nef|k z¾Z fjkqjg fhfoa'

jlar - jl% P;ar P;%

ñ;ar - ñ;% Ñ;ar - Ñ;%

_ f¾Mh - jH[ackhlg fmr y,aj fhfok zrZ fjkqjg fhfoa'

O¾u - Ou–

l¾u - lu–

j¾Id - jI_d

H hxYh - jH[ackhlg mrj nef|k zhZ fjkqjg fhfoa'

úoahdj - úoHdj

i;ah - i;H

ffjoah - ffjoH

úfYaI wlaIr rEm lsysmhla o isxy, jHjydrfha yuq fõ' tajd fydaähg we;=<;a

fkd fõ'

¿ - uQ¾Oc <a iu. ixfhda. jQ zWZ iajrh ^uQ¾Oc <q hkak& oelaùug fhfoa'

¿ - y%iaj uQ¾Oc <q

¿E - §¾> uQ¾Oc <Q

{ - Ê ¬ [ wl=re fol iïñY%Kfhka ieÿKq ne¢ wl=rls'

wjfndaOh

1' j¾;udkfha Ndú; isxy, wlaIr ud,dfjys uq¿ wlaIr .Kk lSh o@

2' h" r" ," j wlaIr y÷kajkafka l=uk kulska o@

3' Y - I - i - y - * W!IaudlaIr f,i y÷kajkafka l=ula ksid o@

4' nyq,j Ndú; jk i[a[l wlaIr y;r ,shd WodyrK jpk fol ne.ska

,shkak'

5' wkqiajdrh iys; mo folla o úi¾.h iys; mo folla o ,shkak'

® yd [ ne¢ wl=re fia fmkqK o tajd ;ks Yío hs'

‘<’ iu. W iajrh fhÿKq úg < w.g ‘<q’ jYfhka fyda fjk;a

ms,s rEm fyda fhdokq fkd ,efí'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1. my; i|yka m%ldYkj, ysia;ekaj,g iqÿiq mo fhdod jdlH iïmQ¾K lrkak'

¸' g" >" :" l" P" N hk wlaIrj,ska ''''''''''''''''''''''''' hk wlaIr w,am%mdK

wlaIr jk w;r ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' hk wlaIr uydm%dK wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'

¸¸' wlaIr ud,dfõ we;;a ''''''''''''''''''''''' hk iajr fol j¾;udk f,aLk

jHjydrfha yuq fkd fõ'

¸¸¸' g" G" v" V" K wlaIr ''''''''''''''''''''''''' wlaIr f,i ye¢kafõ'

¸¹' ,Ùldj" [dKh" ñysß ;o l¿ wl=ßka we;s wlaIr '''''''''''''''''' wlaIr .Khg

wh;a fõ'

¹' ´IaGc wlaIr hkq '''''''''''''''''''''' WmÈk wlaIr fõ'

2' my; § we;s moj, jHCoack yd iajr fjka lr ,shkak'

Wod - ;drelS - ;a ¬ wd" ¾ ¬ W" la ¬ B

¸' jeisfhda ¸¹' m%fõ‚

¸¸' foaYSh ¹' ffjoHjre

¸¸¸' kexjqKq

3' my; § we;s moj, fh§ we;s ms,s kï lrkak'

Wod - ;re‚ - mdms,a," biams,a,

¸' ldhsl ¸¹' fn!oaOhd

¸¸' ieliqu ¹' lD;sh

¸¸¸' uqref.aiq

4' ¸' rldrdxYh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'

¸¸' hxYh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'

¸¸¸' f¾Mh fhÿKq mo ;=kla ,shkak'

¸¹' fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a; iys; mo ;=kla ,shkak'

¹' mdms,a, fhfok wdldr ;=k i|yd WodyrK ;=kla olajkak'

5' my; § we;s nyqjrK m%Yakj,g jvd;a u iqÿiq ms<s;=r f;dard ,shkak'

»' y%iaj iajr muKla we;=<;a ms<s;=r f;darkak'

' w" wd" we" wE

¸' w" we" b" W

¸¸' R" Ì" ft" T!

¹' wE" W!" tA" ´

»»' ‘f.!rjh’ hk mofha we;s ms,s oelafjk ms<s;=r f;darkak'

¸' fldïnqj yd mdms,a, ¸¸¸' fldïnqj yd .hkqls;a;

¸¸' fldïnqj yd we,ms,a, ¸¹' fldïnqj yd .egms,a,


wlaIr úkHdih

wlaIr úkHdih hkq lsishï NdIdjlg wod< f,aLk jHjydrfha § wjYH ksjerÈ

yd iïu; wlaIr Ndú;h hs' isxy, wlaIr úkHdih hgf;a y%iaj-§¾>" w,amm%dK -

uydm%dK" f>daI - wf>daI m%fNao fuka u K" k" ," < fNaoh" ;d¨c ‘Y’ uQ¾Oc ‘I’ yd oka;c ‘i’ ldr fh§u flfrys úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq flf¾' ^k" K" ,"

<" Y" I" i wlaIr fhfok Í;s 10 fY%a‚fha § y÷kd f.k we;'& ;j ÿrg;a wlaIr

ksjerÈj fhÈh hq;= wdldrh y÷kd .ksuq'

w,amm%dK yd uydm%dK wlaIr Ndú;h

isxy, NdIdfjys w,amm%dK wlaIr 10la o Bg wkqrEm uydm%dK wlaIr 10la o we;s

nj wms oksuq' tAjd jpkj, fh§fï § iqÿiq mßÈ fh§ug yqre úh hq;= h'

w,amm%dK wlaIr l p g ; m . c v o n

uydm%dK wlaIr L P G : M > ® V O N

^j¾.dlaIrhkaf.a m<uqjk yd f;jk ;Sre w,amm%dK jk w;r fojk yd isõjk

;Sre uydm%dK fõ'&

fï w,amm%dK wlaIr yd uydm%dK wlaIr ksjerÈ f,i fkd fh§fuka jpkj,

wre; fjkia úh yels h' my; oelafjk jdlHfhys m%Odk - m%odk hk mo fh§

we;s wdldrh wkqj th meyeÈ,s fõ'

² m%Odk wuq;a;d ;Hd. m%odkhg iyNd.s úh'

m%Odk - m%uqL" uQ,sl hk w¾:h hs'

m%odk - mß;Hd.hla" ukd odkh hk wre; fohs'

ksodk - fya;=" uq,a jQ lreK

ksOdk - ;ekam;a l< jia;=j

w,amm%dK uydm%dK

l

.

ld,h" Ydlh" f,aLl

.‚;h" w.," j¾.

L

>

LKav" f,aLk" f¾Ld

>Kagd" §¾>" ud>

p

c

pß;" úÑ;%" WÉp

ckhd" rch" c,c

P

®

Pkaoh" iajÉPh" idlÉPd

®xldr" uÊ¯u

g

v

ghrh" oDIaáh" úYsIag

vlal=j" wvd<" oeä

G

V

GmkSh" fldÜGdi" fYa%IaG

rEÎ" wdIdV" oDV;r

;

o

;,h" u;h" újD;

orejd" Woh" lkao

:

O

:Qm" m%:u" wjia:d

Oj," fl%daOh" jDoaO

m

n

md,s" pdmh" w,am

nK" wnrK" iqn

M

N

M," ksIaM," f¾M Nh"

Nh" wdNrK" lafIdaN







isxy, NdIdfjys uydm%dK wlaIr yuq jkafka md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj,ska f.k

we;s ;;aiu jpkj, mu‚' uydm%dK wlaIr oyhla o Bg wkqrEm w,amm%dK wlaIr

oyhla o we;s nj by; olajk ,È' tAjd jpkj, fh§fï § iqÿiq mßÈ fh§ug yqre

úh hq;= h'



^j¾.dlaIrhkaf.a m<uqjk yd f;jk ;Sre w,amm%dK jk w;r fojk yd isjqjk

;Sre uydm%dK fõ'&









»»»' rldrdxYh" f¾Mh" hxYh" .egms,a, wkqms<sfj<ska fh§ we;s jrKh

f;darkak'

¸' l%uh" ;l_h" kdgHh" mDÓúh

¸¸' lD;s%u" j._h" úoHdj" f.!rjh

¸¸¸' kD;H" w.%" i;Hh" ;DK

¸¹' oDYH" jdlH" ud._" l¾;D

»¼' j¾.dlaIr .Khg we;=<;a fkd jk wlaIr iys; jrKh f;darkak'

¸' I" <" y" i" Y ¸¸' K" v" g" V" G"

¸¸¸' ." l" L" >" X ¸¹' N" M" m" u" n

wlaIr úkHdih


wlaIr úkHdih







isxy, NdIdfjys w,amm%dK wlaIr 10la o Bg wkqrEm uydm%dK wlaIr 10la o we;s

nj wms oksuq' tAjd jpkj, fh§fï § iqÿiq mßÈ fh§ug yqre úh hq;= h'



^j¾.dlaIrhkaf.a m<uqjk yd f;jk ;Sre w,amm%dK jk w;r fojk yd isõjk

;Sre uydm%dK fõ'&









w,amm%dK uydm%dK

l

.

ld,h" Ydlh" f,aLl

.‚;h" w.," j¾.

L

>

LKav" f,aLk" f¾Ld

>Kagd" §¾>" ud>

p

c

pß;" úÑ;%" WÉp

ckhd" rch" c,c

P

®

Pkaoh" iajÉPh" idlÉPd

®xldr" uÊ¯u

g

v

ghrh" oDIaáh" úYsIag

vlal=j" wvd<" oeä

G

V

GmkSh" fldÜGdi" fYa%IaG

rEÎ" wdIdV" oDV;r

;

o

;,h" u;h" újD;

orejd" Woh" lkao

:

O

:Qm" m%:u" wjia:d

Oj," fl%daOh" jDoaO

m

n

md,s" pdmh" w,am

nK" wnrK" iqn

M

N

M," ksIaM," f¾M Nh"

Nh" wdNrK" lafIdaN

isxy, wlaIr ud,dfõ yuq jk Õ" `c" `v" |" U hk wlaIr i[A[l fyj;a

w¾Odkqkdisl wlaIr kñka ye¢kafjhs' i[a[l wlaIr yd i[A[l fkd jk

. - c - v - o - n hk wlaIr fh§u wkqj mohl w¾: fjkia fõ'

i[A[l iys; i[A[l rys;

;rÕ - ;rx.

iÕ - ix>hd

w~ - weéu

w`vq - WmlrKhls

y| - pkaøhd

l| - .il YÍrh

kqU - Tn

wU - m,;=re j¾.h$c,h

;r. - ;rla lsÍu

i. - iaj¾.h

wv - w¾Oh

wvq - W!k

yo - yDoh

lo - fofldfkys nr t,aÆ ,Sh

kqn - wyi

wn - T!Iëh Ydl úfYaIhla

úfYaI Í;s lSmhla

WodyrK( ksrjoH idjoH

w;HjYH ^w;s¬wjYH& w;HdjYH

kS;Hkql+, ^kS;s¬wkql+,& kS;Hdkql+,

m%dix.sl ^m%ix.¬bl& m%didx.sl

idu¾:Hh ^iu¾:¬h& idud¾:Hh

i[A[l wlaIr Ndú;h

wkjYH §¾>h


wdÈ wd§

Oqrh OQrh

úoHudk úoHdudk

jHdl=, jHdl+,

ia;=;s ia;+;s

iaÓr iaÒr


¥rl:kh ÿrl:kh

¥ria: ÿria:

uQ,H m%;smdok uq,H m%;smdok

;+IaŒïN+; ;=Ia‚ïN+;

jHQyh jHqyh


m%;Hhd¾: ^m%;Hh¬w¾:& m%;Hd¾: ^ha w;ayeÍu&

jHx.Hd¾: ^jHx.H¬w¾:& jHx.d¾: ^ha w;ayeÍu&


wjiaf:daÑ; ^wjia:d¬WÑ;& wjia:dfjdaÑ; ^õ wd.uh&

ßoaudkql+, ^ßoau¬wkql+,& ßoauhdkql+, ^ha wd.uh&

‘ft$whs’ Ndú;h


ft;sydisl fft;sydisl$whs;sydisl

ftlHh fftlHh

ftrdjK fftrdjK$whsrdjK

ffjrh jhsrh

ffu;%S uhs;%S

wkjYH f,i y%%iaj ^flá& iajr Ndú;h

ikaê moj, isÿ jk wkjYH wlaIr f,damh

ikaê moj, isÿ jk wkjYH wlaIr wd.uh


‘R’ ldr Ndú;h

ksrjoH idjoH

l¾;D l;D

.Dyia: .%yia:

m%lD;s m%lD¾;s$m%l=¾;s

ud;Dld ud¾;Dld$ud;_Dld

‘H’ ^hxYh& Ndú;h


jdlH jdlaH

jdpH jdÉH

úoHq;a úoaHq;a

l,HdK l,aHdK

zrZ iu. hxYh fkd fhfoa'

ksrjoH idjoH

iQ¾hhd iQ¾Hhd$iQrHhd

ù¾hh ù¾Hh$ùrHh

1' ksjerÈ wlaIrh f;dard ysia;ek iïmQ¾K lrkak'

¸' mdvï lr'''' <uhdf.a kqj'''' jefâ' ^k$K&

¸¸' l=l='''' megjd l=re'''' .Khg wh;a h' ^¨$¿&

¸¸¸' iajdNdúl jH''''k ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug úfYa'''' úu¾''''k

lKavdhula furgg meñ‚ nj mqj;am;aj, i|yka úh' ^Y$I$i&

¸¹' f,a''''ï;=ud mß''''Kl f,a'''k úuid n,d ld¾h uKav,hg §¾'''' f,i

Wmfoia ÿkafka h' ^l$L$.$>&

¹' msß;a iÊ''''hkdj, § uekúka WÉ''''rKh l< yels NslaIQka jykafia,d

iyNd.s lr .; hq;= nj ''''';sl ix> iïfï,kfha § idlÉ'''' flß‚'

^pd$Pd$cd$®d&

¹¸' fcHaIa'''' YsIHhka YsIa'''' iïmkak f,i yeisrùug oD'''' kHdhka fuka u

,>q oKa'''khka o ,nd §ug isÿ ù we;s nj úÿy,am;s;=ud mejiS h'

^g$G$v$V&

¹¸¸' k¾'''k l=i,;d j¾''''kh lr .;a isiqka úiska ;u m%''''u ika''''¾Ykh

bÈßm;a lrk ,È' ^;$:$o$O&

,sÅ; wNHdi


1' Tfí iy Tfí ñ;=rdf.a fjk;a úIhhka iïnkaO igyka fmd;a /f.k

tajdfha wlaIr úkHdi jerÈ ksjerÈ lrkak'

2' we;eï mqj;am;aj, fndfyda wlaIr úkHdi fodaI olakg ,efí' tajd tl;= lr

ksjerÈ lrkak'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

¹¸¸¸' úYajfha m%'''jh ms<sn|j we;euqka bÈßm;a l< m%'''kaO m%;slafIam jQ ksid

Tjqkaf.a m%h;akh ksIa'''', jQ njg m%jD;a;s ''''< úh' ^m$M$n$N&

¸º' wkqrmqr kg'''ka ne,Sug ;u w'''j o iu. .sh chr;ak" i'''fudla iqj

,nkqj njqka jvk i'''' .K olakg ,enqKq nj mejiS h' ^Uq$nq$Õ$.&

º' w'''o~q f,dl= uy;a jqK;a .=Kfhka w'''' fld,a,ka o we;s nj l''''

/f.k hk ñksid l''' u; b| f.k l,amkd lf<a h' ^vq$~q$o$|&

2' ksjerÈ moh f;dard ,shkak'

¸' yDohdx.u$yDohx.u ia;=;sh'

¸¸' iudc wOHkh$wOHhkh

¸¸¸' f,aLl$f,alL uKav,h

¸¹' mqia;ld,Sh$mqia;ld,hSh f;dr;=re

¹' iajNdúl$iajdNdúl iïm;a

¹¸' fftrdjK$ftrdjK yia;shd

¹¸¸' wdOHd;añl O¾u;djh$O¾u;dj

¹¸¸¸' fm%au jD;dka;h$jD;a;dka;h

¸º' rdc wd{dj$wk{dj

º' kS;Hdkql=,$kS;Hkql+, l%uh

3' my; § we;s moj, wlaIr úkHdih jerÈ kï ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

¸' m%ia;djkdj º¸' fldÜgdi ld¾hd,h

¸¸' f,aLK ffY,sh º¸¸' iS>%.dó ÿïßh

¸¸¸' m%YaK m;% º¸¸¸' le<‚ úydrh

¸¹' f;dr;=re úYaf,aYKh º¸¹' mß.kl ;dlaIKh

¹' u<< l%Svd º¹' ms<s;=re m;%h

¹¸' ksIAYío l,dmh º¹¸' oka; ffY,d.drh

¹¸¸' Wmßu wdYajdoh º¹¸¸' wNsryia urKh

¹¸¸¸' ksIam, jHdhduh º¹¸¸¸' iqr.k /Õ=u

¸º' o<od ud,s.dj º¸º' kHYaÀl m%ydrh

º' uOHidr Ndú;h ºº' l‚IaG mq;%hd


úYajfldaIh hkq úIh lsysmhla ms<sn|j fyda ;ks

úIhhla ms<sn|j fyda f;dr;=re ix.%y lrñka

iïmdÈ; lD;s úfYaIhls' we;eï úg úYajfldaIhla

;ks fmd;la jYfhka m< lr ;sìh yels h' fndfyda

úg fïjd fmd;a ldKav lsysmhla jYfhka m< flf¾'

;ks úIhhla hgf;a fyda úúO úIh hgf;a fyda

iïmdokh jqj o úYajfldaIhl f;dr;=re ix.%y

flfrkqfha ud;Dld mdGj, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj

h' úúO fmd;m; iïmdokh lr .ekSug fuka u

úúO úIh lreKq fidhd .ekSug mdGlhkag

úYajfldaIj,ska uy;a msgqn,hla iemfha' fuu mdvu

úYajfldaI Ndú;h ms<sn| uQ,sl woyila ,nd .ekSug

u. fmkajhs'

isxy, idys;H úYajfldaIh" iuhdka;r úYajfldaIh"

k¾;k úYajfldaIh" ckY%e;s úYajfldaIh wdÈh

isxy, NdIdfjka tla tla úIhh hgf;a m< fldg

we;s úYajfldaI lsysmhls' isxy, NdIdfjka m< jk

m%Odk cd;sl úYajfldaIh jk isxy, úYajfldaIh"

úúO úIhkag wod<j iïmdokh jkakls' fï jk úg

tys ldKav 13la m< fldg we;' Encyclopaedea Britannica hkq bx.S%is NdIdfjka iïmdÈ; f,dj

jvd;a m%p,s; úYajfldaIh hs' 1768 isg m< flfrk

tys" fï jk úg ixialrK 18la ksl=;a ù ;sfí'

j¾;udkfha th ksl=;a flfrkqfha úµq;a .%ka:hla

jYfhka ix.; ;eá ud¾.fhka yd wka;¾cd,

udOHfhka mu‚' Wikipedia hkq wka;¾cd,fhys

m%p,s; ckms%h úYajfldaIhls' fï mdvfuka

oelafjkafka isxy, úYajfldaIfha isõjk ldKavfhka

Wmqgd .kakd ,o msgq folls' tys úúO úIh mdol lr

f.k f;dr;=re ix.%y lr we;s nj tu msgq wOHhkh

lsÍfuka y÷kd .; yels h'

úYajfldaIh hkq úIh iSudjla ke;sj fyda ;ks

úIhhla ms<sn|j fyda f;dard .;a jeo.;a ud;Dld

hgf;a f;dr;=re ix.%y lrñka iïmdÈ; lD;s

úfYaIhls' we;eï úg úYajfldaIhla ;ks fmd;la

jYfhka m< lr ;sìh yels h' fndfyda úg fïjd

fmd;a ldKav lsysmhla jYfhka m< flf¾' ;ks

úIhhla hgf;a fyda úúO úIh hgf;a fyda iïmdokh

jqj o úYajfldaIhl f;dr;=re ix.%y flfrkqfha

ud;Dld mdGj, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj h' úúO

fmd; m; iïmdokh lr .ekSug fuka u úúO úIh

lreKq fidhd .ekSug o mdGlhkag úYajfldaIj,ska

uy;a msgqn,hla iemfha' fuu mdvu úYajfldaI

Ndú;h ms<sn| uQ,sl woyila ,nd .ekSug u.

fmkajhs'

isxy, idys;H úYajfldaIh" iuhdka;r úYajfldaIh"

k¾;k úYajfldaIh" ckY%e;s úYajfldaIh wdÈh

isxy, NdIdfjka tla tla úIhh hgf;a m< fldg

we;s úYajfldaI lsysmhls' isxy, NdIdfjka m< jk

m%Odk cd;sl úYajfldaIh jk isxy, úYajfldaIh"

úúO úIhkag wod<j iïmdokh jkakls' fï jk úg

tys ldKav 13la m< fldg we;' Encyclopaedia Britannica hkq bx.S%is NdIdfjka iïmdÈ; f,dj

jvd;a m%p,s; úYajfldaIh hs' 1768 isg m< flfrk

tys" fï jk úg ixialrK 18la ksl=;a ù ;sfí'

j¾;udkfha th ksl=;a flfrkqfha úµq;a .%ka:hla

jYfhka ix.; ;eá ud¾.fhka yd wka;¾cd,

udOHfhka mu‚' Wikipedia hkq wka;¾cd,fhys

m%p,s; ckms%h úYajfldaIhls' fï mdvfuka

oelafjkafka isxy, úYajfldaIfha isjqjk ldKavfhka

Wmqgd .kakd ,o msgq folls' tys úúO úIh mdol lr

f.k f;dr;=re ix.%y lr we;s nj tu msgq wOHhkh

lsÍfuka y÷kd .; yels h'

úYajfldaIh 4


NdIdjl wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ilia jkafka tys fydaäh ilia ù we;s wdldrh wkqj h'

fï ksid wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ta ta NdId wkqj fjkia fõ' isxy, fydaäfha wlaIr

mámdáh fndfyda ÿrg ixialD; wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj ilia ù we;' isxy, wlaIr

ud,dj fm< .iajd we;af;a ta ta wlaIrhg ysñ iïu; ia:dkhg wkql+,j h'

isxy, f,aLk jHjydrfha we;s wlaIr .Kk yegls' tajdyss wldrdÈ ms<sfj< my;

oelafõ'

w1 wd2 we3 wE4 b5 B6

W7 W!8 R9 RD10 Ì11 Ï12

t13 ta14 ft15 T16 ´17 T!18

l21 L22 .23 >24 X25 Õ26

p27 P28 c29 ®30 `Co31 `c32

g33 G34 v35 V36 K37 `v38

;39 :40 o41 O42 k43 |44

m45 M46 n47 N48 u49 U50

h51 r52 ,53 j54

Y55 I56 i57 y58 <59 *60

wx19 w#20

isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj<

wjfndaOh

1' fuys oelafjk úYajfldaI msgqj Wmldr lr .ksñka my; oelafjk m%Yakj,g

ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸' brKuvq jefjys c, uQ,dY%h kï lrkak'

¸¸' fy< bruqiq iy l¿ bruqiq ixialD; ks>Kagqj, y÷kajd we;af;a flfia

o@

¸¸¸' YS% ,xldjg wdfõ‚l brrdc Ydlh jefjkafka ljr m%foaYj, o@

¸¹' brKuvq" brngq ;rej" bruqiq" brrdc" brjä hk mo fm< .iajd we;af;a

l=ula mokï lr f.k o@

¹' ta whqßka jpk fm< .iajd we;s fldaI .%ka: folla kï lrkak'


by; wl=re 60 w;=ßka wl=re wgla mohl uq, fkd fhfoa' tkï" RD" Õ" `c" `v" |"

X" x" # hk wl=re h' isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj iajr" jH[ackdlaIrj,g l,ska

fhfok w;r" w,amm%dK wlaIrh Bg wkqrEm uydm%dKdlaIrhg l,ska fhfoa'

jH[ackdlaIrhla iu. ms,s fh¥ úg we;s jk wldrdÈ ms<sfj< oek isàu o

m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a fõ' ksoiqkla jYfhka ‘la’ Yíohg tla tla iajrh

fhÿK l, Bg wkqj ms,s iy ixfla; fh§fï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= wlaIr mámdáh

fufia h'

wldrdÈ ms<sfj< wkqj jpk fm<.eiaùfï § y,a wl=r fhfokafka fld;ekl o

hkak wdOqkslhkag muKla fkd j úh;=kag o we;s jQ .eg¨jls' y,a jQ jH[ackdlaIrh

.d;%dlaIr ud,dfõ uq,g fyda w.g fyda fhÈh yels h' fï iïnkaOfhka YíofldaI

l¾;Djreka l%u folla wkq.ukh lr we;s nj fmfka' je,súáfha fidar; ysñhkaf.a

YS% iqux., YíofldaIh fï iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh lrk l%uh kï y,a wl=rlska

wjika jk jpkh m<uqfjka o bka wk;=rej ta y,a wl=rg ‘w’ isg ‘T!’ f;la iajr

fhÿKq rEm o oelaùfuka miqj y,a wl=rg miq fjk;a jH[ackdlaIrhla fhfok

mo oelaùu hss' ksoiqkla jYfhka ‘w’ hkakg mrj ‘l’ fhfok úg ta mo YS% iqux.,

YíofldaIfhys bÈßm;a fldg we;s wkqms<sfj< fufia h'

la ( wla ^wxlh" w. ,l=Kq&

l ( wlïm

ld ( wld,

le ( wlem

ls ( wlsßh

lS ( wlSlre

l= ( wl=re

lD ( wlD;{

fl ( wflõ ^je<lSu&

fld ( wfldia ^nekSu&

fl! ( wfl!Y, ^wúµdj&

lalaw ( wlalr

lalawd ( wlald

laIaw ( wlaIr

laIaT! ( wlafI!ysŒ

laIahawd ( wlaIHdfrda.HYd,dj

l ld le lE ls lS l= l+

lD lDD fl fla ffl fld flda fl!

la lH l% l%d la/ la? ls% lS%

lare larE fl% fla% ffl% fl%d fl%da fl%!

y,a wl=r fh§u


wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g wkqj jpk fm< .eiaùfï § y,a wl=r fh§u iïnkaOfhka

ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iïmdÈ; isxy, YíofldaIh yd yßYapkaø

úch;=x.f.a m%dfhda.sl isxy, YíofldaIh wdÈfhys wkq.ukh lr we;s ms<sfj;

wkqj" y,a jH[ackhlska wjika jk mo ix.%y fldg we;af;a iajr Yío wjidkfhys

h' fuys wldrh fmrgqj fhfok ‘w¬la’ tkafka ‘w¬la¬w’" ‘w¬la¬T!’ wdÈ jYfhka

fhÿKq jpkj,g miqj h' ixialD; bx.sßis we;=¿ Ydia;S%h YíofldaI wkq.ukh

lr we;af;a uq,ska lS l%uh hs'

fï l%uhg wkqj" iajrhlg yd jH[ackhlg miqj wl=re fhfok ms<sfj< fufia h'

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h fh§u

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h jH[ackdlaIr jk kuqÿ iajrdrEVj fkd fhfohs' ta wkqj

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h folska wk;=rej fhfokqfha jH[ackdlaIrhla mu‚' fï

fya;=j ksid wldrdÈ ms<sfj<ska jpk fm< .eiaùfï § wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h

oelaúh hq;af;a iajr wjidkfhys h¦ j¾. jH[ackdlaIrhkays wdrïNl wlaIrh

jk ‘l’ ldrhg fmrgqj h'

wl wld wle wlE wls wlS

wl= wl+ wlD wlDD wfl wfla

wffl wfld wflda wfl! wla wlala

l ( wlïm

ld ( wld,

le ( wlem

ls ( wlsßh

lS ( wlSlre

l= ( wl=re

lD ( wlD;{

fl ( wflõ ^je<lSu&

fld ( wfldia ^nekSu&

fl! ( wfl!Y, ^wúµdj&

la ( wla ^wxlh" w. ,l=Kq&

lalaw ( wlalr

lalawd ( wlald

laIaw ( wlaIr

laIaT! ( wlafI!ysŒ

laIahawd ( wlaIHdfrda.HYd,dj

w wT wx w# wl wl= wla

lx l# l ld le fl! la


lx ( lxldku

lxldßh

lxl=ka

l ( ll=,

ld ( ldy,

le ( leú,s

ls ( lsß

úi¾.h o fï wdldrfhka jH[ackdlaIr uq,ska fhfoa'

hxYh iys; wl=r

hxYh hkq jHxck Yíohlg miqj tk ‘h’ hkak ,shd oelaùug fhfok ixfla;hla

fyhska hxYh iys; wl=re tkafka wldrdÈ ms<sfjf<ys ‘u’ hkakg miqj h'

ka - uq ( lkauq,

ka - h ( lkHld

ka - hd ( lkHdj

hxYh iys; wl=rla iu. ms,s fhfok úg tajdfhys wldrdÈ ms<sfj< fufia h'

rldrdxYh hkq jHxck Yíohlg miqj tk ‘r’ hkak ,shd oelaùu ms‚i fhfok

ixfla;hla fyhska" rldrdxYh iys; wl=re tkafka wldrdÈ ms<sfjf<a ‘h’ hkakg

miqj h'

ÿ# ( ÿ#Lodhl" ÿ#Å;

ÿ#YSS," ÿ#idOk

l ( ÿl

l= ( ÿl=,d

la ( ÿlaL

lH lHd lHq lHQ flH flHa flHd

rldrdxYh iys; wl=r

la - ud ( wlaudj

la - hd ( wlahd,

la - r ( wl%u

la - rd ( wl%dka;

la - ß ( wls%h

la - frda ( wfl%daO

la - ,d ( wla,dka;

la - j ( wlajrej

la - I ( wlaI

4' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


jHxck Yíohlg bÈßfhka tk ‘¾’ Yíoh ,shd oelaùu ms‚i fhfok ixfla;h

‘f¾Mh’ kï fõ' tfy;a f¾Mh fjkqjg ‘¾’ hkak fh§ug iuld,Sk isxy,

f,aLlfhda jeä leue;a;la olaj;s' tu ksid f¾Mh iys; wl=re fhÈh hq;af;a o ‘¾’ hkakg ysñ ia:dkfha h'

¾ - ´ ( wfrdaI

¾ -l ( wl_

¾ - > ( w>_

¾ - K ( wK_j

¾ - : ( w:_

‘{a’ hk wl=frka wdrïN jk jpk lsysmhla o isxy, jHjydrfhys yuq fõ' ‘{’ hkq ixhqla; jH[ackhla fyhska th isxy, fydaähg we;=<;a fkd jk ixfla;hls'

tneúka tn÷ jpk ia:dk.; l< hq;af;a flfia oehs oek .ekSu m%fhdackj;a h'

‘{’ iE§ we;af;a ‘Ê’ yd ‘[a’ hk wl=re ixfhda. ùfuka neúka ‘{’ hkafkka

wdrïN jk jpk fhÈh hq;af;a ‘Ê’ wl=frka werfUk fia ie,lSfuks'

fcda;sl {ma;s {dkjDoaO {dmk fcHaIaG

fcda;su;a {d; {dkúNd.h f{ah O¾uh fcHda;s¾ úoHdj

fc!.v {d;s {dfkdamfoaYh cHdñ;sh Êjrh

fc!;sIs; {dk {dml cHdh Êj,k

fuys wkqms<sfj< fufia h'

f¾Mh iys; wl=r

''' fcda fc! Ê[ ^{& ''' Êhd ^cHd& '''

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk kdu wldrdÈ ms<sfj<g ilikak'

¸' w;a;d" uq;a;d" k;a;d" mk;a;d" ls;a;d" lsßls;a;d" weáls;a;d

¸¸' fkañkao" BIOr" úk;l" iqo¾Yk" wYajl¾K" hq.kaOr" lrùl

¸¸¸' fld<U" rcrg" fudrgqj" reyqK" le,‚h" fmardfo‚h" hdmkh

¸¹' w.=<" w.Dys;" w.ia;s" w.aks" w.s,a" w.dO

¹' wudj;=r" O¾um%§msldj" nq;airK" ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" mQcdj,sh"

ioaO¾ud,xldrh

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' úIh ixl,am meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu ms‚i mdi,a mqia;ld,fha we;s úYajfldaIh

Ndú; lrkak'

2' isxy, wldrdÈ ms<sfj< ,shd mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'


zf,aLk ffY,shZ fyj;a zm%ldYk ú,dihZ hkq f,aLlhd

ish jdla fldaIfhka f;dard .kakd jpk .<md ish

f,aLkh f.dv ke`.Sfï § wkq.ukh lrk ;d,h" ;dkh

yd jd.,xlrK wdÈh hs' Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl §

ksYaÑ;d¾:j;aj o ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkfha §

Ndúld¾:j;aj o jpk ixl,kh l< hq;= fjhs' tfuka u"

;;aiu mo fyda tajdfha ;oaNj rEm fyda úl,am jYfhka

Ndú; flf¾'

jd.a ú,dih hkq f,aLlhd Tyqg wdfõ‚l jdla fldaIfhka"

j¾Kkd flfrk wjia:djg fhda.H jpk f;dard f.k

ish f,aLkh f.dv ke`.Su hs' thska Tyqf.a zf,aLk

ffY,shZ tkï zm%ldYk ú,dihZ f.dv kefÕa' fï wkqj

m%ldYk ú,dih yd jd.a ú,dih fol Rcqj u NdId

Ndú;h iïnkaO wx. jifhka ie,lsh yels h'

rpkd Í;sh hkq NdId Ndú;fha § úYsIag f,i flfrk mo

.e<mSu hs' th f,aLlhdf.a jpk f;dard .ekSu yd jpk

.e<mSu;a l:k l%uh;a hk folays u ixl,kfhka ilia

jk m%ldYk Wml%uhls' rpkd Í;s úúO h' jeä fokd

iïu; f,aLk jHjydrh wkq.ukh lroa§ we;efula

NdIK jHjydrh wkq.ukh lr;s' ta Í;s fol u iuld,Sk

isxy, jHjydrh hg;g .efka' f,aLlhd u tla tla

pß;fha Ñ;a;iajNdjh rEmK$l:k ud¾.fhka bÈßm;a

lsÍu m%nkaO idys;Hfha § iq,nj olakg ,efí' ta ta pß;

,jd u tlS pß;j, is;=ú,s iuqodh wkdjrKh lsÍu

ú{dkOdrd Í;sh hs' w;S;dj¾ckh" ,shqï" Èkfmd;a"

PdhdrEm yd levm;a ms<sìUq wdÈh u.ska o we;eï f,aLlfhda

l;d bÈßm;a lr;s' iuyre zf,aLk ffY,shZ ye¢kaùug

o zrpkd Í;shZ hkak fhdo;s'

f,aLlhdf.a NdId Ndú;h m%ldYk ú,dih fyj;a f,aLk

ffY,sh" jd.a ú,dih yd rpkd Í;sh hk ;=fkys u

iïñY%Khls' fï mdvu úúO m%ldYk ú,di" jd.a ú,di

yd rpkd Í;s ms<sn| úuid nef,kakls'

riska ri ujk nia uysuh 5


mer‚ isxy, idys;Hfha úúO rpkd ffY,s i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla u;= oelafõ'

lshjd f;areï .ekSug jvd wid ri ú£ug fhda.H Ndúld¾:j;a rpkd ú,dihla

fhdod .;a wdldrh mkaish mkia cd;l fmdf;ka Wmqgd .ekqKq uyd lms cd;lfhka

meyeÈ,s fjhs'

hg .sh oji nrKeia kqjr n%yauo;a; kï rÊcqre flfkl=ka oirdc O¾ufhka rdcHh

mßmd,kh lrk l,ays liS okõfjys iS id Ôj;a jk tla;rd nuqfKla l=Uqfrys iS id

f.dka f.a uqod yer kshr fldgkag mgka .;af;a h' f.dka ;K ld f.k hkakdyq

le,E ld f.k hñka l%ufhka uy jkhg jkakdy' tf;u f.dka ke;la fõ,d fkd

olafka h' blaì;s Woe,a, ;nd,d weú;a f.dkqka fkd oel uy;a fodïkig meñK

Tjqka fidhñka jkfhys wE; uE; weúÈkafka ysuj;a fmfoi yd taldnoaO jQ jkhg

jeo wd w;a hk w;a fkd okafka i;shla ksrdydrfhka j,au;aj weúo" tla ;sôß rellg

ke.S fkd ú,slaiqKq M, wkqNj lrkqfha weÕ n, ke;s jQfhka w;= w.ska .s,S ysig

w;a;la muK keUqre we;s f,dawe¢ß krlh fia ìysiqKq fia uy;a krl m%md;fhl

yqKqfha h' fudyq jegqKq iojila úpr bl=;a jQ l,g jdkr ckaufhlays bmso fndaê

i;a;ajhka jykafia fkdfhla M,dM, lñka weúÈfka tu w;= w.g meñ‚fha w;s.ïNSr

m%md;fhys jeà laIqOdfjka fm<S fl¢ß.dñka fyd;a mqreIhd oel ish ÿlg jvd furud

ÿla bjish fkd fyk ta uyi;a f;u fkdfhla cd;sfhys mqreÿ lreKdj fudyq flfrys

nyd u;= fndfyda i;=ka iir uyd j<ska f.dv jkag mQ¾j ksñ;a; mdkd fia ñksfil=

úpr nr we;s .,la bK ne|f.k .,a l=f<lays isg ìug mek kej; Wvg mek

fumßoafoka wNHdi fldg tf,i mqreI m%udK j<g mek ta mqreIhd weÕ jyjdf.k

fõ. okjd f.dvg mek úvdj f.dia tlshk mqreIhd flfrys ksiaixlj Wl=f,ys bi

;nd jeofyd;af;a h'

ti| ta flf<ys.=K fkd okakdyq ñ;%fødayS jQ mqreI f;u is;kqfha uu ojia .Kkla

ksrdydrfhka lsis n,hla ke;sfhñ' jkfhys M,dM, lEfuka YÍrfhys n, jvd.;

fkd yelal' fï wfiaj jeofyd;a j÷rd urd uia fldg wkqNj lsÍfuka YÍrh;a mqIaá

fldg f.k fuhska ud¾f.damlrKhl=;a imhd .ksñ' is;d ;u foujqmshka urd;a iem

Wmojd .; hq;= hhs is;k fia kqÿfrkaj ;=nQ .,a,E,a,la werf.k fndaêi;a;ajhka

ksoñka fyd;a;jqka uqÿfka myf<a h' túg uy fndaêi;aj f;u Wkkaÿj w;= w.lg

mek fï lsfulafoda fyda hs úuikqfha wka lsisfjl= úiska l< fohla fkd fjhs' fï

múgq f;ke;a;jqka f.ka u úh hq;=h hs oek “tïn, ñ;% fødays jQ oDIag n%dyauKh" ;d

oeka IIaá mqreI udk jQ j<lska f.dv ke.Sñ" f;da oeka Bg jvd .eUqre ñ;% fødays kue;s

jf<lays jegqfKa h' ;d l< fia fkd fhfohs” lshd ´ yg kskaod fldg bÈka fu;k

yer mshd .sfhï kï fu;k isxy jHd>%d§kag f.dÿre fjñka ñhkafka h' kej; udf.a

lreKdjg iqÿiq fkd jkafka hhs is;d “tïn, mqreIh ;d flfrys uu iel we;af;ñ'

tneúka uu w;= w.ska w.g mek ;g u. mdñka fhñhs” lshd fudyq le|jd f.k

jkfhka t<shg nyd udj; isgqjd kej;;a wei jid yqKq uia jeoe,a, w;ska Tijd

f.k ;=re ysiska ;=re ysig mek f.dia ;uka jik m¾j; m%dka;hg f.diska jkay' ta

ñ;% fødays mqreI f;fï;a uy fndaêi;ajhka flfrys wmrdO fldg tu mdmfhka

Yaafõ;l=IaG .d;sj laIqOd msmdidfjka mSä; jQfha tu wd;auNdjfhys u ukqIH fma%;

jQfha h'

uyd lms cd;lfha w;S; l;dfõ fldgila


w¾:hg jvd Yío rih u;= jk mßÈ isÿ l< mo ixfhdackhg ksoiqkla jk fï

fPaoh ioaO¾ur;akdlrfhka Wmqgd .;a;ls(

isxy, .µ idys;Hh msßfyñka meje;s uykqjr wjêfhys f,aLk yd l:k jHjydrh

ñY% f,aLk jHjydrhla Ndú;hg .ekqKq wdldrh yd iïu; f,aLk jHdlrK Í;s

fkd i,ld we;s wdldrh rdcdj,sfhka fy<s fjhs'

“fofjks mE;siai rcqf.a u,a rÊcqrejka bkakd wjêfha u jeõ n¢kav .shdy' jeõ

n¢kd ;ekg fojk mE;siai rcqf.a l=udrhd .shdy' ta l=udrhdg rdÊch ysñ lr

fokag ´kE ksid tìij wU f.kakjd ie<shl ,d u;=msg úi fhdod ;snd ie<sh

jeiqï ne| weßhdy' jej n¢kd ;ekg tjqfõ ula ksid o lSfjd;a m<uq ie<sh uqod

rÊcqrefjda l;S is;d weßhdy' miqj l=udrhdg fo;shs is;d weßhdy' ta ie<sh f.k

jej n¢kd ;ekg f.dia rcq isákd ;ek ;snqfõ h' <Õ isá l=udrhd ie<sh lvjeiau

uqojd u;=msg ;snq úi fmjQ wUh lñka tfõf,a u keiqfKa h' ”

rdcdj,sh

uqøK Ys,amh meñŒu;a iu. fmd;a m;a m%ldYkh jHdma; fõ' lshjkq weiSu

fjkqjg iudch l%ufhka lshùug yqre fõ' mqiafld<j,g iSud jQ mer‚ .µ

idys;H lD;s o uqøK oajdrfhka ksl=;a fõ' mqj;am;a yd iÕrd m%ldYkhg m;a fõ'

fuf;la lshjkq wid ri ú£ug f.dv keÕ=Kq idys;Hh úkaokd;aulj lshjd ri

ú£ug WÑ; NdId ffY,shla fhdod .ekSfï wNsfhda.h ful, f,aLlhka yuqfõ

mej;s‚' ta i|yd mer‚ iïNdjH .µ idys;Hh weiqfrka ñY% isxy, f,aLk

ffY,shla fj; fhduq jkakg oerE W;aidyh mqj;am;a ,smsj,ska o m%lg fõ'

“kdkdúO úyÕ .Khdf.a uOqr ®xldr l=yl=ydrj .=uq.=udrjd§ka lkal¨ jQ

iqmqIams; jEfld| ;ud,,;dÈ ,;dloïn pqïì; mdomfY%a‚ka úis;=re jQ ¨ïìks

jfkdaoHdkhg jeo tys kka úis;=re n,kakdyq úis;=re ;=r. fmdl=re ,U fok

iqjm;a ú,sl=ka ñhqre wU isU ;=vq ;nd uOqr ri Wrd î u;aj ika È§ fl<kd rka

;s;a fjfy,a le, oel flld ir kÕd rÕd niakd u;a fudkr le,kaf.a i|eia ms,a

le,a le¨fuka tl¨ jQ'''”

ioaO¾ur;akdlrh

5' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


“fï iÕrdfõ m%Odk woyi kï WmfoaYfhka muKla fkd j wdo¾Yfhka o YsIagdpdr

.=Kh j¾Okh lrùu fõ' YsIagdpdr .=Kh iu. idu.%Hh o thska j¾f.dakak;sh o

jefâuehs' ta ms‚i {dk m%fndaOhg fya;= fõ' tfyhska {dk m%fndaOhg fya;= jQ

kdkdúO Ydia;%hka iïnkaO jQ m%fhdackj;a jdlHhkaf.ka irid fï iÕrdj m%isoaO

lrkq ,efí' f,dalh iïnkaO jQ f;dr;=re o ixialD;" Y=oaOud.ê" m%lD;" isxy, hk

NdIdjka yd ;;a iy.; jQ jHdlrK ksrela;s Pkafoda,xldr ldjH kdgldÈ Ydia;%hka

o iïnkaê; jQ jdlHhka m%isoaO lsÍu fuys m%Odkdx.hla fõ'” ^is¿ñK" 1908&

^WoaOD;hs( m%{dfYaLr 1964( 54-55&

is¿ñK i`.rdj - 1908

tl u w;aoelSu úúO NdId jHjydr Ndú;fhka bÈßm;a lsÍfuka úúOd¾: WmÈk

wkaou my; oelafjk ksoiqkaj,ska meyeÈ,s fjhs'

idys;H úoHdj - tÈßùr irÉpkaø

“ud W;aijhg f.dia uf.a fudfgda r:fhka wj;S¾K jQ ú.i u" f,f,k kremáka

hq;a Tißfhka ieriS yqka ,,kdfjda mia fofkla uql=¿ iskd mdñka ud foig wdjdyq

h' Tjqka w;r foj`.k rE we;s tla rEmsldjla" u,a oï hqj,lg n÷ jQ fldau, oE;

uf.a f., jgd hjd" ;j;a u,a oulska uf.a lr me,ekaÿjd h' fjk;a iqkaoßhla"

wvla msmqKq fk¨ulg n÷ jQ ;u foda;ska f.k wd iq.kaO l=iqu mq[achla ug mqo

l<d h' wk;=re j fï ÈjHdmairdfjda ud jg fldg isg f.k" fldals, rdjhg n÷ jQ

iajrfhka uf.a hYia .S .hkag jQy' uu ta .Sfhka ijka mskjd f.k" Tjqka .hd

wjika jQ miq" iqoï iNdj fia w,xlD; fldg irik ,o Yd,djg msúi fõosldj u;

wiqka .;af;ñ'”

“ud W;aijhg f.dia fudfgda ßfhka neiai ú.i u Wvrg idß ye| f.k isá

;re‚fhda mia fofkla wdpdr iïmkak ú,difhka u| iskdfjka hq;=j ud foig

wdjdyq h' Tjqkaf.ka tlshla ;ud wf;ys jQ u,a ou uf.a lfrys me,÷jd h' ;j;a

tlshla ;ud f.k wd u,a fmdl=rla ug msßkeuqjd h' wk;=rej Tjqyq ud bÈßfhys isg

f.k ud ms<s.ekSug iqNdisxik .S;sldjla .ehQy' uu Bg lka § f.k isg" Tjqka .hd

yudr jQ miq" tu wjia:dj i|yd ;kk ,o úfYaI Yd,djg msúi fõÈldjg kexf.ñ'”

“uu Tjqkaf. f;dúf,g .sys,a, ld¾ tflka neiai yeáfh u" idß fldgj,a ojg

f.k ysgmq fl,af,d rxpqjla úß;a; f.k ud Èydjg ÿj f.k wdj' tla fl,a,la

uf.a fn,af, .er`äfhla T;kj jf.a u,a ud,djla f.k,a, uf.a lr Wv w;

weßh' ;j;a fl,a,la w;ska .=,s lr f.k wdmq u,a fmdl=rla ug Èla flrej' Bg

miafi" uQ‚Épdjg lshk mo j.hla f.d;d, yomq isx.drula há .sßfhka lsh lshd

lE.ykak mgka .;a;' ta lkafodialsßhdj uu bji f.k b|, hka;ka bjr jqKd

u .sys,a," me;af;ka yod, ;sìÉp yrla .d,g we;=¿ jqKd'”


by; fþoj,ska o tl u wjia:dj ;=ka wdldrhlska mejfihs' m<uqjekak Bg

iïnkaO jk l:lhd th m%S;su;a yd ika;=Iaáodhl wjia:djla fia i,lk wdldrh

hs' tys yeu wx.hlska u Tyqg i;=g we;s fjhs' fojekak ta ms<sn| uOHia: bÈßm;a

lsÍula jk w;r f;jekak wmg fy<s lrkafka l:lhdf.a wm%ido ckl ufkdaNdjh

hs' tl u wjia:dj fþo ;=fkys tlsfklg fjkiaj olajk wdldrh iy ta i|yd

fhdod .kakd jdxud,dj úuikak'

fnda .i Y%S ,dxlslhdf.a fuka u f,daljdiS fn!oaO ckhdf.a o f.!rjdorhg md;%

jQ o mQckSh;ajfhka ie,flkakd jQ o Ydlhls' my; oelafjkafka ta ms<sn| WoaNso

úoHd;aul f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldg ,shk ,o fldgils(

isxy,fhka “fnda” hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,nk Ydl úfYaIh úYd, iodyß; fyda

m;kYS, Ydlhla fyda kq. iajrEmS (banyan) Ydlhls' lf|ka yg .kakd jdhj uq,a

rys; h' m;% úkHdih i¾ms,dldr h' <má m;% frdai meye;s h' isks÷ flaYr iys;

md§h ksm;% yd Wmm;% yereKq úg wksla m;% flaYr rys; h' m;% ;,h 7-26 « 4-16

cm jk w;r wKavdldr" yDodldr fyda ¥Ial m;% mdohla iys; wKavdldr yevhla

.kS' m;% w.%h imqÉP" w;s;Sj% fõ' 25-90 mm È.á h' jhkh ;=kS p¾u, fyda isks÷

fõ' m;% odrh taldldÍ fkd fõ¦ ke; fyd;a l=vd LKavl iys; h' md¾Yaúl kdrá

hq., 6-9 jk w;r mq¿,a fldaKhlska hqla; h' we;eï ia:dkj, § fkd meyeÈ,s

wlajla úkHdihla orhs' jDka; 35-130 mm ;rï jk w;r fndfyda úg m;% ;,hg

jvd §¾> fõ' M,h llaISh h¦ hq.añ; h¦ ks¾jDka; h' mßK; wjia:dfõ § frdai" oï

fyda l¿ meye .kS' mdoia: ksm;% 3" 3-5 mm È.á" wKavdldr-fudg" isks÷-flaYr

iys;" u| flaYr iys; fyda flaYr rys; fõ' mqudx.s mqIam oajdßld iys; h¦ ks¾jDka;

h¦ tal-j,hdldrj msysgd we;' mßmqIamh fldgia folls¦ r;= meye;s h" ksoyia h'

wKavdldr-,xidldr fõ' cdhdx.s mqIamh ks¾jDka; h' mßmqIam fldgia 3-4" r;= meye;s

h¦ ksoyia h¦ flá h' äïn fldaIh ly meyefha isg mßfõIagl fõ' w.%ia:h fyda

by< Nd.h ks¾jDka; fyda jDka; iys; fyda fõ' jDka; iys; kï jDka; 1'5mm

muK È. h' m;% ;,fha há wmsp¾uh muKla fldaIaGdIau orhs¦ mQáld mDIaÁh fõ'

jHdma;sh rdj,amsKaä isg kefÕkysß È.g ysud,hdkq jkdka;r yd hqkka" fldÑka

Ökh" W;=re ;dhs,ka;h f;la m%foaYh fjhs' mßir l,dmh Wml÷lr jkdka;r jk

fuys j,a o¾Y wo jk úg w;sYhska ÿ¾,N h' fï Ydlhg wdfrdams; ixialD;sl yd

mQckSh w.h fya;= fldg f.k wo jk úg f,dj fndfyda m%foaYj, j.d lrkq ,efí'

fï fþofhys we;=<;a jkafka tu Ydlfhys m;%" mqIam" M, wdÈ wx.;a tys mdßißl

jHdma;sh;a ms<sn| f;dr;=re h' fï f;dr;=rej, úfYaI;ajh jkafka ksYaÑ; ùu;a

wod< f;dr;=rej, i;Hdi;HNdjh wjYH ljrl=g jqj o mÍlaId lr ksYaph lr

.; yels ùu;a h'

ñka wk;=rej oelafjkafka fnda .i iïnkaOfhka ,shjqKq fjk;a f;dr;=rej,g

uq,a ;ek ÿka f,aLkhls' fuhska lshfjkafka Ydlfha fN!;sl iajrEmh fkd j tys

jHdma;sh yd Bg wod< iudc-ixialD;sl miqìu iïnkaO úia;rhls(


isxy,fhka weigq kñka o fou< niska wrpq" yska§ m%uqL kQ;k bkaÈhdkq NdIdj,ska

msm,a yd ixialD;fhka wYaj;a:" md,sfhka wiai;a: hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fï

Ydlh WoaNso úoHd;aulj *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid ^Ficus religiosa& hkqfjka y÷kajkq

,efí' th Moraceae kï Ydl l=,hg (family) wh;a h' j¾;udkfha ,xld jdiSka

w;r fuka u fiiq f,dalhd w;r o fuh m%lgj we;af;a “fnda”" “fndaê” hkqfjks'

kq. fyj;a *sl=ia ^Ficus& .Khg wh;a Ydl wd.ñl iïm%odh lsysmhlg u oeä

f,i iïnkaO jk w;r isoaOd¾: f.!;u ;dmihd f.!;u nqÿka jYfhka

i;HdjfndaOh ,nk wjia:dfjys *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid Ydlhl fijfKys .; l<

njg we;s m%jdoh fya;=fjka fï Ydlh fn!oaOhdf.a mQckSh jDlaIh njg m;a ù

;sfí' frdamKh lrk ,o Èkh iïnkaO ksYaÑ; b;sydi jd¾;djla iys; f,dj

mer‚ u Ydlh f,i ie,flkafka o *sl=ia fr,sðfhdaid fyj;a fnda .ils' l%sia;=

mQ¾j 288 § ,xldfõ md,lhdj isá foajdkï msh ;siai rcqg iuld,Sk bkaÈhdkq

md,lhd jQ wfYdal rcq úiska mß;Hd. lrk ,o" f.!;u nqÿka jykafia fijK ,enQ

uq,a Ydlfhys YdLdjlska frdamKh lrk ,oehs ms<s.efkk fï jDlaIh ,xldfõ

m<uq jk rdcOdksh jQ wkqrdOmqrfhys msysgd we;' fuh Y%S uyd fndaêh" ch Y%S uyd

fndaêh hk kïj,ska y÷kajkq ,efí' fï ft;sydisl yd mQckSh jDlaIh ta jgd

f.dv keÕ=Kq ixialD;sh fya;=fjka Y%S ,dxlslhdf.a wkkH;d i,l=K njg m;aj

;sfí'

fnda Ydlh ms<sn| idys;Huh WoaOD; folla my; oelafjhs' tys § Wmud wdÈ

w,xldr ndyq,Hh" yeÕSï okjk NdId Ndú;h wdÈ iqúfYaI;d u;= ù fmfkhs'

<d ;U m;a ,sh,k i|

oU r;arka leghula h

ta ;U m;a fudark u|

m,d meyeh uysuhla h'

<d iq<Õg ief,k <m¨

weig lkg .S;hla h'

ó foa ÿj big keÕ=j

b÷ ks,a ñ‚ fiai;la h'

m%nqoaO - uy.u fialr


<d oï meyefhka hqla; jQ w¨;a o¨ folla ta jk úg fnda me<fha keÕS ;snQ w;r"

bka miq yßhg u Èk ;=kla .; jQ ;ek ijia jrefõ ysre neif.k hk iufha §

.fia my< u ;snQ ly meye;s fld<h keÜfgka .e,ù iqÿ je,s we;srE l=vd fnda u¿j

u; m;s; jkakg úh' th jefgk f;la je,s u¿j hdno .,la u; jdä ù n,df.k

Wka Tyq th foda;ska u f.k ta foi ál fõ,djla n,df.k issáfha h' Tyqg uy;a jQ

wdvïnrhla - wNsudkhla oefkkakg úh' ;ud ÿre l;r f.jdf.k /f.k wd ta

wk¾> jia;=fõ oeka wmQre Ôj .=Khla ls%hd;aul fjñka ;sfí' Èfkka Èk kj o¨

ouhs' mefik fld< .fyka bj;a ù fmdf<djg jevu lrhs' ljrod fyda wkd.;fha

Èkl fuu fndaêh uyd fhdaOhl= fia iqúi,aj jev isg" .u i;r w; foaj;d t<s

úysÿjkq we;ehs Tyqg is;s‚'

fixfldÜgx - uyskao m%idoa uiabUq,

fï tla tla WoaOD;h ,shQ f,aLlhdf.a wNsm%dh l=ula o hkak ta tla tla fþofhys

m%ldYk ú,dih" jd.a ú,dih fuka u Wmhqla; rpkd Í;sh o wkqj meyeÈ,s jkq

we;' úoHd;aul yd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhl § biau;= jkafka lreKq" f;dr;=re yd idOl

hs' tys ,d f,aLlhdf.a ufkdaNdj fyj;a yeÕSï we;=<;a fkd fõ' tl u úIhhla

wrNhd Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhla fuka u ufkdaNdjd;aul f,aLkhla o iïmdokh l<

yels nj;a tys ,d jeo.;a jkafka m%ldYk ú,dih yd jd.a ú,dih nj;a by;

WoaOD; i;r lshùfuka Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

w;S; iudcfhys lkska wid ri ú¢ idys;H lD;s uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH ÈhqKq

j¾;udkfhys weiska n,d lshùug fndfyda fokd mqreÿ ù isá;s' tu ksid wo ìys

jk idys;H ks¾udK o Y%e;s f.dapr rgdfjka ñ§ oDIaá f.dapr rgdjg wkql+, jk

fia ,shefjhs' tod isá Y%djlfhda wo mdGlhka njg m;a ù isá;s' j¾;udk mdGlfhda

oekqu i|yd o úkaokh i|yd o lshj;s' Bg iß,k fia wµ;k idys;H .%ka:j, o

mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, o m%ldYk ú,di" jd.a ú,di fuka u rpkd Í;s o úúO;ajfhka

yd úÑ;%;ajfhka Tm fjhs'


f.dka f.a - yrla ndk

fkd ú,slaiqKq M, - fkd bÿKq f.ä

laIqOdfjka - l=i .skafkka

furud - wkHhkaf.a

wfiaj - fjfyij

mqIaá fldg f.k - fmdaIKh ,en

IIaá mqreI udk jQ - mqreIhka yeg fofkl=f.a muK .eUqr we;s

uOqr ®xldr - ñysß jQ z®xZ hk kdo we;s


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' mdvug we;=<;a uyd lms cd;lfha fldgi Yío k.d lshjkak'

2' my; oelafjk jpk ;;aiu yd ;oaNj jYfhka fjka fldg j.= .; lrkak'

m%md;fhl" Woe,a," rdcHh" M,dM," j÷rd" n%dyauK" jHd>%dÈka" lkal¨" úyÕ"

Yafõ;" ie<sh" cq.=maidj" mµh" mrud¾:h" m<uq" uqiq" isU" i|eia" ud¾f.damlrK"

úhrK

3' my; i|yka WoaOD;hkays we;=<;a ;oaNj ;;aiu jpk iys; ñY% isxy,

Í;sfhka rÑ; jdlHh ne.ska Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' uyd lms cd;lh ¸¸' is¿ñK i`.rdj

¸¸¸' WoaNso úµd;aul f,aLkh ¸¹' ioaO¾ur;akdlrh

4' ioaO¾ur;akdlrfha i|yka Yío rih u;= flfrk fhÿï myla Wmqgd ,shkak'

5' rdcdj,sfha i|yka l:k yd f,aLk ni ñY% jQ jdlHhla Wmqgd olajkak'

l=y l=ydrj - ‘l=y l=y’ hk kdo we;s

jE fld| - l=kao kï mqIam úfYaIh

;ud,,;dÈ - ;u¨ ,sh f.duq wdÈ

,;d loïn pqïì; - je,a iuQyfhka isôkd ,o

mdom fYa%Œka - jDlaI mka;sj,ska$.ia fma<sj,ska

fmdl=re ,Ufok - fmdl=re jYfhka t,af,k

ú,sl=ka - bÿKq

fjfy,a le, - uqj iuQyhd

j¾f.dakak;sh - cd;sfha ÈhqKqj

;;a iy.; jQ - Bg tl;= jQ$Bg wh;a

ksrela;s - mo iE§ we;s wdldrh

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jpk i|yd úreoaOd¾:j;a mo mdvfuka Wmqgd olajkak'

¸' fkd .eUqre - ¸¹' wñysß - ¹¸¸' wkjYH - º' mgyeks -

¸¸' ielfhka - ¹' wiu.sh - ¹¸¸¸' wúksYaÑ; -

¸¸¸' l,HdK ñ;%hd - ¹¸' wm%lg - ¸º' wdOHd;añl -

2' my; i|yka fldgia fjk;a wdldrfhka ,shkak'

¸' “tf;u f.dka ke;la fõ,d fkdolafka h” ¸¸' uu ojia .Kkla ksrdydrfhka lsis n,hla ke;sfhñ'

¸¸¸' ;d l< fia fkd fhfohs'

¸¹' thska u j¾f.dakak;sh o jefâ uehs

¹' idudkHhlg kSri jQjd fya ri Nß; flfrhs'


jdlHhla hkq iïmQ¾K w¾:hla iys; mo tl;=jls'

Wla;dLHd; mo iïnkaO;dfjka hq;a jdlHhla

ksjerÈj Ndú; lsÍfuka hï f;dr;=rla fyda úia;rhla

jvd;a m%n,j yd ksrjq,aj bÈßm;a l< yels h' jdlH

ks¾udKfha m%fNao lsysmhla olakg ,efí' l¾;D

ldrl jdlH" l¾u ldrl jdlH" l¾;D mo fyda l¾u

mo fyda lsysmhla iys; jdlH" m%Odk jdlHhla ;=<

wm%Odk jdlH tlla fyda lsysmhla we;=<;a jdlH wdÈ

jYfhks' úÑ;%dx." idlÉPd" m%jD;a;s wdÈ udOH jev

igyka m%Yia; f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd o Ydia;S%h

,sms f,aLk jvd;a ksjerÈj ilia lsÍu i|yd o by;

jdlH Í;s y÷kd .ekSu wjYH fõ' tu Í;s wkq.ukh

lrñka m%Yia; f,i NdIdj Ndú; lsÍu ikaksfõok

ld¾hfha § jeo.;a jkq we;'

Wla;-wkqla; fNaoh" jdlH Í;s yd Wla;-wdLHd; mo

iïnkaOh ms<sn| úia;r 10 fYa%‚fha fm< fmdf;ys

o we;=<;a h' fï mdvfuka l¾;D ldrl-l¾u ldrl

jdlH fNaoh yd úfYaI jdlH Í;s lsysmhla Tng

y÷kajd fohs'

jdlH Í;s 6


l¾;D ldrl-l¾u ldrl fNaofha § jdlHhl wjidk ls%hd mofha ,laIK y÷kd

f.k ;sîu jeo.;a h' ls%hd" j¾. folla hgf;ys ,d oelaúh yels h' ta wl¾ul

ls%hd yd il¾ul ls%hd hkqfjks' l¾u ldrlhg yerúh yelafla il¾ul ls%hd

mohla we;s jdlH mu‚' ls%hdj wl¾ul fõ kï jdlH l¾u ldrlhg yerúh fkd

yels h' my; oelafjk ksoiqka úuid n,uq'

¸' .dhlhd .S .hhs' ^il¾ul jdlHh& ¸¸' u,a msfmhs' ^wl¾ul jdlHh&

l¾;D ldrl jdlH

orefjda foudmshka ku¢;s'

fï jdlHfha ‘kuÈ;s’ hkak ls%hdj hs' ku¢;s hk ls%hdj lrkafkda orefjda h'

ls%hdfjka Wla; jkafka ‘orefjda’ hk moh hs' th fï jdlHfha l¾;D h' l¾;Df.a

‘kuÈ;s’ hk ls%hdjg hg;a jkafka ‘foudmshka’ h' th l¾u moh hs' fuu jdlHfha

olakg ,efnk m%Odk wx. ;=kls' tkï Wla;h" l¾uh yd ls%hdj hs' ta wkqj Wla;h

l¾uh yd ls%hdj iys; jdlHj, ls%hdfjka l¾;D lshfjk úg" ta jdlH l¾;D

ldrl jdlH kñka ye¢kafjhs'

l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl Wla;fha yd ls%hdfõ jpk" mqreI" ld, wdÈh ksis f,i

.e<msh hq;= h'

l¾;D ldrl jdlH ú.%yh

l¾;D ldrl jdlHj, wjidk ls%hd mo mqreI;%fhys yd ld,;%fhys o tal jpk yd

nyq jpk jYfhka o fhfok wdldrh úuid n,uq'

orefjda ^Wla;h& foudmshka ^l¾uh& kuÈ;s ^ls%hdj&

l¾;D Wla; h'

nyq jpk

mqreI ,sx.

l¾uh wkqla; h'

nyq jpk

l¾;D ldrl ls%hdjls'

m%:u mqreI

nyq jpk

j¾;udk ld,

zn,Z Od;= m%lD;sh

j¾;udk ld,h wkd.; ld,h w;S; ld,h

mqreI tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk

m%:u

mqreI

n,hs n,;s n,hs$

n,kafka h$

n,kakS h

n,;s$

n,kafkda h

ne,Sh$

ne¨fõ h$

ne¨jd h

neÆy$

ne¨fjda h'

uOHu

mqreI

n,ys n,yq n,ys$

n,kafkys

n,yq$

n,kafkyq

ne,Sys neÆyq

W;a;u

mqreI

n,ñ n,uq n,ñ$

n,kafkñ

n,uq$

n,kafkuq

ne,Sñ neÆuq

l¾;D ldrl l¾u ldrl fNaoh


l¾u ldrl jdlH

‘orefjda foudmshka ku¢;s'’ hk l¾;D ldrl jdlHh"

‘orejka úiska foudmsfhda keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s'’ hkqfjka o ,súh

yels h' tfia ,sùfï § fjkialï lSmhla isÿ fjhs'

uq,a jdlHfha ;snQ orefjda hk Wla; moh orejka hkqfjka wkqla; ù we;'

úiska hk úNla;s w¾: fok ksmd;hla tl;= ù we;'

foudmshka hk wkqla; l¾u moh foudmsfhda hkqfjka Wla; ù we;'

foudmsfhda hk Wla; l¾uhg wkqj keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s hk l¾u ldrl

ls%hdjla fh§ we;'

ld," jpk" mqreI" ,sx. wdÈh Wla;hg yd wdLHd;hg .e<fmk f,i fh§ we;'

fulS úfYaI;d ksid;a" l¾u moh Wla;j mj;sk ksid;a fun÷ jdlH l¾u ldrl

jdlH kñka ye¢kafjhs'

l¾u ldrl jdlH ú.%yh

orejka úiska foudmsfhda keufo;s$kuÈkq ,n;s

wkqla; rEmh

fhfoa'

nyq jpk

l¾u ldrl

w¾: fok

ksmd;h

l¾uh Wla; ù we;'

nyq jpk

l¾u ldrl ls%hdj

m%:u mqreI

nyq jpk

,n;s hkafka z,nZ

Od;=fjka ilia ùu

j¾;udk ld,

l¾u ldrl jdlHj, wjidk ls%hd mo mqreI;%fhys" tal jpk yd nyq jpk w;S;"

j¾;udk" wkd.; ^wk;S;& jYfhka fhfok wdldrh úuid n,uq'

zn,Z Od;= m%lD;sh

j¾;udk ld,h wkd.; ld,h w;S; ld,h

mqreI tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk tal jpk nyq jpk

m%:u

mqreI

nef,hs$

n,kq ,efí

nef,;s$

n,kq

,efn;s

nef,hs$

nef,kafka h$

nef,kakS h

nef,;s$

nef,kafkda h

ne,s‚$

n,k ,È$

n,k ,oafoa h$

,oa§ h

ne¨‚$

n,k

,oy$

,oafoda h

uOHu

mqreI

nef,ys$

n,kq

,efnys

nef,yq$

n,kq

,efnyq

nef,ys$

nef,kafkys$

n,kq

,nkafkys

nef,yq$

nef,kafkyq

n,kq

,nkafkyq

ne,sKsys$

n,k ,oafoys$

n,k ,oys

ne¨Kqyq$

n,k

,oafoyq$

n,k

,oyq

W;a;u

mqreI

nef,ñ$

n,kq

,efnñ

nef,uq$

n,kq

,efnuq

nef,ñ$

nef,kafkñ$

n,kq

,nkafkñ

nef,uq$

nef,kafkuq$

n,kq

,nkafkuq

ne,s‚ñ$

n,k ,Èñ$

,oafoñ

ne¨‚uq$

n,k

,Èuq$

,oafoñ


ue;s inh úiqrejd yef¾'

u;a øjH fpdaokdj,g isjqfofkla w;a wvx.=jg .efk;s'

.=rejrekaf.a fiajh we.fha'

uy jeiafika rcrg jeõ msf¾'

fun÷ mqj;am;a YS¾I mdG Tn oel we;s nj ksiel h' l¾;D moh fyda ‘úiska’ ksmd;h olakg fkd ,enqK o tu fhÿï l¾u ldrl jdlH iajrEmh .kshs'

lsishï fmdÿ lreKla bÈßm;a lsÍfï fyda ksYaÑ;j l¾;D m%ldY l< fkd yels

wjia:dj, § m%dfhda.sl jHjydrfha fun÷ l¾u ldrl fhÿï oelsh yels h'

tfuka u Ydia;S%h f,aLkj, § nyq,j Ndú; flfrkafka l¾u ldrl jdlH hs'

my; i|yka jdlH flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wudj;=r" fmdf,dkakre hq.fha rpkd lrk ,oehs ie,fla'

j.d <sxj,ska bj;a l< mia" N+ úoHd{hka úiska mÍlaIdjg ,la flß‚'

1' iqÿiq moh f;dard ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' ^f.dúfhda$f.dúhka& .jhka wdrlaId lr;s'

¸¸' <uhs ^.=rejre$.=rejreka& ku¢;s'

¸¸¸' l=re,af,da f.dÿre fidhd ^mshdU;s$mshdUhs&'

¸¹' ^nd,sldfjda$nd,sldjka& wirKhka wdrlaId lr;s'

¹' md,lfhda ^lïlrefjda$lïlrejka& mii;s'

2' ksjerÈ moh jryka ;=<ska f;darkak'

¸' ^ñ;=rka$ñ;=frda& úiska ^i;=ka$i;a;=& wdrlaId flfr;s'

¸¸' wOHlaIjrhd úiska ^.=rejre$.=rejreka& m;a flfr;s'

¸¸¸' kS;s{hd úiska ^fiajdodhlhka$fiajdodhlfhda& wu;kq ,n;s'

¸¹' ^ßheÿrka$ßhÿfrda& úiska nia r: Odjkh lrk ,È'

¹' ksfõÈldj úiska y`v md,kh lrk ^,È$,oa§ h&'

3 my; i|yka jdlH l¾u ldrlhg yrjd ,shkak'

¸' foudmsfhda wm hyu. hejQy'

¸¸' orefjda ls%lÜ lS%vd lr;s'

¸¸¸' .dhlfhda rislhka i;=gg m;a l<y'

¸¹' ld¾ñlfhda Woaf>daIKh lr;s'

¹' foaYfma%óyq foaYh wdrlaId l<y'

,sÅ; wNHdi


úfYaI jdlH Í;s

ixYhd¾:h

¸' ud úNd.fhka iu;a fj;s’ hs uj is;=jd h'

¸¸' ;reK ;re‚hka ieKfl<shg meñfK;sZhs ixúOdhlfhda is;;s'

¸¸¸' ks<shl /Õ=ula md;sZhs fm%alaIlfhda wfmalaId l<y'

¸¹' Tyq újdofha § fyd¢ka ;¾l l<yZhs fma%laIlfhda mejiQy'

by; jdlHj, m%Odk jdlHhg wu;rj w;=re jdlHhla o olakg ,efí' uq,a jdlHfha

uj is;=jd h" ixúOdhlfhda is;;s" fma%laIlfhda wfmalaId l<y" fm%alaIlfhda mejiQy

hkq m%Odk jdlH h' ta idudkH Wla;dLHd; Í;shg wkqj h' tfy;a ta iu. we;s"

‘ud úNd.fhka iu;a fj;s'’ ‘;reK ;re‚hka ieKfl<shg meñfK;s'’ ‘ks<shl /Õ=ula md;s'’hk wka;¾ jdlHj, l¾;D wkqla; iajrEmfhka o wdLHd;h m%:u mqreI nyq

jpkfhka o fh§ we;' tu jdlHj,ska ixYhd¾:hla" ielhla" wdrxÑhla" jd¾;d

lsÍula" is;Sula" wfmalaIdjla" úYajdi lsÍula fyda wúYajdi lsÍula m%ldY úh

yels h' tjeks woyila iys; jdlH ixYhd¾: jdlH f,i ye|skafjhs'

my; jdlH ksfodia fldg ,shkak'

¸' i;=frda myr fo;s’hs md,lfhda ìh jQy'

¸¸' ud .ug h;sZhs foudmshka is;;s'

¸¸¸' nure oIag lr;s’ hs wms ìh ùuq'

¸¹' u.Syq ud¾. kS;s ms<smÈ;s’ hs fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq is;=fjda h'

¹' merkafkda .ia .,a jkaokd l<yZhs fndfyda fokd úYajdi lr;s'

zwe;Z" zke;Z fhda.h

¸' foudmsfhda thg iïnkaO ke;'

¸¸' wOHlaI uKav,fha ldka;dfjda o we;'

¸¸¸' ld¾hd,fha fiajlfhda we;'

fïjdfha foudmsfhda" ldka;dfjda" fiajlfhda hk l¾;D mo Wla;j fh§ we;'

wdLHd;h we;" ke; hkq hs' ta wkqj wdLHd;hla fjkqjg zwe;$ke;Z fhfok úg

l¾;D Wla; ù m%:ud úNla;s .kshs'


jryka ;=<ska f;dard f.k ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mka;sfha ke;' ^YsIHhka$YsIHfhda&

¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lS%vd msáfha we;' ^lS%vlhka$lS%vlfhda&

¸¸¸' '''''''''''''''''''''''''' nia ßfhys ke;' ^u.Ska$u.Syq&

¸¹' fõÈldfõ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ke;' ^k¿fjda$k¿jka&

¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ld¾hd,fhys we;' ^,smslrejka$,smslrefjda&

my; jdlH o úuid n,kak'

¸' ud isßmd lreKd lr ke;'

¸¸' ish¨ lS%vlhka iQodkï ù we;'

¸¸¸' Tjqka ñysß .Shla .hkq we;'

fïjdfha ‘we; ke;’ fhÿK o l¾;D wkqla; h' Bg fya;=j ‘lreKd lr" iQodkï ù’ hk mQ¾j ls%hd yd ‘.hkq’ hk Ndj ls%hd fhÿKq neúks'

ta wkqj jdlH wjidkfha ‘we;$ke;’ fhÿK o Bg uq,ska mQ¾j ls%hdjla fyda Ndj

ls%hdjla fhÿK fyd;a l¾;D wkqla; fjhs'

‘yd’" ‘iy’ ksmd; fhda.h

‘yd’" ‘iy’ ksmd; iuqÉphd¾:fhys o iu. hk w¾:fhys o fhfoa' my; oelafjk

jdlH iuqÉphd¾:h m< lrhs'

¸' .=rejre o YsIHfhda o /iaùug wdy'

.=rejre yd YsIHfhda /iaùug wdy'

¸¸' .xj;=frka f.j,a o mdrj,a o hg úh'

.xj;=frka f.j,a yd mdrj,a hg úh'

my; jdlH ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

¸' <ufhla l:djla mj;ajkq we;'

¸¸' ixpdrlfhda iS.sßh krUd ke;'

¸¸¸' wfmalaIlfhda úNd.hg iQodkï ù we;'

¸¹' l=re,af,da leo,s lrd mshUkq we;'

ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' YsIHfhda iy .=rejre mdif,ys '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸' .dhlfhda yd .dhsldfjda .S '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸¸' fjf<kafoda iy mdßfNda.slfhda idlÉPd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¹' .ia iy je,a mßir w,xldr '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¹' mqgq yd fïi ld¾hd,fha ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


yd" iy ksmd; iu. hk w¾:h m< lsÍfï § tals ksmd; moj,g mQ¾jfhka fhfok

kdu moh wkqla; rEmh .kS'

uu Tjqka yd ñ;% ùñ'

iqrka iy iyieia fkd lr isáfha wyia l=ia ysia

iy ksmd;h j¾;udk jHjydrfhys iu. hk w¾:h m< lsÍu i|yd fndfyda úg

fkd fhfoa'

¸' f.dúhka iu. f.ú,sfhda o l=Uqre jmqr;s'

¸¸' YsIHhka legqj WmfoaYljre foaYk Yd,djg meñfK;s'

fuu jdlHj, we;s ‘iu.’" ‘legqj’ hk ksmd; ‘tlaj’ hk w¾:h .kS' túg ta iu.

we;s kdu moh wkqla; fjhs' f.dúhka iu." YsIHhka legqj hkdÈ jYfhks'

iqÿiq mo fhdod ysia;eka mqrjkak'

¸' wlald fhfy<shl iu. mdvï ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸' f.dúfhda ks,OdÍka iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸¸' nd,sldfjda nd,lhka iu. Odjkfhys ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¹' isxyhd megjqka legqj f,k ;=<g ''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¹' .=rejßhla YsIHdjl legqj mdi,g '''''''''''''''''''''''

úl,amd¾: ksmd; fhda.h fyda$fkdfyd;a&

¸' <uhs fyda .=rejre pdßldfõ fhfo;s'

¸¸' uu fkdfyd;a kqU mdvï lrkafkys'

fï jdlHj, we;s ‘fyda’" ‘fkdfyd;a’ ksmd;j,ska úl,amd¾:hla oelafjhs' tys

§ l¾;D mo fol u Wla; iajrEmfhka ;eìh hq;= h' tjeks jdlHj, ls%hd moh

fhfokafka thg wdikakfha u we;s Wla; mohg wkqrEmj h' by; jdlHj, m<uq

jdlHfha .=rejre hkakg;a fojeks jdlHfha kqU hkakg;a wkqrEmj ls%hd moh fh§

we;'

jryka ;=<ska iqÿiq moh f;darkak'

¸' wms ^frda.Ska$frda.Syq& yd ms<si|frys fhÿfKuq'

¸¸' isjqmdfjda ^l=re,a,ka$l=re,af,da& yd jkh w;a yer h;s'

¸¸¸' f.ú,sfhda ^f.dúhka$f.dúfhda& yd l=Uqrg h;s'

¸¹' ^mshjre$mshjreka& ujqjreka yd úfoia .; jQy'

¹' uu$ud& Tjqka yd .ukg tl;= ùñ'

‘iu.’" ‘legqj’ ksmd; fhda.h


my; oelafjk jdlH ksjerÈ lr ,shkak'

¸' ks,Odßka fkdfyd;a md,lfhda úfoia .; jQy'

¸¸' úÿy,am;sjre fyda wOHlaIjrhka iNdj wu;;s'

¸¸¸' bxðfkarefjda fkdfyd;a ld¾ñl Ys,amSka jeõ wuqKq ;ekjQy'

¸¹' lS%äldjka fkdfyd;a YsIHdfjda fl<s ìug msúiqfKda h'

¹' fmd,sia ks,OdÍka fkdfyd;a ßhÿrka ud¾. kS;s lv fkd l<y'

iudkd¾:jdÖ ksmd; fhda.h

¸' ñ.s|d fyj;a isxyhd jkfha wdêm;Hh m;=rejhs'

¸¸' uj fyj;a wïud orejkg fifkyi mdkakS h'

fï jdlHj, fyj;a hk ksmd;fhka tl u fohla fyda tl u whl= .ek lshfõ'

tneúka th iudkd¾:jdÖ ksmd;hls' ls%hd mohg iómfhys u we;s Wla; mohg

wkqj ls%hdj ;eîu Í;sh hs' m;=rejhs hk ls%hd moh isxyhd hk Wla;hg wkqj;a

mdkakS h hk ls%hd moh wïud hk Wla;hg wkqj;a fhfoa'

7' ysia;ekg iqÿiq mo ,shkak'

¸' mshd fyj;a ;d;a;d orejka wdrlaId ''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸' ysre fyj;a Èklr f,dj ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

¸¸¸' fk¨u fyj;a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ú, w,xldr lrhs'

¸¹' pkaøhd fyj;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,djg u isis, fnohs'

¹' ñysl; fyj;a '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wm ord isáhs'

WmudjdÖ ksmd; fhda.h

¸' wms hym;a ñksiqka fia yeisfruq'

¸¸' weh iqrÕkl fuka iqkaor h'

¸¸¸' Tyq Wmdilhl= jeks h'

fuu jdlHj, lsishï Wmudjla oelafjhs' ta i|yd Ndú; lr we;af;a fia" fuka"

jeks hkdÈ WmudjdÖ ksmd; h' tjeks ksmd;hlg mQ¾jfha fhfokafka wkqla; kdu

mohls' ñksiqka fia" iqr`.kl fuka" Wmdilhl= jeks hkq ksoiqka h' mßÈ" ú,i" tõ"

n÷" jf.a" f,i hkdÈh o WmudjdÖ ksmd; mo hs'

iqÿiq moh jryka ;=<ska f;darkak'

¸' Tyq ^foúhl=$foúfhla& jeks ñksfils'

¸¸' w| ^nd,hka$nd,fhda& f,i fkd yeisfrõ'

¸¸¸' wms ^fhdaOhka$fhdaOfhda& fia keÕS isáuq'

¸¹' weh ^Wmdisldjl$Wmdisldjla& ú,i yeiqreKd h'

¹' uu ^jd¾;dlrejl=$jd¾;dlrefjla& f,i fmkS issáfhñ'


ukqIHhd NdIdj ud¾.fhka woyia m< lrk l%u

folls' tlla kï lSu" foiqu ke;fyd;a foãu hs'

wfkl ,shd oelaùu − tkï f,aLkh − hs' tla

lreKla wrNhd oelaúh hq;= ish,a, iïmsKavkh

fldg iSud iys; È. m%udKhlska hq;=j ms<sfj<lg

ilia l< .µ ksnkaOh jdlH rpkhls' jdlH

rpkfha jia;= úIh ms<sn| iSudjla ke;' f;dard

.kakd ,o úIhhlg fyda ud;Dldjlg fyda wod<j

/ia lr .kakd lreKq ta iïnkaOj iajlSh woyia o

mokï lr .ksñka úYaf,aIKd;aulj yd ;¾ldkql+,j

,sùu" rpkhl iajNdjh hs' ud;Dldjg wod<j yrj;a

lreKq rij;a f,i iy l%udkql+,j ksrjq,aj fm<

.eiaùu;a id¾:l rpkhl § jeo.;a fõ' tfuka u

úÑ;% yd ksrjµ NdId Ndú;h fuka u ;udg wkkH

jQ ffY,shlg wkqj rpkh iïmdokh lsÍu o wjYH

fõ' mo fn§u" úrdu ,laIK wdÈ Ys,amSh m%fhda.hkays

ksjerÈ Ndú;h o id¾:l rpkhlg w;HjYH

lreKls' úúO úIhhkag wod< fmd;a m;a" .=jkaúÿ,sh"

rEmjdysksh yd wka;¾cd,h wdÈ uqøs; yd úµq;a udOH

mßYS,kfhka ,nk wjfndaOh" wdhdihlska f;drj

rpkd iïmdokhg bv i,ihs' lshùu" rpkd ,sùug

fyd| mQ¾jdo¾Yhls' rpkd ,sùu" f,aLk l=i,;d

j¾Okhg bjy,a jk ls%hdldrluls' fyd| jdlH

rpkhla idys;Huh .=Kfhka hqla; ksnkaOhla fia

o ie,fla' fuu mdvu rpkd ,sùu i|yd ud¾f.damfoaY

imhkakls'

jdlH rpkh 7


ls%' mQ' 4 jeks ishjfiys mgka ls%' j' 11 jeks ishji muK olajd ,xldfõ m%Odk

rdcOdksh jQ wkqrdOmqrh Èjhsfka b;d u jeo.;a ft;sydisl k.rh hs' m<uqjk jrg

,xldfjys nqÿiiak msysgqjk ,oafoa wkqrdOmqrfhys neúka th Èjhsfka m%Odk mQckSh

k.rh o fõ'

kef.kysr foaYdka;r 80º' 24' yd W;a;r wlaINd. 8º' 21' wdYs%;j ,xldfõ W;=re È.

;eks;,dfjys u,aj;= Th nv msysá fï k.rh uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg idudkHfhka wä

295la muK Wi h' idudkH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 57''ls' idudkH jd¾Isl WIaK;ajh

me'81º ls' wkqrdOmqrh úh<s l,dmfha m%Odk ld,.=K m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkhla o

fõ'

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ie;mqï 127 1$2ls' uykqjr isg ^oUq,a, yryd& ie;mqï 85 1$2ls' oykjjeks Y;

j¾Ifha w. yßfha § mqrdjia;= mÍlaIK iy jeõ wuqKq m%;sixialrK weröfuka miq

wkqrdOmqrh kj uqyqKqjrlska ÈhqKq jkakg úh' ta ld,fha § wkqrdOmqrfhys ÿïßh

kej;=ïm<la o bÈ lrk ,È'

fm!rd‚l wkqrdOmqr k.rfha mqrdjia;= wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a mQckSh k.rhla

jYfhka tys Y=oaO;ajh /l .ekSu;a Wfoid ksjdi" úÿy,a" fj<|m<j,a" wkHd.ñl

f.dvke.s,s wdÈh Y=oaO k.rfhka bj;a fldg kùk kd.ßl Wjukdjla msßuid ,k

kj k.rhla u,aj;= Tfha kef.kysr bjqfrys f.dv kÕd ;sfí'

,xldfõ fYa%IaG;u mQckSh fn!oaO k.rh jQ wkqrdOmqrfhys mer‚ isxy, krm;Ska

úiska bÈ lrk ,o fn!oaO isoaOia:dk w;=frka wNh.sßh" biqreuq‚h" lsßn;a fjfyr"

fÊ;jkh" :Qmdrduh" olaIsK úydrh" o<od ud,s.h mer‚&" kLd fjfyr" mdÖk;siai

mín; úydrh" ñßijeáh" uydfndaê úydrh" rejkaje,siEh" ,xldrduh"

f,dajduydmdh" úchdrduh" fjiai.sßh" ix>ñ;a;d fÉ;sh" is,d fÉ;sh hkdÈh

m%;sixialrKh lrkq ,en fyda kIagdjYsIagj ;ju;a mj;S' f,dalfha we;s b;d u

Ydka; jQ ffY,uh iudê ms<suh yeáhg c.;a lS¾;shla Wiq,k fY%aIaG l,d lD;sh

o f,dj mqrdK;u ft;sydisl jDlaIh yeáhg ms<s.kq ,nk YS% uyd fndaëkajykafia

o we;af;a wkqrdOmqrfhys h' by; i|yka mQckSh ia:dk oel je| mqod .ekSu ms‚i

fmdfidka iufha § wkqrdOmqrhg Èjhsfka iEu m<d;aj,ska u we§ tk ,laI ixLHd;

jkaokdlrejka ksid wjqreÿ m;d tu ld,fha § wkqrdOmqr Y=oaO k.rh W;aijYS%hla

Wiq,hs'

isxy, úYajfldaIh - 1 ldKavh

“hula rgdjlg ,shd bÈßm;a lsÍu rpkh kï fjhs' ta wkqj rpkh hkq rgdjlg

ieliSu hk w¾:h hs' th jvd;a meyeÈ,sj m%ldY l< hq;af;a( “ksYaÑ; ud;Dldjla

hgf;a Bg wod< lreKq yd yeÕSï l%uj;aj ixúOdkd;aulj yd ks¾udKd;aulj

f,aLk udOHfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu jdlH rpkh fõ” hkqfjks' fï wkqj jdlH

rpkh lsishï ie,iqï l%uhlg wkqj ,súh hq;= m%nkaOhls'

jdlH rpkh hgf;a ud¾f.damfoaYs; rpkh hkak ye¢k .; hq;= fõ' rpkd

ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a lr we;s u. wkqj ke;fyd;a Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrñka

,súh hq;= rpkh" ud¾f.damfoaYs; rpkhls'


“YS% ,xldj iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk rgls' th jkdka;r" Èh we,s" uqyqÿ fjr<

jeks o¾YkSh ia:dkj,ska w,xldrj;a ù we;' tfy;a fïjd keröug meñfKk

ckhd úiska ta ia:dkj,g neyer flfrk fmd,s;Ska yd ma,diaála jeks wmøjH

fya;=fjka ta ;ekaj, iqkaor;ajh jekfiñka mj;S' fï ;;a;ajh j<lajd .ekSu

flfrys ldf.a;a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h'”‘mßirh wdrlaId lr .ekSu’ hk ud;Dldjg wkql+,j by; rpkd m%Yakh bÈßm;a

lr we;af;a ud¾f.damfoaYs; l%uhg h' fï hgf;a lreKq bÈßm;a l< hq;= ms<sfj<

rpkd m%Yakfhka u bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' ta fufia h'

1' YS% ,xldj iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk nj

2' YS% ,xldj o¾YkSh ia:dkj,ska w,xldrj;a nj

3' krUkakka neyer lrk wmøjH ksid tlS ia:dkj, iqkaor;ajh jekfik

nj

4' fï mßir úkdYh j<lajd .; hq;= nj

5' iudf,dapkh jYfhks'

fï whqßka ks¾foaYs; WmfoaYhla ;sîu" ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkhg ndOdjla fkd fõ'

lreKq jvd;a fyd¢ka ixúOdkh lr .ksñka ud;Dldjg wod< úIh lreKq bÈßm;a

lsÍug th msájy,ls'

jdlH rpkfhys ,d Tfí ks¾udKd;aul f,aLk yelshdj bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd Tn

f;dard .;a úia;rhg .e<fmk ud;Dldjla fh§ug o Tng isÿ fjhs' lsishï

úia;rhlg .e<fmk u ud;Dldjla fh§u ks¾udKd;aul yelshdjls' fï ksid" §

we;s úia;rh lsysm jrla fyd¢ka lshjd tys we;=<;a ish¨ lreKq ksfhdackh jk

ud;Dldjla fh§u jeo.;a h' tfia u úia;rfhka wfmalaId l< lreKq ud;Dldfjka

o meyeÈ,s úh hq;= h' úia;rhg .e<fmk ud;Dld mdGhla fh§u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla

,nd .ekSu i|yd my; WodyrKh wOHhkh lrkak'

“cx.u ¥rl:k Ndú;h fï jk úg fnfyúka jHdma; ù we;' f.da,ShlrKh;a

iu. we;s ù ;sfnk kj úm¾hdi yuqfõ ikaksfõok ld¾hh myiq lsÍfï ,d

fujeks kj ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï ufydamldÍ fjhs' tfy;a tajd wksis f,i m%fhdackhg

.kakd wys;lr wjia:d .ek o ks;r wikakg ,efí'”

by; úia;rhg cx.u ¥rl:k Ndú;h yd kQ;k iudch hk ud;Dldj fhÈh

yels h'

ud;Dldjla fh§u

6' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


rpkfha wdrïNl jdlHfhka u iuia; rpkh flfrys mdGlhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq

fõ' fï ksid tys wdrïNl jdlHh ks¾udKYS,Sj ,shd oelaùu l< hq;a;ls' ta i|yd

ud;Dldjg iïnkaO l< yels lsishï WoaOD; mdGhla fyda ud;Dldj ms<sn|

ks¾jpkhla fyda bÈßm;a l< yels h'

‘oekqu jvk lshùu’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH rpkhla ,sùfï § my; bÈßm;a

lrk jelsj,ska tla m%fõY jdlHhla bÈßm;a lsÍu WÑ; h'

¸' fï f;dr;=re f,dalhls' f;dr;=re oek .ekSug fmd; m; fuka u wka;¾cd,h

o mßYS,kh lsÍug isÿ fjhs'

¸¸' oekqu yd lshùu w;r we;af;a wúfhdackSh iïnkaOhls'

¸¸¸' oekqu fudfyd;ska fudfyd; w¨;a fjhs' th hdj;ald,Skj mj;ajd .ekSu

i|yd lshùu ufydamldÍ fjhs'

¸¹' oekqu jvk úúO ud¾. w;=frka jvd M,odhS ud¾.h jkafka lshùu hs'

¹' lshùu wx. iïmQ¾K ñksil= ;khs'

¹¸' lshùfuka oekqu msf¾'

¹¸¸' oekqu keue;s ;lai,dfõ Wmßu ;,hg hd yelafla fmd; m; lshùfuks'

fun÷ tla jelshlska wdrïNh ,shd wk;=rej fojk jelsh uq,a jelshg .e<fmk

whqßka bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' fiiq jels o .e<fmk whqßka bÈßm;a lr m<uq fþofha

ud;Dldj ye¢kaùu l%uj;aj isÿ l< hq;= fõ' th ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .ekSu

i|yd my; tla tla ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a lr we;s m%fõY jdlH lsysmh wOHhkh

lrkak'

úÿ,sh wrmsßuisuq

m%fõYh fyj;a

wdrïNh

ud;Dldkql+,

úIh lreKq

iudf,dapkh

fyj;a wjidkh

m%fõYh fyj;a wdrïNh

ÈhqKqfõ rka fodrgq w;r wrmsßueiau o tlls' msßuid f.k mdúÉÑ lsÍu

wrmsßueiau hs' c,h" wdydr mdk" ñ, uqo,a" wrmsßueiafuka mdúÉÑ l< fyd;a tajd

wmg fndfyda ld,hla hk ;=re u mßyrKh l< yels h' wm rfÜ wrmsßueish hq;=

cd;sl iïm;a w;r úÿ,sh m%Odk tlls'

jdlH rpkhl o< wdlD;sh


YS% ,xldfõ ixpdrl jHdmdrh

isxy, idys;Hfha j¾Okh

rpkfha úia;rd;aul fldgi fuh hs' fuys § ud;Dldjg wod< lreKq wkqms<sfj<ska

iy ;¾ldkql+,j fþo jYfhka ,súh hq;= h' tys m%udKj;a nj o jeo.;a fõ' fþo

fjka lsÍfï § l%uj;a fm< .eiaula ilia lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fjk;a fþohl

igyka lrk ,o lreKq kej; kej; igyka lsÍu WÑ; fkd fõ'

jdlH rpkfha wjidk fþoh" iudf,dapkh i|yd fhdod .; hq;= h' tys § f;dard

.;a ud;Dldj hgf;a bÈßm;a l< lreKq l%uj;aj wjika l< hq;= fõ'

iudf,dapkfha § rpkfha bÈßm;a l< lreKqj, idrdxYhla wod< ud;Dldj ms<sn|

rplhdf.a ks.ukh fyda úksYaph iys;j bÈßm;a flf¾'

rpkh id¾:lj ,sheù ;sfí oehs hkak uQ,sl lreKq ;=kla hgf;a i,ld nef,a' 1' ud;Dldjg wod< nj

2' rpkd ffY,sh yd NdId ú,dih

3' Ys,amSh olaI;d jYfhks'

uq,alr .;a ud;Dldjg .e<fmk lreKqj,ska rpkh fmdaIs; úh hq;= h' ta i|yd

wod< lreKq muKla wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .iajd .; hq;= h' rpkh i|yd lreKq

úúO ck udOHj,ska" iÕrd yd fmd; m; lshùfuka idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K wdÈhg

YS% ,xldj oel=ïl¨ tfuka u iajNdj fi!kao¾hfhka wkQk rgls' WKqiqu isys,

w;r iu .=Kh iys; YS% ,xldj" úfoaYslhkaf.a fkdu| wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka tu

foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajh o fya;=fjks'

ud;Dldkql+, úIh lreKq

iudf,dapkh

id¾:l rpkhl ,laIK

ud;Dldjg wod< nj

isxy, idys;Hfha ke.Su - ud¾áka úl%uisxy

ck;djlf.a iNH;ajh;a nqoaê úldYh;a úksYaph lsÍug Tjqkaf.a idys;H l,d

Wmldr fjhs' idys;Hh jQ l,s iNH;ajfhys jeãu ni okakjqkag muKla wefik

fia lshkakls'


ijka §fuka" /ia lr .; yels h' tfia /ia lr .;a lreKq rpkd ud;Dldjg

.e<fmk f,i wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .iajd .; hq;= h' ,sùfï § tajd uq,a lr .;a

ud;Dldjg wod< whqßka ;¾ldkql+,j yrj;aj ixúOdkd;aulj ks¾udKd;aul f,i

yd m%udKd;aulj bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' ta i|yd rpkd iels,a,la ms<sfh, lr .ekSu

m%fhdackj;a h'

rpkh i|yd fhdod .;a NdIdfõ iajNdjh tys w.h i|yd n,mdkakls' ta i|yd

ks¾udKd;aulj jdlH bÈßm;a lsÍu uQ,sl fõ' jelshla ks¾udKd;aul ùug Bg tla

flfrk jpk ud,dj" úfYaIK" Wmud wdÈ w,xldr" jdla iïm%odh" wjHla; yd fkd

.e<fmk m%ldYj,ska f;dr ùu wdÈ lreKq n,mdhs' tneúka jdlH rpkhla ,sùfï

§ ta ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ' tfuka u iïu; f,aLk Í;s wkq.ukh lsÍu

o jeo.;a fõ'

jdlH rpkhl Ys,amSh olaI;d hkq"

rpkh meyeÈ,s w;a wl=ßka hqla; ùu

wlaIr úkHdih ksjerÈj fh§u

jdlHj, ksis ;kays ksjerÈj úrdu ,laIK fh§u

mo fjka fldg ,sùu

wod< mßÈ fþo fjka lr ,sùu wdÈh hs'

id¾:l rpkhla" lshjkakdg fjfyilska f;drj lshùug yels" ish oekqu nqoaêh

j¾Okhg bjy,a jk f,aLkhla úh hq;= h'

rpkd ffY,sh yd NdId ú,dih

Ys,amSh olaI;d

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï tla tla ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH rpkh ne.ska ,sùu i|yd wod< lreKq

wxl myla hgf;a ixúOdkh lr olajkak'

¸' wfma hym;a isß;a úß;a

¸¸' lS%vdj wmg lshd fok mdvï

¸¸¸' f,dal iduh i|yd f,dal n,j;=ka fj; mejfrk j.lSu

¸¹' uu .xj;=rg ueÈ ùñ

¹' wdmod l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu


2' my; i|yka rpkfhka ks¾udKd;aul rpkh i|yd .; yels Wmfoia fm<

.iajkak'

fydaæ fydaæ fydaæ

.iaje,aj, uyd l,n,hls' ;on, fkd ikaiqka luls' fodr cfk,a lg lg .d

fjjq,hs' ì;a;sj, ;Èka yefmhs' fl¢ß .dhs' mska;+r ta fï w; meoafohs' fïifha

isg ieye,a¨ fmd;a ìug mkS' lvodis ta fï w; mshdUhs'

r;a flfy,a m÷f¾ È.á fld< fi,fjhs' kefuhs' weUfrhs" bfrhs' we;eï u,a

.ilg" msmqKq u,a wysñ fjhs' bÿKq fld< wysñ fjhs' ÿn, w;a;la folla wysñ

fjhs' ta iu. u ySka fmdo jeiafils' wk;=rej fudr iQrk uy jeiafils' oeka

wfma f.hs ñÿ, mqxÑ .fÕls' lvodis Tre md l< yels lÈu .fÕls'

^mn| yqrej" uÿrisxy .=K;s,l&

3' my; oelafjk tla tla úia;rh hgf;a jpk 250la muK jk fia rpkd

,shkak' ta tlsfklg iqÿiq ud;Dldj ne.ska fhdokak'

¸' mß.Kl ;dlaIKh uq¿ f,dj úYaj .ïudkhla njg m;a lr yudr h'

bka iudchg ie,fik hym; w;suy;a h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh

mß.Klfhka jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lr .; yels h' tfy;a oreoeßhka mß.Kl

Ndú;hg fhduq lrùu mfriaifuka l< hq;a;ls'

¸¸' idys;Hh ck;d Wreuhls' bka rfÜ idudðl" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl

f;dr;=re o ksrEmKh fõ' mqoa.,hd ;=< hym;a wdl,am j¾Okh i|yd

idys;Hh mdol fjhs' ta wkqj rfÜ ck;d is;=ï me;=ï hyu.g m;a lr

iduldó mqrjeis msßila ìys lr .ekSug idys;Hh bjy,a lr .; yels h'

¸¸¸' mqj;am; ;ju;a ck;djg f;dr;=re imhk m%n, uqøs; udOHhls' mqj;amf;a

ld¾h Ndrh w;r jeo.;a jkafka ksjerÈ f;dr;=re l,g fõ,djg iemhSu h'

mqj;am;ska iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfuka ck;djf.a

oekqu fmdaIKh fjhs' jd‚c;ajhg nr jQ we;eï mqj;am;aj, m< jk ydkslr

mqj;a rgg úkdYhls' mqj;amf;a j.lSu iudc iqpß;h ie,iSu h'

¸¹' c, ysÕh" kdh hEu" .xj;=r" <eõ .sks wdÈh we;s ùug fndfyda ÿrg fya;= ù

we;af;a iajNdj O¾uhg jvd ñksia lghq;= h' ñksiqka wd;aud¾:h .ek u ñi

fmdÿ hym; .ek fkd i,lkafka wehs@ fï úkdYldÍ lghq;= ue`v meje;aùu

fkd l< fyd;a wm lrd uyd úkdYhla <Õd jkq we;' th je<elaùu i|yd

È.= ld,Sk fuka u flá ld,Sk jevms<sfj< wjYH fõ'


iyDohd ;=< pu;aldrhla ckkh jk mßÈ lrk ,o

,sÅ; ks¾udK" idys;Hhg wh;a h' fujeks

pu;aldrhla ckkh lrk ks¾udK" ldjHh jYfhka

o ye¢kafõ' lúhl= lúhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuka

wfmalaId lrkafka lsishï wmQre w;aoelSula iQpkh

fldg mdGlhd ;=< pu;aldrhla oekùu nj uydpd¾h

úu,a Èidkdhl kjlúir‚h lD;sfha § fmkajd §

we;' .µ ldjH ^kjl;d - flál;d&" mµ ldjH"

pïmq ldjH ^.µ - mµ ñY%& oDYH ldjH ^kdgH& wdÈ

úúO idys;H ks¾udKj, uQ,sl wruqK ri ksIam;a;sh

hs' ri úkaokhg wod< iyc Yla;sh jdikd .=Kh hs'

rih hkq ú| .; hq;a;ls'

Wiia YsIagdpdrhla yd iNH;ajhla iys; rgl

idys;Hh W;a;Í;r ;;a;ajhl mj;S' wkqrmqr"

oUfo‚" l=reKE.," fldaÜfÜ jeks idys;H hq. Bg

idlaIH orhs' fuf,i idys;Hh fmdaIKh ùu flfrys

m%;sNdiïmkak ks¾udKlrejka isàu;a tn÷ ks¾udK

ri ú£ug yels ixfõ§ ukilska yd jdikd .=Kfhka

hq;= risl msßila isàu;a hk lreKq fya;= ù we;'

idys;H ks¾udKh yqol,dj ;sìh hq;a;la fkd fõ'

th lshúh hq;= h' th ri ú¢h hq;= h' úpdrh l<

hq;= h' idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú£ug yd úpdrh

lsÍug u. fmkaùula fï mdvfuka ,nd fohs' tys

fojk fldgi mßYS,kfhka idrdxYlrKh .ek

wjfndaOhla ,eìh yels h'

idys;H ri úkaokh yd úpdrh 8


idys;H ri úkaokh hkq mqoa., fõÈ;hls' rih ú¢k ;eke;a;d iyDohd f,i

ye¢kafõ' tkï idys;Hlrejdg iudk yoj;la we;af;ls'

^iriúhf.a ne¨ï ud;%hlska jqj flfkl= lúhl= jkq we;' tfy;a lúfhys riNdj

ú¢k ckhd kï b;d ÿ,n h'&

idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú£fï w.%M,h is; msßisÿ njg m;a ùu hs' tneúka ri

úkaokh hkq wOHd;auh fmdaIKh lr .ekSuls'

idys;H úpdrh hkq ;ud idys;H ks¾udKfhka ú¢ rih ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk

m%ldYkhls' ri ú¢k ish¨ fokdg u fï ld¾hh ksis f,i l< fkd yels h'

úpdrlhd ldjHfha we;s jdpHd¾:h fuka u jHx.Hd¾:h o jgyd .; hq;= h'

idudkH f,dalhdg úIh fkd jQ úkaokhla Tyq ,nd .kS' idys;H ks¾udKhla

úpdrh l< hq;af;a fufia h hs iïu; Í;shla ke;' tys iajrEmh úúO whqßka

fjkia fõ' tkï( iyDohdf.a is;=ï me;=ï" nqoaê uÜgu yd lD;sfha iajNdjh

wkqj hs'

idys;H ks¾udKhl id¾:l wid¾:l nj ueksh yelafla uOHia:j isg th úpdrh

lsÍu u.sks' úpdrh o tla;rd wdldrhl l,djls' úpdrfha wruqK idys;H lD;sfha

.eí ù we;s ri biau;= fldg olajñka thg hï ndOd we;s ù kï tajd fmkajd §u h'

idys;H ks¾udKfhka rplhd ;u wOHdYh flf;la ÿrg bgq lr .ekSug iu;a ù

o" wiu;a ù o hkq úpdrfha wjidk ks.ukh hs'

hï idys;H ks¾udKhla ri ú|Sfï § fyda úpdrh lsÍfï § úpdrl wjOdkhg fhduq

úh hq;= mshjr lsysmhls'

³ idys;Hlrejdf.a mrud¾:h l=ula o@

³ ta i|yd Tyq Ndú; l< Wml%u fudkjd o@

³ tlS Wml%u u.ska Tyqf.a mrud¾:h id¾:l ù o wid¾:l ù o@

mrud¾:h l=ula o hkak úuiSfï § úpdrl wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= wx. 2ls' tkï"

ks¾udKfhka idys;Hlrejd wfmalaIs; wruqK l=ula o@

tu wruqK bgq lr .ekSug úIh lr .;a w;aoelSu$jia;=úIh$wkqN+;sh l=ula o@

“iriúh ne¨ufilaks - fj;ajd lsú ofkda

fmfoys riyõ ú÷kd - fofk;d b;d ÿ,fnda”

lõ is¿ñK - »» mrdl%undyq

‘jeys j,dl=< mE l¿ hehs Tfí

fkd fydì;sZhs lsis f,ia fkd if;dia fkdjka

isrer mEfhkq .;a iqofkda f,dfõ

fkd y÷k;a W;=uka .=Kfhka úkdZ

jeys j,dl=< - l=udr;=x. uqksodi


fuys lúhdf.a wruqK ù we;af;a iqok - ÿok .;s lshd mEu h' tkï mqoa.,hd y÷kd

.; yelafla j¾Kfhka fkd j ls%hdfjka nj fuhska lshefjhs' lúhd fï i|yd

w;aoelSu$jia;= úIh lr .kq ,nkafka iajNdj O¾ufha wmQ¾j ks¾udKhla jQ jeys

j,dl=< hs'

ks¾udKlrejd w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd úê l%u ;=kls'

1' fm!oa.,slj ,nd .kakd w;aoelSï

2' wkqkaf.ka wid oek.;a w;aoelSï

3' ckudOH fyda fmd; m; weiqßka ,nd .kakd w;aoelSï

fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï hkq ;ud u ,o w;aoelSï h'

ud¾áka úl%uisxyhkaf.a by; i|yka m%ldY u.ska fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï

ks¾udKlrejdg jeo.;a jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

ks¾udKlrejd weiqre lrk iudcfhka o w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd nj uy.u fialrf.a

by; m%ldYfhka meyeÈ,s fõ'

mqj;am;aj, yd fjk;a ckudOHj, m< jk f;dr;=re o lúhd ;u w;aoelSï i|yd

fhdod .kS'

“wjqreÿ foiShla Ôj;a ùfuka ,eìh fkd yels w;aoelSula" udkj pß;h ms<sn|

oekqug;a ;ekam;a kqjKg;a jeä w;aoelSula cd;l l;d fmd; W.ekafuka ,eìh

yels h” hs ud¾áka úl%uisxy uy;d mjihs'

“.ï fmr<sh ,shkq i|yd uf.a l,amkdj msìÿfKa lsishï w;aoelSï ud;%hla ksid

fkd fõ' lhsidrej;af;a mjqf,a Ôú;h ksihs' ta mjq, ms<sn| l;dj rpkhg jia;=

fldg .;af;a uf.a <Õ u kEhka ms<sn| uf.a w;aoelSï' uf.a uõmshka" ifydaoßhka"

uymamd" ndmam,d" udu,d wdÈkaf.a mjq,aj, Woúh o ud b;d l=¨m.j weiqre l<d'

Tjqka ms<sn| w;aoelSï ;ud .ï fmr<sh rpkd lrkakg uf.a l,amkdj msìojQfha' ”

ks¾udK miqìu

“Wmdilïud kue;s flál;dj ,shkak uf.a l,amkdj mqnqok ,oafoa ud mdif,a

W.kakd ld,fha ,enq w;aoelSula'”

ks¾udK miqìu

“rdc;s,l ,hk,a yd ms%hka; fmdf;a rdc;s,lf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl

jYfhka kï ug u;la jqfKa wfma m<df;a bkak m%N+jrfhla'”

ks¾udK miqìu


ks¾udKlrejd úúO wdldrfha w;aoelSï mdol lr .kq olakg ,efí' lsishï

wjia:djla" isÿùula" úpdr Ñka;djla" l;d m%jD;a;shla" iqkaor ixl,amhla fyda

woaN+; ixl,amhla" iudc úIu;djla" iudc widOdrKhla" foaYmd,k .eg¨jla"

mjq,a w¾nqohla wdÈ úúO f;aud fhdod .kq olakg ,efí'

l=uk w;aoelSula f;dard .;a; o tys wmQ¾j;ajhla fyj;a kj;djla o w¾:dkaú;

Ndjhla o mej;sh hq;= h'

rplhd f;dard .;a w;aoelSfuys jeo.;alu yd thska iudchg isÿ jk fufyjr

flf;la o hkak úpdrlhdf.a úuiqug ,la úh hq;= h'

ks¾udKfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd rplhd fhdod .;a Wml%u flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq

úh hq;= h'

NdIdj" ixl,am rEm" úß; fyda ßoauh" iïm%odh wdÈ lreKq ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

NdIdj hkq ks¾udKlrejdf.a idys;H fuj,u hs' ñksia isf;a yg .kakd woyia yd

yeÕSï m%ldY lrk WmlrKh NdIdj hs' úoHd{hd mßyrKh lrk NdIdj ksYaÑ;d¾:

oekjqj o idys;Hlrejd èjksmQ¾K nia jyrla Ndú; lrhs'

fï wkqj idys;Hlrejd fhdod .kakd NdIdfõ úfYaI ,laIKh yeÕSï oekùfï

Yla;shhs' th Ndúl .=Kh f,i ye¢kafõ'

ldjH NdIdfõ mej;sh hq;= ;j;a ,laIKhla jkafka wmQ¾j mo ix>gkh hs' tkï

jHjydrfha § tlg fkd fhfok fhÿï idys;Hlrejd tlg Ndú; lrhs'

idys;ahsl NdIdj jd¾;d NdIdfjka fjkia jkafka idys;Hlrejd rEmld¾:hg yd

w,xldfrdala;shg uq,a ;ek Èh hq;= neúks' tys rEmld¾:j;a njla we;s jkafka

lúhd wmQ¾j;ajhla we;s jk mßÈ mo ix>gkh lsÍu fya;=fjkss'

ixl,am rEm hkq jpk u.ska bÈßm;a flfrk Ñ;%hls' tkï( idys;H ks¾udKhla

mßYS,kfhka mis÷rka u.ska mdGl ukig msúi mdGlhdf.a Ndj m%fndaOkhg fya;=

jk jpk ixfhdackh hs' ‘jdlaa Ñ;%’ hkqfjka o ixl,am rEm ye¢kafõ'

ufkda rEm" bkaøsh rEm" Ñ;a; rEm jeks kïj,ska o fïjd ye¢kafõ'

“jeysfmdo tlsfkl jefgkj n,dmkafld fmd<j Wvg

fmd<j f,dúkjd jeysfmdo Èj Èla lr,d ykslg'”

jlalv n¢uq - .=Kodi wurfialr

“fmrÈ. f.drye`ä rl=fida

uf. OHdkh wehs lvkafka

ksod .kak fmdrj .;a;

l¿ frÈ fmdg

fudlg o fï

;Srej,g brd oukafk'”

Woh - isß .=kisxy


ixl,am rEm ksrEmKhg lúhd Wmldr lr .kq ,nkafka ldjHd,xldr h'

ks¾udKfha w¾: èjksh yd Yío èjksh flf¾ ldjHd,xldr n,mdhs' ldjHfha

w¾: ri Yíofha Woa§mkh lr oelaùug fhdod .kq ,nk Wmud rEml wdÈ fhÿï

ldjHd,xldr .Khg wh;a fõ'

Wmudj hkq WmudjdÖ ksmd;hla fhdod .ksñka jia;=jla ;j;a jia;=jlg iudk

lr oelaùu hs' fuhska mqoa., is; ;=< ixl,am rEm ueùug bv m%ia;d ie,fia' ;u

w;aoelSu rislhdg ióm lr,Sug idys;Hlrejdg bv lv ie,fia'

iqfka;%d l=ußhf.a rE imqj j¾Kkd lsÍug f,aLlhd Wmud fhdod .;a whqre úuid

n,kak'

nuqKq ÿjf.a uqyqK fi!uH pkaøhdg;a mfhdaOr rka mkaÿj,g;a" YÍrh rka je,lg;a

lúhd Wmud lr we;'

rEmlh hkq ksmd;hla fhdod fkd f.k jia;=jla i;= ,laIK ;j;a jia;=jlg

wdfrdamKh lr oelaùuls'

Wmud

“fï fka;%oajh ksid wE iqfka;%d kï jkakS h' taa j¾Kfhka yd §ma;sfhka b÷ks,añ‚

rejkla n÷ h' fkdfyd;a úksúo fmfkk meyem;a wyilg n÷ h' wef.a rkajka uqj

l=vd h¦ cmd mqIamhla ^frdai u,la& n÷ h' o;a fom< isyska h' §ma;su;a h' lmd Tm

uÜgï lrk ,o fyhska úÿreñ‚ fom<la fuka is¿gq h' iu h' fya u,afm;s

hqj<laj fof;d,ska wdjrKh jqj o iskdfik l, mqIam .¾Nhla fuka úlis; jk

neúka iskyjg u ieÿKq uqj mshqfule”hs lsh hq;= h'

iqfka;%d - ví' ta' is,ajd

j;ska fidñ i| jQ

f;fkka rka fm| jQ

rka,sh isßka n| jQ

Èh‚hka ;u <`.g le| jQ

ldjHfYaLrh - rdyq, ysñ

rEml

l;d nfyka iskdfiñka

Ôú;fha .sßÿ¾.h

k.sk

fid÷re .eyeksh Tn'

wika m;a;sks foaj;dù - fudksld rejka m;srK


by; Wmqgd .ekSïj, fh§ we;s ‘Ôú;fha .sßÿ¾.h’" ‘ÿla.skaor’ rEmlj,g ksoiqka

l< yels fõ'

w;sYfhdala;sh hkq hul mj;akd iajdNdúl ;;a;ajh blaujd W;al¾Ifhka hq;=j

j¾Kkd lsÍu hs'

iajNdfjdala;sh

iajNdfjdala;sh hkq hul iajNdjh we;s ieáfhka u mejiSu hs'

lEr., .fuys iqkaor;ajh mj;akd whqßka u j¾Kkd lsÍug lúhd iu;aj we;'

fuf,i fhdod .kakd ldjHd,xldr ks¾udKlrejdf.a wruqKg fldf;la WÑ; o

hkak yd tys wmQ¾j;ajh ^kjH nj& ms<sn|j o úuid ne,sh hq;= h'

“tal fkd fjhs uydêlrK;=uks" m%Yakh fï ujf. yoj; we;=<; nqr nqrd k.sk

ÿla.skaor hs'”

yqKqjgfha l;dj - fykaß chfiak

w;sYfhdala;sh

isisjk jqjk bÕ iqÕ .; yels ñák

ksis mq¿¨l=, ßh ilhqre ;sir ;k

Èis rk,sfhõ rE isß hq;a fumqrÕk

weismsh fy<k mu‚ka fkdfj;s fojÕk

ie,<sys‚ ixfoaYh - rdyq, ysñ

idr m,h wU oU rU o j,amsg

ór c,h we< fod< l÷ msáka ng

kEr f,d,h jvjk ÿgq okka ;=g

lEr .,h jecfUhs fï f,iska isg

yxi ixfoaYh - ùod.u ffu;%ah ysñ


Yío rih

idys;H ks¾udKhl úuid ne,sh hq;= wfkla ,laIKhla kï Yío rih hs' Yío

rih oekùu i|yd ks¾udKlrejka fndfyda úg fhdod .kafka wkqm%dih hs'

wkqm%dih hkq tl u wl=r fyda tl u moh kej; kej; fh§u hs' fuhska ks¾udKhl

w¾: rih fuka u Yío rih o ckkh fõ'

“ijkla .k nqÿ/iska uq¿ f,dj ioñka jvq;a jvq;a ish¨ /iska iefo;a

iefo;a f.hs f.hs ms,aila úoyd fudkre kg;a kg;a ueÈßfhys yqka .srd

ie,<sys‚ wdÈ mlaISka mshd meyer y`v;a y`v;a'''”

nq;airK - úoHdpl%j¾;s

fuys jvq;a jvq;a" iefo;a iefo;a" f.hs f.hs" kg;a kg;a" y`v;a y`v;a wdÈ jYfhka

mo kej; kej; fh§fuka .S;j;a nj jeä ù we;s whqre fmfka'

uy;a jQ m<sy f,<jñka lS%vd lrñka l¾lY jQ flar< yuqodjkaf.a tä my l<

isxy, fiakdj uy uqyqfoys r< fm< jeks h hs úÑ;%j;a f,i Yío rih okjñka

lSug yels jqfKa ‘<’ ldrh fhdod .ekSu u.sks' th wkqm%dih hs'

t<siuh u.ska mµ ks¾udKhlg w,xldrhla ,efí' t<siuh hkq mµ mdohkays

fl<jr fyda lSm ;ekl iudk wl=rlska fl<jr jk whqßka mo fh§u hs' fï u.ska

rihg WÑ; ;d,dkqrEm njla we;s flf¾' mo wjidkfhys jk t<siuh t<sjeg

hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

we;eï mµ ks¾udKj, wdhdifhka hq;=j lSm m<l t<siuh ;eîug f.dia wid¾:l

jQ wjia:d o olakg ,efí'

fjr< b.s<" ;=< r< je< f,i Wf,<

ken< mg< fm< f,<jñks fl< fl<

lr< flr< fud< n< o< om my<

mqj< isy< o< n< uq¿ ks;s Ti<

.srd ixfoaYh

me ye i r ‚ h ñ‚ me ñ ‚ h fld;a w.g

n| ls ls ‚ h o o .s yss ‚ h úuka jg

fkdj me r ‚ h j k r u ‚ h úáka úg

ie , <s ys ‚ h j ÿ le , ‚ h mqrjrg



Yío rih

idys;H ks¾udKhl úuid ne,sh hq;= wfkla ,laIKhla kï Yío rih hs' Yío

rih oekùu i|yd ks¾udKlrejka fndfyda úg fhdod .kafka wkqm%dih hs'

wkqm%dih hkq tl u wl=r fyda tl u moh kej; kej; fh§u hs' fuhska ks¾udKhl

w¾: rih fuka u Yío rih o ckkh fõ'

“ijkla .k nqÿ/iska uq¿ f,dj ioñka jvq;a jvq;a ish¨ /iska iefo;a

iefo;a f.hs f.hs ms,aila úoyd fudkre kg;a kg;a ueÈßfhys yqka .srd

ie,<sys‚ wdÈ mlaISka mshd meyer y`v;a y`v;a'''”

nq;airK - úoHdpl%j¾;s

fuys jvq;a jvq;a" iefo;a iefo;a" f.hs f.hs" kg;a kg;a" y`v;a y`v;a wdÈ jYfhka

mo kej; kej; fh§fuka .S;j;a nj jeä ù we;s whqre fmfka'

uy;a jQ m<sy f,<jñka lS%vd lrñka l¾lY jQ flar< yuqodjkaf.a tä my l<

isxy, fiakdj uy uqyqfoys r< fm< jeks h hs úÑ;%j;a f,i Yío rih okjñka

lSug yels jqfKa ‘<’ ldrh fhdod .ekSu u.sks' th wkqm%dih hs'

t<siuh u.ska mµ ks¾udKhlg w,xldrhla ,efí' t<siuh hkq mµ mdohkays

fl<jr fyda lSm ;ekl iudk wl=rlska fl<jr jk whqßka mo fh§u hs' fï u.ska

rihg WÑ; ;d,dkqrEm njla we;s flf¾' mo wjidkfhys jk t<siuh t<sjeg

hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'

we;eï mµ ks¾udKj, wdhdifhka hq;=j lSm m<l t<siuh ;eîug f.dia wid¾:l

jQ wjia:d o olakg ,efí'

fjr< b.s<" ;=< r< je< f,i Wf,<

ken< mg< fm< f,<jñks fl< fl<

lr< flr< fud< n< o< om my<

mqj< isy< o< n< uq¿ ks;s Ti<

.srd ixfoaYh

me ye i r ‚ h ñ‚ me ñ ‚ h fld;a w.g

n| ls ls ‚ h o o .s yss ‚ h úuka jg

fkdj me r ‚ h j k r u ‚ h úáka úg

ie , <s ys ‚ h j ÿ le , ‚ h mqrjrg


ks¾udKhla ri úkaokfha §" úpdrfha § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;j;a jeo.;a

lreKla kï lúhd fhdod .;a úß; fyda ,h fldf;la ÿrg Tyqf.a wruqK id¾:l

ùug WmldÍ jQjd o hkak hs' i|eia ldjHhl úß;la olakg ,efnk w;r ksi|eil

olakg ,efnkafka mo ix>gkdj wkqj ckkh jk ,hls' úß; f.dv k.d .kq

,nkafka mµ mdofha fhdod .kakd ud;%d .Kk wkqj hs' m%;sNd iïmkak lúhd

jia;=jg WÑ; f,i úß; f;dard .ekSug iu;alï olajd we;s wdldrh my; oelafjk

mµj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

<Õ <Õjd Wkqkg lr jdoh

fkdjrojd ùKd mo jdoh

rÕ wÕjd iqrÕk rÕ fíoh

fio lrjd rc inh mfndaoh

ûd;%d 16&

.=;a;s, ldjHh

úfok f,f<k kre nr mq¿¨l=< /£

fy<k k.k w; kqjk. ne¨ï È§

reúk Èf,k wnrK leü .; fh§

ief,k myk is¿ jeks rÕk ,sh ie§

ûd;%d 18& fuh iuqøf>daI úß; h - jvd;a m%lg úß;ls&

ie,<sys‚ ikafoaYh

rE /fia w¢kd f,fia w;a f,< È§ úÿ,sh mnd

rka rfia tla jk f,fia fjK kdokQ md ;n ;nd

lï mfia fok ir f,fia foi n, n,d fk;.ska ind

uï flfia mjiï tfia jr iqr <÷ka ÿka rÕ fidnd

ûd;%d 26&

.=;a;s, ldjHh

iojd iqÿ je,s msú;=re

n|jd rka oo mshlre

isgqjd fodr fodr rU;=re

;njd mqka l=Uq úis;=re

ûd;%d 12&

.=;a;s, ldjHh


úß; fuka u ldjHfha ,h o mdGl ukfiys rih oekùug fndfyda ÿrg bjy,a

fõ'

lúhd ksrEmKh lrk isÿùu fyda wjia:dj úß; fyda ßoauh fya;= fldg f.k

risl ukfiys Ñ;a;rEm ckkh lsÍug iu;a fõ'

lúhd mµ ks¾udKfha § fhdod .kakd wdlD;sh fyj;a iajrEmh o úúOdldr h'

ldjH wdlD;sh hkq tys ndysr yevh hs' th wka;¾.;hg wkql+,j úúOdldr fjhs'

mer‚ ldjH ks¾udKj, wdlD;sh flf¾ úfYaI ie,ls,a,la oelajqj o kQ;k lúhd

ta flf¾ jeä ie,ls,a,la fkd olajk nj fmfka'

idys;H úpdrl u;hg wkqj ldjHhl wdlD;sh u.ska Yío èjks yd w¾: èjks hk

fol u u;= l< yels h' úúO wdlD;s wkqj ,shejqKq mµ lSmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

isjqmo ldjH

isodÈhg tkakg ug

nqoaêh WU ;uhs tod

mdr lshd ÿkafka

.fuka Wreu jQ jia;=j

fmdÈhla ne| lr ;shdk

Wfò nyg /jà,hs

isodÈhg wdfõ'

.u wu;lhs - uy.u fialr

is,s,dfrl fy,aue,S

fm;s w;ßka ie,s ie,S

lkg fkdfhk is;g oefkk

is,s is,shl meg,s,d

iskd l=uß - pkaør;ak udkjisxy

mefihs ksn| iqj|e,a fl;aj;a wjg

wefihs <ud jiq meáhka y`v ÿrg

Èfihs fjfyr tys iqr úukla f,ig

rfihs wud riuh taa mshi ÿg

yxi ixfoaYh


.S ldjH

fomo ldjH

ieye,s ldjH

ksi|eia

mqr fhdakka jqjka

kqjka ms<sìUq Èiakd

ñ‚ leg ìf; mqrjf¾

mshquqmq,jq,a ú,a wE

uqj foõ od j;

miq.sh k;a;,a ldf,a ksjdvqfjhs ux wdfõ

mqxÑ fíì tlal, mdi,aa hkakhs ux wdfõ

mshfiak weiQ m%Yakhla - fudksld rejka m;srK

ÿofkdo ì|

n| f;o l|

l| foõ ro idñfka

uf. l=l=<d keiQ tld

ooh Tnf. md¿ h ld

;j tl nqo Èkla ;ld

bkakg bv fkd § uld

l=l=¿ yeú,a, -/hsmsh,a f;kakfldka

ysi kud .;s wE

isyska r;eÕs,s mg,jd .;s

i;shlg fmr f.kd jr

ú<ssnr h uf. rkajka ukd,sh

w¨; f.kd ukd,sh - Ô' î' fiakdkdhl


idys;H l,d ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka ,efnk wdiajdoh fya;=fjka ñksia isf;ys

yeÕSï m%fndaO fjhs' fuh rih hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' rihg fya;= jkafka l,d

ks¾udKhlska ñksia isf;ys we;s jk yeÕSï tu l,d ks¾udKfhys we;s úúO

m%fhda. fya;=fjka wdiajdokSh ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùu hs' fujeks uQ,sl yeÕSï yd tajd

mokï lr .;a wdiajdokSh ;;a;aj fyj;a ri lsysmhla .ek fmrÈ. idys;Hl,d

úpdrfha i|yka fõ'

fujeks ish¨ lreKq úuid ne,Sfuka wk;=rej ks¾udKlrejdf.a wruqK id¾:l

ù o fkd ù o hkak úuid ne,Su idys;H úpdrl ld¾hfha § jeo.;a fõ' tys §

úpdrd;aul nia jyrla mßyrKh lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

wjfndaOh

1' idys;H ri úkaokh yd idys;H úpdrh w;r we;s fjki l=ula o@

2' idys;H lD;shla ri úkaokfha § fyda úpdrfha § fyda wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;=

lreKq fudkjd o@

3' wruqK yd jia;=úIh ^w;aoelSu& w;r fjki myokak'

4' idys;Hlrejd w;aoelSï ,nd .kakd ud¾. fudkjd o@

5' ldjHd,xldr f,i fhdod .efkk Wmud yd rEml w;r fjki myokak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka fhÿïj, wre;a biau;= jk f,i jdlH ;kkak'

¸' m%;sNdj ¸¸' wmQ¾j;ajh

¸¸¸' T!Ñ;Hh ¸¹' mßl,amk Yla;sh

¹' wkqN+;sh

2' my; oelafjk mµh weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shkak'

ßúìïnd hqre ßúl=, lu,lr

mshquïnd ksf;drj /¢ Wrue÷r

fukrïnd ysñ rE isßks ukyr

merl=ïnd krks÷ i| ol= ñ;=r

¸' fï mµfha we;s Wmud folla Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸¸' fuhska rEml folla Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸¸¸' wkqm%dih oelafjk wjia:djla olajkak'

¸¹' t<siuh fhdod .efkk wjia:djla olajkak'

¹' lúhd fhdod f.k we;s úß; y÷kajkak'


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' úúO úß;aj,ska ,shejqKq mµ tla /ia lrkak'

2' idys;H úpdrh yd ri úkaokh ms<sn|j mqj;am;aj, ks;r ,sms m< fõ' tajd

tl;= lrkak'

3' idys;Hd;aul jpk tl;= lr l=vd YíofldaIhla ilia lrkak'

4' mµ mka;shla f;dardf.k Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lrkak' ^by; m%dfhda.sl

ls%hdldrlï" lKavdhï mejreula f,i mka;shg fhduq lrkak'&

5' my; § we;s .µ fþoh yd mµ mka;s ms<sn| riúkaokhl fhfokak'

¸' nq¿ u,a msfmk ld,hg uq¿ fk,a,s lef,a tl u ó me‚ uqÜáhla fia ó me‚

iqj¢ka iqj|j;a fjhs' u¢ka u| bÈß miq ù msfmk fiiq ;=re ,sh u`vqj,

.ejefik ;j;a fkdfhla lDókaf.a .=uq .=uqfjka tl, th msfrhs' m, .ekS"

lsß jÈk w;r ish .Kkska ieÈ l=re¨ rxpq tys meñfK;s' m, muKla fkd

j fld< o¨ yd uq,a o j<|k ß<d j÷re i;a;= ljo;a yeisfr;s' meiS" b§ ìu

jefgk wr¿ nq¿ fk,a,s wdÈfha .=K okakd fyhska foda f.dak uqj wd§yq o

ks;r t<fU;s' j,id we;eï úg lyg f.ä lEug .iaj,g o nv .dk w;r

uqj ß<d j÷re wdÈ f.dÿre we;s fyhska fldá ymqjd mjd tys fkd .ejfikafka

fkd fõ' fufia WoaNso i;a;aj foj¾.fha u m%lD;s w,xldrfha uOHia:dkhla

n÷ jQ fk,a,s lef,a ug uf.a rdcHhg wh;a rdclSh WoHdkh jQfha h'

^uf.a rdcHh - udhd rxcka&

¸¸' yex.suq;a;x

u,a,sg kx fldfydu;a nE jeä fõ,d yexf.kak g

wyqq fjkjd tl mdrla ta w; fï w; hk fld g

;d;a; kx yex.=Kdu fydhd .kak nE fldfydu ;a

fydhkak nE oji ;siafi wms tlaù,d fyõj ;a

ke.sákakg fmr wm ljqre;a ;d;a; yexf.k jd

ySka ief¾" wms kskaog .sh miq t<shg tk jd

jevg .sys,a,d ;d;a;" yexf.kjd fkdfjhs mq f;a

lsh,d wïud lsõj;a ta fndrejla lshd ys f;a

wy, my, wh jev weß,d tkjd f.or l,s ka

wïud lshkafka fndrejla nj f;afrkjd tafl ka

kE kE ta yexf.kafka wms;a tlal fi,a,ug hs

wo ? kx ke.sg b|ka ;d;a; w,a,kjdu hs

^úu,a Èidkdhl&

7' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


¸¸¸' ëjÍ .S;h

ysñ Tn ihqr ueo reÿ igkl h /fha

fmd,a w;= mef,a uu ;kshu fjfiñ ìfha

we;suq;a yqre mqreÿ tä;r .;sh <fha

;rul ielhlsks Tn wo iji .sfha

wyfia w÷re meye jeys l¿ k.sk fldg

iq<fÕa fjki fuys .y fld< lshk fldg

f.rú,s iys; úÿ,sh y`v wefik fldg

ysñhks uf.a ys; jdjkq neß h ug

yn,g Tfí iún, w; ßfokjo

Tre l| Wäka o< r< fm< k.skjo

iS;, iq<Õ r¿jg weÕ jefokjo

ysñhks fjfyi ksÈ u; fol oefkkjo

f.dv ìu fldfyo ke;s uy uqyqfoys wE;

ysñ we; fjfyfiñka" fjfyiS we;s oE;

Tn ke;s ksid ysñhks fï <Õ md;

iq<fÕa uelS hhs uf. ÿla uqiq .S;

t<shla fmfkk úg ysñhks fjr< nv

ke;fyd;a oefkk úg Trejla wefok yev

foijk jefgk úg lsisjl= kÕk y`v

ud fkd oekqj;aj u uu uf. fomh Wv

jeysfmdo uf. ysñf. ysiu; fkd jefÜjd

fï reÿ iq<x /<s r< msg fkd .efÜjd

meo hk Trej fj; uiq le, oejfÜjd

,k weu .s,sk ;rug Wka /jfÜjd

Tn tk;=rd ke; uf. ys; iekfikafka

ud .ek fkd fj o ysñ fï yeá fjfyfikafka

ijig hdughs Tn Wohg tkafka

fufyuo Ôúf;a È.g u .; fjkafka

Tn uy uqyqo ueo ;kshu fjfik l,

isyshg kef.kq we; fuys ud ksok me,

ysñhks Tng uf. yoj; ñysß l<

iekiqu ;sfí fï fmd,a w;= l=áh ;=<

flahia&


idrdxYlrKh lsishï jdlHhl" fþohl" ,smshl" m%ldYkhl" foaYkhl wka;¾.; idrh fyj;a

jeo.;a u woyia ms`vq fldg oelaùu ‘idrdxYlrKh’ hs' hula wjfndaO lr .ekSfï

yelshdj;a tys idrh jgyd f.k ixlaIsma;j kej; m%ldY lsÍfï yelshdj;a fuhska

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

“Wiia YsIagdpdrhla yd iNH;ajhla iys; rgl

idys;Hh W;a;Í;r ;;a;ajhl mj;S' wkqrmqr"

fmdf,dkakre" oUfo‚" l=reKE.," fldaÜfÜ jeks

idys;H hq. Bg idlaIH orhs' fuf,i idys;Hh

fmdaIKh ùu flfrys m%;sNd iïmkak ks¾udKlrejka

isàu;a tn÷ ks¾udK ri ú£ug yels ixfõ§ ukilska

yd jdikd .=Kfhka hq;= risl msßila isàu;a hk

lreKq fya;= ù we;'”fuu mdGh idrdxY l< úg fufia oelaúh yels h'

“Wiia ixialD;shla o ks¾udKlrejka yd rislhka o iys; rgl idys;Hh fmdaIKh

jk nj ft;sydisl hq. idlaIs orhs'” ^jpk 17&

hï mdGhla idrdxY lsÍfï § wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;= lreKq /ils'

³ m<uqj fþoh yrh jegfyk f;la lSm jrla lshjkak'

³ fojkqj tys jeo.;a woyiaj,g háka bß w¢kak' ke;s kï fjk u

fld<hl ,shd .kak'

³ tys § kso¾Yk" Wmud" úfYaIK" w,xldr" mqkrela;s" wkjYH ksmd; wdÈ

ish,a, neyer lrkak'

³ bÈßm;a lr we;s lreKqj, jeo.;alu wkqj tajd ms<sfj<g f.dkq lrkak'

³ idrdxYh ,súh hq;= jpk .Kk .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak' idudkHfhka idrdxYh

§ we;s fldgfika ;=fkka tlla úh hq;= h'&

³ m%Odk fþofha woyi uekúka m%ldY jk mßÈ ,shkak'

³ fþo lSmhla ;snqK;a th tla fþohla f,i ,súh hq;= h'

³ idrdxY.; fþofha we;=<;a jpk .Kk fþoh wjidkfha wksjd¾hfhka u

,shkak'

my; fþo idrdxY lr we;s whqre úuid n,kak'

rgl ienE ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug trg jeishka nqoaêu;a wh úh hq;= w;r kSfrda.s wh

o úh hq;= h' Tjqka wx. iïmQ¾K wOHdmkhla ,eìh hq;= h' wx. iïmQ¾K

wOHdmkfhka woyia lrkafka Wmdê ,eîu fyda fkdfhla fkdfhla úIhhka .ek

f;dr;=re bf.kSu fkd fõ' wOHdmkh kï Ôú;hg iEu w;ska u iQodkï lsÍu hs'


wdo¾Y ms<s;=r

^rgla ÈhqqKq ùug tys jeishka kshu bf.kSula o nqoaêh yd kSfrda.sNdjh o ,enQ wh

úh hq;= h'&

^jpk 16&

my; oelafjk fþoh jpk 50-60 w;r jk fia idrdxY lr ,shkak' Tfí idrdxYfha

jpk ixLHdj W;a;rh w. ,shkak'

18-19 jeks Y;j¾Ihkays isÿ jQ we;eï iudc úm¾hdi idys;Hh flfrys n,mE nj

o th w¨;a uqyqKqjrlska ilia lsÍfuys ,d WmldÍ jQ nj o j¾;udk idys;Hh foi

úpdrdlaIsfhka n,k úg fmkS hhs' hdka;s%l hq.hg iß,k mßÈ iudch yev

.eiSfuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tys w¨;a mka;shla mek kexf.a h' tkï( kd.ßl ueo

mka;sh h' j¾;udk f,aLlhka fndfyda fihska ìys jQfha w¨f;ka Woa.; jQ ueo

mka;sfhka h' w;S;fhys isg jeä jYfhka meúÈ l;=jrekag Ndrj ;snQ f,aLk

l,dj l%ufhka Tjqkaf.a w;ska .s,syS" .sys f,aLlhkaf.a w;g meñfKkag mgka

.;s' fï jQ l,s idys;H f,dalfhys tla;rd úma,jhla we;s lsÍfuys ,d iu¾: jQ

isÿùuls' meúÈ f,aLlhkaf.a lD;sj,g idudkHfhka úIh fkd jQ we;eï ud;Dld

.sys f,aLlfhda ;u rpkdj,g jia;= fldg .;ay' fnfyúka wd.ñl iajrEmhla

oerE mer‚ isxy, idys;Hh fmdÿ ckhdf.a idys;Hhla njg fmr¿fKa fï iudc

úm¾hdifha m%;sM,hla jYfhke hs lsj yels h' lúhdf.a fm!oa.,sl yeÕSï

.eí fldg rpkd lrk ,o YDx.drd;aul mµ úfYaIhla isxy,fhys my< jQfha fï

iudc úm¾hdihg wm idys;Hh f.dÿre jQ m%:u wjia:dfjys h' tkï( ud;r

wjêfhys h'

wdo¾Y ms<s;=r

18-19 ishjiaj, we;s jQ iudc úm¾hdih j¾;udk idys;Hhg n,md ;sfí' hdka;s%l

hq.hlg wkqj ieliqKq iudcfha m%;sM,hla f,i kd.ßl uOHu mka;sh ìys úh'

NslaIQka Ndrfha mej;s wd.ñl idys;Hh fmdÿ ck idys;Hhla njg mßj¾;kh

ùu;a ud;r wjêfha § YDx.drd;aul mµ isxy, idys;Hhg tla ùu;a tys m%;sM,hls'

^jpk 55&


,sÅ; wNHdi

my; oelafjk mdG tys jpk ixLHdfjka ;=fkka tlla jk fia idrdxY lr

,shkak' idrdxYfha jpk .Kk ms<s;=r w. ,shkak'

1' úpdrh hs lshkafka ldjHfha rih iïnkaOfhka ta ú¢kakka úiska lrk ,o

m%ldYkhg h' tfy;a ri ú¢k yeu fokdg u fï ld¾hh ukd f,i bgq l<

fkd yels h' ni okakd ish¨ fok u ldjHfha ri ú¢;s' tfy;a ;ud ú¢ rih

flnkaola oehs m%ldY lsÍu jQ l,s yeu fokdg u l< yelalla fkd fõ' Bg

wd;audkafõIKh wjYH h' úpdrlhd ;udf.a yoj; foi n,d tys Ndjuh

w;aoelSu iqÿiq jpkfhka lshd mE hq;= h'

2' ni okakd ish¨ fokdg ri úkaokfha YlH;dj ;sfnk kuq;a ks¾udK

úIhfhys fuka úkaok úIhfhys o mßph we;akï uekú' ni oekSu jQ l,s

tla tlaflkd ;=< tla tla m%udKhg msysgd ;sìh yelalls' hka;ï jpkd¾:h

f;areï .ekSu o ni oekSula fõ' tfy;a ni iïmQ¾Kfhka oek .ekSug kï

nia jyf¾ úúOd¾: jgyd .; ukd h' u;= msáka fmfkk jdpHd¾:h fkd j

jHx.Hd¾:h o wjfndaO l< hq;= h' nfia nqoaêf.dapr jk fldgi muKla fkd

j yDohf.dapr jk fldgi o o; hq;= h'

ri úkaokhg ni oek .ekSu wjYH jk w;r ldjH ri úkaokh fya;= fldg

f.k ni ms<sn| oekqu o j¾Okh fõ' ula ksid o h;a ni b;d iQlaIau f,i

mßyrKh lrkafka lùka jk neúks' lúhd NdIdfõ we;s uq¿ YlH;dfjka

m%fhdack .kakd flfkls' msiuka okakd wrlaleñhd fkdfhla øjH f.k

fkdfhla whqßka ñY% fldg wmQre rifhka hq;a wyr msikakd fia u lúhd o

fkdfhla jpk f.k" fkdfhla wre;a f.k" úúO f,i ñY% fldg" fmr kqjQ

úrE jHx.Hd¾: Yío èjks we;s fldg wmQre rihla ks¾udKh lrhs'

3' ldjH úpdrh i|yd fuys fhdod we;s jpk ud,dj ixialD; rijdofha jpk

ud,dj wkqj ilia lr .kakd ,oaols' rijdoh hs lshQ úg ljr rijdo

úfYaIhla oehs meyeÈ,s fkd jkakg mq¿jk' ixialD;fhys rijdoh o l,ska

l,g fjkia jQjls' wdÈfhys Nr; uqksjrhd úiska bÈßm;a lrkag fhÿKq

rijdoh ldjH úpdrh i|yd ukd WmlrKhla fldg .kakd ,oafoa kjjk

Y;j¾Ifhys úiQ wdkkaoj¾Ok wdpd¾hhka úisks' Nr; uqksjrhd úiska

ri jdoh fhdok ,oafoa oDYH ldjHh fyj;a kdgHh iïnkaOfhka nj Tyq

úiska “úNdjdkqNdj jHNspdÍ ixfhda.doa riksIam;a;s#” hk iQ;%h úia;r fldg

;sfnk whqßka fmkS hhs' kdgHfhys kï" ri ksIam;a;shg ldrK jk wNskh

i;r j¾.hls' fuhska jdÑldNskh tlla mu‚' tfy;a Y%jH ldjHfhys

we;af;a tl u udOHhls' tkï jpkh hs' tneúka Y%jH ldjH úfõpkfhys §

jpkhkaf.a jHdmdrh ú.%y lsÍu w;HjYH h' fï lghq;a; uekúka flf<a


wdkkaoj¾OkdpdÍka yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l< YsIH mrïmrdj h' jpkd¾:

ú.%y l< wdkkaoj¾OkdpdÍyq èjksjdoh bÈßm;a l<y' jdpHd¾:" jHx.Hd¾:"

èjksh wdÈ jpk idys;H úpdrhg msúiqfKa ñka miq h'

4' ckY%e;s hkqfjka wm úiska y÷kajkq ,nk ck iïm%odhka ish,af,ka u uQ,slj

u isÿ lrkq ,en we;af;a tla mrïmrdjla úiska ,nd .kakd ,o iuia; oekqï

moaO;sh B<Õ mrïmrdj i|yd Wreu fldg §u h' fï oekqï iïNdrh hkq tl

wxYhl tl me;slvla muKla iïnkaO jQ tajd fkd ù h' tfyhska l=uk

ckY%e;shla úYaf,aIKhg Ndckh lrkq ,enqj;a hï wxYhla yd ne¢ oekqï ta

jgd f.dkq ù we;s nj oelsh yels jkq we;' ñkafkaßh jej fõjd" l,d jej

fõjd" fidrfndr jej fõjd wdY%h fldg .;a ckm%jdo i,ld neÆ l,ays

tajdfhys úksúo oelsh yelafla me/kakka jeõ ne£u i|yd fhda.H ia:dk

ksYaÑ; fldg .ekSug mdol fldg .;a lreKq h' jeõ ne£u i|yd fhdod .;a

;dlaI‚l l%ufõo h¦ wkq.ukh l< isß;a úß;a h¦ bgq lrk ,o mqo ms<sfj;a

h' wkqrdOmqrh fõjd" fmdf,dkakrej fõjd" oUfo‚h fõjd w.kqjr weiqre

fldg .;a ckm%jdo u.ska wmg wdrlaId iys; ch.%dyS rdclSh w.kqjrla bÈ

lsÍu i|yd fhda.H ;eka fidhd .ekSug fhdod .;a oekqï iïNdrh fuka u

tu k.r bÈ lsÍu i|yd lrk ,o ie,iqï yd Wmfhda. fldg .;a l%ufõo

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla o ,o yels h'


9

Y%jKh fyj;a ijka §u ikaksfõok ud¾.hls'

Y%jKfhka lreKq Wlyd .ekSu fuka u OdrKh lr

.ekSu wiSre l¾;jHhls' ta i|yd wjOdkfhka ijka

Èh hq;= h' wjOdkfhka ijka § lreKq .%yKh lr

.ekSfï l=i,;dj Ôú;hg wjYH fõ' .=jkaúÿ,s

jevigyka" rEmjdyskS jevigyka wdÈ úµq;a udOH

jevigykaj,g ijka §u tu l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr

.ekSug fyd| wNHdihls' ld,Sk jákdlulska hqla;

fyda ft;sydisl" ixialD;sl" úoHd;aul f;dr;=re

we;=<;a úµq;a udOH jevigykaj,g ijka § Tfí

oekqu j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tfuka u mq¿,a

Ôú;djfndaOhla o ,eìh yels h' fï mdvug we;=<;a

jkafka c, iïm; ms<sn|j ieliqKq .=jkaúÿ,s

jevigykls' c, iïm; ms<sn| jeo.;a lreKq /ila

y÷kd .kakd w;r u c, iïm; /l .ekSfï

jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ekSug o th Tng u.

fmkajhs'

Èhjr isßir


ksfõol( wdhqfndajkaæ wdorŒh Y%djl ys;j;=ks" wo ud¾;= 22" f,dal c, Èkh'

wo mßir isßir .=jka ld,h" Èhjr isßir fjkqfjka fjka fjkjd'

ta i|yd wm iu. tla jkafka mßirfõ§ l=udr ,shk.u uy;d iy

mßir ks,Odß c.;a l=udr uy;d hs'

wdhqfndajka" Tn fom<gæ

wrdê;hka( wdhqfndajkaæ

ksfõol( Ôjfha meje;au r|d mj;skafka c,h u;' ñksiqkag wdydr ke;sj

uilg jeä ld,hla Ôj;a fjkak mq¿jka jqKdg c,h ke;sj Ôj;a

fjkak mq¿jka Èk ;=kla muK flá ld,hla' c.;a uy;audKks"

c, iïm; .ek jeä úia;r oek .kak wm leu;s hs'

c.;a uy;d( wNHjldYfha isg n,k úg fi!r.%y uKav,fha b;du;a w,xldr

.%yf,dalh jYfhka fmfkkafka ks,a .%yf,dalh jk mDÓúh hs'

mDÓú .%yf,dalhg fï w,xldrh ,eî we;af;a tys mDIaGfhka jeä

fldgila c,fhka jeiS we;s ksihs' mDÓúfhys Ôjfha iïNjhg

fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlj,ska tlla jkafka c,h hs' wm jgd we;s

id.rj, w;súYd, m%udKhla c,h we;s ksid o m%Odk ú,a yd .x.dj,

wmg fmfkk wdldrhg laIh fkd jk w;suy;a c,ialkaOhla we;s

ksid o" ukqIH j¾.hdg lsis Èfkl c, ysÕhla we;s fkd fõ

hehs fndfyda úg Wml,amkh

flfrkjd' tfyu jqK;a

bÈß oYl lsysmh ;=< § msßisÿ

c,h ÿ¾,N fohla jk njg

idlaIH bÈßm;a fjñka

;sfhkjd' wo jk úg uq¿

f,dalh u ms<s.kakjd c,h

hkq ksrdhdifhka ,efnk

wiSñ; iïm;la fkd j

wdhdifhka ,efnk iSñ;

iïm;la nj'

ksfõol( Ôjfha meje;aug c,fha wjYH;dj ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lf<d;a"

c.;a uy;d( ish¨ u Ôj moaO;sj, meje;au i|yd c,h w;HjYH hs' ñksia isrer

;=< ishhg 60la 80la olajd jQ c,h m%udKhla ;sfhkjd' wfkla

fN!ñl mDIaGjxYSka ;=< ishhg 65la muK o u;aiHhka ;=< 80la

muK o we,a.S yd fjk;a c,c Ydl ;=< 90la 95la olajd o fN!ñl

Ydl ;=< ishhg 50la 75la olajd m%udKhla o c,h ;sfhkjd' iÔj

moaO;sj,g c,h w;HjYH nj fï ixLHdj,ska meyeÈ,s fjkak kE'

‘ks,a .%yf,dalh’


ksfõol( c,fhys jákdlu ms<sn| w;S; ckhd jgyd f.k isá wdldrh

meyeÈ,s lsÍu fï idlÉPdj w¾:j;a jf.a u rij;a fjkak fya;=jla

fõú' tfyu fkao" ,shk.u uy;audKks@

,shk.u uy;d( Tõ" wdÈ ñksid c,h foaj;ajfhys,d ie,l=jd' tAl fkd

oekqj;alñka l< fohla h is;Su fyd| kE' foaj;ajfhys ,d ie,lSu

ksid c,h wdrlaId jqKd'

nqÿka jykafia foaYkd lr,d ;sfhkjd c,hg wmøjH oeóu wdm;a;s

ldrKhla nj' tA jf.a u fmr nuqKka úYajdi l<d Wol mdßY=oaêh

ksid n%yau iyjH;djg m;a fjkjd h lsh,d'

ksfõol( c,h yd ne÷Kq ixialD;sl jákdlï rdYshla ;sfhkjd' ta ms<sn|

flá ye¢kaùula lf<d;a'

,shk.u uy;d( ñksid yd iïnkaO jeo.;a u wjia:dj, c,hg iqúfYaI w.hla

ysñ jqKd" WodyrK jYfhka rdcdNsfIalfha § jf.a u újdyfha § w;

meka j;alsÍfuka ;uhs tA lghq;= iy;sl jqfKa' tA jf.a u fn!oaOhka

urKfha § meka jv,d ;uhs mska muqKqjkafka' iqn .ukl § msreKq

Èh l<hla yuq ùu iqn fmr ksñ;a;la nj wog;a ckhd úYajdi

lrkjd" ie<,sys‚ ikafoaY lúhd tA nj wmQrejg j¾Kkd lf<a

fufyuhs'

k, uqÿ iqj| msß l=Uq ñhqre wU f.ã

mq, fy< l=iqu ,sh msh f;m, rka fl`ã

i, iqÿ fiur fiai;a .sð÷fkdo jeã

n, iqn ksñ;s fmr u. kel;g;a jeã

fuys Èh msreKq l<h y÷kajkak ;uhs ‘msß l=Uq’ hk moh fhÿfõ'

isxy, yd oñ< w¨;a wjqreoafoa mjd ckhd .kqfokq lf<a <s|;a

tlalhs' tA jf.a u kel;g uq,ska u f.g .;af;;a .skaor yd c,h hs'

ksfõol( c,h fldf;la ;snqK;a m%fhdackhg .; yelafla bka b;d iaj,amhla

muK hs' tA ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrkak ux wdrdOkd lrkjd mßir

ks,OdÍ c.;a uy;audg'

c.;a uy;d( uq¿ c, m%udKfhka ishhg 97la lrÈh' ishhg 3la muKhs ñßÈh'

thskq;a jeä fldgila O%eùh whsia ;Ügqj, iy .a,eishrj, ne£

we;s ksid m%fhdackhg .kak neye' ñksidg myiqfjka m%fhdackhg

.; yelafla ú,a" .x.d" we<" fod< wdÈfha we;s ñßÈh iy fmdf<dfõ

u;= msg wdikakfha we;s ñßÈh hs' th mDÓúfha uq¿ c, m%udKfhka

0'03la muK jQ iq¿ fldgila' ta c,h o mDÓúfha jdihg iqÿiq

ia:dkj, iudk f,i me;sß,d keye' tA ksid ;uhs c,h W.%

w¾nqohla njg m;a jkafka' wo jk úg f,dal ck.ykfhka ì,shk

folla muK mdkSh c, w¾nqoh ksid mSvdjg m;a fjkjd" f,dalh

fl;rï ÈhqKq jqj;a j¾Ihlg f,dalh mqrd mkaoyila muK" wmsßisÿ


c,h ksid yg .kakd fld,rdj" w;Sidrh" mdpkh jeks frda. ksid

ñh hkjd' fÄokSh ;;a;ajh ;uhs bka jeä msßila l=vd <uhska ùu'

ksfõol( c,fha m%fhdack ms<sn| ,shk.u uy;df.ka wms úuiuq'

,shk.u uy;d( fm!oa.,sl lghq;= i|yd c,h wjYH fjkjd" tkï mdkh" mú;%;d

lghq;=" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;= wdÈ jYfhka" tA jdf.a u lDIsl¾uh yd

l¾udka; i|yd c,h w;HjYH hs' n,Yla;sh W;amdokhg wo c,h

Ndú; flfrkjd" w;S;fha isg m%jdyk lghq;=j,g c,h m%Odk

udOHhla jqKd'

idudkH jeäysá mqoa.,hl= Èklg c,h ,Sg¾ 2la muK mdkh

lrkjd' YS% ,xldfõ mqoa.,hl= úiska Èklg m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk

c, m%udKh ,Sg¾ 135la muK' thska ,Sg¾ 9la îug yd wdydr msiSug;a

,Sg¾ 13la fia§ï ld¾hh i|yd;a 68la iakdkh i|yd;a 45la jeisls<s

ld¾hh i|yd;a Ndú; flfrkjd' ixj¾ê; iudcj, fï wjYH;d

óg fnfyúka fjkia w.hla .kakjd'

ksfõol( wfma rfÜ b;sydifha mgka u fyd| c, l<ukdlrK l%ufõohla

;snqKd fkao c.;a uy;a;hd@

c.;a uy;d( we;a;g u c, l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOj uq¿ f,djg u wdo¾Y

iemhqfõ furg w;S; mrmqr nj wNsudkfhka isys lrkak ´kE"

wfma jdß YsIagdpdrfha Bg ksoiqka we;s ;rï ;sfhkjd" ‘wyiska

jefgk tl u Èh ì|laj;a uqyqog .,d hd fkd § m%fhdackhg .;

hq;= h’ hk uyd mrdl%undyq rc;=ud l< m%ldYh" c, iïm; ms<sn|

c,fha m%fhdack


b;d u oekqj;aNdjhlska yd ÿr olakd kqj‚ka l< m%ldYhla'

ksfõol( jej" c, l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOj jeo.;a fjkafka fldfydu o

,shk.u uy;auhd@

,shk.u uy;d(we;a;g u jej c, l<ukdlrKfha iod;ksl ixfla;hla' furg

fndfyda jeõj, wdrlaId ù ;sfhkafka jeis c,h' fl;rï úh<s

foaY.=Khla hgf;a jqK;a jejl c,h is£ .sfha ke;s ;rï'

jdIamSlrKh wju lrkak fk¨ï" udfk,a jf.a c,c Ydl

me;sfrkak bv yeßhd" fïjdfha m;% c,h u; we;sß,a,la jf.a

me;sreKd" c,fha isis,a nj;a /l=Kd' fï ksid c,c Ôùkag;a hym;a

mßirhla ks¾udKh jqKd' jej by;a;dfõ .ia f.dïuk;a jej È.g

me;sreKq lÜglvqj;a ksid c,h jvd;a iqrlaIs; jqKd' jejla wdY%s;j

mkai,la bÈ lf<;a jefõ whs;sh mkai,g mejrefj;a c,h wdrlaId

lr .ekSfï Wml%uhla jYfhka úh hq;= hs'

c.;a uy;d( Tõ" Tõ" we< ud¾. mjd oÕrdldrfhka ks¾udKh lf<a c,h jeä

fõ,djla r|jd .kak hs' fhdaO we< WodyrKhg .;af;d;a tys neiau

ie;mqulg wÕ, hs' fiñka .,d hk ksid Wmßu M,odhs;djlska

c,h Ndú; lrkak wjia:dj ,enqKd' we< ud¾. fomi l=Uqla .ia

jeõfj;a .,d hk c,fha jdIamSlrKh wju lsÍu;a we< lKaä fia§

hEu je<elaùu;a wruqKq lrf.k hs' l=Uqla .fia uQ, moaO;sh we<

lKaähg fyd| Yla;shla jqKd" fï ksid j¾Idj wêl ld,fha § j;a

we< lKaä fia§ .sfha keye' tfuka u mdxY= Ldokh wju jqKd' tA

ksid c,dYj, r|jd .; yels Odß;dj;a jeä hs'

ksfõol( fï jk úg c, l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaOj ls%hd;aul uÜgfï

mj;sk jHmD;s yd jevigyka fudkjd o@

c.;a uy;d( rdcH yd rdcH fkd jk wdh;k u.ska úúO jevigyka ls%hd;aul

fjkjd" tA w;r m%uqL yd id¾:l jHdmD;shla f,i by< c,dOdr

l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh y÷kajkak mq¿jks' jeis c, l<ukdlrK

gexls y÷kajd §u" ìkaÿ c, iïmdoh yd úisß c, iïmdokh" wvq c,

wjYH;d iys; fnda. ckms%h lrùu" N+;, c, .nvd we;s lsÍu

fyj;a l=vd jeõ" fmdl=Kq wdÈh ks¾udKh lsÍu" úêu;a yd wúêu;a

f,i m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu" mqrdK jeõ m%;sixialrKh lsÍu wdÈh

úfYaI fjkjd'

ksfõol( mßir isßir .=jka

ld,h ksud lrkakg

fmr" c, iïm; /l

.ekSu Wfoid ck;djg

.; yels ls%hdud¾.

ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu

jeo.;a fka o@


c.;a uy;d( c, iïm; úkdY ùug m%Odk u yd tl u j.lsj hq;a;d ñksid hs'

tA ksid fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ jYfhka lghq;= lroa§ c,fha jákdlu

isys ;nd f.k lghq;= l< hq;= hs' .eñhka yd,a mdkq j;=r mjd j<x

fia§u jf.a mú;%;d lghq;=j,g fhdod .;a;d" tfyu ke;akï fmd,a

w;= fmdÕjkak Ndú; l<d" ud¿ fidaomq c,h mjd ksú;s je,lg j;a

lr,d c,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nkak mqreÿ fj,d isáhd' jk

úkdYh wju lrkak yelshdj we;af;a ñksidg u hs' úfYaIfhka c,

uQ,dY% wdrlaId lr .ekSug yeÕSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a' bÈ

lsÍï jf.a u j.d lghq;= i|yd bvï fhdod .ekSfï § c, uQ,dY%j,g

ydks fkd jk f,i isÿ lsÍu wksjd¾h fohla' k< c,h Ndú;

lrkakka kv;a;= lghq;= iqmÍlaIKfhka hq;=j isÿ lsÍu o b;d u

jeo.;a'

ksfõol( mdglaa ke;;a iqj|la ke;;a rihla ke;;a c,h ;rï jákd fohla

;sfí o@ is;kak' wo Èk c,h iïnkaOj úoHd;aul yd ixialD;suh

jYfhkq;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka wfma .=jka ld,h idrj;a l<

mßirfõ§ l=udr ,shk.u uy;dg;a mßir ks,OdÍ c.;a l=udr

uy;dg;a ia;=;sh mqo lrñka Tfnka iuq .kakjd' ,nk i;sfha ;j;a

ld,Sk ud;Dldjla iu.ska yuq fjuq'


wdm;a;s - meñŒu" wdmodj" úm;" jrog meñŒu

Wol mdßY=oaêh - c,fhka we;s jk msßiqÿ nj

lÜglvqj - jeõ neïfï my< ;Srejl" Èh iSrdj f,i yd N+.; c,h

f,i tk c,fha ,jK;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd ilia lr

we;s m%foaYh

.ia f.dïuk - w;=m;ßka jeiS .sh ;=re f.duq nyq, le,Ej

n%yau iyjH;dj - n%yauhd iu. tla ùu

N+;, c, .nvd - fmdf<dj u;= msg we;s ú,a" fmdl=Kq wdÈ c,h iys; ;eka

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fuys we;=<;a f;dr;=re weiqre lr .ksñka c, l<ukdlrKh hk ud;Dldj

hgf;a rpkdjla ,shkak'

2' iuia; idlÉPdj ms<sn| jpk 50la muK jk fia idrdxYhla ilikak'

3' fï idlÉPdj mka;sh bÈßfha wkqlrKd;aulj olajkak'


wjfndaOh

1' mDÓúfha we;s ñßÈh yd lrÈh c, m%udKh m%;sY;hla jYfhka olajkak'

2' jej hkq c, l<ukdlrKfha m%n, ixfla;hls' fï m%ldYh ;yjqre lsÍug

wod< lreKq mdvu weiqfrka olajkak'

3' c,fha ixialD;sl jákdlu idOkh lsÍug idlÉPdfõ § bÈßm;a jQ lreKq

fudkjd o@

4' c, l<ukdlrKh Wfoid wo jk úg ls%hd;aul jevigyka yd jHdmD;s

fudkjd o@

5' we< ud¾. fomi l=Uqla .ia jeùfuka ie,iqKq jdish l=ula o@

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjkqfha mdvfuka Wmqgd .;a ixjdo fldgils' tA weiqfrka wid we;s

m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

wNHjldYfha isg n,k úg fi!r.%y uKav,fha b;du;a w,xldr .%yf,dalh

jYfhka fmfkkafka ks,a .%y f,dalh jk mDÓúh hs' mDÓú .%yf,dalhg fuu

w,xldrh ,eî we;af;a tys mDIaGfhka jeä fldgila c,fhka jeiS we;s

ksihs' mDÓúfhys Ôjfha iïNjhg fya;= jQ m%Odk idOlj,ska tlla jkafka

c,h hs' wm jgd we;s id.rj, w;súYd, m%udKhla c,h we;s ksid o m%Odk

ú,a yd .x.d ;=< o wmg fmfkk f,ig laIh fkd jk w;suy;a c,ialkaOhla

we;s ksid o ukqIH j¾.hdg lsis Èfkl c, ysÕhla we;s fkd fõ hehs

fndfyda úg Wml,amkh flfrkjd' tfyu jqK;a bÈß oYl lsysmh ;=< §

msßisÿ c,h ÿ¾,N fohla jk njg idlaIH bÈßm;a fjñka ;sfhkjd' wo jk

úg uq¿ f,dalh u ms<s.kakjd c,h hkq ksrdhdifhka ,efnk wiSñ; iïm;la

fkd j wdhdifhka ,efnk iSñ; iïm;la nj'

¸' fï fþoh jHdlrKdkql+,j ,sÅ; NdIdfjka olajkak'

¸¸' fþofha we;=<;a Wmi¾. yd ksmd; mo fjka fjkaj olajkak'

c.;a uy;d( c, iïm; úkdY ùug m%Odk u yd tl u j.lsj hq;a;d ñksid hs'

tA ksid fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ jYfhka lghq;= lroa§ c,fha jákdlu

isys ;nd f.k lghq;= l< hq;= hs' .eñhka yd,a mdkq j;=r mjd j<x

fia§u jf.a mú;%;d lghq;=j,g fhdod .;a;d" tfyu ke;akï fmd,a

w;= fmdÕjkak Ndú; l<d" ud¿ fidaomq c,h mjd ksú;s je,lg j;a

lr,d c,fhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nkak mqreÿ fj,d isáhd' jk

úkdYh wju lrkak yelshdj we;af;a ñksidg u hs' úfYaIfhka c,

uQ,dY% wdrlaId lr .ekSug yeÕSfuka hq;=j lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a' bÈ

lsÍï jf.a u j.d lghq;= i|yd bvï fhdod .ekSfï § c, uQ,dY%j,g

ydks fkd jk f,i isÿ lsÍu wksjd¾h fohla' k< c,h Ndú;

lrkakka kv;a;= lghq;= iqmÍlaIKfhka hq;=j isÿ lsÍu o b;d u

jeo.;a'

ksfõol( mdglaa ke;;a iqj|la ke;;a rihla ke;;a c,h ;rï jákd fohla

;sfí o@ is;kak' wo Èk c,h iïnkaOj úoHd;aul yd ixialD;suh

jYfhkq;a lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka wfma .=jka ld,h idrj;a l<

mßirfõ§ l=udr ,shk.u uy;dg;a mßir ks,OdÍ c.;a l=udr

uy;dg;a ia;=;sh mqo lrñka Tfnka iuq .kakjd' ,nk i;sfha ;j;a

ld,Sk ud;Dldjla iu.ska yuq fjuq'


wdm;a;s - meñŒu" wdmodj" úm;" jrog meñŒu

Wol mdßY=oaêh - c,fhka we;s jk msßiqÿ nj

lÜglvqj - jeõ neïfï my< ;Srejl" Èh iSrdj f,i yd N+.; c,h

f,i tk c,fha ,jK;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd ilia lr

we;s m%foaYh

.ia f.dïuk - w;=m;ßka jeiS .sh ;=re f.duq nyq, le,Ej

n%yau iyjH;dj - n%yauhd iu. tla ùu

N+;, c, .nvd - fmdf<dj u;= msg we;s ú,a" fmdl=Kq wdÈ c,h iys; ;eka

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fuys we;=<;a f;dr;=re weiqre lr .ksñka c, l<ukdlrKh hk ud;Dldj

hgf;a rpkdjla ,shkak'

2' iuia; idlÉPdj ms<sn| jpk 50la muK jk fia idrdxYhla ilikak'

3' fï idlÉPdj mka;sh bÈßfha wkqlrKd;aulj olajkak'

fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'80

YS% ,xldfõ Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn|j l;d lsÍfï §

ì%;dkH cd;slhl= jQ YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia wu;l

l< fkd yels úoajf;ls' wfma rfÜ j¾;udk

úYajúoHd, moaO;sh wdrïN lsÍfuys mqfrda.dñhd

Tyq h' t;=udf.a úYsIag fufyjr idlÉPdjg n÷ka

flfrk fuu ,smsh uydpd¾h fla' tka' ´' O¾uodi

úiska iïmdokh lrk ,oaols'

YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia 10


YS% ,xldfõ úYajúoHd, wOHdmkfhys ks¾ud;Djrhd f,i ye¢kaúh hq;= YS%u;a whsj¾

fcksx.aia uy;d ì%;dkH cd;slfhls' Tyqf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka 1942 § fld<U §

msysgqjk ,ÿj miqj 1952 § fmardfo‚hg f.k hk ,o ,xld úYajúoHd,h wm

Èjhsfka msysgqjk ,o m<uq kQ;k úYajúoHd,h fõ'

fojeksj fcksx.aia uy;d YS% ,xldjg ;j;a jeo.;a fufyjrla bgq lf<a h' tkï

1948 ,xldj ì%;dkH md,kfhka ñ§ ksoyi ,nk úg m%cd;ka;%jd§ wdKavql%u

jHjia:djla furgg iïmdokh lr §u hs'

YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydifha kQ;k úYajúoHd,hla msysgqùfï lghq;a; oYl

.Kkdjla ;siafia foaYSh úoaj;=ka úiska lrk ,o Woaf>daIKhkays m%;sM,hla úh'

j¾I 1815 § ,xldj ì%;dkH hg;a úð; md,khg k;= ùfuka miqj fuys me;sreKq

bx.S%is wOHdmkh ,enQ we;eïyq uyd ì%;dkHfhka iy fjk;a úfoaYSh rgj,ska

Wmdê ,nd furg o úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd ,sh hq;= hehs hg;a úð; md,lhka fj;

b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lf<da h' ,xldfõ úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd .ekSfï wruq‚ka 1904 §

,xld úYajúoHd, ix.uh kñka ixúOdkhla o msysgqjd .ekq‚' fun÷ ixúOdkhkays

Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1921 j¾Ifha § ,xldj i|yd Wiia wOHdmk

wdh;khla msysgqjd §ug hg;a úð; rch lghq;= lf<a h' fld<U ;¾iagka mdf¾

^j¾;udk uqksodi l=udr;=x. udj;& f.dvke.s,a,l msysgqjk ,o ,xld úYajúoHd,

fld,Sðh ^Ceylon University College& hk tu wdh;kh iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla

fkd j ,kavka úYajúoHd,h hgf;a mej;s wkqnoaê; wdh;khla úh' tys Ydia;%

^l,d& úIhhka fuka u úoHd úIhh o we;=<;a úh' bka m%odkh flreKq Wmdê

,kavka úYajúoHd, Wmdê jQfha h'

iajdëk ,xld úYajúoHd,h talSh jQ o fkajdisl jQ o wdh;khla úh hq;= njg

tlÕ;djla hg;a úð; md,kh;a úYajúoHd, jHdmdrfha wh;a w;r ia:dmkh úh'

ó<Õg mek ke.=Kq m%Yakh jQfha tu wdh;kh fld;ek msysgqúh hq;= o hkak h'

fï .ek §¾> újdohla isÿ úh' we;euqka th mßmd,k flakaøh jQ fld<U msysgqúh

hq;= hehs lshd isá w;r wkHhka lshd isáfha w. k.rfha ld¾hnyq, mßirfhka

ñÿKq Ydia;% .fõIKh i|yd iqjodhl mßirhla we;s uykqjr m%foaYfha th

msysgqúh hq;= nj h' jir .Kkdjla ;siafia È.ska È.g isÿ jQ fï újdoh 1928 jk

úg wjika jQfha ‘th uykqjr m%foaYfha msysgqúh hq;= h’ hk ;SrKfhks'

fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h i|yd ie,iqula bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd rch úiska 1928 §

tjlg uyd ì%;dkHfha úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñifï iNdm;s jQ YS%u;a fjda,ag¾

nqlekka-ßâ,a uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka lñgqjla m;a lrk ,È' tys jd¾;dj 1929 §

ksl=;a úh' ì%;dkH úYajúoHd, ie,iqï mokï lr .;a ta jd¾;dj u.ska fhdað;

,xld úYajúoHd,fha jHQyh ms<sn| ks¾foaY bÈßm;a fldg ;sì‚'

uykqjr m%foaYfha l=uk ia:dkhl th msysgqúh hq;= o hkak .ek ksYaÑ; ;SrKhla

.kq ,enqfõ 1938 j¾Ifha § h' m<uqj woyi jQfha th ÿïnr ñáhdjf;a msysgqúh

hq;= h hkqfjks' wremam, N+ñ m%foaYhla o ta i|yd y÷kd f.k ;sì‚' tfy;a tu

m%foaYh uef,aßhd jix.;h mej;s m%foaYhla nj;a tys ;jÿrg;a m%idrKh i|yd


bv lv u| nj;a fmkajd ÿka msßila jvd;a iqÿiq ia:dkh f,i fhdackd lf<a

fmardfo‚fha f;a yd rn¾ j;= N+ñhls' yka;dk l÷jeáfhka werö uyje,s .Õ

fj; Èfjk nEjqulska hq;a fï N+ñh fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h i|yd iqÿiq;u

N+ñh nj rdcH uka;%K iNdj úiska 1938 iema;eïn¾ 30 Èk ;SrKh lrk ,È'

fhdað; ,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqjd,Sfï NdrOqr l¾;jHfhys j.lSu mejßh yels

wOHdmk{hl= uyd ì%;kHfha úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka w;ßka fidhd neÆQ hg;a

úð; n,OdÍyq" tjlg ,kavkays lS¾;su;a úYajúoHd, wdh;khla f,i mej;s

,kavka wd¾Ól úoHd Ydia;%d,fhys ^London School of Economics- LSE&

m%dpd¾h moúhla fydnjñka isá ú,shï whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d ta i|yd f;dard

.;ay'

whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d ,kavka wd¾Ól úoHd Ydia;%d,hg n|jd f.k ;snqfKa 1929

j¾Ifha § h' tys § Tyqf.a úYsIag W.ekaùï yd m¾fhaIK we.hQ tu wdh;kh úiska

1930 § m%dpd¾h moúhg Wiia ùula ,nd fok ,È' fcksx.aia uy;d t,a' tia' B'

wdh;khg taug fmr tx.,ka;fha ,Sâia úYajúoHd,fha kS;sh ms<sn| lÓldpd¾h

moúhla orñka isáfha h' Tyq Wm; ,nd ;snqfKa 1903 j¾Ifha § W;=re tx.,ka;fha

íßiag,a kqjr h' Tyqf.a mshd jvq ld¾ñlfhls' ;u <ud úfha § È<s÷lñka mSvd

ú¢ fcksx.aia uy;dg wOHdmkfhka by<g ke.Sug WmldÍ jQfha tjlg olaI

orejkag wOHdmk wjia:d ,nd §ug ieliS ;snqKq YsIHdOdr l%uh h' ta wkqj

íßiag,ays mdi,l oaú;Shl wOHdmkh ,o Tyqg ish olaI;d wkqj iqm%lg flaïíßÊ

úYajúoHd,fhys wOHdmkh ,eîu ms‚i YsIH;ajhla ,eì‚' tys § .‚;h úIhfhka

fuka u kS;sh úIhfhka o m%:u mka;s idu¾:Hh ,eîug Tyqg yels ú‚' 1925

j¾Ifha isg W;=re tx.,ka;fha ,Sâia úYajúoHd,fha lÓldpd¾h moúhla oerE Tyq

1929 § flaïíßÊ iriúfhka neßiag¾ Wmdêh o ,nd .;s'

fcksx.aia uy;d ,xldfõ meje;s hqksj¾isá fld,Sð wdh;kfha m%Odkdpd¾h f,i

m;a l< rch" th iajdëk úYajúoHd,hla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï ld¾hh t;=ud

fj; mejÍ h' 1940 § fojk f,dal uyd ix.%duh weröu ksid ,xld úYajúoHd,h

msysgqùfï l¾;jHhg ndOd isÿ ú‚' th Ndr jQ fcksx.aia uy;dg tod ;snqKq m%Odk

.ukd.uk ud¾.h jQ keõ u.ska ,laÈjg taug jirla muK l,a n,d isákakg isÿ

úh' ta w;r;=r rch úiska fhdað; úYajúoHd, N+ñh jQ fmardfo‚h j;=hdfha N+ñh

;=< úYajúoHd, f.dvke.s,s ia:dmkh l< hq;= wdldrh i|yd N+ñ ie,eiaula

iïmdokh lsÍfï ld¾hh tx.,ka;fha isá úYsIag jdia;= úoHd{hl= jQ meÜßla

wen¾lafrdïì uy;d fj; mjrd ;sì‚' 1941 j¾Ifha ud¾;= ui w. Nd.fha § whsj¾

fcksx.aia uy;d ,laÈjg meñfKk úg tu ìï ie,eiau iïmdokh ù ;snqfKa h'

,laÈjg imeñ‚ fcksx.aia uy;d hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha m%Odkdpd¾h moúh Ndr

f.k tys lghq;= lrñka ;uka fj; mejÍ ;snqKq úYajúoHd, msysgqùfï l¾;jHhg

wod< ,smsf.dkq mÍlaId lf<a h' fhdað; kj úYajúoHd, uykqjr iómfha

fmardfo‚fhys msysgqùug ;SrKh ù we;s w;r tu N+ñfha f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï úh

hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| uQ,sl ie,eiau o iïmdÈ; neõ Tyqg fmks‚' wfma%,a ui uq,a

i;sfha ,enqKq uy isl=rdod ksjdvq Èkfha Tyq fmardfo‚hg .sfha ;ud msysgqjk kj


úYajúoHd,h fld;ek úh hq;= o hkak .ek woyila ,nd .ekSu ms‚i h' Tyq ;u

pß;dmodkfha fufia ,shd we;( “mrK .,y mdr Èf.a ßh mojd f.k .sh uu

^j;auka ikd;k ukaÈr f.dvke.s,a, msysgd we;s& Wia ;eks;,dj fj; meñ‚fhñ'

ßfhka nei jefvñka ;snQ le<Ej ueÈka by<g ke.=Kq uu tys jQ .ia fldghl

ys|f.k YS%u;a meÜßla wen¾lafrdïì uy;d úiska ie,iqï l< N+ñ is;shu È.yer

.;af;ñ' fhdackd l%ufha W;alDIagd,xldrh ud bÈßfha ueù fmfkkakg jQfha

túg h' ta .ek lsisÿ ielhla ke;' fuh fYa%IaG úYajúoHd,hla jkjd we;'” ^Road to Peradeniya, p.178& fmardfo‚ iriú N+ñh f,dalfha úYsIag;u iriú

ksfla;khla njg m;a lsÍu i|yd fcksx.aia uy;d uy;a lemùulska lghq;= l<

nj fmfka' uQ,sl N+ñ ie,eiau iïmdokh lsÍfuka miqj f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï lsÍu

i|yd ‘úYajúoHd, jdia;= úµd{’ moúhla we;s fldg Bg w;solaI YS% ,dxflah jdia;=

úoHd{hl= jQ I¾,s o w,aúia uy;d m;a lrkq ,eî h' Ñrd.; isxy, .Dy ks¾udK

Ys,amfhys úúOdx. tla;eka lrñka Tyq úiska ie,iqï lrk ,o f.dvke.s,s wiydh

jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK f,i uy;a w.hlska hq;=j iriú ìu mqrd úisÍ mj;S'

1940 oYlfha § werö 1950 oYlfha § ksud jQ tu f.dvke.s,s foaYSh jdia;= úoHd;aul

wkkH;dj f,djg y`v .d lshk isysjgk f,i b;sydihg tla ù we;' ì%;dkH

cd;slhl= jqj o YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia fï f.dvke.s,sj, l,d;aulNdjh uy;a fia

w.h lf<a h'

Tyq fld<U isáh o yels iEu úgl u fmardfo‚hg meñfKñka f.dvke.s,s bÈ

jk whqre ksÍlaIKh l<d muKla fkd j úYajúoHd, N+ñh w,xlrKh lsÍu i|yd

iqÿiq ;=re,;d w¨;ska frdamKh lsÍug o mshjr .;af;a h' kqÿßka msysá rdclSh

WoaNso WoHdkfha md,ljrhdf.a iyfhda.h f.k jif¾ l,ska l, iqmqIams; jk

;=re,;d f;dard f.k tajd frdamKh lrjQ fcksx.aia uy;d wjik iriú ìu

w,xldr f.dvke.s,sj,ska muKla fkd j l,d;aul mßirhlska o fyì ia:dkhla

njg m;a lsÍug fjfyi .;af;a h'

8' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


;u pß;dmodkfha Tyq fufia i|yka lr ;sfí(

“ud ksr;j isá l¾;jHh jk úYajúoHd,hla f.dvkexùu lsishï whl=g

NdrÈh yels jákd u l¾;jHhla fõ' ta ksid th ug Wfoa 9 isg iji 4 olajd

l< /lshdjla jQfha ke;' th we;eï úg iji 4 isg ? 9 olajd jQfha h' ;j;a

we;eï úfgl ? 9 isg miqjod Wfoa 4 olajd jQfha h'” fï lshufkka fmfkkafka fcksx.aia uy;d Èjd ? fkd n,d úYajúoHd,h

msysgqjd,Sfï lghq;af;ys ksr; jQ wdldrh h' kj úYajúoHd,h i|yd tys jHQyh"

mSGj,g fnod ,Su" wdpd¾h uKav,h n|jd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a Wiia ùï mámdá"

YsIHhka n|jd .ekSu" m%fõY úNd. meje;aùu yd Wmdê mdGud,d ieliSu wdÈ

oyila foa Tyqf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿ úh' ta wjêfhys úYajúoHd, m%fõY úNd.h

mj;ajk ,oafoa úYajúoHd,h úiska u nj fuys § i|yka l< hq;=j we;' úYajúoHd,h

wNHka;r jYfhka ixúOdkh lsÍug wu;rj th f,dalfha wkH úYajúoHd, úiska

ms<s.kq ,nk wdh;khla njg m;a lsÍu o isÿ l< hq;=j ;sì‚' fcksx.aia uy;dg

uyd ì%;dkHfha fuka u wka;¾cd;slj wOHdmk{hl= jYfhka jQ ms<s.ekSu" ,xld

úYajúoHd,hg wka;¾cd;sl ms<s.ekSula ,nd .ekSu i|yd ufydamldÍ jQfha h'

iajdëk úYajúoHd,h i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍfuka miq 1942 cq,s 1 Èk tjlg

hqksj¾isá fld,Sðh wdh;kfha ld¾hd,h msysgqjd ;snQ ;¾iagka mdf¾ ^j¾;udk

l=udr;=x. uqksodi udjf;a& fldf,aÊ yjqia kï f.dvke.s,af,a by< ud,fhys

fldä .il iajdëk ,xld úYajúoHd, Och fcksx.aia uy;d úiska kexùfuka

,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqùfï isoaêh ixfla;d;aulj isÿ úh' bka miq úYajúoHd,fha

lghq;= ukdj mj;ajd f.k hk w;r fhdað; mßÈ th fmardfo‚fha bÈ fjñka

mej;s kj f.dvke.s,s fj; f.k hEug fcksx.aia uy;d ie,iqï lf<a h'

fmardfo‚fha ,xld úYajúoHd,h fkajdisl úYajúoHd,hla úh hq;= hehs ;SrKh ù

;snqKq fyhska ta i|yd wfmalaIs; 500l muK YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a fkajdisl wjYH;d

imqrd ,Su ms‚i fkajdisld.dr .Kkdjla iriú ìfuys ;ekska ;ek bÈ fjñka

mej;s‚' cd;sl iïm%odhg f.!rj lrñka tla uq,a ldka;d fkajdisld.drhla

‘ix>ñ;a;d Yd,dj’ hehs kï úh' tla msßñ fkajdisld.drhla hqksj¾isá fld,Sðfha

m<uq m%Odkdpd¾h frdnÜ ud¾ia uy;d isys lrkq jia ‘ud¾ia Yd,dj’ f,i kï


flß‚' úis jk ishjfia cd;sl ksoyia wr.,fha mqfrda.dóka isysm;a lrñka

ch;s,l Yd,dj" wreKdp,ï Yd,dj" rdukdoka Yd,dj" fÊïia mSßia Yd,dj wdÈh

kï fldg ;sì‚' úYajúoHd,h i|yd uy;a Ok mß;Hd.hla l< ys,avd Tfífialr

ue;sksh kñka o Yd,djla kï flß‚' fï fkajdisld.drj, lghq;= ixúOdkh

lrkq ms‚i kS;s Í;s ud,djla o fcksx.aia uy;d úiska iïmdokh lrk ,È'

fkajdisl úYajúoHd,hla msysgqjd ,Sfï wruqK jQfha ksrka;rj wdpd¾h YsIH

iïnkaO;d u.ska yqfola mka;s ldurj, isÿ flfrk Ydia;% .fõIKhg yd

wOHdmkhg wu;rj idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K wdÈfhka {dkh j¾Okhg;a idys;H"

ix.S;" kdgH wdÈ l,d lghq;= m%j¾Okhg;a bv i,ik mßirhla ilid §u h'

miqj isxy, idys;Hfha;a" kdgH l,dfõ;a úYsIag ks¾udK ìys ùug;a wka;¾cd;sl

jYfhka mjd iïudkhg md;% jQ Ydia;% .fõIK yd m%ldYk t<s oelaùug;a moku

jegqfKa YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aiaf.a mqfrda.dñ;ajfhka ls%hd;aul jQ fkajdisl

úYajúoHd, ixl,amh neõ lsj yels h' ,xld úYajúoHd,fha lghq;= .Kkdjlg Tyq

mqfrda.dñ;ajh iemhqfõ h' olaI tfy;a wd¾Ól w.ysÕlï we;s YsIHhkag úYajúoHd,

wOHdmkh ysñ lr §fï wruq‚ka YsIH;aj l%uhla msysgqùug Tyq mshjr .;af;a h'

úYajúoHd, l,d lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu ms‚i l,d uKav,hla msysgqjd ta i|yd

Wkkaÿj isá wdpd¾hjrekag tys lghq;= Ndr lf<a h' úYajúoHd,h i|yd Ñ;%

m%o¾Ykd.drhla iys; fl!;=ld.drhla ie,iqï l< Tyq" th i|yd m%:u mshjr

f,i iqm%lg Ñ;% Ys,amS fcda¾Ê lSÜf.a ‘mQcdj’ kï Ñ;%h ñ,hg .ekSug lghq;=

lf<a h' tu fl!;=ld.drh ;j u bÈ ù ke;;a Ñ;%h úYajúoHd, mqia;ld,fha

m%o¾Ykh ù ;sfí'

fcksx.aiaf.a fufyjr úYajúoHd,hg iSud jQfha fkd fõ' 1948 § ,xldj ksoyi

,nk wjia:dfõ ta ksoyia rdcHh i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍfï

l¾;jHh ì%;dkH rcfha fuka u YS% ,dxlsl foaYmd,k kdhlhkaf.a tlÕ;dfjka

whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;d fj; mejß‚' 1948 ksoyi ,enQ od isg 1972 kj ckrc

jHjia:djla ia:dmkh jk f;la furg md,kh jQfha fcksx.aia úiska iïmdokh

lr fok ,o wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj wkqj h' Tyqf.a tu olaI;dj y÷kd .;a kj

ksoyia rdcH lsysmhl tkï" mlsia:dkh" uef,aishdj" >dkdj" .hdkdj" fkamd,h

iy ud,Èjhsk rdcHhkays wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdokh jQfha Tyqf.a Wmfoia

wkqj h'

ld¾hnyq, Ôú;hla .; l< kuq;a YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia ish oekqu f,dalhd fj;

m%odkh lrkq i|yd .%ka: .Kkdjla ,shd m< lsÍug iu;a úh' The Law and the Constitution ^kS;sh yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj&" Cabinet Government ^leìkÜ rdcH

md,kh&" Parliament ^md¾,sfïka;=j&" The Commonwealth in Asia ^wdishdfõ fmdÿ

rdcH uKav,h&" Nationalism, Colonialism and Neutralism ^cd;sljdoh" hg;aúð;

jdoh yd uOHia:jdoh&" The Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth ^fmdÿrdcH

uKav,fha jHjia:d kS;s&" Approach to Self-Government ^iajhx md,khg m%fõYh&

wdÈh bka iuyrls'


fcksx.aia uy;d 1941 ,laÈjg meñ‚fha furgg úYajúoHd,hla f.dv k.d § jir

mylska wdmiq tx.,ka;hg hEfï woyisks' tfy;a fuys lghq;=j, È.ska È.g ksr;

jQ Tyqg 1955 jk f;la u jir 14la muK fuys /£ isàug isÿ úh' ,laÈfjka

tx.,ka;hg .sh Tyq fj; Tyqf.a .=re N+ñh jQ flaïíßÊ úYajúoHd,h úiska tys

á%ksá fyda,a wdh;kfhys m%Odk;ajh ^Master& mjrk ,È' Tyq ñh hk ;=re u tu

moúh oerefõ h' h<s 1961 -1963 f;la flaïíßÊ iriúfha Wml=,m;s moúh oerE

Tyq fj; kS;sh ms<sn| võksx uydpd¾h moúh o msßkeñ‚' 1965 foieïn¾ 19 jk

Èk Tyq ñh hk ;=re u iriú fiajfha fh§ isáfha h' /ðkf.a kS;s{ ^Queens Counsel& ì%;dkH wêrdcHfha khsÜ moúh ^KBE& wdÈ f.!rjkdu fuka u ,xld

úYajúoHd,h we;=¿ úYajúoHd, .Kkdjlska iïudk wdpd¾h Wmdê o Tyqg

msßkeñ‚' fcksx.aia uy;df.a pß;h wOHhkh l< úoaj;=kaf.a u;h jkafka Tyq

;u Ôú; ld,h ;=< fndfyda lghq;= bgq lr ;snqK;a ;ud w;ska bgq jQ úYsIag;u

fufyjr jQfha fmardfo‚fha ,xld úYajúoHd,h msysgqjd ,Su hehs ie,l+ nj h'

iajpß;dmodkhla ^autobiography& ,shd ;enQ Tyq th kï lf<a fmardfo‚hg udj;

^The Road to Peradeniya& hkqfjks' Tyq ñh hk úg wuqøs;j ;snqKq fuu fmd;

ixialrKh fldg 2005 jif¾ § uqøKh lrjk ,È'

YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia w.h l< idrO¾u fln÷ ù o hkak úoyd mdk isoaêhla

Tyqf.a jeäuy¨ Èh‚h jQ laf,hd¾ uy;añh úiska i|yka lr ;sfí' Tyqf.a

ld¾hnyq, Ôú;h ksid ;u ¥jreka fofokdf.a wOHdmkhg ndOd isÿ úh' nd,

Èh‚h jQ I¾,s" fu,an¾ka iriúfhka Wmdêhla ,enQ uq;a laf,hd¾g ta jru fkd

,eì‚' miqj ,laÈjg meñK mqj;am;a l,dfõÈkshl f,i lghq;= l< wE" ;u mshd

Wml=,m;s jQ ,xld úYajúoHd,hg m%fõY ùug wfmalaId l<d h' tfy;a mshdf.a

m%;spdrh jQfha ‘Tn nqoaêu;a uÈ’ ^You are not intelligent enough& hkak h' fmr<d

tx.,ka;hg .sh miq laf,hd¾ uy;añh tys § Wiia fm< úNd.h iu;aj flaïíßÊ

úYajúoHd,hg u we;=¿ ù 1965 § mshd ñh hEug iuilg fmr Wmdêh ,enqjd h'

fï isoaêfhka ms<sìUqj we;af;a m%;sm;a;s.rel mshl=f.a iy fkd miqniakd ffO¾hh

we;s ÿjlf.a l:dj h'

wjfndaOh

1' foaYmd,k úoHd lafIa;%hg whsj¾ fcksx.aiaf.ka isÿ jQ odhl;ajh úia;r

lrkak

2' fcksx.aiag wOHdmkfhka by< u ;ekg taug yels jQfha l=ula ksid o@

3' úYajúoHd,h msysgqùu i|yd fcksx.aia Èjd ? fjfyiqKq neõ oelafjk m%ldYh

Wmqgd olajkak'

4' fuys oelafjk mßÈ fkajdisl úYajúoHd, ixl,amh u.ska wfmalaIs; wruqKq

fudkjd o@

5' whsj¾ fcksx.aia .%ka: iïmdokh lr we;af;a lskï úIh lafIa;%hlg wod<j o@


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jpkj,g .e<fmk úreoaOd¾: mo mdvfuka Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' úfõlS - ¹¸' ndysr -

¸¸' ixfldapkh - ¹¸¸' wúoHd;aul -

¸¸¸' mrdëk - ¹¸¸¸' wkfmalaIs; -

¸¹' wúYsIag - ¸º' miqniakd -

¹' foaYSh - º' wjudk -

2' my; oelafjk moj, m%lD;s yd m%;Hh fjka lrkak'

¸' úoaj;=ka - ¹¸' úoHd{hl= -

¸¸' wdh;khla - ¹¸¸' .fõIKhg -

¸¸¸' jHdmdrfha - ¹¸¸¸' m%o¾Ykh -

¸¹' orejkag - ¸º' isoaêfhka -

¹' úYajúoHd,hla - º' f.dvke.s,af,ys -

3' my; § we;s mo úikaê fldg olajkak'

¸' Ydia;%d,fhys - ¹¸' m%Odkdpd¾h -

¸¸' YsIHdOdr - ¹¸¸' ufydamldÍ -

¸¸¸' ksrka;r - ¹¸¸¸' pß;dmodkh -

¸¹' .ukd.uk - ¸º' fkajdisld.drh -

¹' W;alDIagd,xldr - º' wNHka;r -

4' uq,ska oelafjk jHdlrK j¾.hg wh;a fkd jk mo f;darkak'

¸' ;oaê; kdu - cd;sl" m%Odk;ajh" l¾;jH" jHQyh

¸¸' lDoka; kdu - wdh;k" ie,iqï" f.dvke.s,s" ;snqKq

¸¸¸' ksmd; mo - kuq;a" fyì" i|yd" úiska

¸¹' Wmi¾. iys; mo - isysjgk" mßj¾;kh" m%j¾Okh" m%;spdr

¹' i¾j kdu mo - Tyq" uu" Tjqka" ckhd

5' my; § we;s ;oaê; moj, m%lD;s yd m%;Hh fjka lrkak'

¸' Èh‚ - ¹¸' nqoaêu;a -

¸¸' úYsIag;u - ¹¸¸' ld¾ñl -

¸¸¸' YsIH;aj - ¹¸¸¸' Ys,amS -

¸¹' wkkH;d - ¸º' kQ;k -

¹' wd¾Ól - º' oaú;Shl -


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' YS%u;a whsj¾ fcksx.aia uy;df.a pß;hg wod< lreKq my; oelafjk

wkqud;Dld Tiafia fm<.iajkak'

¸' Ôjk f;dr;=re yd wOHdmkh

¸¸' Ydia;S%h fufyjr

¸¸¸' wfma rgg isÿ l< fufyh

¸¹' pß;fha lemS fmfkk ,laIK

6' my; oelafjk moj, Wmi¾. fjka fldg olajkak'

¸' m%;sM, - ¹¸' ksÍlaIKh -

¸¸' mßmd,k - ¹¸¸' iqmqIams; -

¸¸¸' ms<s.ekSu - ¹¸¸¸' m%j¾Okh -

¸¹' iïmdokh - ¸º' wuqøs; -

¹' w;solaI - º' Wml=,m;s -

7' my; oelafjk jpk fhdod jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' mqfrda.dóyq - ¹¸' ksfla;k -

¸¸' iqjodhl - ¹¸¸' iqm%lg -

¸¸¸' cd;Hka;r - ¹¸¸¸' l,d;aul -

¸¹' NdrOqr - ¸º' fYa%IaG -

¹' ix.%duh - º' m%;sm;a;s.rel -


iïmQ¾K w¾:hla m%ldY jk j.ka;shlg jdlHhla

hehs lshuq' jdlHhla w¾: iys; ùug kï wju

jYfhka ls%hd mohla yd Bg iïnkaO kdu mohla

;sìh hq;= h' hï kdu mohla w¾:j;a jkafka th

flaj,j ^;ksj& mj;soa§ fkd j jdlHhl fhfok

úg hs' tfia fh§fï § w¾:h fia u mo rgd o fjkia

fjhs' kdu m%lD;shlska mrj w¾: fnod oelaùu i|yd

ixfhda. jkafka úNla;s hs' kdu m%lD;shlg úNla;s

m%;Hh tl;= l< úg moh úúO w¾:j, fhfohs'

úNla;s 11


m%:ud" l¾u" l¾;D" lrK" iïm%odk" wjê" iïnkaO" wdOdr" wd,mk hkqfjka tjeks

fn§ï" tkï ‘úNla;s’ kjhla isxy, NdIdfjys olakg ,efí' lsishï kdu m%lD;shla

fuu úNla;s kjfhys tal jpk yd nyq jpk jYfhka fnod oelaùu ‘jrkeÕSu’ hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' mqreI" ia;S%" kmqxil hk ,sx. ;=kg u wh;a kdu mo fufia

jrkeÕsh yels h'

fï jdlHj, ‘,shhs" rls;s" lS%vd lrhs" ls%hd lrjhs’ hk ls%hd moj,ska Wla; jkafka

‘f,aLlhd" f.dúfhda" YsIHhd" u,a,S’ hk l¾;D mo hs' tajd fh§ we;af;a m%:ud

úNla;sfhks'

^w& mshjre orejka rls;s'

fï jdlHfha rls;ss hk ls%hdj lrkafka mshjre h' rlskafka ljfrla

o hk m%Yakh keÕ+ úg ms<s;=r jkafka mshjre hkak hs' tkï rls;s

hk ls%hdfjka Wla; ù we;af;a mshjre hk moh hs' th Wla; l¾;D h'

Wla; l¾;D ks;r u fhfokafka m%:ud úNla;sfhks'

¸' f,aLlhd fmd;la ,shhs'

¸¸' f.dúfhda .jhka rls;s'

¸¸¸' YsIHhd lS%vd lrhs'

¸¹' u,a,S mß.Klh ls%hd lrjhs'

1' m%:ud úNla;sh

kdu m%lD;sh ¬ úNla;s m%;Hh } úNla;s moh

f.dú wd } f.dúhd

tal jpk nyq jpk

f.dú ¬ wd - f.dúhd

f.dú ¬ wdg - f.dúhdg

f.dú ¬ wdf.ka - f.dúhdf.ka

f.dú ¬ wdf.a - f.dúhdf.a

f.dú ¬ ´ - f.dúfhda

f.dú ¬ wkag - f.dúhkag

f.dú ¬ wkaf.ka - f.dúhkaf.ka

f.dú ¬ wkaf.a - f.dúhkaf.a


jdlHhl l¾u moh Wla; jQ wjia:d o mj;S'

fuys ‘jemsfrhs" flfr;s" merofj;s" mÍlaId flfr;s’ hk wdLHd;j,ska Wla;

jkafka ‘l=Uqre" frda.Syq" ;%ia;jd§yq" i;a;=’ hk l¾u mo hs' tajd m%:ud úNla;s .kS'

² l¾;D ldrl jdlHhl tkï" l¾;D Wla; jk jdlHhl ‘Wla; l¾;D’ m%:ud

úNla;sfhka fhfoa'

² l¾uldrl jdlHhl tkï" l¾uh Wla; jk jdlHhl ‘Wla; l¾uh’ m%:ud

úNla;sfhka fhfoa'

1'1 my; oelafjk jdlHj, we;s m%:ud úNla;s mohg háka brla w¢kak'

¸' jE;a;Efõ ysñ .=;a;s, ldjHh rpkd lf<a h'

¸¸' l,dlrefjda iïuka;%Khg iyNd.s jQy'

¸¸¸' nd,sldfjda WoEik u mdi,g meñfK;s'

¸¹' b;sydi{fhda Ydia;S%h idlÉPd mj;aj;s'

¹' l;=jreka úiska YsIHfhda lS%vdjg fhduq flfr;s$fhduq lrkq ,n;s'

¹¸' olaI ks<shka úiska rislfhda i;=gq flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'

¹¸¸' uj úiska orefjda we.fh;s$w.hkq ,n;s'

1'2 m%:ud úNla;s mo myla fhdod jdlH myla ks¾udKh lrkaak'

^wd& mshjreka úiska orefjda /fl;s'

fï jdlHh ‘mshjre orejka rls;s’ hkakg jvd fjkia h' tfy;a

woyiska tl iudk h' /fl;s hk ls%hd mofhka Wla; jkafka orefjda

hk l¾u moh hs' tu Wla; l¾u moh fhfokafka o m%:ud úNla;sfhks'

¸' f.dúhka úiska l=Uqre jemsfrhs$jmqrkq ,nhs'

¸¸' ffjµjreka úiska frda.Syq iqjm;a flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'

¸¸¸' fin¿ka úiska ;%ia;jd§yq merofj;s$mrojkq ,n;s'

¸¹' i;a;ajfõ§ka úiska i;a;= mÍlaId flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'


2' l¾u úNla;sh

fïjdfha hj;s" wdrlaId lr;s" oekqj;a lrhs" Èkd .ks;s hk ls%hdj,g hg;a j

we;af;a orejka" ksjerÈlrejka" .=rejreka" b,a,Sï hk l¾u úNla;s mohs'

¸' weh fojÕkl fuka rEu;a h'

¸¸' ÿokka f,i fkd yeisfruq'

¸¸¸' uu Tjqka fj; fkd hñ'

¸¹' orejka úkd udmshkag ljr iïm;la o@

¹' hdplhd ñksiqka lrd meñK isÕuka b,a,S h'

² fuka" fia" jeks" tõ" f,i" uq;a" ú,i" mdid" fj;" lrd hkdÈ

ksmd; mo iu. fhfokafka o l¾u úNla;s mohs'

2'1' my; oelafjk jdlHj, we;s l¾u úNla;s mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' iNdm;s;=ud idudðlhka wu;hs'

¸¸' ;reK ;re‚fhda jeäysáhka ku¢;s'

¸¸¸' foujqmsfhda lS%vd W;aijh krU;s'

¸¹' md,lhd fiajlhka le|ù h'

2'2 my; oelafjk l¾u úNla;s mo fhdod jdlHh ne.ska idokak'

ñ;=rka" b;sydi{hka" lS%vlhka" kdhlhka" f,aLlhka

mshjre orejka rls;s'

fï jdlHfha rls;ss hk ls%hdjg hg;a jkafka orejka h' tksid

orejka hk moh jdlHfha l¾uh f,i ie,fla' l¾uh wkqla;j

fhfok neúka wkqla; l¾uh hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs' wkqla;

l¾uh ks;r u fhfokafka l¾u úNla;sfhks'

¸' foudmsfhda orejka hyu. hj;s'

¸¸' fmd,sia ks,OdÍyq ksjerÈlrejka wdrlaId lr;s'

¸¸¸' wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ud .=rejreka oekqj;a lrhs'

¸¹' lïlrefjda b,a,Sï Èkd .ks;s'


3' l¾;D úNla;sh

fïjdfha keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s" .efkhs$.kq ,nhs" fmdaIKh flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s"

yqre flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s" hk ls%hd moj,ska Wla; ù we;af;a .=rejre" NdKav"

wirKfhda" megjq hk mo hs' wdÈ YsIHhka úiska mdßfNda.slhka úiska" mrd¾:ldóka

úiska l=re,a,ka úiska hk mo fh§ we;af;a wkqla;j ksid tajd l¾;D úNla;sh .kS'

3'1 jryka ;=< § we;s mo iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lr ysia;ekg fhdokak'

¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' nih mojkq ,nhs' ^ßheÿre&

¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' iqr;,a i;a;= we;s flfr;s' ^fidhqßh&

¸¸¸' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f.ysñfhda úuikq ,n;s' ^wd.ka;=lhd&

¸¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' fiajlfhda le|jkq ,n;s' ^m%Odkhd&

¹' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' YsIHfhda hyu. hefj;s' ^.=rejrhd&

3'2 my; oelafjk l¾;D úNla;s mo fhdod jdlH ilikak'

idudðlhka úiska" <oeßh úiska" ksIamdoljrhd úiska" ks,OdÍka úiska"

fjf<kaod úiska

mshjreka úiska orefjda /fl;s'

fï jdlHfha /fl;ss hk ls%hd mofhka biau;= jkafka$Wla;

jkafka orefjda hkakhs' mshjreka úiska hkak biau;=

fkd fõ$Wla; fkd fõ' tneúka th wkqla; l¾;D h' jdlHhl

wkqla; l¾;D l¾;D úNla;sfhka fhfohs'

¸' wdÈ YsIHhka úiska .=rejre keuf|;s$ku¢kq ,n;s'

¸¸' mdßfNda.slhka úiska NdKav ñ, § .efkhs$.kq ,nhs'

¸¸¸' mrd¾:ldóka úiska wirKfhda fmdaIKh flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'

¸¹' l=re,a,ka úiska ;u megjq mßirhg yqre flfr;s$lrkq ,n;s'


4' lrK úNla;sh

fïjdfha l¾;Df.a ls%hdjg Wmldr ù we;af;a fmd;m;ska" uhslarf*dakfhka" ysiska"

u,aj,ska hk mo hs' tajd lrK úNla;sfhka fhfohs'

mshjre fifkyiska orejka rls;s'

fuu jdlHfha rls;s hk ls%hdjg WmldÍ ù we;af;a fifkyi hs' l¾;Df.a

ls%hdjg WmldÍ jk moh fhdokafka lrK úNla;sfhks' tksid fifkyiska

hk moh lrK úNla;s .kS' thska ‘fya;= fldg f.k’" ‘lrK fldg f.k’ hk w¾: m%ldY fõ'

¸' wms fmd;m;ska W.ksuq'

¸¸' wfmalaIlhd uhslarf*dakfhka ckhd wu;hs'

¸¸¸' meiqKq ysiska nqyquka ,nj'

¸¹' f,dj u,aj,ska w,xldr fjhs'

4'1 my; i|yka jdlHj, lrK úNla;s w¾: fok moj,g háka brla w¢kak'

¸' wms iqj| u,ska nqÿka mqouq'

¸¸' ksu,a ÿïßfhka .ug .sfha h'

¸¸¸' YsIHfhda bf.kqfuka ch .;ay'

¸¹' Tyq iem iïm;aj,ska fmdfydi;a h'

¹' u,a,S mEfkka wl=re ,shhs'

4'2 my; i|yka jpk fhdod lrK úNla;s w¾: fok jdlH idokak'

r:fhka" rEmfhka" Okfhka" wdhqOj,ska" wdNrKj,ska

5' iïm%odk úNla;sh

¸' ne;su;ayq foúhkag m`vqre mqo;s'

¸¸' md,lfhda W.;=kag myiqlï i,i;s'

¸¸¸' foudmsfhda orejkg wjjdo fo;s'

¸¹' fmd,siam;s;=ud Wiia ks,OdÍkag Wmfoia fohs'

mshjre orejkag /ljrKh fo;s'

fï jdlHfha /ljrKh ,nkafka orejkaa h' hula ,nkakd tkï

m%;s.%dylhd yÕjk moh orejkag hkqfjka iïm%odk úNla;sfhka

fhfohs'


by; jdlHj, m`vqre ,nk" myiqlï ,nk" wjjdo ,nk" Wmfoia ,nk" wh

y÷kajkafka foúhkag" W.;=kag" orejkag" Wiia ks,OdÍkag hkqfjks' t neúka

tajd iïm%odk úNla;sfhka fhfoa'

² jia" ms‚i" Wfoid" i|yd hk ksmd; iïm%odk úNla;s mo iu. fhfoa'

fï jdlHj, kslau hdug" bj;aj hdug" c,h .ekSug" ìug neiSug iSudj oelajqfKa

‘ráka" mÈl fõÈldfjka" <sf|ka" jy,fhka’ hk moj,sks' fï mo wjê úNla;sfhka

fhfohs'

¸' fin¿ rg rlskq jia fmruqKg .shy'

¸¸' NslaIQyq oka ms‚i ms`vq isÕd jeähy'

5'1 my; oelafjk kdu moj, iïm%odk úNla;s rEm ,shd olajkak'

jks;dj" ixpdrlhd" úoHd{fhda" fiakdj" uqrlre

5'2 tu iïm%odk úNla;s jpk fhdod jdlH ilia lrkak'

6' wjê úNla;sh

mshjre mdif,ka orejka /f.k h;s'

¸' úfoaYslfhda ráka kslau h;s'

¸¸' fjf<kafoda mÈl fõÈldfjka bj;aj h;s'

¸¸¸' f.dúfhda j.d <sf|ka c,h .;ay'

¸¹' lïlrejd jy,fhka ìug niS'

fuys /f.k hdfï iSudj olajkafka mdif,kaa hk mofhks' tfia

iSudjla" fjka ùula" my ùula yÕjk mo fhfokafka wjê

úNla;sfhks'

6'1 my; oelafjk moj,g wkqrEm wjê úNla;s mo ,shkak'

k.rh" mdi," .x.dj" fmd;" .i

6'2 tu wjê úNla;s mo fhdod jdlH idokak'


fï jdlHj, wfma" kx.Sf.a" orejkaf.a" .e,alrejdf.a hk moj,ska iajdñ;ajhla

whs;shla .ek lshfjk neúka iïnkaO úNla;sfhka fhfohs'

7' iïnkaO úNla;sh

mshjre orejkaf.a oialï w.h;s'

fï jdlHfha tk oialï hkak wh;a jkafka orejkag h' hï fohl" hï

flfkl=f.a whs;sh" iajdñ;ajh" ysñlu fyda iïnkaOh oelaùfï § fhdod

.kafka iïnkaO úNla;s mo hs' tksid orejkaaf.a hk moh iïnkaO

úNla;shg wh;a fõ'

¸' fï wfma mdi, hs'

¸¸' fï iqr;,a kx.Sf.a ud,h hs'

¸¸¸' orejkaf.a woyia jeo.;a h'

¸¹' ta b;d ñysß lúh .e,alrejdf.a h'

7'1 my; oelafjk jdlHj, iïnkaO úNla;s mo kï lrkak'

¸' f,aLlhkaf.a fmd;a w.h lruq'

¸¸' wmf.a oialï n,d i;=gq jkak'

¸¸¸' wE;ska wefikafka fudkrekaf.a y`v hs'

¸¹' mqgqfjys ll=,a wn,ka h'

¹' .iaj, w;= lvd jefghs'

7'2 kdu mo myla f;dard f.k tajd iïnkaO úNla;s w¾:fhys fhdod jdlH

ks¾udKh lrkak'

8' wdOdr úNla;sh

mshjre ksfjiays fjfik foújre h'

mshjre orejka flfrys ohdj md;s'

¸' YsIHfhda mka;s ldurfhys bf.k .ks;s'

¸¸' ;reKfhda ieKfl<s ìfuys ießir;s'

¸¸¸' rcq flfrys f;aci mj;S'

¸¹' isiqyq mqgqj, jdä fj;s'

fï jdlHfha mshjrekag jdih lsÍug wdOdr ù we;af;a ksjdi hs' hï

fohla meje;aug fyda ord .ekSug wdOdr jk moh wdOdr úNla;sfhka

fhfohs' ksfjiays hkak fhfokafka o wdOdr úNla;sfhks' fojk jdlHfha

fh§ we;s orejka flfrys hkak o wdOdr úNla;s .kS'


fï jdlHj, mka;s ldurfhys" ieKfl<s ìfuys" rcq flfrys" mqgqj, hk mo wdOdr

úNla;sfhka fh§ we;'

fï jdlHj, ‘ÿj" jks;djks" krUkakks" l=ureks’ hk mo wd,mk úNla;sfhka

fhfohs'

8'1 my; jdlHj, wdOdr úNla;s mo háka bß w¢kak'

¸' .=rejreka flfrys f.!rjh m;=rejuq'

¸¸' jkfhys u,a msmS we;'

¸¸¸' foudmsfhda orejka flfrys fu;a m;=rej;s'

¸¹' .iaj, isfhd;ayq ko fo;s'

¹' is,aj;=ka flfrys is;a my§'

9' wd,mk úNla;sh

9'1 my; jdlHj, wd,mk úNla;s moj,g háka bß w¢kak'

¸' ksokak mq; rkalsß'

¸¸' tkak u| kf,a'

¸¸¸' ÿfõ" fï wykak'

¸¹' mq;=fka" fï n,kak'

¹' ñksiqks" hy jefvys fhfokak'

9'2 § we;s kdu moj, wd,mk úNla;s nyq jpk mo ,shkak'

jks;dj" uka;S%jrhd" f,aLlhd" ßheÿrd" úpdrlhd

orejks" mshjrekag f.!rj lrkak'

¸' ÿj" fuys tkak'

¸¸' jks;djks" fmrg tkak'

¸¸¸' krUkafkks" ijka fokak'

¸¹' l=ureks" fï u,a ou ms<s.kak'

fuys orejks hk moh wduka;%Kh i|yd fhdod .kS' hï flkl=g wu;k

úg weu;=u ,nkakd fhfokafka wd,mk úNla;sfhks'


kdumohla kdu m%lD;shla& ta ta úNla;sfhys tal jpk" nyq jpk f,i jr kefÕk

wdldrh úuid n,uq'

úNla;sh tal jpk nyq jpk

m%:ud

l¾u

l¾;D

lrK

iïm%odk

wjê

iïnkaO

wdOdr

wd,mk

fldjq,d

fldjq,d

fldjq,d úiska

fldjq,d lrK fldg f.k

fldjq,dg

fldjq,df.ka

fldjq,df.a

fldjq,d flfrys

fldjq, ^fldjqf,da&

fldjqf,da

fldjq,ka

fldjq,ka úiska

fldjq,ka lrK fldg f.k

fldjq,kag

fldjq,kaf.ka

fldjq,kaf.a

fldjq,ka flfrys

fldjq,ks

1' my; oelafjk j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

kdu moh úNla;sh tal jpk nyq jpk

ñksidg Wod( iïm%odk -

n,a,df.a

l=re,af,da

ñ;%jreks

.fia

isiqka úiska

NslaIQkag

uj flfrys

lS%äldjkaf.a

msh;=uks

2' my; oelafjk l;dfjys ;o l¿ wl=ßka oelafjk moj, úNla;s olajkak'

n,j;dg ÿn,hd o msysg fjhs'

tla Èfkl isxyfhla iajlSh .=ydj ;=< ks|d isáfha h' hï lsis Yíofhlska ìhg

m;a ófhla ;e;s f.k ÿjkafka yÈisfhka isxyhdf.a weÕg mekafka h' thska

msìÿKq isxy f;fï iajlSh Yla;su;a yia;fhka óhd jid .;af;a h'

“wfkaæ foajhka jykai" laIud l< uekú" fuh ud is;d l< jefvla fkd fjhs'

tfyhska ud jeks ksySk ÿn,hl= ueÍfuka Tn jykafiaf.a rdclSh yia;h ls,sá


fkd lr .kakd fialajd” hs ó f;fï hdÉ[d lf<a h' isxyhd iskd iS óhd yeßfha h'

ld,hla .; úh' jkfhys f.dÿre fidhd .sh isxy rdchd ovhïlrejl= úiska

wgjk ,o W.=f,l ne¢‚' thska ñfokakg Tyq l< yeu W;aidyfhlska u jQfha

ne÷ï jv jvd;a ;o ùu h' wfydaæ iaj,am fõ,djlska ta wkNsNjkSh uD. rdchdg

fi,ùug mjd fkd yels úh' l< yels jQfha tl u jefvls' th fya fkd kj;ajd

flf<a h' isá msh fkd fid,ajd isg jkh lïmd jk fia .¾ckd flf<a h'

fudfyd;la .; úh' mrK,d fi,fjk Yíohla weisK' mr f,dj isysk n,ñka

;e;s f.k isá isxy rdchdf.a weig yuq jQfha lsfula o@ Èfkl ;ukag ne.E m;a

f,i hdÉ[d fldg urKfhka .e,eù .sh l=vd ó meáhd h' Wf.ka ljr msysgla

m;kakg o@

óhd l:d flf<a h' “foajhka jykai" wfydaæ Tn jykafiag fï lsfula ù o@ Tn

jykafia tla Èfkl ug wkqlïmd fldg Ôú; odkh l< fial' tfyhska Nh fkd

jk fialajdæ uu b;d ÿn,hl= jqj;a Tn jykafia fï nkaOkfhka uqod yßkafkñ'

foajhka jykafiag Wmldrhla lsÍfuka flf<ys .=K ie,elSfï uyÕ= .=Kh

fmkajkakg wjia:djla ,eîu .ek uu b;d mS%;s fjñ'”“wfydaæ l=vd ñ;%h" ljrl=f.ka jqj o msysgla ,efnf;d;a ,eìh hq;af;a kï oeka h'

tfy;a f;dm jeks b;d l=vd ÿn, ñ;=rl=f.ka oeka ug ,eìh hq;= msysg ,efí h hs

is;Su ÿIalr h” hs isxyhd lSfha h'

tfia fkd fõjd foajhka jykai" ;j fudfydf;lska b;d l=vd ÿn, udf.ka b;d

n,j;a Tn jykafiag oeka ,eìh hq;= jk wiydh msysg ,efnk ieá n,kq

uekeje” hs lshd óhd jyd u mek ta Yla;su;a ,Kq ish ;shqKq o;aj,ska lmkakg

jkafka h'

,Kqq is£ .sfha h' isxyhd nkaOkfhka ñ§ .sfha h' mS%;sfhka l=,au;a jQ isxy rdchd

ish l=vd ñ;=rd w;ska Tfidjd ism .ksñka lD;{;dj fmkaù h'

9' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


lsishï úIh lafIa;%hl m%ùK;ajhla we;s úoaj;=kaf.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka" lsishï f;audjla mdol lr f.k

lrkq ,nk idlÉPdjla" nqoaê uKav, idlÉPdjla

ke; fyd;a úoaj;a uKav, idlÉPdjla f,i i|yka

l< yels h' tn÷ idlÉPdjlg ijka §u úpdrYS,Sj

ijka §fï l=i,;dj j¾Okh i|yd fyd|

ls%hdldrluls' úpdrYS,Sj ijka §u hkq" wefik foa

ukdj .%yKh lr .ksñka" wjfndaO lr .ksñka"

;yjqre lr .ksñka lrk weyqïlka §u hs' tu.ska

wid isá foa ms<sn| ish u;h yd woyia m%ldY lsÍug;a"

thska lreKq Wmqgd oelaùug;a yelshdj ,efí' fï

mdvug we;=<;a jkafka 2015-03-13 Èk YS% ,xld .=jka

úÿ,s ixia:dfjka m%pdrh lrk ,o ‘fy< nia uysuh’ jevigyk weiqfrka ilia lrk ,o úoaj;a uKav,

idlÉPdjls' úoaj;a uKav, idlÉPdjla fufyhjk

;eke;a;d o wod< úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| ukd

wjfndaOhlska hqla; whl= úh hq;= h' mdvfï we;=<;a

idlÉPdj mßYS,kfha § th Tng jegfykq we;'

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl

ni bmÿKq ieá wikq h úia;r 12


fufyhjkakd( ¡ wdhqfndajkaæ

wo;a fy< nia uysuh jevigyfkka wm iQodkï jkafka

NdIdfjys úfYaI;ajh" nfiys ri uqiq ;eka lrd Tn f.k

hdug hs' tA i|yd wm iu. tla jkafka uydpd¾h úu,a Ô'

n,.,af,a iQÍka iy uydpd¾h fÊ' î Èidkdhl iQÍka' Y%S

,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dj fjkqfjkq;a iqjyila Y%djl

ckhd fjkqfjkq;a fï úoaj;=ka fom< wdhqfndajka lshd

ms<s.kakjd" idor f.!rjfhka'

fofokd u( wdhqfndajkaæ

fufyhjkakd( ¡ uydpd¾h;=uks" wm miq.sh idlÉPdfõ § NdIdj hkq l=ula

o hkak fláfhka újrKh l<d' NdIdj kï udkj

Wreuh" udkjhdf.a ixialD;sl ch.%yKh flfia wdrïN

jQfha o hkak ms<sn|j wo wfma wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;=

hehs ud ys;kjd'

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdIdj udkj ksIamdokhla" iudÔh ksIamdokhla f,i wms

l;d l<d' tA ms<sn|j iudcfha ñksiqka w;r fohdldrhl

ms<s.ekSï ;sfnkjd' tl u;hla fndfyda ÿrg wd.ñl úYajdi

u; mokï jQjla' wfkl mßKdujdoh mokï lr .;a

úoHd;aul u;hla'

wd.ñl úYajdi wkqj mqkre;am;a;sh ms<s.kakd fn!oaO" yskaÿ

wdÈ iudcj,;a tfia fkd jk fjk;a iudcj,;a ñksid

urKfhka miq h<s;a ñksil= yeáhg WmÈk njg ms<s.ekSula

;sfnkjd' ñksid iodld,slj ixidrfhka ixidrhg .uka

lrk flfkla yeáhg úYajdi lrkjd'

fofjks tl jk mßKdujdofha óg jvd fjkia woyila

m%ldY flfrkjd

m<uq ms<s.ekSfï §" fn!oaO b.ekaùï ne¨j;a" l,am

úkdYhlska miafia f,dalh my< jqKd u" tA f,dalfha

m<uqfjka u ñksiqka yeáhg mÈxÑ fjkafk" wdNiair n%yau

f,dalfhka meñ‚ n%yauhka' taf.d,af,da l%ufhka msßySug

m;afj,d ;uhs" ukqIHhka njg m;a fjkafk' tA fn!oaO

wd.ñl úYajdi wkqj udkj iudch ks¾udKh jQ wdldrh'

wfkla wd.ïj,;a fun÷ úYajdi ;sfnkjd" foúhka úiska

ñksid uejQ nj wdÈ jifhka'

ta;a fndfyda ÿrg wms mdi,aj, W.kajkafka mßKdujdohg

wkql+,j' ñksid lshkafka f,dalh my< jQjdhska miq" tA

lshkafka úYajfha fldgila jk fi!r.%y uKav,fha

idudðlhl= jk fmdf<dfõ mßKduh ie,lSfï § tla

wjêhl § Ôùka my< fjkjd' uq,ska u laIqø m%dŒka my<


fj,d l%ufhka úldYkh fjkjd' fufyu úldYkh fj,d

Èh i;=ka" f.dv i;=ka jdkrhd olajd ÈhqKq fjkjd' jdkr

;;a;ajfhka miq jdkr udkj wjia:djg ÈhqKq fjkjd' fï

wdldrhg jdkr udkj wjia:dj blaujd ienE udkj

wjia:djg m;a ùu;a NdIdfõ my< ùu;a tlu wjêhl isÿ

jqKd lsh,hs úoHd{hka ms<s.kafka'

fï iïnkaOfhka m¾fhaIK lrkafka jdkrhkaf.a"

udkjhkaf.a mdId‚N+; weg iels,s" YS¾I lmd,h wdÈh

wdY%h lr f.k' tA wkqj l< ld, iSud ks¾Kh mokï lr

f.k" l,ska úYajdih ;snqfKa wjqreÿ ;=ka ,laIhlg by;

ienE udkjhdf.a wdrïNh;a iu. NdIdfõ wdrïNh isÿ jQ

njg' kuq;a 1959 gekaidkshdfõ T,avqjdhs lshk ia:dkfha

;sì,d yuq jqKq mdId‚N+; weg iels,a,la ud¾.fhka lrk

,o ld, ksYaph u.ska ks.ukh lr we;af;a" wjqreÿ ody;a

,laI mkia odylg fmr" ñksid ienE udkj ;;a;ajhg m;a

jQ nj' tA wkqj wmg wkqudk lrkak mq¿jka" NdIdfõ

wdrïNh;a tA ;rï wE; ld,hl isÿ jQ nj'

fufyhjkakd( ¡ b;ska t;fldg tA ienE udkjhdf.a ìys ùu;a iu. u

NdIdj ksmojd .;af;a fldfydu o lsh,d ielhla u;=

fjkjd fkao uydpd¾h;=uks'

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( Tõ" udkjhdf.a ;snqK YlH;d w;r tlla ;uhs NdId

YlH;dj" ikaksfõok YlH;dj' tA lshkafka woyia m%ldY

lsÍu i|yd Yío ksl=;a lsÍfï yelshdj' wfkla i;=ka jf.a u

ñksid jdkr udkj wjia:dfõ §;a nv.skak" fjk;a úúO

wjYH;d m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío fhdod .kak we;s' kuq;a

tfyu fkd fjhs" ;ukaf.a úúO wjYH;d i|yd fukak fï

Yíoud,dj f;dard .kakd njg lsishï iudchla" iudc

lKavdhula tla ù iïuq;shlg meñ‚hd kï" fukak fï

Yíoh fï w¾:h i|yd wdÈ jYfhka úúO Yío i|yd;a" Yío

ixhq;s tA lshkafka Yío folla" ;=kla fyda lSmhl tl;=jla

i|yd;a" fukak fï úúO Yío yd Yío ixhq;s i|yd

iïuq;shlg meñŒu NdIdfõ Wm; yeáhg y÷kajkak

mq¿jka'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( oeka n,.,af,a uydpd¾h;=ud m%ldY l< wdldrhg meyeÈ,s

fjkjd" wE; wE; w;S;fha NdIdjla ;snqfK kE' l;d lf<a

kE' uq,ska u tla;rd wjêhl udkj NdIdj ìys jqKd' bka

miafia tl tl NdId we;s jqKd' f,dalfha fkdfhla ;ekaj,

Ôj;a jk udkjhka l;d lrk NdId we;s fj,d" wo fjk

fldg Ôj NdId y;a oyia .Kkla muK ;sfnk nj

lshfjkjd'


fufyhjkakd( ¡ y;a oyia .Kkla lshkafka" wmg tA ixLHdj ksYaÑ;j lsj

fkd yels o uydpd¾h;=uks"

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl(¡ NdIdj lshkafk fmd;a m;a jf.a w;g wyq fjk fohla

fkd jk ksid tfyu lshkak wudrehs' bx.%Sis NdIdj f,dalh

mqrd u Ndú; lrkjd' Ök NdIdj;a fndfyda rgj, Ndú;

flfrkjd' we;eï NdId lsishï m%foaYhlg iSud fj,d

;shkjd" wo fjoa§ Ndú;fha ;sfnkjd o okafk kE'

j¾;udkfha wms l;d lrkjd NdId j| ù hdula .ek' tA

ksid yßhg u .Kk lshkak wudrehs" wo f,dalfha lsishï

m<d;l ujq ni lsh,d ;ukaf. ni lsh,d NdIdjla Ndú;

lrkjd' tA wkqj NdId fldmuK ;sfhkjd o lsh,d yßhg u

lshkak wudrehs' NdIdfõ Wm; .ek l;d folla ;sfhkjd'

NdIdfõ Wm; iy NdIdjl Wm; lshkafka folla' udkj

NdIdj iy isxy," fou< wdÈ tl NdIdjl Wm; lshkafk

folla'

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( f,dalfha fumuK NdId ;sfnk nj ksYaÑ;j lshkak nE'

NdId YlH;dj yd Ndú; lrk NdIdj folla' f,dalfha

Ndú; flfrk NdId .Kk ksjerÈj .Kkh lrkak

wudre hs' lKavdhulg ikaksfõokh lr .; yels Yío yd

w¾: iïuq;shla wms NdIdjla f,i y÷kajkjd' Bg iudka;rj

Ôj;a jk fldgila Ndú; lrk NdIdj,g WmNdId lsh,d

wms lshkjd' NdId" WmNdId lsh,d j¾. folla ;sfhkjd'

WmNdIdj, m%dfoaYsl WmNdId ;sfnkjd' bkaÈhdj jf.a rgla

.;a;d u tl m%foaYhl Ndú; jk yska§ NdIdj ;j m%foaYhlg

jvd fjkia' W;=f¾ ol=fKa wdÈ jifhka fï l=vd rfÜ mjd

tn÷ fjkialï tla;rd m%udKhlg w;aoel,d ;sfhkjd'

jd.a úoHd{fhda NdId .Kka lsÍfï § fndfyda úg WmNdId;a

iuyrla NdId .Kkg .kakjd' tA ksid iuyre mkaoyila

iuyre yhoyila wdÈ jifhka lshkjd' tlÕ;djlg tkak

wudrehs'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( .Kka lsÍfï ;j m%Yakhla ;sfhkjd' tA foaYmd,k iSudj'

iamd[a[h yd mq¾;=.d,h lshkafk wi,ajeis rgj,a' NdIdj

tl jqKdg kï folla' tl u NdIdjg iamd[af[ È iamd[a[

NdIdj lshkjd' mq¾;=.df, È mq¾;=.Sis NdIdj lshkjd'

ud,Èjhsfka l;d lrk NdIdj Èfjys ni" ud,a lsh,d ;j

nila ;sfhkjd'

reyqfKa ck;dj .;a;d u oeka kï isxy, NdIdj l;d

lrkafk' tA;a lsishï ldrKhla u; fjk u tAllhla

jqfKd;a" “oeka wms iajdëk hs" wms l;d lrkafk wfma ni” lsh,d fjk u nila yod .kak mq¿jka'


fufyhjkakd( Tn fom<f.a woyia oelaùfï § NdId oyia .Kkla ;sfnk

nj lshjqKd' wmg m%Yakhla u;= fjkjd" wdrïNfha l;d

l<d NdIdj Ôj úoHd;aul Wreuhla nj' udkj mßKdufha

§ uq,ska u NdIK YlH;dj" NdId yelshdj we;s fjkjd'

fojkqj NdIdj we;s fjkjd' fï oyia .Kkla NdId w;f¾

iïnkaOh fln÷ o@ wm" kï jYfhka i|yka l<d" isxy,"

fou<" yska§" bx.%Sis" Ök" mq¾;=.Sis" iamd[a[" ud,a" Èfjys

wdÈ NdId .ek' fï NdId w;f¾ {d;s;ajhla mj;skjd o@

tA fln÷ iïnkaO;djla o @

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdId {d;s;ajh ms<sn| wOHhkj,g óg Y;j¾I follg

Wv § muK hqfrdamfha Wkkaÿjla we;s jqKd' kuq;a Y%S

,xldfj;a fï ms<sn|j ls%ia;= j¾I y;rjk ishjfia b|,d

Wkkaÿjla ;snqKq nj ysgmq mqrdúoHd{fhl= jQ uydpd¾h

fikr;a mrKú;dk i|yka lr ;sfnkjd'

NdId {d;s iïnkaO;d ms<sn| wOHhkh iEfyk ;rï l,l

isg W.;=ka w;r mejf;k l=yq, oekjQ lreKla jqKd' ta

l=;+y,h mokï lr f.k uQ, NdId lshk ixl,amh fndfyda

YsIag iudcj, my< fjÉp tlla'

uQ, NdIdj .ek fn!oaO l%sia;shdks wdÈ iEu YsIagdpdrhl u

Wkkaÿjla olajd ;sfnkjd' uQ, NdId iïnkaOfhka fn!oaO

u;h yeáhg i,lk u;hla ;sfhkjd uQ, NdIdj fyj;a

uq,a u NdIdj md,s fyj;a ud.ë lsh,d i,lk' fn!oaO u;h

lsõj;a fuh nqÿ yduqÿrefjda lsjQ u;hla fkd fjhs' m<uqfjka

u wgqjdpdÍka ;uhs fufyu lsh,d ;sfhkafka' wgqjdpdÍ

u;hla lsh,d ;uhs lshkak mq¿jka' máiïNsod u.a. wgqjdj

lshk fmdf;a —id ud.ë uQ, Ndid - krdhd wdÈlmamsld

n%yaufKda piaiq;d,dmd - iïnqoaOd prms Ndif¾’ wdÈ jYfhka

f,dj uq,a u NdIdj ud.ë nj;a nqÿ yduqÿrefjd;a" n%yaufhd;a"

l,ska lg y~la lfka fkd jegqKq orefjd;a l;d lrkafk

ud.ë NdIdfjka nj;a lshfjkjd' wïudf.a lg y`v uq,ska u

wefik orejkag wïudf.a lg y~ n,mdkjd lsh,d lshkjd'

ujq ni lshkafk tAl hs'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( f,dalfha we;eï rgj,a ;shkjd ms;= ni olskak mq¿jka'

c¾uksh .;a; u ms;D NdId" ms;D N+ñh lsh,d y÷kajkafka"

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdIdj iïnkaOfhka fndfyda iudc ujg f.!rj lr

;sfnkjd' fjk;a NdIdjla lk fkd jeà m<uqfjka l;d

lf<d;a" orefjla l;d lrkafka md,s NdIdj lsh,d

wiaiq;d,dm hk fhÿfuka lshfjkjd' tA iïnkaOfhka

m¾fhaIKhla l< njg;a máiïNsod u.a. wgqjdfõ i|yka

fjkjd'


—ud;d oñ<S ms;d wkaOflda ˜

uj fou< NdIdj l;d lrkjd' mshd wkaOl" tA lshkafk

wdkaød" wkavr fou< l;d lrkjd'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( wkavr fou< u fkfjhs" wdkaø fou< fkao@

^iskdfiñka&

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( Tõ' tA ujf.a lg y~ uq,ska u weiqfKd;a orejd fou<

NdIdj l;d lrkjd' mshdf.a lg y~ l,ska lk jegqfKd;a

wdkaø fou< NdIdj l;d lrkjd lsh,d wgqjdfõ i|yka

fjkjd'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( úch l=udrhd uÿrd foaYfhka Nd¾hdjla f.kdjfka' uj

ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq NdIdjla l;d lrkak we;s' mshd l;d lf<a

jx. jf.a NdIdjla fjkak we;s'

fufyhjkakd( NdId w;f¾ iïnkaO;d .ek wms l;d l<d' Tn;=ud ±ka

l;d l<d wdkaø fou<" fou< .ek' NdId ish,a, u tl u

mjq,l idudðlfhd o@ fjkialï ;sfnkjd o@

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( fjkialï ;sfnkjd' tA .ek ;uhs wms B<Õg l;d

lrkafka' uQ, NdId ixl,amh' nhsn,fha mrK

f;ia;fïka;=fõ yeáhg foúfhda uq,ska u l;d l< NdIdj

foúhkaf.a NdIdj" tA lshkafka ySírE NdIdj ;uhs uQ, NdIdj'

ta tl u;hla'

.%Sl cd;sl b;sydi{hl= jk fyrfvdagiag wkqj l%sia;= mQ¾j

yhjk ishjfia ñirfha idñ;slia lshk rc;=ud uQ, NdId

m¾fhaIKhla lr ;sfnkjd" l;d lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ lrk

,o .¾NsŒ ldka;djla" ñksia lg y~la ke;s mßirhl

/lj,a iys;j r|jd wehg orejd ,efnkakg ie,eiaiqjd ¨'

orejd j¾Okh fj,d l;d lroaÈ uq,ska u lsõfõ ‘fnfldia’ lsh,d ¨' rÊcqrefjda fï jpkh f,dalfha fudk NdIdfõ o

lsh,d fydhkak lghq;= fhÿjd' fydhd f.k hoa§ j¾;udkfha

iq¿ wdishdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjk m%foaYfha jHjydr jqKq

*aÍðhka lshk NdIdfõ jpkhla nj fydhd f.k ;sfnkjd'

fï NdIdj oekg jHjydrfha ke;s NdIdjla' *aÍðhka

NdIdfjka ‘fnfldia’ lshkafk mdkaj,g' f,dalfha uq,a u

NdIdj *aÍðhka njg fï m¾fhaIlhka úYajdi l<d'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( mÍlaIKhla fk" lf<a' nila kEfik mßirhl ;sh,d

ne¨jd'

fufyhjkakd( fïl yß u rij;a jD;a;dka;hla' ñksiaiqkag l=;+y,hla

;snqKd" mer‚ u NdIdj l=ula o lsh,d oek .ekSug' tA

fiùug .;a m%h;akfha m%;sM,hla ;uhs Tn;=ud i|yka

lf<a'


fufyhjkakd( fu;ek § f;areï wrka ;sfhkjd" NdIdjla .%yKh lr

.kafka" NdId Wmd¾ckh isÿ jkafka lkg wefik foa

mokï lr f.k nj' NdIdj lshkafka f,a Wreufhka

,efnk wdfõ‚l fohla fkfjhs lsh,d'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( kE" kE" NdIdj ldhslj ,efnk fohla fkd fjhs' mßirfhka

,nd .kakd fohla' Ök foudmshkaf. orefjla ud;r

m%foaYfha we;s oeä jqfKd;a reyqKq isxy, jHjydrh bf.k

.kakjd'

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,a( NdId YlH;dj tlla' Ndú; lrk NdIdj ;j tlla' NdId

YlH;dj Wm;ska ,enqK;a Ndú; lrk NdIdj ,nkafka

mßirfhka' tla;rd wdldrhlg ujq ni lshkafka w¾O

i;Hhla' bx.S%is l;d lrk isxy, ujqmsfhd fokafkl=g

tx.,ka;fhÈ WmÈk orefjl=g ujq ni fjkafk bx.%Sis

NdIdj'

fufyhjkakd( NdIdj lshkafk ixialD;sl Wreuhla' NdIdj mrïmrdfjka

mrïmrdjg f.k hkafka NdIdj u.ska' Tn;=ud NdIdj

ixialD;sfha jdylh lshd olajd ;sfnkjd'

ixialD;shla ksfhdackh lrkafka" ksrEmKh lrkafka

NdIdj u.ska" B<Õ mrïmrdjg ixialD;sh f.k hkafka

NdIdj u.ska' NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r we;af;a

wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;djla'

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl( NdIdj wkkH;dfõ ,laIKhla' uu isxy, lsh,d lshkafka

uf.a uj" ujf.a uj isxy, l;d l< ksid' uf.a rEmfha

;sfhk uqyqKqjrla ke;akï f,aj, ;sfhk fohla fkfjhs'

fuh miq lf,l § fjkia fjkak mq¿jka' uj isxy, jqK;a

tx.,ka;fha WmÈk orejl=g ujq ni fjkafk bx.%Sis'

fufyhjkakd( wms fï ixjdofha jeo.;a ;eklg m%úIag jqKd' wmg isxy,

lshkafka ixialD;sl Wreuh fya;=fjka' fï ixialD;sl

Wreufha uq, fidhd hEu" wfma wkkH;dj meyeÈ,s fldg

.ekSu" NdIdj ud¾.fhka fï wkkH;dj úoyd oelaùu hs"

fï jevigyka ud,dfõ wruqK' isxy, NdIdfõ fï

wkkH;dj" f,dj oyia ixLHd; NdId w;f¾ isxy, NdIdj

msysgqúh yels ia:dkh .ek wms bÈßfha § fun÷

jevigyklska idlÉPd lruq'


Y%S ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dj yd Y%djl ckhd fjkqfjka"

uydpd¾h úu,a Ô' n,.,af,ag;a uydpd¾h fÊ' î'

Èidkdhlg;a uf.a lD;{;dj msßkukjd" fï rij;a

tfuka u jeo.;a lreKq wmg wkdjrKh lr §u ms<sn|j'

wdhqfndajkaæ


ixialD;sl ch.%yKh - udkj iudch úiska ixialD;sl úldikfha

m%;sM, jifhka we;s lr .kakd ,o yelshd yd

fidhd .ekSï

mßKdujdoh -hul l%ñl úldikh hs¦ w;S;fha úiQ Ôùka

úúO fjkialïj,g ,la ùfuka wo olakg

,efnk Ôùka we;s jQ nj mjik kHdh

mßKdujdoh hs' Ôùka fuka u iudch yd

ixialD;sh o l%ufhka úldikh jk nj fï

kHdfhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'

mqkre;am;a;sh - mqk¾ ¬ W;am;a;sh" kej; bm§u

l,am úkdYhlska - yskaÿ yd fn!oaO .%ka:j,g wkqj f,dalfha fyda

úYajfha fyda wdrïNfha isg wjidkh f;la

ld,h l,amhls' tla l,amhla fl<jr f,dalh

úkdYhg m;a fj;ehs lshkq ,efí'

laIqø m%dŒka - mshú weig fkd fmfkk w;sYh l=vd Ôùka

mdId‚N+; - f*dis, njg m;a jQ¦ w;S;fha úiQ i;=ka yd Ydl

iyuq,ska u fyda fldgia jifhka fuka u i;=kaf.a

wä igyka jeks oE o tajdys uq,a iajrEmh fmkakqï

flfrk mßÈ mia njg m;a ù wdrlaId ù ;sîu'

YS¾I lmd,h - ysia ln,

ld, iSud ks¾Kh - l=uk ld,hlg wh;a oehs úoHd;aul l%u

Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka ;SrKh lsÍu

iïuq;sh - ms<s.ekSu$tlÕ;dj

NdId Wmd¾ckh - ñksia <orejl= NdIdjla bf.k .kafka ;ud

wjg jHjydr jk NdIdj Y%jKh lsÍfuks' ta

i|yd Tyqf.a YÍrfha bkaøsh lsysmhla

úfYaIfhka yev .eiS ;sfí'


NdId {d;s;ajh - f,dalfha jHjydr flfrk úúO NdId tla fmdÿ

NdIdjlska we;s ù fjkia NdId njg m;a ù we;s

nj ms<s.efka' tjeks iïnkaO;d iys; NdId tl u

NdId mjq,lg wh;a fia ie,flhs' isxy, NdIdj

kQ;k bkaÈhdkq NdId jk yska§" fnx.d,s" .=crdá" W¾ÿ

wdÈ NdId iu. fuka u mer‚ bkaÈhdkq NdId jk

ixialD; yd md,s iu.;a bx.sßis" m%xi" c¾uka wdÈ

kQ;k hqfrdamSh NdId yd mer‚ .%Sla" ,;ska NdId

iu.;a {d;s;ajhla we;s NdIdjls' fï ish,a, tla

NdId mjq,lg ^bkaÿ- hqfrdamSh NdId mjq,& wh;a

fia j¾. flf¾'

uQ, NdId - {d;s;ajhla iys; úúO NdId ish,a,g u fmdÿ

jQ mer‚ tla NdIdjla mej;s nj NdId{hkaf.a

u;h hs' by; úia;r l< bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh mjq,g

wh;a NdIdj,g uq,a jQfha tjeks tla mer‚

NdIdjla nj ie,flhs' th bkaÿ-hqfrdamSh uQ,

NdIdj hkqfjka kï flf¾'

jD;a;dka;hla - l;djla

jdylh - f.k hkakd

wúfhdackSh - fjka l< fkd yels

wkkH;dj - ;udg u wh;a nj

wjfndaOh

1' mdvfï we;=<;a .=jkaúÿ,s idlÉPdjg mokï ù we;s ldrKh l=ula o@

2' NdIdfõ wdrïNh ms<sn| uQ,sl u;jdo ks¾udKh ù we;af;a l=uk ldrKd

mokï lr f.k o@

3' NdIdfõ Wm;g iu.dój isÿ jQ udkjhdf.a j¾OkSh wjia:dj l=ula o@

3' f,dalfha mj;akd NdId .Kk ksYaÑ;j m%ldY lsÍug fkd yelafla l=uk

fya;= ksid o@

4' NdIdj ixialD;sfha jdylh f,i y÷kajkafka wehs@


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' mdvfuka Wmqgd .kakd ,o my; fþo fyd¢ka lshjd" tla tla fþofha woyia

idrdxY fldg f,aLk jHjydrfhka ,shkak'

¸' udkjhdf.a ;snqK YlH;d w;r tlla ;uhs NdId YlH;dj" ikaksfõok

YlH;dj' tA lshkafka woyia m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío ksl=;a lsÍfï yelshdj'

wfkla i;=ka jf.a u ñksid jdkr udkj wjia:dfõ §;a nv.skak" fjk;a

úúO wjYH;d m%ldY lsÍu i|yd Yío fhdod .kak we;s' kuq;a tfyu fkd

fjhs" ;ukaf.a úúO wjYH;d i|yd fukak fï Yíoud,dj f;dard .kakd

njg lsishï iudchla" iudc lKavdhula tla ù iïuq;shlg meñ‚hd kï"

fukak fï Yíoh fï w¾:h i|yd wdÈ jYfhka úúO Yío i|yd;a" Yío

ixhq;s tA lshkafka Yío folla" ;=kla fyda lSmhla tl;=jla i|yd;a" fukak

fï úúO Yío yd Yío ixhq;s i|yd iïuq;shlg meñŒu NdIdfõ Wm; yeáhg

y÷kajkak mq¿jka'

¸¸' .%Sl cd;sl b;sydi{hl= jk fyrfvdagiag wkqj l%sia;= mQ¾j yhjk ishjfia

ñirfha idñ;slia lshk rc;=ud uQ, NdId m¾fhaIKhla lr ;sfnkjd" l;d

lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ lrk ,o .¾NsŒ ldka;djla" ñksia lg y~la ke;s

mßirhl /lj,a iys;j r|jd wehg orejd ,efnkakg ie,eiaiqjd ¨' orejd

j¾Okh fj,d l;d lroaÈ uq,ska u lsõfõ ‘fnfldia’ lsh,d ¨' rÊcqrefjda fï

jpkh f,dalfha fudk NdIdfõ o lsh,d fydhkak lghq;= fhÿjd' fydhd

f.k hoa§ j¾;udkfha iq¿ wdishdj hkqfjka ye¢kafjk m%foaYfha jHjydr

jqKq *aÍðhka lshk" NdIdfõ jpkhla nj fydhd f.k ;sfnkjd' fï NdIdj

oekg jHjydrfha ke;s NdIdjla *aÍðhka NdIdfjka ‘fnfldia’ lshkafk

mdkaj,g' f,dalfha uq,a u NdIdj *aÍðhka njg fï m¾fhaIlhka úYajdi

l<d'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' lKavdhï mylg fn§ my; oelafjk ud;Dld hgf;a nqoaê uKav, idlÉPd

mj;ajkak'

¸' fvx.= Wjÿr ÿre lruq

¸¸' fmd;a lshùfï jeo.;alu

¸¸¸' mdßißl w¾nqo ks¾udKh lrkafka ñksid u h'

¸¹' o<od fmryer

¹' iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud wOHdmk lafIa;%hg l< fufyjr

2' ‘NdIdjl Wm; ms<sn| mßKdujd§ u;h’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a l:djla

mj;ajkak'


úúO rdcldß lghq;= iïnkaOfhka wmg f,aLk.; f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍug

isÿ fjhs' tfia bÈßm;a flfrk f,aLk rdcldß ,sms jYfhka kï flf¾' rdcH

wud;HdxY" fomd¾;fïka;=" uKav, yd fjk;a rdcH wdh;k iu. fuka u

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;k iu. o rdcldß lghq;= isÿ lsÍfï § fujeks ,sms

bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ'

fj<|du uQ,sl lr.;a úúO jHdmdßl lghq;= iïnkaOfhka o f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh

lsÍu i|yd ,sms ,sùu isÿ fjhs' tfia jHdmdßl lghq;= iïnkaOj bÈßm;a flfrk

f,aLk jHdmdßl ,sms jYfhka kï flf¾'

fm!oa.,sl ,smshl;a rdcldß ,smshl;a w;r we;s fjki Tn my< fYa%‚j, §

yodrkakg we;' fm!oa.,sl ,smshla wmg lsisÿ wdlD;shlg wkqj fkd f.dia ksoyfia

,súh yels h' tfy;a rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,smshla tfia ,sùug fkd yels fõ'

rdcldß ,smshl hjkakdf.a ,smskh fuka u ,nkakdf.a ,smskh o i|yka l< hq;=

h' wduka;%Kh i|yka lsÍu w;HjYH fkd fõ' rdcldß$jHdmdßl ,smshl th

,sùug mokï jQ ldrKh ixlaIsma;j oelafjk ud;Dldjla ;sìh hq;= h'

rdcldß ,smsfha ueo fldgi" tkï wka;¾.;h" wod< ldrKh meyeÈ,s jk fia

,súh hq;= h' fuys o ixlaIsma;j tfuka u wod< lreKq muKla igyka lsÍu iqÿiq

h' tu lreKq wkqms<sfj<ska fm< .eiaùu o jeo.;a fõ' idys;H ks¾udKhl § fuka

j¾Kkd;aul NdId ffY,shla Ndú; lrkq fjkqjg" Rcqj u wod< ldrKh meyeÈ,s

jk wdldrhg ,smsh ,súh hq;= h' wfmalaIs; ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSug wjYH ish¨ u

f;dr;=re meyeÈ,sj we;=<;a l< hq;= h'

tÈfkod Ôú;fha § rdcldß ,sms ,sùug isÿ jk wjia:d lsysmhla fufia h'

1' wmf.a rdcldß wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd

2' rdcldß lghq;= iïnkaOfhka tjQ ,smshlg ms<s;=re iemhSu i|yd

3' rdcldßuh jYfhka bgq fkdjQ lreKla ms<sn| h<s isys .ekaùu i|yd

4' ksr; ù isák rdcldßfha wjYH;d i|yd wdÈ jYfhks'

rdcldß$jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùfï wdlD;s igykla 10 fYa%‚fha § Tn bf.k f.k we;'

B<Õ msgqfõ oelafjkafka rdcldß ,smshl wdo¾Yhls'

rdcldß yd jHdmdßl ,sms ,sùu


úÿy,am;s"

úoHdpkaø úµd,h"

Wvu,afj,'

2020-02-17

iNdm;s"

YS% ,xld rEmjdyskS ixia:dj"

fld<U 07'

rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröug wjir ,nd .ekSu

wm úoHd,fha 11 fYa%‚fha bf.kqu ,nk YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a jd¾Isl

wOHdmk pdßldj 2020-05-12 Èkg fh§ ;sfí'

fujr tu pdßldfõ § .%yf,dald.drh" cd;sl fl!;=ld.drh wdÈ

ia:dk keröug isiqka /f.k hEug wfmalaId flf¾' tfuka u tys

§ rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröu yd tys iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu 11

fYa%Ksfha YsIH YsIHdjkag jeo.;a nj wdpd¾h uKav,h fhdackd

lr isáhs'

tneúka 2020-05-12 Èk 11 fYa%‚fha YsIH YsIHdjka 200la we;=¿

250l muK lKavdhulg rEmjdyskS ixia:d mßY%hg we;=¿ ùug

iy rEmjdyskS ixia:dj keröug wjir ,nd §" Bg wjYH myiqlï

i,id fok f,i f.!rjfhka b,a,d isáñ'

ia;=;shs"

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

mS' ví,sõ' úoHdfialr

úÿy,am;s


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

my; i|yka isoaê i|yd rdcldß ,sms ,shkak'

¸' Tn Ôj;a jk .fï isg bf.kqu ,nk úÿy, olajd .uka .ekSu i|yd mdi,a

nia r:hla fhdojk f,i b,a,d Tng wod< m<df;a äfmda wêldßjrhdg

,shqula ,shkak'

¸¸' Tfí mdif,a meje;afjk ks¾udK úkaok jevigyk wdjrK lsÍu i|yd

meñfKk f,i wdrdOkh lrñka udOH wdh;khlg rdcldß ,smshla ,shkak'

¸¸¸' Tn f,alï Oqrh ork r;au,a.u tlai;a iqn idOl ix.uh m%foaYjdiSkaf.a

mdkSh c, wjYH;dj imqrd ,Su i|yd .%dóh c, jHdmD;shla wdrïN lr

we;ehs is;kak' fï c, jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul flfrkafka ue‚la .fÕa c,h

,nd f.k th msßmyÿ lr .%dóh ck;djg fnod yeÍfuks' fï i|yd ñ,shk

2l uqo,la Tn iñ;shg rcfhka ,eî we;s neúka c, jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul

lsÍug wjYH c, fudag¾" c,k< yd tajd i|yd wjYH Wmdx." c, gexls i|yd

wjYH øjH iñ;shg ,nd .ekSu msKsi nÿ,a, uyd ùÈfha msysá chfiak

^fm!oa.,sl& fj<| uOHia:dkfha l<ukdlre fj; heúh hq;= jHdmdßl ,smsh

,shkak'

¸¹' l=Kq li< oeófuka isÿ jk mßir ydks j<lajd ,Su i|yd ksis ls%hdud¾.hla

.kakd f,i b,a,d Tn m<df;a uyck fi!LH mÍlaIljrhdg ,shk ,smsh

ilia lrkak'


ñksidf.a uQ,sl u ikaksfõok l%uh l:kh hs'

l:kh u.ska woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu" tÈfkod Ôú;fha

§ fuka u úfYAI wjia:dj, § o jeo.;a fõ' úfYaI

wjia:dj, § lrk bÈßm;a lsÍï jvd;a id¾:lj iy

ld¾hlaIuj bgq lr .ekSug Ndú; l< yels úúO

udOH mj;S' N+ñld rx.k" msgq fmr<k" Wysia

m%lafIaml (OHP – Over Head Projector) nyq udOH

m%lafIaml (Multimedia Projector) yd fmdaiag¾ tn÷

udOH lsysmhls'

hï lsis bÈßm;a lsÍula úÑ;% ùug yd wdl¾IŒh

ùug tn÷ nyqúO udOH Ndú;h fya;= fjhs' jvd;a

wdl¾IŒh f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid .%dylhdg th

.%yKh lr .ekSug ,efnk msgqn,h o w;suy;a h'

fï udOH w;ßka iuyrla kj ;dlaI‚l fuj,ï h'

tAjd ksjerÈj Ndú;h ms<sn| mqyqKqjla ,eîu o wjYH

fõ' bÈßm;a lsÍug kshñ; ldrKh jvd;a fyd¢ka

iïfm%aIKh lsÍug tA i|yd jvd;a WÑ; udOHhla

f;dard .ekSu o bjy,a fõ' ta ta udOHfha .=Kdx.

y÷kd f.k Bg wkqrEmj ish bÈßm;a lsÍu ilia lr

.; hq;= h' fï mdvu" nyqúO udOH Ndú;fhka

flfrk bÈßm;a lsÍï ms<sn| ir, u. fmkaùuls'

nyqúO udOH Ndú;h ixfla;j;a lrk ldgQka Ñ;%

ks¾udKh lrk ,oafoa oñkaøs fl!Y,Hd fld<Uf.a

fufKúh úisks'

nyqúO udOH Ndú;h 13


Wvu,afj, úoHdpkaø úoHd,fha oekaùï mqjre" by; fmdaiagrfhka ieriS ;sì‚'

kshñ; Èkh t<ô‚' m%Odk wdrdê;

wuq;a;d legqj úÿy,am;s;=ud m%uqL wdpd¾h

uKav,h Yd,djg msúiqKy' fmd,af;,a

myk oe,aùfuka wk;=rej wuq;a;ka

ms<s.ksñka isxy, ix.ufha jd¾Isl

jevigyk bÈßm;a lf<a ix.ufha iNdm;s

hyoiks úfÊj¾Ok YsIHdj hs' weh isxy,

ix.ufha l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

i|yd nyq udOH m%lafIamlh Wmfhda.s lr

.;a w;r tys § PdhdrEm yd ùäfhda o¾Yk

weiqfrka ix.ufha jd¾Isl l%shdldrlï

úia;r flßKs' wef.a l:k ffY,sh fuka

u bÈßm;a lsÍï iy úúO ;dlaI‚l

WmlrK Ndú;h o iNdfõ we.hSug ,la

úh'

—kqjK ,nd fok foúfhda

wl=re h bka fkdjkq úfhda''''˜

Wvu,afj, úoHdpkaø úoHd,fha

jd¾Isl isxy, NdId Èkh

2015'03'02 Èk

fm'j' 10'00 isg m'j' 3'00 olajd

úoHd,hSh m%Odk Yd,dfõ §'

f;audj ( isxy, wlaIr ud,dj

m%Odk wdrdê;hd (

uydpd¾h iqmika lreKdfoaj

fï wjia:djg tla ù nfia uysuh

ri ú¢kakg Tn;a tkak'

úoHd,hSh isxy, ix.uh


B<Õ wx.h jQfha ‘úúO isxy, wlaIr ud,d’ hk f;audj mokï lr .;a bÈßm;a lsÍuls'

th isxy, ix.ufha YsIH YsIHdjka msßila

úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,È' Tjqyq úfYaI r|jkhl

iú lrk ,o le,ekavrhla jeks WmlrKhla³

fõÈldjg /f.k wdy' tys m<uq fld<fha

igykaj ;snqfKa kQ;k wlaIr ud,dj hs' th

fyd¢ka lshjd OdrKh lr .ekSug iNdjg

wjia:dj ,nd ÿka Tjqyq B<Õ msgqj fmr¿Ey'

tys igykaj ;snqfKa iso;a iÕrdfõ we;=<;a

wlaIr ud,dj hs' kQ;k isxy, fydaäfha

we;=<;a" tfy;a iso;a iÕrd fydaäfha ke;s

wlaIr fudkjd o hkak iNdfjka úuiñka"

m<uq jr ms<s;=re ,nd ÿka whg ;Hd. ,nd

§ug lKavdhu lghq;= l<y' fï wkaoug

wfkla isxy, wlaIr ud,d o bÈßm;a lrñka

tlsfkl ii|d m%YAk úuiSula fuys § isÿ úh'

YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a lõ .S .dhkd" kegqï wdÈ ixialD;sldx. /ila o bÈßm;a flreKq

w;r Bg wod< o¾Yk" nyq udOH m%lafIamlh u.ska ;srh u; m;s; flß‚' B<Õ

úfYaIdx.h jQfha zisxy, mdvuZ flá kdgHh hs'

fï wdldrhg iNdj úfgl iskd id.rhl .s,ajñka tfuka u isxy, wlaIrud,dj

^fõÈldj u; mka;s ldurhl f,i mqgq ;nd ilia lr we;' isiqyq we;efula

ys|f.k fmd;a lshj;s' we;efula fld< .=<s ùis lr;s' .=rejßhl f,i ieriqKq

YsIHdjla meñfKhs' weh mka;sh bÈßhg meñ‚ úg isiqyq ke.sg wdhqfndajka lsh;s'&

.=re;=ó( wdhqfndajkaæ wo wfma mdvu ‘isxy, j¾K ud,dj’ ^weh tu ud;Dldj fõÈldj u; we;s mqjrefõ ,shhs'&

isiqfjla tla jr u ke.sáhs'

isiqjd( ñia" j¾K lshkafka mdgj,g fkao@

^mka;sfhka iskd y`vla u;= fjhs&

.=re;=ó( fyd|hs oiqka" jdä fjkakfld' oeka ljqre;a ksYAYío fjkak'

‘j¾K’ lshkafka mdgj,g lsh,d fka wms okafk' yenehs

wl=rej,g;a ‘j¾K’ lsh,d lshkjd' iso;a iÕrdfõ ‘‘fmr’’mr

jKka ksis úÈks .<mkq i| kï” lsh,d fka ikaê y÷kajkafka'

mQ¾j wmr wlaIr ;uhs ‘fmr mr jKka’ lshkafka' tfykï

lshkak n,kak" isxy, j¾K ud,dj lshkafka fudloao lsh,d'

isiqyq( ^tl yçka& isxy, fydaähg

.=re;=ó( fndfydu fyd|hs' isxy, j¾K ud,dj lsõj;a isxy, fydaäh

lsõj;a wms y÷kajkafk isxy, wlaIr ud,djg ;uhs'

³ msgq fmr<kh

10' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


isxy, wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd foñka fõÈldj u; t<soelajqKq

N+ñld rx.kh" ieuf.a is;a weo ne| .;a wx.hla úh'

B<Õ wjia:dj t<ôfha wdrdê; foaYkh i|yd h'

m%Odk wdrdê;hd jQ uydpd¾h iqmika

lreKdfoaj uy;d ta i|yd fõÈldjg

meñ‚fha h' Tyqf.a foaYkfha ud;Dldj jQfha

‘isxy, wlaIrj, mßKduh’ hs' wdrïNfha §

Tyq mer‚ isxy, wlaIrj, iajrEmh fmkaùu

i|yd úúO hq.j,g wh;a fi,a,sms lsysmhl

fiahdrE Wysia m%lafIamlh Ndú;fhka ;srh

u; oelaù h'

úÿy,am;s;=udg yd isxy, ix.uh Ndr .=re

Nj;=kag m%Kdu iïudk m%odkh iy NdId

Èkhg iu.dój mj;ajk ,o rpkd" oekqu

ñkqu" újdo" lÓl ;r.j, ch.%dylhkag

;s<sK m%odkh" W;aijfha wjidk wx.h úh'

isxy, ix.ufha f,alï iis;a .=Kj¾Ok YsIHhdf.a ia;=;s l;dfjka miq cd;sl .Sh

jdokh flrefKa W;aijfha iudma;sh igyka lrñks'


ì;a;shl r|jk ,o úfYAI mqjrejl

fyda ì;a;sfha w,jk ,o lvodishl

újD; f,i m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s

m%ldYkhla ì;a;s mqj;am;la f,i

ye¢kafõ' fndfyda úg w;ska u ,shd

w;ska w¢k ,o is;=jï fhdod fïjd

ilia flfrhs' mdi,aj, muKla

fkdj úúO wdh;kj, o ì;a;s

mqj;am;la oelsh yels h' lsishï ld, mrdihla ;=< ^foi;shla" udihla" wdÈ

jifhka'''& m%o¾Ykh flfrk ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms kej; w¨;a flf¾' m%jD;a;suh

,sms" ks¾udKd;aul ,sms wdÈh ì;a;s mqj;am;l ,sms w;r oelsh yels h'

lsishï úfYAI wruqKla f;audjla mokï lr f.k iÕrd iïmdokh flf¾'

iÕrdjl m%jD;a;suh" ld,Sk ,sms fuka u ks¾udKd;aul úfYaIdx. ,sms o we;=<;a

fõ' lsishï iÕrdjl we;=<;a flfrk ,sms o wod< iÕrdfõ f;audjg wkq.;j

iïmdokh flfrhs'

iÕrd ,sms

ì;a;s mqj;am;a ,sms

wjfndaOh

1' PdhdrEm yd ùäfhda o¾Yk bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< yels" mdvfï i|yka

fuj,u l=ula o@

2' wl=re ‘j¾K’ kñka ye¢kafjk nj ;yjqre l< yels mer‚ kso¾Ykhla

mdvfï we;=<;a fõ' ta l=ula o@

3' YsIHhka msgq fmr<kh Wmfhda. lr f.k m%o¾Ykh lf<a l=ula o@

4' mdvfï i|yka mer‚ jHdlrK .%ka:h l=ula o@

5' NdId Èk Wf<f,a § Wysia m%lafIamlh Ndú; flrefKa l=ula i|yd o@


l;=jels

mqj;am;l fyda iÕrdjl fyda m%Odk ixialdrljrhd editor& fyda ixialdrl uKav,

idudðlhl= fyda úiska ld,Sk m%ia;=;hla mokï lr f.k" wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn|

iajlSh mqj;amf;a ke;fyd;a iÕrdfõ ia:djrh" wdl,amh ms<sìUq lrñka rpkd

lrk ,sms úfYaIhla f,i l;=jels fyj;a l¾;DjdlH ye¢kaúh yels h' jd¾;d"

úfYaIdx. ,sms" ;Sre ,sms lsysmhla we;=<;a jqj o tla mqj;am;l fyda iÕrdjl fyda

tla l,dmhl we;=<;a flfrkafka tla l;=jelshla muKls' th iudchg jeo.;a

ishqï ldrKd biau;= lrñka rÑ; ir, tfy;a yrj;a úo.aO f,aLkhla ùu wjYH

fõ' wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn| iunr újrKhla ùu l;=jelshl ,laIKhls' we;eï

mqqj;am;aj, ndysr mqoa.,hka ,jd ,shjd .kakd l;=jels o fjhs' YS% ,xld idys;H

uKav,fha iydh we;sj ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska m< lrk ,o

idys;Hh ff;%udisl iÕrdfõ 1969 j¾Ifha m<uqjk l,dmfha m< flreKq

l;=jelsh my; oelafõ' th ukdj lshjd l;=jelshl iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .kak'

wmg fmfkk yeáhg isxy, bf.kSu i|yd myiq ud¾. ;kd .ekSfï jevms<sfj<la ;du bÈßm;a

ù ke;' fï lreK .ek fï ;dla wmf.a ie,ls,a, fhduq fkd ùu f,dl= u wvqjls'

isxy, jHjydr NdIdfõ;a ,shk NdIdfõ;a úYd, mr;rhla mj;S' Ôjudk NdIdjl ta ;;a;ajh

tfia mej;Su iajNdjhla jqj;a" ta ms<sn| mj;sk mr;rh yels ;dla wvq úh hq;= nj h wfma yeÕSu'

,shd bÈßm;a lrk fofhys m%Odk wruqK" lshjkakdg ,shQ fofhys woyi ksrjq,aj wjfndaO ùug

myiqlu ie,iSu hs' l:dfjys § fuka fkd j" lsheùfï § ,shQ fofhys l%uj;a njla ;sìh hq;= h'

fï l%uj;a nj hs" ,shk-lshk NdIdfjys we;s úh hq;= mr;rh'

‘uu hkjd" wms jev l<d’ jeks jyr l:djg ñi ,sùug fyd| ke;s nj fndfyda fokdf.a

l,amkdj hs' tfy;a" isxy, myiqfjka bf.kSfï u.la yeáhg fujeks l:djyr ,sùfuys§;a

ksjerÈ yeáhg ms<s.ekSfuys jrola we;ehs wmg fkd fmfka'

jHdlrKh myiq lrùu" ´kE u Ôj NdIdjla bf.kSug i,ik myiq ud¾.h hs' jrl ;ekQ

úhrKh" Ôj;a jk NdIdjl yeuod u tl fia mj;skafka ke;' Ôj;a jk NdIdj fkdfhla woyia

wruqKqj,ska jeä ÈhqKq ùu iajNdjhls' ta ksid wjqreÿ ish .Kklg fmr ;ekQ jHdlrKhla u;

Ôjudk NdIdjla bÈßhg .uka lrùu lsis fia;a fkd l< yelalls' tn÷ ;e;la id¾:l jkafka

u< NdIdjla iïnkaOfhka mu‚'

isxy, jeks NdIdjla wo uqyqKmd we;s .eg¨jls" ta yd iïnkaO jk wks;a NdIdh;a; jpk

Ndú; h' wo isxy, NdIdjg we;=¿ jk fndfyda jpk bx.S%is hs' fï jpkj,g wuq;= u jpk fkd

f.k" tu bx.S%is jpk u isxy, lr .ekSu yqÕdla u myiq j.hs' isxy, jyrg meñ‚ we;s ‘ler

fldamamqj" .rdÈh" ndia" bx.S%is’ wdÈ jpk .ek is;k úg tajd mq¾;=.Sis" ,xfoais jpk tfyu msáka

u isxy,g f.k we;s yeáhls m< ù we;af;a' ta jpk tfia Ndú; lsÍfuys fodila we;ehs wmg

fkd fmfka' ta ksid ´kE u kqyqre jpkhla isxy, jHjydrhg .ekSfï § m<uqj i,ld ne,sh

hq;af;a isxy, lgg yqre jk whqre hs' tys lD;s%u yqrejla lsis fia;a we;s l< fkd yels hs'

WodyrKhla jYfhka ‘nia ßh’ .ek n,uq' ‘nih’ lshd lD;s%u yqrejla §ug wm fldf;la jEhï

l<;a" isxy, jyrg yqre ta jpkh ‘nia tl’ lshd uhs' ta ksid ‘nia tl’ hkak u jyrg .ekSfuys

jrola fkd fmfka'

,Sùfï § nr jpk Ndú;h o yels ;dla ÿrg ke;s lr .ekSu uekú' jerÈ jpk fndfyda ÿrg

,shefjkafka fï nr jpk Ndú;h ksihs' fï lrefKys § n,mdk m%Yakhls" w,amm%dK-uydm%dK

wl=re fNaoh' fmdÿck jHjydrfha myiqj ;ld isxy, lgg yqre kï" uydm%dK w,amm%dK lr ,sùfï

isxy, bf.kSfï ud¾. myiq lsÍu


jrola o fkd fmfka' ‘wmrdOh-wmrdoh( fNaoh-fíoh"’ jeks ;eka ta i|yd ie,lsh hq;=hs' fufia u

‘Y" I’ wl=re fol;a ‘k" K’ wl=re fol;a isxy,g yqre mßÈ laIudj-iudj" lreKd-lrekd yeáhg

,sùu je/È fkd úh yelafla ms<s.;a iïm%odhla we;s lr .; fyd;a mu‚' tfyhska fï l%uhka

wkq.ukh lsÍu isxy, bf.kSu myiq lsÍfï ud¾. mdod .ekSuls'

isxy, ñksiqka w;r isxy, bf.kSu wudre" bx.S%is mkakhg neimq whg muK hs' tfy;a isxy,

bf.kSfï myiqlï ie,iSfï § Tjqkag jvd ie,ls,a, fhduq l< hq;af;a wfkla cd;slhka

iïnkaOfhks' úfYaIfhka fou< uqia,sï jeks cd;slhka isxy, bf.kSug fm,Uùfï Wml%uhla

yeáhg" isxy, bf.kSu myiq lrùu wo l< hq;a;la fia fmfka' ta i|yd l%udkql+,j ilia l<

fmd;a mka;shl;a" YíofldaIhl;a wjYH;dj by<ska u u;= ù ;sfí' fï ld¾hh l< hq;= m%Odk

wdh;k kï" ,xldfõ úYajúµd, hs' tfy;a idys;H uKav,h jeks wdh;khla u.ska jqj;a" th l<

fkd yels ld¾hhla fkd fõ'

,S,a .=Kfialr

mqxÑ nKavdr ikakia.,

;Sre ,sms

ld,Sk" wdl¾IŒh f;audjla mokï lr f.k ,shefjk ixlaIsma; mqj;am;a ,sms

úfYaIhla" ;Sre ,sms f,i ye¢kafjhs' ;Sre ,smshl Bg wod< m%ia;=;h ms<sn| iuia;

mqj;amf;a wdl,amhg jvd rplhdf.a wdl,amh ms<sìUq flf¾' tl u ldrKh mokï

lr .;a ;Sre ,sms folla l;=jrekaf.a rpkd ffY,sh" NdId ú,dih" jdla fldaIh"

ixfla; Ndú;h wdÈ lreKq wkqj úúO fõ¦ tlsfklska fjkia fõ' tl u f,aLlhd

jqj o fjkia ud;Dld foll § fjkia ffY,shlg" NdId ú,dihlg wkqj ;Sre ,sms

iïmdokh lrhs' we;eï úg l;=jre ish kduh fjkqjg wdrEV kduhlska ;Sre ,sms

iïmdokh lr;s' pkaør;ak udkjisxy uy;df.a j.;=. o ohdfiak .=Kisxy

uy;df.a rhs.ï rd< yd Wl=iaid o w;sYhska ckms%h jQ ;Sre ,sms ud,d h' ;Sre ,smshl

§ Ndú; lrk NdId ffY,sh úfõpkd;aul h' mejish hq;= lreKq fláfhka kuq;a

;shqKq f,i mejiSu o id¾:l ;Sre ,smshl lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

fï mdvfï j.;=. ;Sre ,sms ud,dfjka ,sms foll fldgia we;=<;a lr we;' th ;Sre

,smshl iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSug Tng bv i,ikq we;' tl u rplhd f;aud

foll § NdIdj Ndú; lr we;af;a fohdldrhlg nj o thska meyeÈ,s fõ' l=udr;=x.

ms<sn| oelafjk ,smsfha l=udr;=x. rpkdjkays NdId ffY,shg wkqrEmj ilia lr

.;a jHjydrhla Ndú; lrk Tyq wdkkao iurfldaka ms<sn| ,smsfha § Ndú; lrkafka

fjkia NdId ffY,shls'

idys;Hh - 1969" m<uqjk l,dmh ckjdß - ud¾;=


fy< ìu .,la fldge" fy< nia .,a lgqfjka

fk¿E fy< /fia rej kï l=ur;=Õ= uqksoiayqf.a

rej he' fy< nia ihqr; ksfjia .;a fy< /ia

fjka ken ißka my< je isá fï rka .endf.a

isysh" oekau" kqjK" úuiqu úiska m;< j;a

i;frls'

l==re¨ ujla

,enqKq ,enqKq oE fydgfha ròjdf.k leoe,af,a

l=pq l=pq .dk meáhkaf.a ;=v. ;nd fmdfydkd

l=re¨ ujl fuka uqksoiqkaf.a ysig wiq jQ oehla

Tjqka iòyd fjka le/f.k fkd ;nd fy<

nia leoe,af,a k<shk meáhkaf.a ;=v. ;enQ

ieá" Tjqkaf.a ;gq hï;ñka b£ .sh weis,af,a ue

fodrg jvk u`.=f,a ;=gq /õ k.d Woï jQ ieá"

wo fuka u;l h'

fy< ne;sh

uqksoiayqf.a w¿ fmryerg;a iure Wf<,g;a

msÿfKa iqmsßisÿ fy< ne;sh hs' tys mq`.=,a

.e;s njla fyda lsisÿ ls¨fgla ke;a ue he'

jdish" ,dNh" n,h" ;ld mqok msÿfuka" j¢k

je÷fuka" kuk ysfika" .hk .=Kfhka" hÈk

heÿfuka" ÿUq¨ je .sh fï hq.fha foi /i ni

.ek we;s kshu <eÈhdfjka yrir mE fy<hka

oelau o uy msfkls' iev ßú /iska ;ejqKq" je,s

l=Kdgqfjka ñßl=Kq" urel;f¾ ysS,a fyj‚ka

isys,a Èfhka hq;a flï ìula oelau ljr ;rfï

i;=fgla o@ uqksoiayqf.a w¿ ;ejreKq ;ek o

yeu i|myka /hl u iriúh fjK jhd kgkq

we;s'

fure

oeka wfka uqksoiaks" ÿlauqiq l;djlg o wjir'

oeka we;eï mqj;am;a nia n,a,kg .sh lf,ls'

mqj;la iòyd k`.k uefhl mjd fy< hehs

kful=ÿ .Eù ke;s fia h' fjfiiska u udi

myl yhl isg ue hï hï fodiska nr je" m<

jqKq kuqÿ ‘isxy, mqj;a mf;le’ hs lsj yels

je ;snqKq mis`ÿ mqj;am;a mjd m< jkafka isxy,

niska fkd j wKavr fou¿fjks' ljr iriú

;=Uilska b.s<S wd fure oehs i,ld .; yels

fkdfõ' ,sh;s' ,sh;s' ojiska oji u ni nishs'

uqksoiqka iufha furge ;=ka jekafka mdi,a

orefjda o fï Bkshd mqj;am;a l,dfõ§kg jvd

nig yqre jQfjda fj;s'''

j.;=." ,xldÈm 1961 ud¾;= 6

fy<rejwdkkao iurfldaka uy;df.a wNdjh oeßh fkd

yels ;rfï ÿlls' Tyq .ek kef.k fYdalh

m%ldY lsÍfï § Èj;a mEk;a fol u f.d¿ .eiS

hkakdla fuka oefka' ksy`v w÷rlg f.k .sh

ñksia isf;ka l=uk m%ldYhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=

úh yels o@

msÿu

ckms%h .dhlhl=" jdolhl=" ix.S; Ydia;%{hl=

jYfhka ye¢kaùu muKlska f.!rj mQ¾jl

mQfcdamydrhla lsÍu Tyqf.a fiajdjg m%udKj;a

fkd fõ' Tyqf.ka fï rfÜ ix.S;h wuq;= u.lg

fhduq jQ ta ishqï f¾Ldj foi wdmiq yeÍ n,k

úg Tyqf.a l,d fl!Y,Hhg l=ulska msÈhe hq;=

o hk yeÕ=u ks;e;ska u u;= fjhs'

tl ue foa .ek fldf;l=;a lE.eiSu ta foh

wreÑ ù hdug fya;=jla jk nj fndfyda fokd

fkd oks;s' fn!oaO kdufhka fldf;l=;a oUÈj

w;S;h u /õ ms<s/õ l< .S;hka muKg jeäfhka

fkd j jeäfhkq;a jeäfhka úisr .sh hq.hl §

‘wefia uOqr Ôjkfha .S;d’ hkqfjka .S;h w¨;a

u.lg f.k .sh wdkkao iurfldaka isxy,

rislhdf.a is; rij;a lf<a h' fi!kao¾hh yd

Ôjk udOq¾hh tla lf<a h' ñysr u;= lf<a h'

“fldhsno” isxy,hdg Tjqkaf.a u jgdmsgdfjys ieÕù ;sfnk

ñysr Tjqkaf.a u is;=ú,sj,ska je<| .ekSug

yelshdj i,id ÿka iurfldakaf.a wmQre fldau,

uOqr;r .S;hkaf.a t<sfhka fï rfÜ msmqKq u,a

fndfyda h' ta msmS jekS .sh u,a jgd /,a ne| .;a

nur óueis .Khdf.a ixLHdj fndfyda h' ‘mqxÑ

iqod iqÿ leáhd’ hk .dhkfha fldhsn o Wofha

hk jpk fofla we;s isxy, fhÿï uf.a kEUq,a

iqj| wmf.a Ôjk w;S;fha .ïudkhka Tiafia

f;rla bula fldkla fkd olakd ;eklg msysrd

hhs'

l,dj

ñksiaiq Ôú;h wrNhd jev lghq;= lr;s' ta

lrk lghq;= .ek l;d lr;s' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a

Ôú;j, l=uk úêfha reÑ wreÑlï oejà ;sfí

oehs fiùug fjfyi fkd .ks;s' l,dlrejka

ksy`v je Ôjk mS%;sh i|yd imhk foa wkqj

reÑ wreÑlï f.dv kef.hs' fjkia jQ ;ekg

fyda fjkia jQ ldrKh is;g k.d f.k fidhd

ne,Sug ñksiaiq Wkkaÿ fkd fj;s'''

wdkkao iurfldaka

j.;=." ,xldÈm 1962 wfm%a,a 8


NdIdj udkj ixialD;sfha moku jYfhka ie,flhss'

ñksid i;a;aj f,dalfha fiiq idudðlhkag jvd

úYsIag ;;a;ajhla w;a m;a lr f.k we;af;a o NdId

YlH;dj fya;=fjks' NdIdfõ úNj;d Wmfhda.s lr

.;a ñksid Ôj f,dalh fuka u øjH f,dalh o

md,kh lsÍfï Yla;sh ;ud i;= lr f.k ;sfí' fï

ksid NdIdfõ úúO;d" úIu;d yeoEÍu udkj iudcfha

Wkak;shg fya;= jk lreKls' YS% ,xldfõ WmNdIduh

jHjydr yd mßñ; NdId wdYs%; fhÿï lsysmhla fï

mdvug we;=<;a fjhs' j¾;udkh jk úg m%dfoaYsl

yd iudÔh WmNdIduh jHjydr Ndú;fhka wE;a jk

wdldrh oel .; yels h' nyqck ikaksfõok udOH

jHdma;sh fya;=fjka iïu; jHjydr m%p,s; ùu;a

iudk wOHdmk wjia:d;a Bg fya;= ù ;sfí'

rg jgd mo rgd 14


isxy,h úúO;ajfhka o úÑ;%;ajfhka o wkQk NdIdjls' mßñ; yd m%dfoaYsl jHjydr

hkq isxy, NdIdfõ wmQ¾j;ajh m%lg lrk iqúfYaI wx. folls'

m%dfoaYsl WmNdId

lsishï m%foaYhlg úfYaI jk NdId jHjydr m%dfoaYsl WmNdId f,i y÷kd .;

yels h' lsishï m%dfoaYsl WmNdIdjla me;sr mj;akd m%foaYh WmNdId l,dmhla

jYfhka kï flf¾' reyqK" Wvrg" W!j" È.du`vqq,a," i;afldar<h" kqjr l,dúh

wdÈh isxy, NdIdfõ m%Odk m%dfoaYsl WmNdId l,dm lsysmhls'

reyqKq WmNdIdj

reyqKq WmNdIdj hkq wo ol=Kq m<d; jYfhka ye¢kafjk m%foaYhg úfYaI jQ

WmNdIdj hs' je,a,nvm;a;=j" .Õnvm;a;=j" ysksÿïm;a;=j" ;,afmam;a;=j"

.srejdm;a;=j" ud.ïm;a;=j hk m%foaY Bg wh;a fõ'

fmdÿ jyr reyqKqq ck jyr

l+ôhd yskakd

Tn Tfya

mqxÑ wïud nd,ïud

uqÿk fldKavqj

ysñÈßh l¿lmdt<sh

f,,s .ikjd Thkjd

fudlo ulalhs

lrÈh lßÊc

l;d lrkjd fodvkjd

l=vd ysÉÑ$yskaks

Wvrg WmNdIdj

j¾;udk uOHu m<d; jYfhka ie,flk l÷lrhg;a by< W!j f,i ie,flk

l÷lrhg;a y;r fldar<hg;a úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj Wvrg ck jyr jYfhka .efka'

fmdÿ jyr Wvrg ckjyr

óyrld weïnrhd

yÜá wmam,af,a

uÕ=,a lmqjd fla,ïldrhd

m‚úvh myskh

ys;=jlaldrhd .=;a;d

ysñÈßh ysksñÈßh

lrorh wlr;eính

k<jkjd mqkakkjd


È.du~q¨ WmNdIdj

j¾;udk kef.kysr m<d;g yd W!j m<d;g wh;a ìï;ekakm;a;=j" jeõ.ïm;a;=j"

mdku yd fj,a,iaim;a;=j hk m%foaYj, jHjydr jk nia jyr hss'

fmdÿ jyr È.du~q¨ ckjyr

uj fuda$fudù

uy¨ l; fydá wïud

n,a,d lEgd

óyrla fnda,a¨

j,id mßhd

fydoao ldhu

lsßn;a mqlald

fyjKe,a, fyau,hd

u,ajr ùu ms,sfyd| ùu

frda. je,£u úidÈh

i;afldarf<a WmNdIdj

j¾;udk jhU m<d;g wh;a jEWvú,a,sy;am;a;=jg;a rcjkaksh yd l=udrjkaksh

we;=<;a fou<y;am;a;=j hk m%foaYj,g;a úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'

fmdÿ jyr i;afldarf<a ckjyr

WoEik jhs;d,h

rKavqj ynh

msßñ <uhd l=vy¨jd

uykais ù jev lsÍu iqfï

yuq ùu uq,sÉÑ ùu$yÈ .eiSu

W;aidy lrkjd ;;kkjd

j.d <sx m;y

cgdj iqïnf¾

fyaka flàu j,a we,a,Su

inr.uq WmNdIdj

r;akmqr Èia;s%lalhg wh;a l=l=¿fldar<h" wgl,kafldar<h" fldf<dkakfldar<h

hk m%foaYj,g úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'

fmdÿ jyr inr.uq ckjyr

mÈxÑ ùu me,mÈhï ùu

jeiai .Õ=, ndkjd

w,s w,a,k mqoa.,hd mks;a;,hd


úY%du Yd,d uvï

w,s we,a,Su l=refj rdcldßh

l=vd ksji uvq me,

kqjr l,dúfha WmNdIdj

W;=reueo m<d;g wh;a kqjr.ï m<d;" yqre¨.ï m<d;" l,d.ï m<d; hk

m%foaYj,g úfYaI jQ WmNdIdj hs'

fmdÿ jyr kqjr l,dúfha ckjr

jeäuy¨ ifydaorhd nlald

ìß| udhshd

újdyhg fmr ;re‚hf.a f;dr;=re úuiSu fllsksm;a .eiSu

fkdyslauqKq ;eke;a;d uodúhd

mrïmrdj ikqyf¾

újdy ùu me,a.eySu

w¨;a fyak kjoe,s fyak

me‚ flduvq Èhfodia

nEjqu t,a,x.dj

mßñ; NdId

hïlsis wjia:djla fyda ia:dkhla mokï fldg f.k ksYaÑ; iSudjla ;=< Ndú;

jk NdId" mßñ; NdId f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' úúO jD;a;Ska" wd.ñl ia:dk" úúO

iudc lKavdhï yd wNspdruh wjia:d uq,a fldg .;a NdId jHjydr óg wh;a fõ'

tA wkqj ëjr" m;,a" fyaka wdÈ jD;a;s wdYs%; NdId jHjydr o YS%mdo jkaokdj" f;dú,a

jeks wjia:d mokï fldg .;a jHjydr o mßñ; NdId jHjydr jYfhka y÷kd .;

yels h'

my; oelafjkqfha mßñ; NdId lsysmhlg wod< ksoiqka jpk ud,djls'

lu;a NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr lu;a nia jyr

luf;a w¿j,ska hka;%hla we£u w¿yka jeãu

oE;ska w,a,d .; yels ;rï jQ f.dhï m%udKh Wmamsä

fld< ueãug yrl=ka tlg wE|d .ekSu yrla le/,a,$wE÷;a;

wE÷;af;a kdhlhd uqÿkd


wE÷;af;a fiiq yrla isjqfokd fld<uq;a;d" t<úiaid"

uÜghd" l,d;hd

f.dka fokakl= fh¥ le/,a, ndk

l=,a, h;=r

mhska f.dhï md.k úg t<k meÿr ud.,

ù uekSug Ndú; l< WmlrKhls' l+gd,u

ldgqj fíÍug Ndú; lrk WmlrKhls' fonr w;a;

ëjr NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr ëjr nia jyr

uiqka ueÍu mkak lrkjd

fofokl=g muKla hEug yels Tre úh,a Tre

l=U .i yeka

ëjr lKavdhfï kdhlhd urlal,dfya

Tre whs;slrejd yekakÈrd,

fhd; ì<S ukao

jeys lndh cïmr l¿j

oe, cd,h

oe,a wÈk mqoa.,fhda wïndfjda$cd,sfhda

ud¿ fjf<|fmd< w¨hïfmd<

fyaka NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr fyaka nia jyr

mdjyka jdxm;=,a

jhil ñksid nqvd

mlaISyq il,fhda

mlaISkag fjka l< fldgi l=re¨ md¿j

úYd, .ia o oeù .sh ;eka w¿ fmd<

fyaka jmqrd Wo¨ .E miq lre iys; ,Shlska frdvq

bj;a lsÍu

.eoe,a, .Eu

w÷r jefgk fõ,dj w,shka fj,dj

w,shd uy tld


m;,a NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr m;,a nia jyr

leg .,a iys; mia ;Ügqj b,a,u

mia iy b,a,ï f.dvg .ekSug Ndú; lrk

WmlrKhls'

onrh

ySka hlv l+r b,a,ï l+r

fkd jákd .,a ikakï

m;f,a m;=f,a isg b,a,ï we;s ÈYdjkag b,a,ï

lvñka hk ud¾.h

fodakdj

Wo¨ ;,hl muK mia oeñh yels l=vd l+vhla leg l+vh

b,a,u ue‚la jÜáhg oeóug fmr uy.,a leg

bj;a lrk l+vh

lÜg l+vh

.eÍfuka miq m;=f,a b;sß jk fldgi kdïnqj

by< ñ, lshQ ;eke;a;dg ue‚l úlsŒu ., §u

YS% mdo jkaokdj wdYs%; NdIdj

fmdÿ jyr YS% mdo jkaokdj wdY%s; nia jyr

YS%mdo wvúh fohshkafk rg

YS%mdo lkao ;rKh lreKd lsÍu

jkaokd lKavdhu kvh

lKavdhfï kshuqjd kfâ .=rd

m<uq jrg jkaokdfõ hk ;eke;a;d fldavqldrhd

jkaokdlrejkaf.a .uka u,a, ieye,a¨j

jeiai jyskjd .Õ=, ndkjd

m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ; NdId ms<sn| ±kqj;a ùu u.ska isxy, NdIdj yd isxy, ck;dj

ms<sn| jeo.;a jQ;a rij;a jQ;a f;dr;=re Wlyd .ekSug yels h' idys;H

ks¾udKlrKfha § NdIdj ilia lr .ekSug o ñka wjia:dj Wod fõ' Ñrka;k

isxy, idys;Hh ms<sn| úoHd;aulj úu¾Ykh lsÍug m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ; NdId

oekqu jeo.;a fõ' ck;djf.a ixialD;sl rgdj yeoEÍug ñka ,efnk msgqn,h

buy;a h'


wjfndaOh

1' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId we;s ùug n,mE fya;= ;=kla olajkak'

2' isxy, NdIdfõ m%dfoaYsl WmNdId l,dm lsysmhla kï lrkak'

3' mßñ; NdId i|yd ksoiqka olajkaak'

4' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId wOHhkfhka ,o yels m%fhdack kï lrkak'

5' m%dfoaYsl WmNdId fmdÿ NdIdfjka fjkia jkafka ljr wxYj,ska o@

ikaê mQ¾j yd wmr j¾K fyj;a wlaIr ksishdldrfhka .e<mSu ikaê kï jk nj iso;a

iÕrdj olajhs'

mQ¾j wlaIrh f,i ie,flkafka uq,a mofha w. we;s wlaIrh hs' fojk mofha uq,

we;s wlaIrh wmr wlaIrh hs' mQ¾j yd wmr wlaIr w;r f,dam" wdfoaY" wd.u wdÈ

ikaê ld¾h u.ska mo ikaê ùu isÿ fõ'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' Tn Ôj;a jk m%foaYhg wdfõ‚l jpk fldaIhla ms<sfh, lrkak'

2' u.S m%jdykh yd iïnkaOj nia r: wdY%s;j jHjydr flfrk jpk fldaIhla

ilikak'

3' fla' ch;s,l iQÍkaf.a ‘pß; ;=kla’ kjl;dj lshjd tys m%dfoaYsl yd mßñ;

NdId fhÿï ks¾udKlrKhg fhdod .;a wdldrh úuiSug ,la lrkak'

ikaê úêh WodyrK

mQ¾jiajrf,dam ikaê iqr;" .sr." k<Õk

mriajrf,dam ikaê .=re;=ud" nqÿl=re" ms<s;=re

iajr ikaê rejkdr" u,iqk" Wkqka

iajrdfoaY ikaê fudfydr" fufyiqre" jfgdr

.d;%dfoaY ikaê o~qjï" .skshï" nq;airK

mQ¾jrEm ikaê w;a;ï" ikakia" lïu,

mrrEm ikaê yoaoji" fld.a.," wiaik

.d;%dlaIrf,dam ikaê kshxidh" <sxj;=r" fk¨ïu,a

wd.u ikaê ksrjq,a" úhjq,a" lgqj,

oaú;ajrEm ikaê ÿkak" jeoaod" l=re,a,d


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka mo úikaê lrkak'

¸' w.a.<d ¸¸' w;a;ïud

¸¸¸' wiaieoaÿu ¸¹' l=vïud

¹' uqo,s÷

2' my; i|yka mo ikaê lrkak'

¸' fldia bkak ¸¸' ÿlaa m;a

¸¸¸' uq`.= ìh,s ¸¹' mka y,

¹' uys wx.K

3' ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;darkak'

^w& w,a,ia" oEi hk mo ms<sfj<ska wh;a jkafka ljr ikaê úêj,g o@

¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê

¸¸' mQ¾jiajrf,dam ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê

¸¸¸' oaú;ajrEm ikaê" mriajrf,dam ikaê

¸¹' mQ¾jrEm ikaê" iajr ikaê

^wd& Tjqfkdjqka" is;shï hk mo ms<sfj<ska wh;a jkafka ljr ikaê úêj,g o@

¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajrdfoaY ikaê

¸¸' mrrEm ikaê" iajr ikaê

¸¸¸' iajr ikaê" .d;%dfoaY ikaê

¸¹' iajrdfoaY ikaê" wd.u ikaê

^we& tl u j¾.hg wh;a ikaê mo we;=<;a jrKh f;darkak'

¸' fk;." .=re;=ud" fmrmr" keKe;s

¸¸' W;a;udpdr" ifydaor" j,a,ïn,u" iqß÷

¸¸¸' kqjk." mieia" mq¿¨l=," iqrks÷

¸¹' hfkk" jegqism;" ñys÷;,d" uq,iqk

^wE& uq,ska § we;s ikaê moh ksjerÈj úikaê lr we;s jrKh f;darkak'

¸' ;Ufrdar - ;Ur¬frdar ¸¸' <s.aa., - <sma¬.,

¸¸¸' ju; - ju¬w; ¸¹' j;a;, - j;a¬w,

^b& uq,ska § we;s fomoh jerÈ f,i ikaê fldg we;s jrKh f;darkak'

¸' ix¬Wmldrh - iuqmldrh ¸¸' w;s¬wjYH - w;HdjYH

¸¸¸' we;a¬o< - weoao< ¸¹' fmd,a¬w;a; - fmd,a,;a;


kdu mo f,aLk jHjydrfha § fuka u l:k

jHjydrfha § o w¾: m%ldYkh i|yd uq,a jk mo

úfYaIhls' isxy, NdIdfjys fhfok kdu mo" kdu

kdu" i¾j kdu" iudi kdu" ;oaê; kdu yd lDoka;

kdu hkqfjka mia jeoEreï fldg oelafjhs'

mo lSmhla leá fldg .ekSfuka tla mohla njg

ilia jqKq mo iudi kdu hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'

f,aLkfha yd NdIKfha §¾>;ajh wvq fldg ixlaIsma;

.=Kh we;s lsÍu i|yd iudi kdu mo Wmldr fõ'

iudi 15


wms isxyrdc jk mshi keröu i|yd .uka weröuq' .=re fo.=reka iu. YsIH

YsIHdfjda Bg iyNd.s jQy' jk fm;g we;=¿ j;a u ;=re ,;d ism tk u| iq<Õ;a

fijK;a ksid wfma .uka úvdj úhelS .sfha h' rEiai .ia w;=frka m;s; jqKq

ysre /ia jkfhys wmQre rgdjla ujd we;' jk fm; mqrd l=re¨ .S y`v /õ fohs'

yd;ami le,E u,a msmS we;' thska kef.k iqj| .; is; mqnqÿjhs' Èh myrla

wi, isjqmdjqkaf.a wä i,l=Kq ols;a u wmg ìhla o oeks‚' ysre ngysr wyiska

iuq.kakg iQodkï fjhs' ld,h fkd oekqj;aj u f.ù f.disks' .=re nig lka

ÿka wms .ufka bñysß u;lhka o fmdÈ ne| jy jyd nia r:hg f.dv jqfKuq'

fï fþofhys ;o l¿ wl=frka uqøs; mo iE§ we;af;a fjka fjka w¾: we;s mo tl;=

ùfuks'

.=re o fo.=reka o - .=re fo.=reka

YsIHfhda o YsIHdfjda o - YsIH YsIHdfjda

;=re o ,;d o - ;=re ,;d

u| fõ.fhka yuk iq<Õ - u| iq<Õ

.ukska jQ úvdj - .uka úvdj

ysref.a /ia - ysre /ia

l=re,a,kaf.a .S - l=re¨ .S

le,Efjys u,a - le,E u,a

^ukd jQ& iq ¬ .| - iqj|

.; o is; o - .; is;

md i;rla we;a;jqkaf.a - isjqmdjqkaf.a

ysre nisk ÈYdj - ngysr

.=rekaf.a nig - .=re nig

^b;d& b ¬ ñysß - bñysß

fjka fjka jQ w¾: we;s mo fufia tla ùu NdIdfõ § iudi hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs'

by; oelajqKq mo iudi ùu;a iu. uq,a mo tlg iïnkaO fldg ;snQ ksmd; mo o

lDoka; mo o uq,a mofha úNla;s m%;Hh o we;eï kdu mo o bj;a ù we;s nj Tng

meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

WodyrK( ;=re o ,;d o - ;=re ,;d ^o ksmd;h bj;a ù we;'&

.ukska jQ úvdj - .uka úvdj ^.uka¬bka jQ& úvdj - ^úNla;s m%;Hh yd

w;S; lDoka;h bj;a ù we;'&

u| fõ.fhka yuk iq<Õ - u| iq<Õ u| ^fõ.¬tka& yuk& iq<Õ -

^kduh" úNla;s m%;Hh yd j¾;udk lDoka;h f,dma ù we;'

fufia iudi ùfï § w¾:h fuka u mo o ixlaIsma; ù tla mohla njg m;a ùu

fndfyda úg oelsh yels h'

by; fþofhys i|yka" tfy;a ;o l¿ wl=ßka fkd oelafjk iudi mo úuid

n,kak'


isxy, NdIdfõ iudi úê myls'

1' wjHh iudih

2' úNla;s iudih

3' úfYaIK iudih

4' wkHd¾: idudih

5' oldrd¾: iudih

wjHh iudih

wjHh mohla ^Wmi¾.hla fyda ksmd; mohla& fjk;a mohlg uq,ska fh§

isÿ jkafka wjHh iudih hs'

Wmi¾.hla uq,ska fh§ iudi ùu

Wm ¬ jkh - Wmjkh ^ióm jkh&

wkq ¬ n,h - wkqn,h ^msgqn,h&

l= ¬ lú - l=lú ^krl lúhd&

ÿ ¬ isß;a - ÿisß;a ^krl isß;a&

iq ¬ ñysß - iqñysß ^b;d ñysß&

m% ¬ n, - m%n, ^Wiia n, we;s&

fï iudi mo ilia ù we;af;a uq,ska Wmi¾.hla tla ùfuks'

ksmd; mohla uq,ska fh§ iudi ùu

‘k’ ksmd;h uq,ska fh§ fï iudi úêh isÿ fjhs' ‘k’ ksmd;h jH[ack wlaIrhlg

uq,ska fhfoa kï Bg ‘w’ wdfoaY fõ'

iajr wlaIrhlg uq,ska fhfok ‘k’ ksmd;h ‘wka’ njg m;a fõ'

k ¬ l=i,a - wl=i,a ^l=i,a fkd jkqfha&

k ¬ m%udK - wm%udK ^m%udK ke;af;a&

k ¬ wjYH - wkjYH ^wjYH fkd jkqfha&

k ¬ w,ia - wk,ia ^w,i fkd jkafka&

k ¬ T!Ñ;H - wfk!Ñ;H WÑ; Ndjhla ke;af;a&

11' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


jH[ack wlaIrhlg mQ¾jfhka fhfok ‘k’ ksmd;h we;eï úg fkd" kq iajrEmfhka

o isà'

úNla;s iudih

m%:ud yd wd,mk hk úNla;s fol yer fiiq úNla;Skag wh;a mohla uq,ska

fh§ isÿ jk iudih úNla;s iudih kï fõ'

lïlrejka fjfyiS jev lrkq wms ÿgqfjuq'

uy .;alre ud¾áka úl%uisxyfhda kjl;d lSmhla ,shQ y'

fï jdlHj, lïlrejka yd .;alre hk mo iE§ we;af;a

lï ^jev& ¬ lrkafka .;a ^.%ka:& ¬ lrkafka

hk mo tla ù iudi ùfuks' lïlrejka yd .;alre hk iudi moj, lï" .;a hk

mo l¾u úNla;shg wh;a neúka by; iudi jQ mo l¾u úNla;s iudi hkqfjka

.efka'

fï wdldrhg úNla;s y;g wh;a úNla;s iudi my; oelafjk WodyrK u.ska

y÷kd .kak'

k ¬ leu;s - fkd leu;s ^leu;s fkd jkafka&

k ¬ iqÿiq - kqiqÿiq ^iqÿiq fkd jkqfha&

3' lsfrka msiQ n;a - lsßn;a

w;ska l< lï - w;alï

4' ckhdg ms%h - ckms%h

uqks÷g lrk mqo - uqksmqo

5' .skafkka jk ìh - .sksìh

jeiafika ,efnk c,h - jeisc,h

6' we;df.a o< - we;ao<

ujf.a lsß - ujqlsß

7' rfgys jeis - rgjeis

ir;a ld,fhys i| - irdi|

lrK úNla;s iudih

iïm%odk úNla;s iudih

wjê úNla;s iudih

iïnkaO úNla;s iudih

wdOdr úNla;s iudih

l¾u úNla;s iudih

l¾;D úNla;s iudih

1' .jhka md,kh lrkafka - .jm,a ^f.dm,a&

fufy lrkakS - fufyldÍ

2' mrd úiska mqgqfha - mrmqgq

foúhka úiska lshk ,o - foajNdIs;


úfYaIK iudih

úfYaIK yd úfYaIH mo folla iïnkaO ù isÿ jk iudih úfYaIK

iudih hs'

ks,a ¬ uyfk,aa - ks,aauyfk,a ^ks,a meye jQ uyfk,aa&

olaI ¬ YsIHhd - olaI YsIHhd ôlaI jQ YsIHhd&

ks,auyfk,a hkafkys ks,a meyeh uyfk,a hkafkys .=Khls' olaI YsIHhd hkafkys

olaI hkq YsIHhd hkafkys .=Khls'

úfYaIK iudih lsysm wdldrhlska isÿ fõ'

iqÿ ¬ u,a - iqÿu,a îqÿ meye jQ u,a&

È.= ¬ jr, - È.=jr, ^Èla jQ jr,&

fuys iqÿ yd È.= hk úfYaIK u,a yd jr, hk moj,g úfYaIK jYfhka uq,ska

fh§ iudi ù we;'

fiakl ¬ m`ä - fiaklm`ä ^m`äjrhl= jQ fiakl&

.jqï ¬ fmdä - .jqïfmdä ^fmdä .jqï&

fiaklm`ä yd .jqïfmdä hk moj, m`ä yd fmdä hk úfYaIK mo fh§ we;af;a

úfYaIH mohg miqj h'

i| ¬ j; - i|j; î| jeks j;&

uq;= ¬ o;a - uq;=o;a ûq;= jeks o;a&

by; iudi moj, i| hkafkka ‘i| jeks’ yd uq;= hkafkka ‘uq;= jeks’ hk

WmudjdÖ w¾: m%ldY fjhs'

md ¬ mshqu - mdmshqu ^fk¨ï u,la jeks mdo&

uqj ¬ ;Ur - uqj;Ur ^;Ur jeks uqj&

.=K ihqr yd uqj;Ur hk iudi mohkays w.g fh§ we;s mshqu" ;Ur hk úfYaIK

moj,ska fk¨ï u,la jeks hk WmudjdÖ w¾:h m< fõ'

ixLHdpdÖ mohla úfYaIKhla fia uq,g fh§fuka o úfYaIK iudi mo ilia fõ'

oi ¬ rcoï - oircoï

;=ka ¬ ìh - ;=kaìh


wkHd¾: iudih

fjka jQ w¾: we;s mo folla tl;= ù tu moj, w¾:hg jvd fjkia jQ

^wkH jQ& w¾:hla m< lrk iudih wkHd¾: iudih kï fõ'

ish ¬ m;a hk fomofha" we;s ‘m;a ishhla we;af;a’ hk w¾:h blaujd m< jkafka

‘fk¨ï u,’ hk wkHd¾:h hs'

my; § we;s mo o wkHd¾:h m< lrhs'

o ksmd;fhka iïnkaO ù we;s fjka fjka w¾: we;s mo ‘o’ ksmd;h rys;j

.e<mSu oldrd¾: iudih kï fõ'

oldrd¾: iudih

ÿl o iem o - ÿliem

rka o ß§ o - rkaß§

br o y| o ;re o - bry|;re

orefjda o oeßfhda o - oreoeßfhda

wlald o kx.S o - wlalkfÕda

uq,a mo .e<mSfï § ‘o’ ksmd;h bj;aj mo tla ù we;'

;s ¬ fk;a ^fk;a ;=kla we;af;a & - ;sfk;a - BYajrhd

;dr ¬ m;s ^;rej,g wêm;s jQfha& - ;drm;s - i|

u,a ¬ wú ^u,a wú orkafka& - u,ú - wkx.hd

È.a ¬ wei ^Èla jQ weia we;a;S& - È.ei - ldka;dj

oi ¬ n, ^n, oyhla we;af;a& - oin, - nqÿka jykafia


isxy, NdIdfõ fndfyda mo iïnkaOfhka iudi ùu isÿ fõ' tajd tla fldg fyda

fjka fldg ,sùu isÿ jk wjia:d lSmhla y÷kd .ksuq'

iudi jQ mo tla fldg fyda fjka fldg tl u f,aLkhl iurEm;dfjka hq;=j

Ndú;h ^ieu ;ek u tla l%uhla wkq.ukh lsÍu& fhda.H fõ'

WodyrK( ysre/ia$ysre /ia" ;=re,;d$;=re ,;d" iqÿu,a$iqÿ u,a

wjHh iudifhka tla jQ mo tla mohla fia ,súh hq;= fjhs'

WodyrK( wjuka" ksjerÈ" wysxil" iqok" Wm.=re" wkqlñgqj

wkHd¾: iudi mo o tla fldg ,sùu fhda.H fõ'

WodyrK( oin," ishm;

l¾u úNla;s iudi mo o tla fldg ,súh hq;= h'

WodyrK( lïlrejd" .;alrejd" rkalrejd

uydpd¾h fÊ' î' Èidkdhl iudi kdu mo ;j;a whqrlska ;=ka jeoEreï

fldg olajhs'

1' oaúmo iudi ^mo folla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&

w. kqjr - w.kqjr wU hd¿fjda - wUhd¿fjda

flá l;d - flál;d .=K oyï - .=Koyï

2' ;s%mo iudi ^mo ;=kla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&

wg od f.a - wgodf.a nla uy wl=Kq - nlauywl=Kq

i| lv myK - i|lvmyK Èh jvk ks,fï - Èhjvkks,fï

3' p;=Iamo iudi ^mo y;rla tla ùfuka iEfok iudi&

lõ ñ‚ u,a ou - lõñ‚u,aou

we;a wia ßh mdn< - we;awiaßhmdn<

uy je,s .x f;r - uyje,s.xf;r

u,a j;= kd ysñ - u,aj;=kdysñ

idïm%odhsl iudi úê myg wh;a jk mo o kQ;k jHjydrfha we;s jpk o

iudi f,i fhfok ;eka óg we;=<;a fõ' fï iudi mo tla fldg fyda

fjka fldg ,súh yels h' oyïirK jeks merKs

isxy, .oH .%ka:j, úis ;sia .Kka ixialD; jpk

tla ù ieÿKq iudi mo o olakg ,efí'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk mo iudi fldg ,shkak'

¸' we< o fod< o ¸¸' .,a jeks ys;a

¸¸¸' iq ¬ ok ¸¹' rcqf.a ksfhda.

¹' ÿl o iem o ¹¸' u,a jeks jeiai

¹¸¸' uf,ys me‚ ¹¸¸¸' l= ¬ lúhd

¸º' ;reKfhda o ;re‚fhda o º' if|ys t<sh

2' my; oelafjk iudi mo ljr úNla;shlg wh;a oehs i|yka lrkak'

¸' ueáfhka l< n÷ka -

¸¸' mskg fok yd,a -

¸¸¸' ìÕ=kaf.a ko -

¸¹' jev lrkqfha -

¹' fõhka úiska keÕ+ mia -

¹¸' .fuys jeis -

¹¸¸' lDókaf.ka jk ydks -

¹¸¸¸' rkska l< wnrK -

¸º' <uhska i|yd ,shQ fmd;a -

º' rcqf.a msßi -

3' my; § we;s jdlHj, ;o l¿ wl=ßka uqøs; fldgia i|yd iqÿiq iudi mo

,shkak'

¸' iS.sßh k.sk w;r wms .,ska ne¢ mä .Kka lf<uq'

¸¸' i;=kag olajk lreKdj ñksiqka fj;ska wE;a fjñka mj;S'

¸¸¸' ieoeye;sfhda b;d msßisÿ j;ska ieriS fndau¿jg /ia jQy'

¸¹' ;reKfhda o ;re‚fhda o W;aijh ixúOdkh lsÍug fjfyiqKy'

¹' wm iudch jkik krl isß;a msgq oelsh hq;= h'

¹¸' mqrdúoHd leŒïj, § ueáfhka lrk ,o n÷ka lSmhla yuq úh'

¹¸¸' orejd lsß jeks o;a úoyd iskd iqfKa h'

¹¸¸¸' Tjqyq .=K o kqjK o jevqKq orefjda jQy'

¸º' wms ish,af,da u Y%S ,xldfõ jeisfhda fjuq'

º' bka§h id.rfha b;d n,j;a N+ñlïmdjla we;s úh'


úYaj idys;Hfha mqfrda.dó f,aLlhka w;r ú,shï

fYalaiamsh¾ wurŒh pß;hls' Tyqf.a rpkd iy NdId

Ndú;h fl;rï m%n, jQfha o h;a ‘fYalaiamsh¾ bx.S%is’ kñka m%Yia; .Kfha bx.S%is f,aLk jHjydrhla o

fjhs' iïNdjH lD;s f,i j¾;udkfha mjd

iïNdjkdjg md;% jk fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK

rdYshls' tu ks¾udKj,ska ms<sìUq jk" ñksiqka ms<sn|

fYalaiamsh¾f.a o¾Ykh o ixjdohg n÷ka jQjls' Tyq

bx.S%is NdIdjg yd idys;Hhg muKla fkd j f,dal

idys;Hhg o lrk ,o fufyjr ksrka;rfhka

we.hSug ,la fjhs' fuu mdvug we;=<;a jkafka

m%ùK f,aLl" wdpd¾h ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy úiska

rpkd lrk ,o ,smshls' th ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a

pß;h" o¾Ykh yd idys;H fiajdj ms<sn| ixlaIsma;

ú.%yhls'

fYdalh;a rihla l< ñksfila 16


iqm%lg bx.%Sis idys;HOrhl= jk wdpd¾h Ô' î' yeßika fYalaiamsh¾ ye¢kaùu

(Introducing Shakespeare) kue;s lD;sfhys ,d" uyd lúhd y÷kajd §ug fhdod

.;af;a" by; oelajqKq rpfkdala;sh hs'

f,dal mQð; uyd kdgHlre ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾" bx.%Sis idys;Hfhys w.%;u lúhd o"

oDYHldjH rplhd o yeáhg oekqÿ wújdofhka ms<s.efkhs'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a Ôú;h ms<sn| mßmQ¾K igykla bÈßm;a lsÍu wmyiq h' ukao h;a"

Tyqf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| f;dr;=re" wjYH muKg b;sydi{hka yd idys;Hfõ§ka w;g

m;aj ke;s fyhsks'

Tyqf.a Wmka Èkh yeáhg ie,flkqfha" 1564 wfm%a,a 23 jeks Èk h' wfm%a,a 24

jeks od Tyqf.a fn!;Siau Èkh jYfhka ye¢kafjhs' m%foaYSh jYfhka m%uqL ;;a;ajfha

fjf<kaol= jQ fcdaka fYalaiamsh¾f.a ;=kajeks orejd" ú,shï jQfha h' fcdaka

fYalaiamsh¾g iy Tyqf.a ìß| jQ fïß wd¾vkag orefjda wg fofkla jQy' fYalaiamsh¾f.a

uj bvï ysñ frdaudkq lf;da,sl m%N+jrhl=f.a ÿjls' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ ckau ,dNh

,enQ ia:dkh tx.,ka;fha fjda¾úlaIh¾ m%foaYfha iaÜ/Ü*¾â - wfmdaka - tajka

kue;s ia:dkh neõ ms<s.efka'

“bx.S%is l;d lrk f,dalfha" lsis u ksjila - ta ksjfiys Y=oaO jQ nhsn,fha

msgm;la iy ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a lD;s tl;=fõ msgm;la ke;skï -

iïmQ¾K jkafka ke;' fï fmd;a" meiqKq úfhys § lshúh hq;= hehs yeu

úg u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka o ke;' tf;l=ÿ" ta lD;Ska fol ish wd.fï;a"

ish bx.S%is ixialD;sfha;a ixfla; fia ie,flhs'”


ú,shï" tu m%foaYfha .%dóh mdif,ys bf.k .kakg we;ehs is;sh yels h' fuu

.%dóh mdi,a" tl,ays y÷kajk ,oafoa “.a/u¾ ial+,aia” ^Grammar School& kñks'

mjqf,a ;=kajekshd jqj o ú,shï" fcdaka fYalaiamsh¾f.a jeäuy¨ u mq;d úh' tfia

fyhska" Tyqg ish mshdf.a fj<|if,a fj<|dï lghq;= bf.k .kakg o isÿ úKehs

is;sh yels h'

flfia jqj o" ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a nd, úh iïnkaOfhka mj;akd ckm%jdo"

tlsfklg mgyeks h' ish mshdf.a jHdmdrh jeàu fya;= fldg f.k ú,shïg uia

uvqjl iydhlhl= yeáhg jev lrkakg isÿ úKehs flfkla lsh;s' ;j;a

ckm%jdohl oelafjkqfha ú,shï ;reK úfha § mdi,a .=rejrhl= f,i fiajh l<

nj h' flfia jqj o ish ;reK úfha §" ú,shïg wjYH ;rï úfõlh ;sfnkag we;'

ukao h;a" iuld,Sk wka lsisÿ kdgH rplhl= m< fkd l< muKg" Tyq ovhu;a

fmdÜgksldr fjf<|du;a ms<sn| oekSula m< l< fyhsks'

1582 jif¾ § Tyq wEka yeofõ kue;s ;re‚hl yd újdy úh' m%foaYSh iudodk

kvqldrhl= jQ f;dauia ¨iS idñjrhdf.a jfkdaoHdkfhys fydfrka uqjka ovhï

lsÍu fya;=fjka" ;reK ú,shïg iaÜ/Ü*¾â .u w;yer hkakg isÿ úKehs o lsh;s'

1588 jif¾ § ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ ,kavkfha mÈxÑhg meñ‚ neõ lshfjhs' 1592 jk

úg Tyq k¿jl= o kdgH rplhl= o yeáhg id¾:l;ajhla ,nd ;sì‚' u| l,la

wejEfuka" ioïgkays" fykaß ßfhdaf;ia,s kue;s ro, m%N+jrhdf.a wkq.%yh

fYalaiamsh¾g ,efnkakg úh'

ùkia wekaâ wefvdaksia ^1593& iy o f¾ma T*a ¨laÍ ^1594& hk YDx.drd;aul ldjH

ks¾udK fol o fidkÜia kue;s ;=ÿia mo ieye,s o ^1609& m%ldYhg m;a ùfï

fya;=fjka lúhl= yeáhg fYalaiamsh¾f.a lS¾;sh me;sr hkakg úh' fYalaiamsh¾f.a

wmQ¾j lú;ajh uekúka m< flfrk Tyqf.a ;=ÿia mo ieye,s (sonnets) uq,ska u

m%pdrh lr yerefKa wuqøs; w;amsgm;a f,i neõ o mejfihs'

bkslaì;sj ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ f,dal idys;H o¾Yk m:h u; keÕS isákakg jQfha

wiydh kdgH rplhl= yeáhg h' Tyq úiska ,shk ,o ixLHdfjka ;siawgla jk

kdgH lD;Skag mokï jQfha b;sydi l;d;a ckm%jdo;a Tyqg oek .kakg ,enqKq

we;eï ienE isoaëkq;a h' tjka uQ,dY%hka úIhh lr f.k ks¾udKh lrk ,o fulS

kdgH ks¾udKj,ska u;= flfrk Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre oekSu;a f,dal iajNdjh

ms<sn|j lrk ,o újrKh;a b;d úiauhckl h'

kdgH lafIa;%fha ;udf.a jD;a;Sh id¾:l;ajh fya;= fldg f.k" tjlg iqm%lg

kdgH ksIamdok iud.ulaj mej;s peïn¾f,aka iud.fï fldgialrejl= ùug o

fYalaiamsh¾g yels úh' Bg wu;rj" fYalaiamsh¾ úiska kD;HYd,d folla o msysgqjk

,oafoa h' tajd y÷kajkq ,efnkafka .af,daí (Globe) iy í,ela*aßhd¾ia (Blackfriars) hk kïj,sks' m<uqjeks t,sin;a /ðkf.a iy m<uqjeks fÊïia rcqf.a rdc iNdjkays §

fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgHj, úfYaI o¾Yk ks;r ks;r u rx..; lrk ,oafoa h'


.af,daí (Globe) kD;HYd,dj í,ela*aßhd¾ia (Blackfriars)

tmßÈ" fYalaiamsh¾g ,enqKq rdcH wkq.%yh o w;suy;a úh' tlS rdcH wkq.%yh Tyqg

wysñ jQfha tla wjia:djl § mu‚' ta" 1599 jif¾ § lsx.a ßp¾â o filkaâ kdgHh

iïnkaOfhks' tu kdgHhg úIhh jQfha fojeks ßp¾â rcq rclfuka my lsÍu;a

miqj Tyq urd oeóu;a ms<sn| l;d mqj; h' tys ,d fYalaiamsh¾g úreoaOj m<uqjeks

t,sifn;a /ðkg fla,dï lSfuka lrk ,o l=uka;%Khla .ek o i|yka fjhs'

flfia jqj o miqj fYalaiamsh¾f.a fuka u Tyqf.a kdgH iud.fï o lS¾;s kduh

h<s;a ia:dms; úh'

1608 jirg miqj fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgH ksIamdokhkays my; jeàula olakd ,efí'

ta jk úg" wdmiq iaÜ/Ü*¾â .ug meñ‚ fYalaiamsh¾" ish mjq, Wfoid iqúYd,

ukaÈrhla ;ekùu wrUd ;sì‚' tlS ukaÈrh “ksõ me,ia” (New Palace) hkqfjka

y÷kajkq ,eì‚' ta jk úg" fYalaiamsh¾ iajlSh m%foaYfha ms<s.;a m%N+jrhl= njg

m;aj isáfha h' uyd lúhd" ffofjdam.; f,i" yßhg u wjqreÿ 52la wdhq ú|" 1616

wfm%a,a 23 jeksod ñh .sfha h' Tyqf.a foayh iaÜ/Ü*¾â foajia:dkfha ñysoka lrkq

,eî h'

ksõ me,ia (New Palace) iaÜ/Ü*¾â foajia:dkfha fYalaiamsh¾

ñysoka lr we;s ia:dkh


idys;Hfõ§yq" fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fha wjê y;rla olaj;s'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udKlrKfha uq,a wjêh" w;ayod ne,Sfï wjêhla úh' l,ska

i|yka l< ùkia wekaâ wefvdaksia iy o f¾ma T*a ¨laÍ hk ldjH ks¾udKj,g

wu;rj" fldgia ;=klska hqla; jQ yhjeks fykaß kdgHh;a ;=kajeks ßp¾â kdgHh;a

wh;a jkafka tu wjêhg h' tfia u Tyqf.a b;d iqm%lg iqLdka; kdgH lD;Ska jk

o flduä T*a tria ^1592& " o fÜñka T*a o YarE ^1594&" ,õia f,an¾ia f,diaÜ ^1594&

hk lD;s wh;a jkafka o tu wjêhg h'

fojeks wjêhg wh;a jkqfha bx.%Sis b;sydih mokï lr f.k ks¾udKh lrk ,o

kdgH lD;s h' tajd w;r" fojeks ßp¾â ^1595&" fldgia follska hq;= y;rjeks

fykaß 1597&" miajeks fykaß 1599& iy gqfj,a;a khsÜ 1600& hk lD;s fjhs' Tyqf.a

iqm%lg fYdaldka; kdgH oajhla jk frdañfhda wekaâ cq,shÜ ^1595& iy cq,shia iSi¾

^1599& wh;a jkafka o tlS wjêhg h'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fha mßK;Ndjh m< flfrk ;=kajeks wjêfhys

,shjqK lD;Ska yeáhg .efkkafka" yeï,Ü ^1601&" Tf;f,da ^1604&" lsx.a ,sh¾

^1605&" wekagks wekaâ la,sfhdameÜrd ^1606& iy uelan;a ^1606& h' fuu lD;Ska

ish,a, u yrfhka ÿlaLdka; jqj o we;eï kdgHhl .eí jk lsishï úfYaI

.=Kdx.hla fya;= fldg f.k tlS ks¾udK “w÷re fyda ;s;a; iqLdka;” (Dark or Bitter Comedies) fia o úpdrlhka úiska y÷kajkq ,efí' ´,aia fj,a oeÜ tkaâia

fj,a ^1602& iy fuI¾ f*da fuI¾ ^1604& hk iqLdka; kdgH oajh wh;a jkafka o

fuu wjêhg u h'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a ks¾udK Ôú;fhys isjqjk wjêh" Tyqf.a ÿlaL-iqLdka; ^Tragi - comedies& ìys jqKq ld,h jYfhka ie,flhs' fmßla,Sia" ms%kaia T*a gh¾

^1608&" o úkag¾ia fÜ,a ^1610&" isïn,Ska ^1610&" o fgïmiaÜ ^1611&" fykaß o thsÜ;a

^1613& iy gQ fkdan,a lsxiauka ^1613& hk ks¾udK wh;a jkafka" fulS wjêhg h'

lúhl= yeáhg" fYalaiamsh¾f.a m;< lS¾;sh Tyqf.a úúO ldjH ks¾udKj,ska iy

;=ÿiamo ieye,sj,ska m< jk kuqÿ" tlS wmQ¾j lú;ajh jvd;a u Tma kexù m%ldYhg

m;a jkafka" Tyqf.a kdgH ks¾udKhkays wka;¾.; mµuh ks¾udKj,sks' wka

fndfyda lùkaf.a ks¾udKhkays fkd olakd ,efnk úfYaI;ajhla o ta lú;ajfhys

úh' fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdgH ks¾udKhkays m%ldY jkqfha lúfha iqkaor;ajh blaujd

isák m%{dj hs' ienúka u" lúhl oejgqKq m%{dj m< l< f,dal mßudKfha uyd

lúhd" fYalaiamsh¾ h'

wEia hQ ,hsla bÜ kdglfhys §" ish u,Kqjka úiska rc jdif,ka m,jd yefrk

fogq wdÈmdojrhd" wka;sfï § kj;skafka jk wrKl h' tys jQ iekiqu;a Ydka;

iqjh;a Tyqf.a u jokaj,ska fYalaiamsh¾ úiska olajk ,oafoa fuu ldfjHdala;sfhks'


“Under the greenwood tree,Who loves to lie with meAnd turn his merry noteUnto the sweet bird's throatCome hither, come hither, come hitherHere shall he seeNo enemy, but winter and rough weather.”

“fï .%Skajqâ ;=re fyjfKa

je;sr ys¢kakg ud yd

ljqo leue;af;a" ljqo leue;af;a

Tyqf.a fidïkia iqñysß iajrh

úyÕ .S; rdjh yd uqiq fldg

je;sr ys¢kakg ljqo leue;af;a

tkak fufya" tkak fufya" tkak fufya"

lsis i;=rl= fuys fkduef;a

lgqlj oefkkd isisr iuh ñi

f.dryeä l¾lY ld,.=Kh ñi”

iqm%lg jekSisfha fjf<kaod kdglfhys" fmda¾Ishdf.a w; m;d f.k tk tla

;eke;a;l= jkqfha" fudfrdlafldafõ l=udrfhls' Tyqg wehf.a w; .; yelafla"

rka" ß§" Bhï hk lr~q ;=fkka fmda¾Ishdf.a PdhdrEmh nyd we;s lr~qj f;dard

.;fyd;a mu‚' fudfrdlafldafõ l=udrhd f;dard .kafka" rka lr~qj h' t;=<

we;af;a" uereKq ñksfyl=f.a ysia ln,l is;a;uls' thg háka fufia o ,shd ;sì‚'

“È,sfik ish,a, r;a;rka fkd fõ'” “All that glitters is not gold” fuh wo iqm%lg

msre<ls' th jyrg meñ‚fha" fYalaiamsh¾f.a ta jekSisfha fjf<kaod kdglfhks'

m%{dj oejgqKq tjka joka fldf;l=;a Tyqf.a lD;Skays olakd ,efnhs' frdañfhda

cq,shÜ kdglfha tkñka ye¢kafjk fmïj;=kaf.a fYdaldka;hg fya;= jQfha"

fh!jkfha wkaO jQ wd,h hs' fYalaiamsh¾ lshkafka “wd,h wkaO kï" b,lalh .;

fkdfyk” nj h' lska.a ,sh¾ kdglhg n÷ka jkqfha" mshl= flfrys jk orejkaf.a

.=Kul=lu h' “orejl=f.a l<.=K fkd o;alu" i¾mhl=f.a úi o<g;a jeäfhka

;shqKq he” hs uyd lúhd lshk úg" wmQ¾j ldfjHdala;shla muKg u" Ôú;h ms<sn|

.eUqre we;a;la o m< flfrhs' o fÜñka T*a o YarE kdglh" onrldr ìß|l yslaujd Æ

ieñhl= .ek h' fYalaiamsh¾ lshkafka" ta “ieñhd ìß|f.a foúhd” nj h' tu;= fkd

fjhs lúhd fufia o f;m,hs' “Tfí Ôú;h o Tfí m%Odkshd o Tfí n,Orhd o Tn

/l n,d .kakd ;eke;a;d o Tyq u jkafka h'” ^fu;ek" n,Orhd hk moh"

Sovereign hk jofkys wre; olajkag h'&

fYalaiamsh¾f.a yeu kdglhl u .eíj we;af;a ñksia Ôú; m;af,ka u;= jk

wmQ¾j;ajh hs' iqm%lg yeï,Ü kdglfhka fy<s jkafka" .eyekshlf.a pm,lu

fya;= fldg f.k" .eyekq msßñ foj. u" wfmalaIs; fuka u wkfmalaIs; brKulg

f.dÿre jk j. h' ;u mshdKkaf.a urKh ryis.;j isÿ l< iq¿mshd mdjd .kakd

ish uE‚hkaf.a pm,lu isys lrk yeï,Ü l=ure lshk fujoka" lvq uqK;l

uqjy; jka ;shqKq Wmydid,dmhls' “tïnd pm,lu" kqfò ku .eyekshhs'” (“O! frailty, thy name is woman”). kdglh wjika jkafka" fvkaud¾lays l=udrhd

jk yeï,Üf.a urKfhks' tfudfyd;" Tyqf.a iqñ;=re fydf¾fIdaf.a uqjg"

fYalaiamsh¾ kxjk fï jeks joka f,dal idys;Hfhys jqj b;d úr, h'


“Now cracks a noble heart. Good night, sweet prince, And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest!"

“oeka mqmqrd hhs" W;=ï yoj;la"

iqn /hla fõjd" wdorŒh l=ureksæ

iqr¥; rdiS" Tfí Ydka;shg .S .hkq

we;af;a h'”

fYalaiamsh¾f.a kdglhkag fndfyda úg úIhh jQfha rdIag% md,kh hs' ta w;ska" uyd

lúhdf.a wmQ¾j;u kdgH ks¾udKh jkqfha" cq,shia iSi¾ h' frdauhg lS¾;sh f.k

wd cq,shia iSi¾ >d;kh lrkag msys myrj,a ÿka wh w;ßka wka;suhd jQfha" Tyqf.a

fyd| u i.hdj isá írEgia h' írEgiaf.a msys myr ld ñhefok iSi¾f.a uqjg

fYalaiamsh¾ kxjkafka" fødayslu;a mdjd §u;a .ek lsj yels fyd| u joka h'

“Et tu Brute?Then fall Caesar!”

“fudkjd" Tn;a írEgia@

tfykï" iSi¾ jegqKdfj”

ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a lúh;a kdglh;a .ek ye¢kaùula lsÍu b;d wiSre h' Tyqf.a

idys;H ks¾udKhkays jk m%{dj .ek lSu Bg;a jvd wiSre h' ñksiqkaf.a ffojh;a

fY%aIaG;ajh;a fol u .ek lshk uyd lú fYalaiamsh¾" gqfj,a;a khsÜ ´ jÜ hQ ú,a

hk kdglfhys lrk fuu újrKh" f,dalh;a" f,da oyu;a ukqIH;ajh;a ms<sn|

Tyqf.a .eUqre wjfndaOh fï hhs mjik oDIagdka;hla jekak'

“Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.”“iuyre fYa%IaGj WmÈ;s' iuyre fYa%IaG;ajh Wod lr.ks;s' fYa%IaG;ajh"

iuyrekaf.a wefÕa .ikq ,efnhs'”oywg jeks ishji f;la u ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ i,lk ,oafoa wm%udK m%;sNdfjka

hqla; jqj o ksis f,i wOHdmkh fkd ,o f.dryeä ks¾udKlrejl= yeáhg h'

fYalaiamsh¾f.a kñka m%p,s; ks¾udK tjlg rdcH md,lhl= yd od¾Ykslhl=j isá

Y%Su;a *a/kaisia fílka fyda ^fYalaiamsh¾f.a u wkq.%dylhdj isá& ioïiagkays

wdÈmdojrhd fyda lrkag we;ehs o u;hla f.dv keÕS ;sì‚' flfia jqj o fYalaiamsh¾

ks¾udK flfrys idys;H f,dalfha wjOdkh jeä jeäfhka fhduq jkag jQfha

oykj jk ishjiska miqj h' fï wmQre ñksyd i;= jQ Ôú;h ms<sn| .eUqre ;shqKq

oekqu;a f,dal iajNdjh msßis| oelSfuka m< lrk ,o Ôjk o¾Ykh;a t;eka isg

ksis úuiqug ,la jkakg úh' tys m%;sM,hla yeáhg f,dalh yuqfõ wkdjrKh

jQfha lúhl= o oDYHldjH rplhl= o yeáhg fYalaiamsh¾ i;=j meje;a;d jQ oejeka;

m%;srEmh hs'


wjfndaOh

1' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾g ;u <ud ld,fha § uqyqK §ug isÿ jQ ÿIalr;d ljf¾ o@

2' fYalaiamsh¾ lúhl= f,i m%isoaO ùug ;=vq ÿka lD;s fudkjd o@

3' fYalaiamsh¾ ;u kdgH lD;s rpkd lsÍu i|yd mdol lr .;a uQ,dY%hka

ljf¾ o@

4' fu;=udf.a ish¨ kdgH lD;s j¾. ;=kla hgf;a úia;r lr we;' tu j¾. ;=k

kï lrkak'

5' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾ pß;fhka Tng ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y ljf¾ o@

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jpkj, w¾: ,shd olajkak'

¸' mßmQ¾K ¸¸' jfkdaoHdkh

¸¸¸' ;=ÿia ¸¹' úiauh ckl

¹' kD;HYd,d ¹¸' ishji

¹¸¸' m%;sNdj ¹¸¸¸' msßis|

¸º' oDYH ldjHh º' ckau,dNh

2' my; oelafjk jpkj,g úreoaOd¾: fok jpk ,shkak'

¸' uqøs; -

¸¸' újdo -

¸¸¸' .%dóh -

¸¹' nd, úh -

¹' lS¾;sh -

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' f,dal m%isoaêhg m;a úfoaYSh idys;Hlrejkaf.a úia;r we;=<;a lr iÕrdjlg

iqÿiq ,smshla ilia lrkak'

2' fYa%IaG idys;Hlrejka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'

3' ú,shï fYalaiamsh¾f.a Tn leu;s lD;shla lshjd tys wka;¾.;h idrdxY lr

olajkak'


‘m%;Hhd¾: Yío’ fyj;a ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ isxy,

NdIdfjys mo iEfok l%uhls' m%;Hh m%Odk fldg

isÿ jk fï úhrK úÈh yeoEÍfï § ‘m%;Hh’ hkq

l=ula oehs jgyd .; hq;= h'

m%;Hh hkq ‘m%lD;shlska mrj w¾:j;a jQ mo idOkh

i|yd tl;= jk fldgils'

‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ hk fhÿu ie§ we;af;a m%;Hh ¬

w¾: hk mo fol tla ùfuks' tA wkqj m%;Hhd¾:

kdu hkq m%;Hh ksid w¾: .ekafjk kdu hkak

hs' ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ i|yd l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d

Ndú; lf<a ‘m%;Hh ix.%y kdu’ hk jyr h' tA i|yd

u ‘isxy, NdIdj’ kï jHdlrK .%ka:fha ;shfvda¾

Ô' fmf¾rd msh;=ud i|yka lr we;af;a ‘m%;Hhd¾:

Yío’ fyj;a ‘mire;a io’ hkak hs'

m%;Hh Ndú;fhka w¾: .ekaùug NdIdfjys uq,a

jkafka kdu m%lD;s yd Od;= m%lD;s hk NdIdx.

fol h' kdu m%lD;shla hkq kdu mohlg uq,a jk

fldgi hs' Od;= m%lD;shla hkq l%shd mohlg uq,a jk

fldgi hs' fï NdIdx. fol i|yd lsishï m%;Hh tla

ùfuka kdud¾:hla ,efí kï tAjd ‘m%;Hhd¾: kdu’ fõ' isxy, NdIdfõ m%;Hhd¾: kdu fofldgils'

1' kdu m%lD;shlg m%;Hhla tla ùfuka

iEfok m%;Hhd¾: kdu - ;oaê;"

2' Od;= m%lD;shlg m%;Hhla tlaùfuka iEfok

m%;Hhd¾: kdu - lDoka;" jYfhks' fï tlsfklska

mo idOkh jk whqre fï mdvfï úia;r flf¾'

m%;Hhd¾: kdu 17


w¨hu msìÿKq .eñhd ;u f.dúm<g msg;aj .sfha h'

fï jdlHfha ;oaê; kdu moh jkafka ‘.eñhd’ hk moh hs' tu moh iliaj we;af;a

.ï + b } .eñ + wd } .eñhd

jYfhks' f;dáhd" keúhd" /áhd hk ;oaê; kdu o ilia jkafka by; bÈßm;a

l< ksoiqfka i|yka l%uhg h' fï WodyrKh wkqj kdu m%lD;shlg ;oaê; m%;Hh

tla ù iEfok kdu ‘;oaê; kdu’ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' ;oaê; hkq ;;a ¬ ys; hk mo

weiqfrka iEÿKls' ;;a ¬ ys; hkafka w¾:h ta yd fhÿKq Bg fhda.H jQ hkak hs'

tla kdu m%lD;shlg m%;Hh tla l< úg ;efkk kdu moh uq,a mohg wkqrEmj

ilia jk ksid tu l%shdj,sh ;oaê; hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' fï ;oaê; hkak wfma

nig ,eî we;af;a ixialD; yd md,s úhrK Í;s weiqfrks'

;oaê; Yíoj, § Bg iïnkaO jk m%;Hfhka m%ldY jk f;areu uq,a fjhs' tfy;a

th tys m%Odk mofha w¾:hg wkql+,j ilia fõ' by; bÈßm;a l< ‘.eñhd’ hk

moh úuid ne,Sfuka bÈßm;a l< lreK jvd;a meyeÈ,s fjhs'

;oaê; kdu ilia lr .; yels ;oaê; m%;Hh fhÿKq mo iuqyhla iso;a iÕrdfõ

oelafjk w;r wk;=rej tn÷ m%;Hh 23la l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d bÈßm;a lr

;sfí' tA fufia h'

b" uqjd" uh" j;a" u;a" ;r" ;u" b;s" wá" wgq" wia" w;a" n" ;d" wdK" wKq" w‚" w" tla"

W" w<" wd" W;= jYfhks'

fun÷ ;oaê; m%;Hh úúOd¾: foñka mo idOkhg bjy,a fjhs' NdIdj fmdaIKh

lrhs' bka lsysmhla ms<sn| lreKq úuid n,uq'

1' ‘b’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh w¾: .Kkdjl fhfoa' tA w¾: wvq jeä jYfhka úhrK

.%ka:hkays bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

¸' tys jQfhah hk w¾:h - N+;d¾:h

.fuys jQfha .eñ - .ï¬b } .eñ¬wd } .eñhd

.eñhd ksoyia ksjy,a Èúhla f.jhs'

/áhd" ksheßhd hk kdu o fï w¾:fha u fhfoa'

¸¸' tys kshq;= jQfha hk w¾:h - kshqla;d¾:h

f;dfgys kshq;= jQfha f;dá - f;dg ¬ b } f;dá ¬ wd } f;dáhd

f;dáhd yn, w;g .;af;a h'

keú" oeyeñ" leñ hk kdu o fï .Khg wh;a fõ'

¸¸¸' th okS hk w¾:h - cdkkd¾:h

Ys,am Ydia;%h okafka Ys,ams - Ys,am ¬ b } Ys,ams ¬ wd - Ys,amshd

uQ¾;s Ys,amshd ukyr m%;sudjla ks¾udKh lf<a h'

kel;s hk ;oaê; kduh o óg wh;a fõ'

¸¹' th u hk w¾:h - iajd¾:h

w÷r u - w÷re ¬ b } we¢ß ¬ w } we¢ßh

ysre .s,S .sfhka we¢ßh rc úh'

len,s" leo,s" ue¢ß" jeo,s hk ;oaê; kdu o óg wh;a fõ'

;oaê;


w¨hu msìÿKq .eñhd ;u f.dúm<g msg;aj .sfha h'

fï jdlHfha ;oaê; kdu moh jkafka ‘.eñhd’ hk moh hs' tu moh iliaj we;af;a

.ï + b } .eñ + wd } .eñhd

jYfhks' f;dáhd" keúhd" /áhd hk ;oaê; kdu o ilia jkafka by; bÈßm;a

l< ksoiqfka i|yka l%uhg h' fï WodyrKh wkqj kdu m%lD;shlg ;oaê; m%;Hh

tla ù iEfok kdu ‘;oaê; kdu’ nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' ;oaê; hkq ;;a ¬ ys; hk mo

weiqfrka iEÿKls' ;;a ¬ ys; hkafka w¾:h ta yd fhÿKq Bg fhda.H jQ hkak hs'

tla kdu m%lD;shlg m%;Hh tla l< úg ;efkk kdu moh uq,a mohg wkqrEmj

ilia jk ksid tu l%shdj,sh ;oaê; hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' fï ;oaê; hkak wfma

nig ,eî we;af;a ixialD; yd md,s úhrK Í;s weiqfrks'

;oaê; Yíoj, § Bg iïnkaO jk m%;Hfhka m%ldY jk f;areu uq,a fjhs' tfy;a

th tys m%Odk mofha w¾:hg wkql+,j ilia fõ' by; bÈßm;a l< ‘.eñhd’ hk

moh úuid ne,Sfuka bÈßm;a l< lreK jvd;a meyeÈ,s fjhs'

;oaê; kdu ilia lr .; yels ;oaê; m%;Hh fhÿKq mo iuqyhla iso;a iÕrdfõ

oelafjk w;r wk;=rej tn÷ m%;Hh 23la l=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d bÈßm;a lr

;sfí' tA fufia h'

b" uqjd" uh" j;a" u;a" ;r" ;u" b;s" wá" wgq" wia" w;a" n" ;d" wdK" wKq" w‚" w" tla"

W" w<" wd" W;= jYfhks'

fun÷ ;oaê; m%;Hh úúOd¾: foñka mo idOkhg bjy,a fjhs' NdIdj fmdaIKh

lrhs' bka lsysmhla ms<sn| lreKq úuid n,uq'

1' ‘b’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh w¾: .Kkdjl fhfoa' tA w¾: wvq jeä jYfhka úhrK

.%ka:hkays bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

¸' tys jQfhah hk w¾:h - N+;d¾:h

.fuys jQfha .eñ - .ï¬b } .eñ¬wd } .eñhd

.eñhd ksoyia ksjy,a Èúhla f.jhs'

/áhd" ksheßhd hk kdu o fï w¾:fha u fhfoa'

¸¸' tys kshq;= jQfha hk w¾:h - kshqla;d¾:h

f;dfgys kshq;= jQfha f;dá - f;dg ¬ b } f;dá ¬ wd } f;dáhd

f;dáhd yn, w;g .;af;a h'

keú" oeyeñ" leñ hk kdu o fï .Khg wh;a fõ'

¸¸¸' th okS hk w¾:h - cdkkd¾:h

Ys,am Ydia;%h okafka Ys,ams - Ys,am ¬ b } Ys,ams ¬ wd - Ys,amshd

uQ¾;s Ys,amshd ukyr m%;sudjla ks¾udKh lf<a h'

kel;s hk ;oaê; kduh o óg wh;a fõ'

¸¹' th u hk w¾:h - iajd¾:h

w÷r u - w÷re ¬ b } we¢ß ¬ w } we¢ßh

ysre .s,S .sfhka we¢ßh rc úh'

len,s" leo,s" ue¢ß" jeo,s hk ;oaê; kdu o óg wh;a fõ'

fmr mofha w. wl=r y,a wl=rlska fyda w" wd" t" ta hk iajrhlska fyda wjika jQ

l, ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:h i|yd j;a m%;Hh fhfohs'

is,a we;af;a - is,a ¬ j;a } is,aj;a - is,aj;a NslaIqj

.=K we;af;a - .=K ¬ j;a } .=Kj;a - .=Kj;a mqoa.,hd

kqjK we;af;a - keK ¬ j;a } keKj;a - keKj;a orejd

Ok we;af;a - Ok ¬ j;a } Okj;a - Okj;a mqoa.,hd

fifkfy we;af;a - fifkfy ¬ j;a - fifkfyj;a - fifkfyj;a uj

fmr mofha w. b" B" W" W! hk iajrhlska wjika jQ úg ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:h

i|yd u;a m%;Hh fhfoa'

2'1 my; bÈßm;a lr we;s tla tla woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' iem we;af;a - ¹' Yla;s we;af;a -

¸¸' lS¾;sh we;af;a - ¹¸' ri we;af;a -

¸¸¸' fõ. we;af;a - ¹¸¸' m%fhdack we;af;a -

¸¹' n, we;af;a - ¹¸¸¸' nqoaê we;af;a -

2' ‘j;a’ ‘u;a’ m%;Hh

fï m%;Hh fol u ‘we;af;a h’ hk w¾:fhys wia;Hd¾:fhys fhfoa'

rej we;af;a - rE ¬ u;a } rEu;a - rEu;a hqj;sh

biqr we;af;a - biqre ¬ u;a } biqreu;a - biqreu;a ñksid

Èßh we;af;a - Èß ¬ u;a } Èßu;a - Èßu;a mqreIhd

kqjK we;af;a - ë ¬ u;a } ëu;a - ëu;a YsIHhd

12' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


3'1 my; tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' hlvfhka lrk ,o -

¸¸' m,sÕ=fjka lrk ,o -

¸¸¸' ßÈfhka lrk ,o -

¸¹' ,Sfhka lrk ,o -

¹' ;ka;= iajNdj we;s -

yqre jQfha(

m%foaYd¾:h

4'1 my; i|yka tla tla fhÿu fjkqjg iqÿiq u ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' by m%foaYh -

¸¸' È. iajNdjh -

¸¸¸' lr m%foaYh -

3' ‘uqjd’ ‘uh’ m%;Hh

‘thska lrk ,o’ ‘tu iajNdjh we;s’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

rkska lrk ,o - rka ¬ uqjd } rkauqjd - rkauqjd isyiqk"

iaj¾K ¬ uh } iaj¾Kuh - iaj¾Kuh isxydikh

ue‚laj,ska lrk ,o - ñ‚ ¬ uqjd } ñ‚uqjd - ñ‚uqjd lsre<

ud‚lH ¬ uh } ud‚lHuh - ud‚lHuh lsÍgh

fï m%;Hh 1' yqre jQfha

2' m%foaYh hk w¾: fol i|yd fhfoa'

4' ‘wá’ m%;Hh

l¿jg yqre jQfha - l¿ ¬ wá } l<á - l<á fmd,a

fuf<lg yqre jQfha } fudf<dla ¬ wá } fud<leá - fud<leá orejd

bÕ m%foaYh } bÕ¬wá } bÕá - bÕáh f,<jd

;=kq m%foaYh } ;=kqq ¬ wá } ;=ká - ;=káfha fõokdj


5'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' jr, u - ¸¸' uqyqK u -

¸¸¸' ijk u - ¸¹' kqjk u -

fuys § follska tlla jeä nj yeÕùu i|yd ‘;r’ m%;Hh fhfok w;r ish,af,ka

u jeä nj yeÕùu i|yd ‘;u’ m%;Hh fhfoa'

6'1 fï woyi i|yd iqÿiq ;oaê; moh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' fofokl= w;=ßka fYa%IaGhd -

¸¸' ish,a,ka w;=ßka fYa%IaGhd -

¸¸¸' folla w;=ßka jvd ñysß -

¸¹' ish,a, w;=ßka jvd ñysß -

¹' ish,a,ka w;=ßka W;=ï jQ -

5' ‘wia’ ‘w;a’ m%;Hh

‘th u’ hk w¾:fha ^iajd¾:fha& fhfoa'

isis, u - isis, ¬ wia } isis,ia

uqÿk u - uqÿk ¬ w;a } uqÿk;a

6' ‘;r’ iy ‘;u’ m%;Hh

‘jeä nj’ hk w¾:h §u i|yd ;r" ;u hk m%;Hh fol fhfoa'

Wodr .=K we;s fofokl= w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d - Wodr ¬ ;r } Wodr;r

Wodr .=K we;s ish¨ fokd w;=ßka jeä - Wodr ¬ ;u } Wodr;u

mõ lrk fofokl= w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d - mdm ¬ ;r } mdm;r

mõ lrk ish,a,ka w;=ßka jeä ;eke;a;d } mdm¬ ;u } mdm;u

7' ‘bl’ m%;Hh

‘Bg wh;a’ hk w¾:fha fhfoa'

k.rhg wh;a - k.r ¬ bl } kd.ßl - kd.ßl ckhd

jHdmdrhg wh;a - jHdmdr ¬ bl } jHdmdßl - jHdmdßl m%cdj

;udg wh;a - mqoa., ¬ bl } fm!oa.,sl - fm!oa.,sl whs;sh

uq,a jQ lreKg wh;a - uQ, ¬ bl } uQ,sl - uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

we;eï úg fï m%;Hh fol u tl u

kdu m%lD;sh iu. fhfoa'

fjr<¬wia- fjr<ia"

fjr<¬w;a - fjr<;a

uqyq< ¬ w;a - uqyq<;a"

uqyq< ¬ wia - uqyq<ia


7'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; mo ,shkak'

¸' mqrdK ld,hg wh;a - ¸¸' ixialD;shg wh;a -

¸¸¸' iudchg wh;a - ¸¹' ridhkhg wh;a -

¹' f.da;%hg wh;a -

8'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H moh ,shkak'

¸' l=vd len,s - ¸¸' b;d u iqÕ -

¸¸¸' le| iaj,amhla - ¸¹' l=vd lsks;a; -

9'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' .re lghq;= rc;=ud - ¸¸' .re lghq;= fidfydhqrd -

¸¸¸' .re lghq;= nEkd - ¸¹' .re lghq;= uj -

‘iaj,amh’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

meka iaj,amh - meka ¬ b;s } meks;s

l=vd lek - leka ¬ b;s } leks;s

b;d u fmdä - fmdä ¬ b;s } fmdä;ss

8' ‘b;s’ m%;Hh

f.!rjd¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

9'‘wdK’ ‘wKq’ ‘wKs’ m%;Hh

.re lghq;= mshd - msh ¬ wdK - mshdK ¬ } mshdfKda

.re lghq;= mq;d - mq;a ¬ wKq - mq;Kq ¬ } mq;Kqfjda

.re lghq;= ÿj - ¥ ¬ w‚ - Èh‚ ¬ ´ } Èh‚fhda

10' ‘Bh’ m%;Hh

‘thg wh;a h’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoa' ta yer fjk;a w¾: i|yd o

Bh m%;Hh fhfoa'

iajfoaYhg wh;a jQfha - iajfoaY¬Bh - iajfoaYSh

foaYhg wh;a jQfha - foaY¬Bh - foaYSh

ld¾hd,hg wh;a jQfha - ld¾hd,h¬Bh - ld¾hd,hSh

mdmhg wh;a jQfha - mdm¬Bh - mdmSh


fuu wref;ys ‘tah’ m%;Hh o fhfoa' ,xldjg wh;a jQfha - ,xld¬tah - ,dxflah


¸' iudchg wh;a jQfha - ¸¸' m%foaYhg wh;a -

¸¸¸' úfoaYhg wh;a - ¸¹' j¾.hg wh;a -


¸' ksy`v nj - ¸¸' ne£ula we;s nj -

¸¸¸' w`vk nj - ¸¹' kuH;djla we;s nj -

Ndjd¾:h

iuQyd¾:h

12'1 fï tla tla woyi i|yd fhda.H ;oaê; moh ,shkak'

¸' ÿ¾j, nj - ¸¸' Y+r nj -

¸¸¸' wjYH nj - ¸¹' úfYaI nj -

¹' ÿn, nj -

11' ‘wd’ m%;Hh

‘nj’ hk w¾:h i|yd fhfoA'

ñysrla we;s nj - ñysß ¬ wd - ñysßhd

yelshdjla we;s nj - yels ¬ wd - yelshd

<eÈhdjla we;s nj - <eÈ ¬ wd - <eÈhd

12' ‘;d’ m%;Hh

Ndjd¾:h yd iuQyd¾:h i|yd fhfoa'

uqÿ nj - uqÿ ¬ ;d - uqÿ;d

iqyo nj - iqyo ¬ ;d - iqyo;d

ck iuQyh - ck ¬ ;d - ck;d


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï jdlHj, we;s ;oaê; mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

¸' È.á uqyqKla we;s keÜgqjd ish bÕáh f,<jd /Õ=ï mEfõ h'

¸¸' ,laÈjg meñ‚ úfoaYslfhda fm!rd‚l YS% úN+;sh oel i;=gq jQy'

¸¸¸' .=re;=ñh isÕs;a;dg w,xldr u,a lsks;a;la ;E.s l<d h'

¸¹' rEu;a hqj;sh ish jr,i úoyd f.k úksYaph uKav,h yuqjg meñ‚hd h'

¹' leyegq n,a,d u`vqfjys jl=gq ù ks|hs'

2' my; oelafjk fþofha bß we¢ mo fjkqjg ;oaê; mo fhdod ,shkak'

fkdfndaod úfoaY rgj,ska meñ‚ ;eke;af;da mq,;sismqr keröug f.dia tys jQ

.,ska u ksuejqKq m%;sud o f,dayfhka ;ekqKq m%;sud o oejfhka lrk ,o rdc

ukaÈr o n,d miqj merl=ï iuqÿr fj;g f.dia tys isis, u ú| wdÈ YS%

,dxlslhdf.a w;sYh Wodr nj o úYsIag ffO¾hh we;s nj o hk .=K ms<sn|j

m%Yxid uqLfhka l:d l<y'

3' fï ;oaê; mo fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'

isÕs;s" rc;uh" n,j;a" keúhd" fodrgqj" iqyo;d" keÕ‚fhda" yelshd

by; oelajQ ;oaê; m%;Hhj,g wu;rj jHjydrfha mj;sk ;j;a ;oaê;

m%;Hh we;' fï tajdhska lSmhls'

m%;Hh kso¾Ykh w¾:h

wgq wrgq ^wr ¬ wgq& b;d yrh we;s

w< by< ^bia ¬ w<& ysi m%foaYh

n Èhn ^U& ^Èh ¬ n& .eUqre Èh fmfoi

kq bkaÈhdkq ^bkaÈhd ¬ kq& bkaÈhdjg wh;a$iïnkaO

l cd;sl ^cd;s ¬ l& cd;shg wh;a

;aj m%ùK;aj ^m%ùK ¬ ;aj& m%ùK nj

h fi!kao¾h ^iqkaor ¬ h& iqkaor nj

jka; .=Kjka; ^.=K ¬ jka;& .=K we;s

;k mqrd;k ^mqrd ¬ ;k& fmr ld,hg wh;a

Bk ld,Sk ^ld, ¬ Bk& ld,hg wh;a

bIaG mdmsIaG ^mdm ¬ bIaG& jvd mdmS jQfha


lDoka;

lshkakd lshk lshqï wikakd isys nqoaêfhka weish hq;= h'

by; jelsfha we;=<;a ‘lshkakd"’ ‘lshqï"’ ‘wikakd’ hk mo kdu mo fõ' tys uq,ska

u oelafjk ‘lshkakd’ hk moh ilia ù we;af;a lsh¬kq¬wd } hk fldgia tla

ùfuka h' by; ‘lshqï’ hk moh ie§ we;af;a ‘lsh’ hk Od;= m%lD;shg ‘Wï’ hk

m%;Hh tla ùfuks' ‘wikakd’ hk moh ilia ù we;af;a wi¬kq¬wd tla ùfuks' fï

ish¨ u mo Od;= m%lD;shla uq,a lr f.k ks¾udKh ù ;sfí' ‘lshk’ hk moh ‘lsh’ m%lD;shg ‘k’ lDoka; m%;Hh tla ù ilia ù we;'

fufia Od;= m%lD;shlg lDoka; m%;Hh tl;= ù iEfok mo lDoka; hkqfjka

ye¢kafõ' lDoka; hk moh lD;a¬wka; hk wjhj ixfhda.fhka iE§ ;sfí' tys

w¾:h ‘lD;a m%;Hhla wka; fldg we;s ls%hd uQ,hlska ilia jQj’ hkak hs'

lDoka; kdu o m%;Hhd¾:j;aj ks¾udKh jk ksid th m%;Hhd¾: kdu ixLHdjg

u wh;a fõ'

‘kghs’ hk ls%hd mofha uQ,h ‘kg’ hk Od;= m%lD;sh hs' fuys § lDoka; kdu

;efkkafka tu Od;= m%lD;sh uq,a lr f.k h' ‘kg’ hk Od;= m%lD;sfhka my;

i|yka wdldrfha lDoka; mo iEfohs'

Od;= m%lD;s uQ,slj by; rgdjg fndfyda ÿrg wkql+,j lDoka; mo ks¾udKh

fõ'

Od;= m%lD;shlg kdud¾:hla fok lDoka; m%;Hhla tl;= ùfuka iEfok kdu

lDoka; kdu f,i ye¢kafõ' n,kakd" n,kakS" ne,Sï" ne¨ï" ne,s,s wdÈh lDoka;

kdu fõ'

³ lDoka; kdu yd ls%hdj,g wu;rj lDoka; ksmd; o fjhs' mQ¾j ls%hd" ñY% ls%hd" wiïNdjH ls%hd

Bg wh;a fõ'

ls%hdj ls%hd uQ,h lDoka; mo

kghs kg kgk" kgkq" kegQ"

kegqï" kegqu" keá,s"

kefgkq" kefgk"

kegqKq" keàu" kgkakd"

kgkafka" kgkafkda"

kefgkafka" kgkakS

lDoka;³

lDoka; kdu lDoka; ls%hd

lDoka; kdu


NdId jHjydrfha § lDoka; kdu fuka u lDoka; ls%hd o w;HjYH NdIdx.hla fõ'

Od;= m%lD;shlg l%shd w¾:hla fok lDoka; m%;Hhla tla ù lDoka; l%shd iefoa'

n,kafka" n,kakdyq" n,kafkys" ne¨fõ" nef,kafka" ne¨fKa" ne¨Kq" ne¨K"

ne¨jd" n,kq wdÈ mo lDoka; ls%hd .Khg we;=<;a fõ'

Od;= m%lD;sh m%;Hh lDoka; ls%hd

lsh k ¬ ta

k ¬ ´

k ¬ wdyq

lshkafka

lshkafkda

lshkakdyq

rla b ¬ k ¬ ta

t ¬ kq ¬ ta

WKq ¬ ´

b ¬ ta

rlskafka

/flkafka

/l=fKda

/lafla

lDoka; ls%hd

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' fï tla tla fldgfia we;=<;a lDoka; mo Wmqgd ,shkak'

^w& kgk kegqï .hk .ehqï bj; fy<hs fidal iqiqï

^wd& ÿïnr fl;g jeg ne|,d /l=ï ne¨ï

udú,s .fÕa Èh ne|,d fl;g .s¨ï

ÿïnr ,sfhda lr Tijd n,k ne¨ï

;=kam;a rgdjls ÿïnr flf;a fk¿ï

^we& Th ne,au Th le,au ks¨mq,a fkf;a'''

^W& br nei hkafka w÷r o jefgkakd

iS; iq<x yeu w;ska yukakd

my< fjf,a f.dú,shkaf. lú;d,h

wefia wefia i| mdhkakd'''

Od;= m%lD;sh m%;Hh lDoka; kdu

lsh Wï

Bï

k ¬ wd

k ¬ B

lshqï

lSï

lshkakd

lshkakS

rla Wï

b,s

b ¬ k ¬ ´

Wï ¬ w

/l=ï

/ls,s

rlskafkda

/l=u$/lau


2' fï tla tla jdlHfha ysia;ek$ysia;eka jdlHh bÈßmsg jryk ;=< § we;s ls%hd

mofha uQ,fhka ilia lr f.k iïmQ¾K lrkak'

¸' l,d Wf,< i|yd oeßh bÈßm;a l< ''''''''''''''''''' ldf.a;a is;a .;af;a h'

^kghs&

¸¸' l=Uqrehdfha f.dhï '''''''''''''''''''''' i|yd .fï ;reK ;re‚fhda o meñ‚hy'

^lmhs&

¸¸¸' ta ta isoaê ms<sn|j ''''''''''''' flfia lSj;a ''''''''''''''''''' isys nqoaêfhka weish

hq;= h' ^lshhs$wihs&

¸¹' fujr o<od fmryef¾ '''''''''''''''''' ku.sh ''''''''''''''''''''' Ys,amsfhls ^kghs&'

¹' <uhd úiska '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' mqj;am;a h' ^n,hs&

3' fï tla tla jdlHfha ;o l¿ wl=frka olajd we;s lDoka; moj, m%;Hh fjka

fldg ,shkak'

¸' YsIHhd fyd¢ka ms<s;=re ,shkq fmfka'

¸¸' ,S fl<s kegqï bÈßm;a lf<a l,dh;khlsks'

¸¸¸' úfYaIdx. ,smsfha lems,s flá,s ksu lr uqøKhg heú‚'

¸¹' Odjk m:fha fõ.fhka ÿjk orejkag foudmsfhda w;afmd<ika ÿkay'

¹' jeäysáhkaf.a lshuka nd, mrmqr is;g .; hq;= h'

4' my; i|yka Od;= m%lD;sj,ska lDoka; kdu yd lDoka; ls%hd fol ne.ska

ks¾udK lrkak'

n," .h" jh" ,sh" ÿj

5' my; i|yka lDoka; mo fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ks¾udKh lrkak'

,shkakd" kegqï" fldgkq" is;Su" fl¢ß,s" lems,a," ne,Su" ÿjkafka


foaYfm%auh" foaYdkqrd.h ke;fyd;a foaYdNsudkh

hkqfjka woyia flfrkqfha mqrjeishl=g ish ujq ìu"

ckau N+ñh flfrys we;s jk lem ùu yd f.!rjdkaú;

yeÕSu hs' fuh ixialD;sl ne£ula fia ie,flhs'

we;eï úfgl fï ne£u flfrys Tjqkaf.a wd.ñl

úYajdih o n,mdhs'

tla iajdëk cd;shla hqoaO" wdl%uK" foaYmd,k

.súiqï fyda l=uka;%K wdÈh u.ska ;j;a cd;shla

úiska hg;a lr .;a l,ays hg;a lr .kq ,enqKq

cd;sfhys idudðlhka w;r foaYdkqrd.S" foaYdNsudkS

yeÕSï we;s ùu ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' hg;a úð;

Ndjfhka ksoyi ,eîfuka wk;=rej o foaYmd,k yd

wd¾Ól ksoyi wruqKq fldg .;a .ufka § cd;shlg

foaYdkqrd.S" foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï mqnqÿjd ,Su w;HjYH

fjhs' fï yeÕSï m%ldYhg m;a flfrk m%Odk

ud¾.hla jkqfha idys;H ks¾udK hs' ta w;=ßkqÿ úúO

moH ldjH m%fNao foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï mqnqÿjd ,Sug yd

m%lg lsÍug bjy,a fldg .efka'

úisjk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha hg;a úð; úfrdaë yeÕSï

biau;= flfrñka ks¾udKlrKfhys ksr; jQ

f,aLlhka w;=ßka weia' uyskao ysñ" wdkkao

rdclreKd yd l=udr;=x. uqksodi m%uqLia:dkh ysñ

fldg .ks;s' Èjhsk ì%;dkH hg;a úð; ;;a;ajfhka

ksoyia jQ miqj o foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï okjk idys;H

ks¾udK m%p,s; úh' wÍfika wyqnqÿ" uy.u fialr

wdÈ rplhkaf.a foaYdNsudkS idys;H m%nkaO fï

hq.fhys ìys jQ ks¾udK w;=ßka úfYaIfhka i|yka

l< hq;= jkafka tajd idys;Huh .=Kfhka o iqfmdaIs;

ùu fya;=fjks'

ñys,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla''' 18


rgl b;sydih yd iajNdj fi!kao¾hh;a w;S; ck;dj yd ck m%OdkSka ish ckau

N+ñh wdl%u‚lhkaf.ka ksoyia lr .ekSug f.k .sh wr., yd tajdys ch.%yK;a

ms<sn| j¾Kkd" ldjH .=Kfhka wkQkj bÈßm;a lsÍfuka trfgys fjfik ckhd

w;r foaYdNsudkS yeÕSï ;Sj% f,i m%p,s; l< yels h'

my; oelafjkqfha wÍfika wyqnqÿ ^1920-2011& úiska rÑ; moH ks¾udKhls' Èjhsfka

b;sydih fuka u l,ams; ckm%jdo yd iïnkaO pß; ms<sn|j o fuys § rplhd

wNsudkfhka hq;=j i|yka lrhs' wk;=rej oelafjkqfha Èjhsfka iajNdj fi!kao¾hh

yd fN!;sl mßirfhka ,efnk wdiajdoh hs' rfÜ iajdëk;ajh fjkqfjka mr

i;=rkag tfrysj Èú mqod igka lsÍfï wNs,dIh yd ¤mr i;=rka mrojd w;a m;a lr

.;a ch.%yKfhka ,nk Woaoduh thska miqj úia;r flfrhs' bka wk;=rej

mejfikafka ujq ìu w,xldr o fmdaIKh o fldg bkslaì;s ish isrer o ujq ìug

fmdfydr lrk nj hs' fuh lshjk mdGlhdf.a ukfiys ujq ìu ms<sn|j wNsudkj;a

fuka u wdl¾IŒh o jQ yeÕSï ckkh fjhs' fï moH ks¾udKh iqks,a idka; úiska

.dhkd lrk ,ÿj w;sYh ckm%sh .S;hla njg m;a ù ;sfí' fï ks¾udKfha ;j;a

úfYaI;ajhla jkafka uydm%dK wlaIr" ;d¨c Y yd uQ¾Oc I wlaIr fuka u rldr

ixfhda. o rys; jd.a ú,dihlska hqla; ùu hs' fuh ud;%d úis yhlska hq;= t<siu

isjqmo wdlD;shg wkqj rpkd fldg ;sfí'

,xld ,xld fmïnr ,xld

mskjuq Tn ,xld

fydnjuq Tn ,xld

Èú §

iqrlsuq Tn ,xld

n,s ;re rdjK .euqKq úchnd ksß÷ka ,o ,xld

mq,;sis oeñ isß ry,a l=ur;=Õ= m`vqjka ,o ,xld

úÿ ilaú;s uy me/l=ï lsúiqre lsúhka ,o ,xld

Tn /l=fKd;a f,dal=Uqj o wmyg iS; .Õ=,s ,xld

uyje,s l¿ le,Œ j,fõ w;a y;rla we;s ,xld

iufkd< lsß.,a msÿre;,d wE flfy .eg ne|s ,xld

f;a j;= fmd,a j;= fl;a j;= fm< Wl=f<a k<jk ,xld

uqyqÈka wÕ,la Tn jefjf;d;a tys mksuq mksuq ,xld

Tnyg w; fmdjkg Wka-uqkayg bv fkd ;nuq ,xld

wj fyd;a fuys Wka ¨yqn|jd f.d¿ uqyqo f.juq ,xld

f.dv Èh wyfia yeu ;eke Tnf.a ku lshjuq ,xld

Tn fjkqfjka tk fjä ier u,a fm;s fia i,luq ,xld


fy< uq;= ñ‚ je,a tlg oud ,d Tn iriuq ,xld

.ia je,aj,e u,a tlg f.d;d ,d Tn m,|uq ,xld

reyqfKa lsß me‚ tlg ykd ,d Tn mskjuq ,xld

wjike Tng ue fmdfydrg fï lh fuys ue fydjuq ,xld

fï ks¾udKh wmg wdiajdokSh jkafka tajdhska ,la jdiSka jYfhka fmdÿ úkaokhla

,eìh yels neúks' ujq rfÜ b;sydih;a tys úiQ hq.ldrl mqreIhkq;a rfÜ iajNdj

fi!kao¾hh;a ms<sn| j¾KkSh woyia fya;=fjka wm ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ úkaokhla

yd wdiajdohla fï ks¾udKj,ska ,eìh yels fjhs' Wiia l,d ks¾udKhl ,laIKh

fï fmdÿ nj fyj;a iudc idOdrK úkaokSh .=Kh hs'

“wm ujq ìu fmdf<da uyS ldka;djf.a k<,fhys ;enQ ;s,lhla jeks h'” fï

Wmudfjys .eí jk fi!kao¾hd;aul yeÕSfuka wms jYSlD; fjuq' tfy;a kQ;k

iudch f.dv ke.Su i|yd w;S; Y%S úN+;sh wdj¾ckd lsÍu muKla m%udKj;a fkd

fõ' w;S; iudc ixialD;sl p¾hd yd kQ;k iudc Ôú;h o ixl,kfhka kj

oDIaáhlska hqla;j foaYdNsudkh yd foaY jd;ai,Hh u;= lr .; hq;= h' iudcfha

uejqïlrefjda foú nUqka fkd j jev lrk ck;dj hs' tkï ldhsl yd udkisl

Y%uh ujq ìfï Wkak;sh fjkqfjka lem lrk ckhd hs' cd;sl wNsudkh fyg

f,dj f.dv kÕk yd Bg u. fmkajk uyd n,fõ.h hs' w;S; Y%S úN+;shg fya;=

jQfha ndyq n,h fyj;a nqc n,h m< l< Y+r jQ kr úrejkaf.a ld¾h idOkh hs'

my; oelafjk ks¾udKfhka ta kr úrejka h<s fï ìu my< fõjd hs m%d¾:kd

lrkqfha woH;k Y%u n<ldh yd tlaj rg ixj¾Okhg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh o

ud¾f.damfoaYh o wjYH neúks' ta ish,af,a ixl,kfhka ujq ìu fi!uH .=Kfhka

i| fia o {dk n,fhka nDyiam;S fia o lS¾;shg m;a fõjd hkq tys .eí jk

wjika m%d¾:kdj hs' mdGlhdf.a yd Y%djlhdf.a ukfiys ish ckau N+ñh ms<sn|

wfmalaId iy.; jd;ai,Hhla oekùfuys iu;a fï ks¾udKh iqks,a wdßhr;ak

úiska rpkd lrk ,oaols' th o ví,sõ' ã' wurfoaj úiska .dhkd lrkq ,en ;sfí'

ñys ,sh k<f,a wxck ;s,fla

isß ,xld forfKa

;sirK ir‚ka N+ md,kd

ck;d Èfka Èfka

ok mskk i;r iÕrd j;ska

i; is; .; iekfiajd

iÕ fjo .=re f.dú lïlre n< we‚fhka

isjq È. ierfiajd


nqc n, m< l< iqre kr úre le,

h<s fy< ìu bmfoajd

uqÿ .=fKka iqmqka i| ke‚ka .=reka f,o

rka Èj yskefyajd

fujeks ldjH ks¾udK mßYS,kfhka wm ,nk úkaokh fln÷ o@ th ,lajeishka

ish¨ fokdg u fmdÿ úkaokhls' tajdys .eí jk yeÕSï Tng;a ug;a Tyqg;a fudyqg;a

jYfhka ish¨ fokdyg fmdÿ yeÕSï fjhs¦ ta yeÕSï wm ish¨ fokdg u i¾jidOdrK

yeÕSï h' iuia; Y%S ,dxlslhkaf.a foaY jd;ai,Hh yd foaYdNsudkh tajdhska m%ldY

fjhs' wms ish,af,da u tajdhska úkaokhla ,nuq' túg tajd iod;k l,d ks¾udKhla

jYfhka w.h l< yels fjhs'


m`vqjka - mKaä;hka$W.;=ka

lsúiqre - lú¬biqre" lúhg wêm;s

f,dal=Uq - tkï ksrh

flfy .eg - n¢k ,o flia

fydjuq - i;mjuq

i;r iÕrd j;ska - odkh" YS,h" iudkd;au;dj" w¾: p¾hdj hk

.=Kdx.j,ska - i;r ix.%y jia;=fjka

nqc n, - ndyq n,h

kr úre le, - ñksia ùrhka iuQyh

wjfndaOh

1' ,xld ,xld hkqfjka werfUk meÈ fmf<ys i|yka uE; ld,Sk ,dxflah

m`äjrhd ljfrla o@

2' lúhd ,xld ud;djf.a n|sk ,o flaY l,dm f,i olskafka fudkjd o@

3' ,xld ,xld ks¾udKfha i|yka flfrk mer‚ isxy, lùka fofokl= kï

lrkak'

4' ñys ,sh k<f,a hkqfjka werfUk meÈ fmf<ys wfma ud;DN+ñh ye¢kaùug

fhdod we;s fhÿï folla Wmqgd olajkak'

5' tys we;=<;aj we;s Yío rih we;s lsÍug bjy,a jk fhÿï folla Wmqgd

olajkak'


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' “,xld ,xld” .S;h wid ri ú¢kak'

2' mdvfï we;=<;a .S; foflka tlla mokï lrf.k flá ridiajdohla mka;shg

bÈßm;a lrkak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; § we;s fhÿïj, wre;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

¸' f,dal=Uqj o wm yg iS; .Õ=,s'''

¸¸' ok mskk i;r iÕrd j;ska'''

¸¸¸' fï lh fuys ue fydjuq'''

¸¹' iqre kr úre le,'''

2' my; § we;s mo l=uk úhrK .Khg wh;a oehs olajkak'

¸' fl;a j;= -

¸¸' ykd -

¸¸¸' iqmqka -

¸¹' lsúiqre -

¹' wyfia -

¹¸' ñys ,sh -

3' lùka ;u w;aoelSï bÈßm;a lsÍfï § NdIdj fhdod f.k we;s whqre meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

4' ;u rfgys Wodr nj ms<sn|j o f;dr;=re we;=<;a lrñka úfoaY rgl isák

;u mEfka ñ;=rl=g heùug iqÿiq f,i ,smshla ,shkak'

PB fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 161fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

p;=r foaYl;ajh o Y+r f,aLl;ajh o uyd¾>

YslaIdldñ;ajh o iqixfhda. jQ w.a.uyd mKaä;

w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñmdfKda

úisjk ishjfia my< jQ lS¾;su;a meúÈ m`äjrfhls'

furg NdId Ydia;% Wkak;sh ms‚i;a fn!oaO

wOHdmkh k.d isgqùu ms‚i;a Wka jykafia l<

fufyjr wmßñ; h' wiSñ; lemùulska iafjda;aidySj

wOHdmkh ,enQ Wka jykafia Ôú; ld,h mqrd ,o

úúO ;k;=re" .rekdu iajlSh mrd¾: p¾hdjg

ndOdjla lr fkd .;ay' w,afmaÉP Ôú;hl

wk¾>;ajh wdo¾Yfhka úYo l< Wka jykafia

Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj iajlSh Ñ;a; Yla;sh ÈhqKq ;shqKq

lr .;ay' wNsfhda. yuqfõ fkd ie¨Kq Wka jykafia

isxy," md,s" ixialD;" m%dlD;" jx." bx.S%is" ,;ska"

c¾uka wdÈ fmrmr foÈ. NdId ms<sn| mD:q,

wjfndaOhlska cd;Hka;r fn!oaO O¾u Ydia;S%h

fiajdj ms‚i l< iïm%odkh iodkqiaurŒh h'

my; oelafjkafka Wka jykafiaf.a pß;dmodkfha

idrdxYhls'

n<kaf.däka .eÆ meKir fu;a .Õ=, 19

162 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' 163fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

.=jka .en wrd mqrdy| iqÈf,hs' ;=rem;a w;ßka fmÍ wd i|/iska n<kaf.dv"

lsß¢., .ïudkfha Wriaij;a; ksji wdf,dalj;a úh' ñÿ, mqrd wef|k wmQre

fijKe,s ueÈka kdf.dv wdrÉÑf.a fu;shia wmamqydñ fyj;a uoaÿuydñ msh moúh

wfmalaIdfjka fkd bjis,af,ka Tn fudn ilauka lrhs' Wmldrhg meñ‚ wi,ajeis

wdma; .eyekq lsysm fofkla hqyqiq¨ fj;s' tA 1896 wf.daia;= 23 od h' rd;s% 12 miq ù

úkdä 03g fnka;r wdrÉÑf.a ySkaue‚fla mskaidr mq;l= ìys lrñka W;a;Í;r ujq

moúh Wreu lr .;a;S h' Wmka orejd ú,shï fyj;a mqxÑ uy;a;hd kï úh' tA

ì,s|d wka ljrl=j;a fkd j miq l,l § iiqkUr mqry|la fjñka fndÿ f,dj tl¨

l< w.a.uyd mKaä; w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñmdfKda h'

ujqmsh kEys;ñ;=rkag i;=g f.kd mq;=g ujq WKqiqfï ke<fjkakg jdikdj

,enqfKa foi;shls' ySkaue‚fla ud;dj l¨ßh l<d h' ;u wdorŒh ìß|f.a wl,a

úfhdúka lïmkhg m;a uoAÿuydñ uy;d .u yer .sfha h' mqxÑ mq;=g f,dl= wïud

iy uymamd ujqmsh fifkyi fkd wvqj ,nd fokakg lem jQy' Tjqyq ore fifkyiska

To jevqKq is;a we;sj mqxÑ ú,shï ms<sn| lghq;= ish,a, fkd msßfy<d iïmdokh

l<y'

iqr;,a" oÕldr ú,shï mskg oyug fhduq ùug ixidr.; mqreoao fuka u wd;df.a

weiqr o fnfyúka fya;= úh' ih yeúßÈ ú,shï lsß¢., m,a,shg wh;a lf;da,sl

mdi,g we;=¿ flßK' jk isß ú¢ñka we<fod< ueÈka .sh mdi,a .uk Tyqg mS%;su;a

<ud ld,hla Wreu lr ÿkafka h'

ksjfia § jh,Skh jdokhg fhduq jQ Tyq .dhkhg o is;=jug o Wmka olaIfhla úh'

miq j Tyq n<kaf.dv l=udr úoHd,hg we;=<;a flß‚' tu úoHd,fha úfYaI;ajhla

jQfha isxy," fou<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾ hk ish¨ cd;Skag wh;a orejka wOHdmkh ,eîu

hs' wdkkao ffuf;%ah kdysñmdKka mjik mßÈ l=vd l, fyd| u ñ;=rd jQfha

uqia,sï cd;sl wíÿ,a ucSoa h' ;u <ud ld,h iaurKh lrñka tA ysñmdKka mjikafka

iEu cd;shla u tlg ñ;%j Ôj;a ùu ksid l=," mka;s" wd.ï fNao ÿre ù hk nj hs'

n%yaupdÍ j,sisxy yßYaapkaø ;=ud meje;ajQ foaYkhla Y%jKh lrkakg ,eîu ú,shï

orejdf.a Ôú;fha yerjqï ,laIHh úh' ishjia .Kkdjla mqrd wêrdcHjd§kag k;=

ùu ksid furg iudc" ixialD;sl foayh w;sYh T;am<j mej;sK' tu jljdkqfõ

rg oeh iuh ksoyia lsÍu Wfoid cd;sl jHdmdrh m%fndaOj;aj ls%hd;aul fjñka

mej;sK' j,sisxy yßYapkaø ;=udf.a foaYudul;ajfhka Tmj;a jQ yeÕSï iuqodh

ú,shïf.a mqxÑ is;g ;Èka ldjeÈ‚' wd;df.a oekqj;a lsÍu u; ú,shï hk ku

w;ayer isxy, l%uhg mqxÑ uy;a;hd hkak Ndú; jQfha bka wk;=rej h' Tyqg

iiqka.; ùfï wjYH;dj cks; jkafka Wla; foaYkfhka ,enQ Woa§mkh fya;=

fldg f.k h'

l=vd l, isg u m%Yak lsÍug yd úuiSug ;snQ reÑh Tyqf.a nqoaê m%fndaOfha moku

úh' lshùu úfkdaodxYh lr .;a ú,shï i;a jk mka;sfha § cd;l fmd;"

ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" ioaO¾ud,xldrh wdÈ iïNdjH idys;H lD;s lshjd ;snqfKa

yefok .y fofm;af;ka fmfkk nj ;yjqre lrñks' tfuka u i;sm;d mqj;am;a

yd i`.rd ish,a, oeä Wkkaÿfjka lshùu Tyq mqreoaola fldg .;af;a h' nqÿoyu

rlskq jia iiqka.; ùfï wÈgk m%n, jQfha bka wk;=rej h'


1911 ud¾;= 02 od furg Ydik b;sydifha wkqiaurŒh Èkhla njg m;a lrñka

mqxÑ uy;a;hd l=, l=urd fo‚fyafka iS,dkkao kdysñhkaf.a wkqYdil;ajfhka

meúÈ ìug we;=<;a úh' jhi wjqreÿ oyy;rla jqj o uqyql=rd .sh nqoaêhlska hq;=

idufKar ysñfhda iajhx úkhlska ;u pß;h Èfkka Èk Tmj;a lr .ksñka isáhy'

ffuf;%ah ysñfhda iajlSh wdpd¾hhka jykafia fj;ska u O¾u Ydia;% {dkh yd

uQ,sl bx.S%is oekqu j¾Okh lr .;ay' rd;s% ie;fmk fõ,dj meh fol yudrlg

iSud lr .;af;a ‘lemùfuka f;dr ch.%yK ke;’ hkak ikd: lrñks' ld,h

l<ukdlrKfhys ,d Wka jykafia ;=< jQ YlH;dj wdOHd;añl Yla;sh ÈhqKq lr

.ekSug moku úh' keKir .=re ysñfhda ish YsIH ysñhkaf.a ÿ,air wkd.;h

wjfndaO lr .;a ksid u ÿr neyer .ukla hk wjia:djl § o YsIH ysñhka legqj

.sh w;r iEu fudfyd;l u l,ska ÿka mdvu úuiSug ,la l<y' oduyk Oïudkkao

iajdóka jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhka 1916 cQ,s ui 14 jk Èk n<kaf.dv ´¨ .Õ

Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § Wmiïmodj ,enQ ffuf;a%h ysñfhda ilaufkys § mjd

md,s ixialD; Yaf,dal iÊ®dhkh lrkakg mqreÿ ù isáhy' .=re ysñhkaf.a

fufyhùu o iajdOHhkfhys,d .eUqßka ksr; ùu o ksid md,s ixialD;dÈ m%dÖk

NdId ms<sn| ffkmqKHhla ,o wdkkao ffuf;a%h ysñfhda 1919 § fld<U wdkkao

úoHd,hg we;=<;aj wdkkaofhka hq;=j jeäÿr bx.%Sis wOHdmkhg fhduq jQy' 1922

jk úg tA ysñfhda wdkkaofha md,s" ixialD;" isxy, yd nqoaO O¾uh W.kajk

.=rejrhd f,i m;a jQy' miqj kd,kaod úoHd,fha iudrïNl .=rejrhl= njg m;aj

kd,kaod úÿy,a kduh;a —wmodk fidaNskS m[a[d˜ hk wdo¾Y mdGh;a ks¾udKh

lsÍu w¾pkSh isÿùuls'

bx.S%is m%uqLj c¾uka" m%xY hk m%;SÖk NdId ms<sn|j o tA ysñhka ,o m%ùK;ajh

w;suy;a h' Wka jykafiaf.a NdIdka;r {dkh O¾u¥; fiajdfjys fhÿKq

wdldrfhka o ks¾ñ; Ydia;S%h .%ka: iuQyfhka o idOkh fõ' tl úIhlg iSud

fkdjqKq Wka jykafiag w¨;a foa bf.kSug;a w;ayod ne,Sug;a ;snqfKa fkd

isf|k mqÿudldr Wkkaÿjls' isf,da ye§u" ne£u isxy," md,s" ixialD; NdId;%fhka

.oH" moH rpkd lsÍu fuka u Ñ;% we£u yd m%;sud fk<Sug o Wka jykafia i;=

jQfhaa iyc olaI;djls'

idïm%odhsl NslaIq wOHdmk l%ufõoh wkqu; l< Wka jykafia kj m%jK;dj,

idOkSh ,laIK Wlyd .;af;a úfõl nqoaêfhks' jhi wjqreÿ wiQfõ § mß.Kl

úoHdj bf.kSug fhduq ùu tys ,d lÈu ksoiqkls' tA ksid n<kaf.dv uy kdysñfhda

me/kakl= jQjd fuka u" jd¾;udkslhl= f,i o lghq;= l< yels Ôj .=Khlska yd

Yla;shlska hqla; jQy'

YS% ,xld N+ñ iSudj w;sl%uKh l< Wkajykafiaf.a O¾u Ydia;S%h fiajdj bkaÈhdj"

nqreuh" ishu" cmdkh" Ökh" fldßhdj" ;dhsjdkh wdÈ fmrÈ. rgj, iy ì%;dkHh"

m%xYh" c¾uksh" wfußldj" lekvdj" iaúÜi¾,ka;h" iaùvkh wdÈ wmrÈ. rgj,

o me;sß‚' iuhdka;r oekqfuka ikakoaO jQ Wka jykafia nqÿka jod< oyï u.

fy<sfmfy<s lrkakg mrudo¾YSj lghq;= l<y' Wka jykafia m%:u O¾u¥; fiajdj

wdrïN lf<a flar<fha le,slÜ k.rfha rdcH uka;S% YS% ls%IaKd uy;df.a

wdrdOkfhks' miqj O¾u¥; yd jkaokd lghq;= i|yd Ndr;hg muKla

13' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


;sia yh j;djla jevu lsÍu Wka jykafiaf.a O¾u¥; fiajdj i|yd lem ùu

flf;la o hkak ikd: lsÍuls'

nqoaO Ydikfha Ñr meje;au ms‚i YslaIdldó idrj;a YsIH NslaIq mrmqrla ìys

lrkakg ffuf;a%h .=re ysñhka l< fufyh iodkqiaurŒh h' fmdÿ jia;=jla jk

NslaIqj" foaYmd,kh jeks mßndysr f,!lsl ixl,am ord isàu mßydkshg fya;= jk

nj Wka jykafia ;Èka lshd isáhy'

1954 ckjdß 08 Èk inr.uq ioaOïujxi ksldfha ix>kdhl moúhg m;a jQ wdkkao

ffuf;a%h ysñfhda oUÈj bism;kdrdufha úydrdêm;s Oqrhg o m;a jQy' Wka jykafiaf.a

Ydia;%jka;Ndjh wka;¾cd;sl iïNdjkdjg md;% jQ nj 1954 § nqreufha meje;s

PÜG ix>dhkdfõ § W;a;Í;r wjidk fYdaOl uKav,hg m;a ùfuka o wÜGl:d

ix.dhkd jdrfha § iNdm;s Oqrfhka msÿï ,eîfuka o idOkh fõ' tys § m%lg l<

O¾u úYdro;ajh ksid u nqreu rch úiska w.a.uyd mKaä; Wmdêfhka Wka jykafia

iïudkhg md;% lrk ,oy'

tod úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,h kñka ye¢kajqKq j¾;udk YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,fha

uydhdk fn!oaO wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h Oqrhg o miqj mSGdêm;s Oqrhg o m;a jQ

Wka jykafiag tu úYajúoHd,fhka idys;HiQÍ Wmdêh;a le,‚ úYajúµd,fhka

idys;H pl%j¾;s Wmdêh;a msßkuk ,oafoa wiuiu Ydia;% {dkhg iïNdjkd

jYfhks'

;k;=re yd .re kïnqkdu Rcqj u m%;slafIam lsÍug ;rï Wka jykafia wjHdc jQy'

bkaÈhdfõ kd,kaod úYajúoHd,fha yd l,algd úYajúoHd,fha Wmdê m%odkhka

ksy;udkSj m%;slafIam lsÍu óg ksoiqkls' Wka jykafia ;k;=re Ndr .;af;a bka

mryg jk iqnfi; ms<sn| ldre‚l yeÕSfuks' wurmqr ix> iNdfõ iNdm;s Oqrh

uq,ska m%;slafIam l< o miqj fndfyda fokd ;k;=r Ndr .ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s

l< úg wka u; .re lsÍfï Wodr .=Kh m%lg lrñka Wka jykafia Bg leue;a;

m%ldY lf<a ix> idu.s%h ms<sn| oeä yeÕSfuks'

ls;a hiia" moú" ;dkdka;r ish,a, ;ud miqmi ¨yqne| toa§;a Wka jykafia iqmqreÿ

Ôjk ßoauh w;a fkd y<y' ;k;=rej,ska ,;a jrm%ido flfrys fkd j ;;a;ajh yd

ld¾h fldgig wod< hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn|j is; fhduq lsÍu uqka jykafiaf.a

úfYaI;ajhls' n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;a%h ysñfhda cx.u úYajfldaIhla n÷ h'

ish;a núka o úh;a núka o Tmj;a jQ Wka jykafiaf.a Ydia;S%h f,aLk yd ks¾udK

iuQyh w¾: iïmkak Ôú;hl iod;ksl isysjgk fõ' tysñhka úiska ks¾ñ; .%ka:

iuQyh wiQjlg wêl h' foaYk" wOHhk ,sms wdÈh fumuKele hs lsj fkd yels

;rï h' ,lañ‚ myk" uf.a iÕrdj" iajfoaY ñ;%hd" isxy, cd;sh" isxy, y`v" O¾u

úch" O¾u rYañ wdÈh udysñhkaf.a woyiaj,ska ksr;=rej imsß‚' úisjk ishjfia

uq,a Nd.fha m< jQ fuu mqj;am;a yd i`.rdj,g iemhqKq ,sms ls%ia;shdkslhkaf.ka

t,a, jQ ;¾l LKavkh fldg fn!oaO ixl,am idOkh lsÍu wruqKq fldg f.k

bÈßm;a úh' iqfmaY, NslaIqjl jYfhka O¾u {dkfhka m%Ndj;a jQ nqoaêfhka

wjfndaO lr .;a ixl,am mrys;ldój wkHhkag fnod §ug mqj;am;a i`.rd wdÈh

fhdod .ekSu jevodhl úh' 1928 § ,shQ YdlHisxydjodkh fyj;a nqoaO pß;h .sys

meúÈ ldyg;a iM,odhl wdldrfhka ilid ;sì‚' Wka jykafia úiska rÑ;


ixlaIsma; ÈlaiÕsh iïmQ¾K isxy, jHdLHdkhls' jHdLHdk .%ka: w;r Oïumo

jHdLHdj" ixhqla; i.d:l j¾. jHdLHdj" uÊ¯u ksldh m%:u j¾. jHdLHdj"

Lqoaol j¾. jHdLHdj wdÈh m%uqL fõ' Bg wu;rj fn!oaO mdG .%ka:" ixialrK

.%ka:" NdIdka;r YslaIl .%ka:" mßj¾;k .%ka:" fcHda;sI" ffjoH iy bx.S%is .%ka:

rdYshla Wka jykafia úiska rÑ; h'

isxy, kjl;dfõ m%drïNl iufha u Wka jykafia khs.u mkaif,a kdhl

yduqÿrefjda kñka kjl;djla t<soelaùu wisßu;a isÿùuls' kQ;k NslaIq iudcfhys

h:d¾:h ks¾Nh f,i ksrEmKh fldg fmkajd §ug Wka jykafia tu kjl;dj

Wmfhda.s lr .;ay' tA jk úg lsisÿ h;sjrhl= kjl;dlrKhg w; .id ;snQ njg

ft;sydisl idlaIHhla yuq fkd fõ' bka wk;=rej o ldukS;" ldre‚l ;drd hk

ruŒh wdOHd;añl kjl;d hq., isxy,g mßj¾;kh lsÍu iqúfYaI lreKls' Wka

jykafia kjl;dj .¾ys; l,djla f,i fkd i,ld ck;dj {dkkh l< yels

h:d¾:jd§ l,djlehs úYajdi l< nj fuu ks¾udKj,ska iqúYo h' bka tA ysñhkaf.a

m%.;sYS,s Ñka;kh úoHudk h'

mqoa.,hl= ;=< b;d l,d;=rlska msysgk NdIdka;r yd iuhdka;r {dkhla yd

úiauhdjy OdrK Yla;shla Wka jykafia ;=< mej;s nj fï m%Yia; ks¾udK

ir‚fhka iqúYo h'

wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñhkag wkkH jQ úYsIag p¾hd;aul .=K iuqodh ish¨ fokdg

wdo¾Yj;a h' n<kaf.dv m%foaYfha jeä l,la jdih l< o {d;s ix.%yhg lsis úg

fhduq fkd jqKq Wka jykafia ujqmsh Wreufhka ,o ish,a, YdikdNsjDoaêh i|yd

lem l<y' .=re fiajfhka ,o jegqm mjd NslaIq YsIH;aj wruqo,lg ner lrk ,È'

n<kaf.dv msßfjkla wdrïN lrñka th O¾udkkao msßfjk f,i kï lf<a iajlSh

m%dpd¾h oduyk Oïudkkao udysñhkaf.a Y%S kduhg mQfcdamydrhla jYfhks' wkQ

úhe;s Wka jykafia Èkla rg fo,a me<hla isgqjoa§ idufKar ysñkul iskd fikq

ÿgq úg mejiqfõ “fudl o@ ug fo,a lkak ,efnkafka ke;s ksid oe” hs lreKd

mrjYj m%;spdr oelaajQfha mrd¾:ldó p¾hdj ikd: lrñks' ish¨ i;=ka úIhfhys

m;< uyd lreKdfjka lghq;= l< Wka jykafia wirK i;l= ÿgq úg § l< yels

Wmldrh b;d ie,ls,af,ka yd leue;af;ka isÿ lf<a nqoaO mq;%hl=f.a ms<sfj;a imsß

Èúfha wre; fï hehs úYo lrñks'

ffuf;%ah ysñhkaf.a uyd mdKaä;Hh m%{d n,uysuh wìuqj W.;=ka hehs lshd

.kakd fndfyda fokd ysre ÿgq lfodame‚hka fia h' “fmrÈ.g .sh;a wmrÈ.g .sh;a

ug ms<s;=re fokakg neß fohla ljqrej;a fkd wi;s” hk wNS; isxykdoh Wka

jykafia uqúka msg ùfuka th idOkh fõ' ;j ÿrg;a ñka .uH jkafka ;uka

jykafia w;a m;a lr .;a oekqï iïNdrh ms<sn| we;s m%;HlaI úYajdih hs' l%ufhka

jfhdajDoaO jk úg ufkdajDoaO jQ wdldrh wisßu;a h' fl;rï Ydia;S%h" wd.ñl yd

iudÔh lghq;=j, ksr; jqj o ffoksl j;dj;a bgq lsÍu o Ndjkdkqfhda.Sj

wdOHd;añl iem; <Õd lr .ekSug ls%hd lsÍu o lsis úfgl;a w;miq fkd ùug j.

n,d .;a whqre úiañ; h'


i;s lsysmhla wikSmj isá fndaêi;a;aj .=fKdafma; w.a.uyd mKaä; w;smQcH

n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;a%h kdysñmdfKda 1998 cQ,s 18 od wmj;a ù jod<y'

O¾uOr;ajh" úkhOr;ajh" YslaIdldñ;ajh" {dkjka;Ndjh" nyqY%e;Ndjh hk

ix> fYdaNk .=Kdx.j,ska iqmqIams; jQ Wka jykafiaf.a §¾>dhqIal Ôú;h" iïnqoaO

Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;sshg;a f,daljdiS fn!oaO ck;djf.a W;a;u wNsu;d¾: idOkhg;a

mrudo¾Yhls'


wdma; - jeäysá¦ oekque;s

Woa§mkh - ye`.Sï o,ajk$;shqKq lrk$m%fndaO lrk

iïNdjH - Wiia hehs iïu;

keK ir - m%d{hd

Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § - NslaIq úkh lghq;= i|yd .x.d wdÈfhys we;s

lr .kq ,nk iSudj

iajdOHhkfhys - ;ud u bf.kSu

ffkmqKHhla - ksmqK;ajhla

w¾pkSh - msÈh hq;=

m%dÖk NdId - fmrÈ. NdId

m%;SÖk NdId - wmrÈ. NdId

NdIdka;r {dkh - úúO NdId ms<sn| oekqu

w;sl%uKh - blaujd hEu

PÜG ix.dhkdj - ih jk ix.dhkdj

ls;a hiia - lS¾;sh yd hYi

ish;a núka - iaùh;ajfhka

úh;a núka - W.;a nj$mKaä; nj$úoaj;aNdjfhka

Èlai`.sh - §> ksldh

jHdLHdk - w¾: újrK .%ka: fyj;a oyï fmd;l wre;a

meyeÈ,s lrñka ,shQ fmd;a j¾.hls'

úiauhdjy - mqÿuh f.k fok

lreKd mrjY - lreKdj uq,a fldg .;a

lfodame‚hka - lKdueÈßhka

ÑriaÓ;shg - fndfyda ld,hla mej;Sug


,sÅ; wNHdi

^w& ksjerÈ jdlHhla ;ekSug iqÿiq ls%hd moh f;darkak

1' i;s folla muK frda.d;=rj isá uykdhl ysñfhda wmj;a ^úh$jQy&

2' j,sisxy yßYapkaø ;=ud /iaj isá ck;dj ^weu;=fõ h$weu;+y&'

3' is;a ;=< oeyeñ is;=ú,s my< ^fõjd$fj;ajd&'

4' we;eïyq m%;Hh ,dNfhka lghq;= ^lr;s$lryq&'

5' odhl odhsldjka úiska Wka jykafia f.!rjmQ¾jlj ms<s.kakd ^,È$,oy&'

^wd& ‘lr’ Od;= m%lD;sh weiqfrka my; oelafjk ls%hd j¾.j,g ksoiqka imhkak

¸' m%fhdacH ls%hdj ¸¹' ñY% ls%hdj

¸¸' úê ls%hdj ¹' mQ¾j ls%hdj

¸¸¸' wdYS¾jdo ls%hdj ¹¸' wiïNdjH ls%hdj

^we& l¿ wl=ßka uqøs; mo lskï ls%hd j¾.j,g wh;a oehs ,shkak'

1' lsh. u.sh" tkq fldys isg

2' lsh; Wka fuf;m, - wdfhah weÿre .=;a;s,

3' uf,a nUre fuka msßjr we;s fõjd

4' lshñka .S ri ñhqre

5' is| ì| ÿla iir

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%Ah ysñhkaf.a fufyjr wd.ñl" iudÔh

yd Ydia;S%h jYfhka fjka fjkaj idlÉPd lrkak'

2' zW;=ï Èúhl wisßhZ hk uefhka w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%Ah

ysñhkaf.a pß;h ms<sn| úfYaIdx. ,smshla ilikak'

wjfndaOh

1' ú,shï orejdf.a Ôú;fha yerjqï ,laIHh jQfha l=ula o@

2' ú,shï orejdf.a isf;a iiqka.; ùfï wruqK m%n, ùug n,mE fya;= ljf¾ o@

3' ‘lem ùfuka f;dr ch.%yKhla ke;’ hk wdo¾Y mdGhg wkqj Wka jykafia

Ôú;h ilia lr .;a njg ,efnk idOlh l=ula o@

4' nqreu rch w.a. uyd mKaä; Wmdêfhka Wka jykafia iïudkhg n÷ka lf<a

l=ula ksid o@

5' ‘fmrÈ.g .sh;a wmrÈ.g .sh;a ug ms<s;=re fokag neß fohla ljqrej;a fkd

wi;s’ fï m%ldYfhka Wka jykafiaf.a ljr ,laIKhla m%lg fõ o@


idys;Hfha udOHh NdIdj hs' NdIdj hkq ukqIHhdf.a

yeÕSï yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ud¾.hls' ta wkqj

idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; jkafka ukqIH yeÕSï" woyia

yd w;aoelSï nj lsj yels h' idys;Hh NdIdfjka isÿ

lrk úl%uhla hehs we;eï úpdrlhka fmkajd

fokafka ukqIHhdf.a Ôjk w;aoelSï" wfmalaId yd

is;sú,s tys .eí l< yels neúks' idys;Hfhys fhfok

NdIdj yeÕSï yd wre;a wdfrdamKh lrk ,o NdIdj hs'

idys;Hlrejd NdIdj jHjydr lrkqfha úfYaI

wdldrhlsks' idys;Hlrejka fkd jk wfkl=;a

f,aLlhka NdIdj jHjydr lrkqfha ksYaÑ;d¾:

oekfjk wdldrfhka jqj o idys;Hlrejd NdIdj

Ndú; lrkqfha Ndúl .=Kfhka hq;=j h¦ tkï

idys;H rislhdf.a mdGlhdf.a yeÕSï m%fndaO jk

wdldrfhks' idys;H ks¾udKhla mßYS,kh lrkakd

úoHd;aul f,aLkhla fyda jd¾;djla lshjkakdf.ka

fjkia fjñka idys;Hlrejd bÈßm;a lrk w;aoelSug

iyNd.s fjñka thska úkaokhla ,nhs' idys;Hlrejd

bÈßm;a lrk w;aoelSu yd ta i|yd fhdod .kakd nia

jyr w;r w;Hka; iïnkaO;djla mj;shs' NdIdfjys

Wmfhda.s lr .kakd jpkj,g fokq ,en we;s w¾:

ta ta jpkh fhfok mßirh u; ;SrKh fjhs' tfuka

u ta ta w¾: f.dv ke.Sfuys ,d ta ta NdIdfjys

ixialD;sl mßirh o n, mdhs' tfyhska NdIdj yd

idys;Hh ukqIHhdf.a ixialD;sl Wreuhla o fjhs'

tla tla idys;Hlrejd NdIdj Ndú; lrkqfha

tlsfklg fjkia wdldrfhks' idudkHfhka NdIdj

Ndú; lrk ieu NdIlhl= u NdIdj Ndú; lrkqfha

;u ;ukag wdfõ‚l wdldrhlska nj fmkS hhs' fï

,laIKh ‘ffY,sh’ hkqfjka ye|skafjhs' kjl;dj

kï kQ;k idys;Hdx.fhys wdrïNl iufhys mgka

úúO f,aLlhka Ndú; l< úúO m%ldYk ú,di yd

f,aLk Í;s ms<sn|j fï mdvfuka idlÉPd flf¾'

wµ;k idys;H ks¾udKhkays NdIdj 20


isxy,fhka kj idys;Hhla ìys jkafka oykj jk ishjfia furfgys isÿ jQ

foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd iudÔh fmr<s fya;=fjks' 1815 § uq¿ ,xldj u tx.,ka;fha

hg;a rdcHhla njg m;a lr .kakd ,È' t;eka isg fmrÈ. f,dalfhys hqfrdamSh

YsIagdpdrh frdamKh lsÍu i|yd bx.sßis wOHdmkh yd uqøK Ys,amh furfgys

m%p,s; lsÍug hg;a úð; md,lfhda mshjr .;ay' fï lghq;=j, tla m%;sM,hla

jQfha iÕrd" mqj;am;a yd fmd;a uqøKh wdrïN ùu hs' tf;la furg ckhd yqre mqreÿ

ù isáfha fmd;a lshùug jvd flkl= lshjk úg wid isàug hs' uqøK Ys,amh

fya;=fjka tf;la isá Y%djlhd fjkqjg mdGlfhla ks¾udKh úh' oykj jk

ishjfia f;jk oYlh muK jk f;la isxy,hka w;r fmd;a jYfhka iq,n

Ndú;fhys mej;=fKa mqiafld< fmd;a h' 1737 muK isg l%sia;shdks O¾u .%ka:

isxy,fhka uqøKh lsÍu wrUd ;snqK;a tajd l%sia;= O¾uh woyk msßia w;r muKla

Ndú; úh' iÕrd yd mqj;am;a wd.ñl fNaohlska f;drj isxy, mdGlhka b,lal

lr .;a fyhska jeä mdGl msßila lrd tajd fhduq l< yels jQ nj fmfka' mdGlhka

wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug hqfrdamSh NdIdj,ska ,shjqKq l:dka;rj, isxy, mßj¾;k

mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, m< lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,È' bka wk;=rej tn÷ l:dka;r

fmd;a jYfhka m< lsÍu o isÿ flß‚'

isxy,fhka w¨;ska l:dka;r ,sùfï § f,aLlhkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jQ m%Odk

.eg¨jla jQfha yeu fokdg u f;areï .; yels NdIdjla jHjydrhg .; yels o

hkak hs' mer‚ isxy, fmd;aj, NdIdj jeä fokl=g f;areï .; yels fkd jQ

neúka w¨;a m%ldYk udOH jk iÕrd yd mqj;am;a fuka u l:dka;r fmd;a i|yd

o mer‚ isxy, NdId jHjydrh m%fhdackj;a fkd ù h' uqøK Ys,amh fya;=fjka

fmd; jeä mdGl msßila lrd hEu werô‚' idys;H mßYS,kh fmr l, fuka

W.;=kag yd meúÈ msßig muKla iSud fkd ú‚' rc" isgq" nuqKq wd§kaf.a jD;a;dka;

muKla fkd j idudkH ckhdf.a tÈfkod Ôú;h yd iïnkaO isÿùï jia;= fldg

.ksñka l:dka;r ,shùu werö ;sì‚' fï ksid tÈfkod l:d jHjydrh mokï

fldg .ksñka f,aLkh ilia lr .ekSu oykj jk ishjfia w. Nd.fhys rpkd

ú,difha uQ,sl ,laIKhla úh'

oykj jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha ,shjqKq m%nkaO l:d úuiSfuka fï kj NdId

iajrEmh jgyd .; yels h' my; oelafjkafka isxy,fhka ,shjqKq m%:u zkj

m%nkaO l:djZ fia ie,flk jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a ^we,a' whsfila o

is,ajd" 1886& kï lD;sfhys wd ixjdohls(

¨iS( b;ska pd¾,sia" Wfò l:dka;rh mgka .kskafldaæ WUg f,dl= oEjeoaola tlal

ysrhla f.fkkag wksla whj¨ka ùßh lroa§ WU ula l<d o@

pd¾,sia( b;ska Tfydu isák w;r ug lSm fmd<lska u l:d jqKd' thska iuyr

;ekaj,ska oEjeoao jvd u jeä ke;s ksid;a iuyr ;ekaj, ñksiaiq álla

my;a ksid;a ;d;a;,d jeämqr l,amkd lf<a keye' kuq;a wr ykaÈfha bkak

rd,ydñ,d f.oßka f,dl= oEjeoaola fokjhs lS ksid;a Wka jákd lshk

fyd| jßf.l uq,doEks md¾Yajfha whj¨ka ksid;a ;re‚ weoys,a,g

fldfy;au ys; ke;s kuq;a yrjd .kag mq¿jk lshd;a wfma jeo.;a whj¨ka

tal flfrkak u ´kE h lshd Tlafldu tlal tl mhska ysáhd'


isxy, m%nkaO l:dfõ NdIdj ilia jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s jkafka mer‚ idys;H

jHjydrh yd th iei£fuks' Tng fï ixjdoh Tn lshjd we;s mer‚ isxy, .oH

idys;H lD;Skays wd ixjdo iu. ii|d ne,Sfuka fï fjkialu jgyd .; yels jkq

we;'

“u,Kav" n;a Wmokd f,ia ud w;ska wij' iS iEu kï iq<x nokd fia b;d W.yg

fofhl' kÕ=f,l úhof`vl msgjfll nvjfll ksuqfkl flú,af,l wjlefgl

iSjef,l fmr.s,sfhl miq.s,sfhl'' leúfgl f.dkaf.fhl f.dúfhlehs hk fï

wgf<dia fokdf.a tla ùfuka hkakd jQ .uk iS iEï kï fjhs'”

mQcdj,sh

ixjdofhys § fuka u j¾Kkd yd wdLHdkj, § o mer‚ idys;Hlrejdf.ka fjkia

ud¾.hla oykj jk ishjfia kj m%nkaOlrejka úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o wdldrh

oel .; yels h(

“fï mjq,g miq.sh udi lSmhla uq¿,af,a u f,v frda.d;=rlï meñK fndfydu

wirK Ndjhg m;a jqKd muKla fkd j ldis ke;s ksid fuf,dj jeä jdis ke;s

fj,d Tjqkaf.a fmdfydi;a kEhskaf.a jeä ie,ls,a,la ke;s úh' fï ish,a, fufia

jQ kquq;a fudjqkaf.a mjqf,a jdikdjka;lu l%u l%ufhka fnda úh' idrd kï fï

mjqf,a jeäuy,a .Ekq <uhd ta jdikdjka;lfï iQ¾hdNrKhj isáhd h' wef.a ú,S

kï u,hd wEg ud‚lHhlaj isáfha h'”

jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a - we,a' whsfila o is,ajd

jdikdjka; iy ld,lKa‚ mjq,a kue;s fmd;g miqj rpkd jQ isxy, kj m%nkaO

idys;Hfha ikaêia:dkhla fia ie,flk ókd kï m%nkaO l:dfjka Wmqgd .;a

fldgia lSmhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

th jerÈ nj uu;a lshñ' uf.a ye§u fyd| h lshd uu mdrÜgq l< njla u;l keye'

ta fldfydu jqK;a ta jerÈ l%shdfjka oeka WUg hï m%fhdackhla jqj fyd;a ug th

ikaf;daIhg ldrK fõ' b;ska fï WU f.k wd wh ljqo lshd WU okafkys o@

ókd ^1905& - ihsuka o is,ajd


fï ixjdoh l:k jHjydrfha yd f,aLk jHjydrfha ixl,khla jk w;r my;

oelafjkafka ixjdoh i|yd uq¿ukska u lg jyr fhdod .;a wjia:djls(

“yd wms fï wo hkak hs bkafka'” “wo fï yjia w;g msg fj,d fldfya hkag o@ msiaiq ke;sj wo fufya b|,d

hkag ´kE'”

wdÈ u m%nkaO l:d rplhka l:k jHjydrh ixjdo i|yd fhdod .;a wdldrh

by;ska fmkajd fok ,È' tfy;a B <Õ mrmqf¾ f,aLlhka jk mshodi isßfiak"

ví,shq' ta' is,ajd fuka u ud¾áka úl%uisxy o kjl;dj, ixjdo i|yd isxy,fha

NdIKh;a f,aLkh;a w;r we;s fjki fuka u ta taa pß;fha jhi" W.;alu wdÈ

idOl o flfrys t;rï wjOdkh fhduq lr we;s nj fkd fmfka'

“frdia,ska ljr l=,hlg wh;a fldhs m%udKhl flfkla o hkq fidhd .ekSug;a

wef.a oekSu úuiSug;a ch;siaig l,amkd úh' tfia;a l,amkd fldg “uE ud úiska

wikq ,nk m%Yakj,g ksis ms<s;=re ÿkakS kï uE udf.a Nd¾hdj lr .ksuehs o

ksYaph fldg is;=fha h' blaì;s frdi,skaf.ka fufia weiS h' kqU “rfÜ o@” fkdfyd;a “f;dfÜ o@” fuh frdi,skag jyd u wjfndaOj “uu rfÜ” hhs ms<s;=re

ÿkakd h'”

^ch;siai iy frdia,ska ^1906&-mshodi isßfiak&

fï f,aLlhkaf.a lD;sj, iEu pß;hla u ixjdoj, § tl u nia jyrla Ndú;

lrk wdldrh oel .; yels h' isxy, kjl;dfõ mqfrda.dñhl= jk ud¾áka

úl%uisxyf.a uq,a u kj m%nkaO lD;sh jk ,S,dys fuka u mßK; wjia:dj

ksfhdackh lrk .ïfmr<sfha yd hq.dka;fha o ixjdoj, § o oelsh yels jkafka

l:k yd f,aLk jHjydr iïñY%Kfhka ilid .;a úfYaI iajrEmhls'

.ïfmr<sh ^1944& ud¾áka úl%uisxy

“l;a;sßkd mxÑ oeóu bjr lrkafka l+re lrdnq Wlia fldg .kakd i,a,s;a merÿKd

u'”“.sh wjqreoafoa ta .Eks f.or j;af;a fmd,a .iq;a Wlia ;shd i,a,s wr f.k me/oaÿjd” hs msh,a lS h'

“iuyr wjqreÿj, § ta .Eks remsh,a mky yeg;a Èkkjd” hs wkq,d lSjd h'


fï nia jyr wm idudkHfhka l:kh i|yd fhdod .kakd nia jyrg jvd fjkia

nj Tng jegfykq we;' tfy;a úl%uisxyf.ka miq f,aLlhka kjl;dj, § ixjdo

i|yd idudkH l:d jHjydrh ta wdldrfhka u fhdod .ekSug fhduq jQ wdldrh

y÷kd .; yels fjhs'

“fudk fyd|la o@ Wka ljqre;a leu;s hs wmg jrÈkj n,kak'”“tfykï ´l Th fokakf.a u l;dfjka lrmq jevla' uf.a ysf;a yeáhg kï oekg

lrkak ;sfhk tl u foa .syska j;af;a f,dl= uy;a;hg fïfl Tlafldu úia;f¾

lshk tl'”“f,dl= uy;a;h;a ´lg yjq,a o okakjehs” uu weiSñ'

“wfka fudk' ta ukqiaih j lsis tlla okafk ke;sj we;s" fïl wdrxÑ jqK yeáfh

uu okakj lxldkug hs fldkafodia;rg hs fokakg u fydr ke;=j Ie,a tl odú'”

lreulaldrfhda - .=Kodi wurfialr

we;eï f,aLlhka idudkH l:d jHjydrh o blaujd hñka NdIKfha yuq jk Yío

rgd yd WÉpdrK ú,di ;;a;ajdldrfhka fh§ug fhduq jQ wdldrh o wmg oel .;

yels h(

“Tõ fjdõ" fjdõ lkav' Tlafldu lkav'''”“fkdafka" wfka fkdafk" msx whs;s fjhs" T;ksx nyskav' Tfydïu' Tfydu bxv nE''''

wehs f;afrkakeoao'''”

iqkakoa¥,s - wð;a ;s,lfiak

fcdalSkqkakeye" uf. jevms<sfj< ksid ;uhs fï <uhd mdiaiqfKa" tal f,dl=

jdikdjla' úiaiúoahdf,g hklx È.g u fkdñf, W.kakkjd' ;j ñkqjkaf.dv

uoah úoahdf, fndaäx yo,d kE' t;lx remsh,a úiai .dfk udfilg f.jkjd”' blaì;s Tyq .=Kmd, foig yerefKa h' “.=Kmd, fyd|g ys;gdrx jev lrkafgdake

f;areKd o@”'''“fcdalSkqkakefy;a oex b;sx Th krldf;a jev w;Er, odkag fyd|ha'''” “okakj

fka Th .sks j;=rha wrlha fïlha'''”

fyhshïudrej - ta' ù' iqrùr

by; i|yka ixjdoj, oelsh yels jkafka l:d jHjydrfha Yío rgd ta wkaoñka u

,shd olajd we;s wdldrh hs' l:d jHjydrfha o tla tla mqoa.,hdf.a iudc ;;a;ajh"

wOHdmkh yd jhi wdÈ idOl u; WÉpdrK ú,di fjkia fjhs' kjl;djl ixjdo

oelaùfï § fï ,laIKh flfrys o f,aLlfhda wjOdkh fhduq lr;s'


“.=Kmd,” i¾ l;d lf<a mqÿu fjñks' “ug w÷rkak;a nerej .shd' yßhg weÈ,d

.sysx' fudlo WfKa@ wehs biafldaf, tkafk ke;af;@”“wïud lshkjd f.or bxv lsh,d” wÈuÈ lrñka Tyq ms<s;=re ÿkafka ìu n,df.k

h'

“kslx fudav fjkak tmd .=Kmd,' yeu fokdg u YsIH;aj ,efnkafk keye' Thd

bf.k .kak mq¿jka <uhd' ,nk iqudfk tkjd" fydf|a'”“uy;a;h lshfkl;a yenEj' isiai;af; ;j we;s' f.or wvqmdvqjla ;sfhkjkx wmsg

n,d.xv neßhe' hfkal ;ud ;sfhkafk'”

fyhshïudrej - ta' ù' iqrùr

fï WoaOD;fha mdif,a .=rejrhd" mdi,a YsIHhd yd Tyqf.a jeäysá {d;shd hk ;=ka

fokdf.a WÉpdrK ú,dihkays úfYaI;d y÷kd .; yels fjhs' ta WÉpdrK

úfYaI;dj,g fya;= ù we;af;a tla tla pß;fha jhi" iudc ;;a;ajh yd wOHdmkh

hk idOl hs' kjl;djl ixjdo bÈßm;a lsÍfï § fujeks ,laIK flfrys úfYaI

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu id¾:l f,aLlhka wkq.ukh lrk ud¾.h hs'

isxy,h ujq ni f,i Ndú; fkd lrk Y%S ,dxlsl ckhdf.a WÉpdrKfhys oelsh

yels we;eï úfYaI;d o uE; ld,fhys f,aLlhkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq ù ;sfí'

“uu oel, ;sfhkjd frx.idñ mkai,a hkjd'”“uu fhkjd ;uhs ud;a;hd' wduqÿrefjd lshkafk tu foa u ÿlhs lsh,' tal t;a;fka'

ud;a;shf. fohsfhd;a wfma fohsfhd;a lshkafk ldg j;a lror fkdlr bkav lsh,'

ux fldaú,a hkjd' mkai,a ;snqfKd;a fhalg;a fhkjd' wfma fohsfhd;a mkaif,a

hskakjd'”

jvnd.skak - wkq,d úfÊr;ak ue‚fla

isxy, kjl;dfjys yuq jk ffY,s fyj;a m%ldYk ú,di w;ßka úfYaIfhka

i|yka l< hq;= jkafka pß;hl wNHka;r is;sú,s oelaùfï § lg jyr fhdod

.ekSu hs' fï hgf;a úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq jQ lD;shla jkafka isß

.=kisxyf.a fyjke,a, hs'

“msámiska wd ld¾ tll k,dfõ y`äka ;s.eiaiqkq ðkodi rn¾ fnda,hla fuka mdr

whskg úis úh' ld¾ tl miqmiska ¨yqn¢ñka wd ¥ú,s j,dj ðkodif.a le| od ueomq

iqÿ lóih l¨ lrñka jy jeák' fkdolska fufyu ¥ú,a,la' úkdähla hkak nE'

ld¾ tlla ke;akï nhsisl,a ldrfhla' uqka fldfya o fï bjis,a,la ke;=j ÿjkafk'

''' yQIa .d, .y f.k .sh yeá' yÈiais fj,d fjkak we;s' fï mdfr bvla keyefka

ld¾ tllg hkak'”

fyjke,a, - isß .=kisxy


fuys § isß .=kisxy fhdod .kafka iïu; f,aLk Í;sfhka neyer fkd jQ tfy;a

lg jyrg jeä keUqrejla we;s NdId ú,dihla nj fuhska meyeÈ,s jkq we;' miq

ld,fhys f,aLlhka jeä fokd úiska kjl;dj, ixjdo i|yd wkq.ukh lrk

,oafoa fï ud¾.h nj fmfka' NdIK Í;sh fyj;a lg jyr fhdod .; hq;af;a

ixjdo i|yd muKla nj o jD;a;dka;" j¾Kkd yd wdLHdk i|yd f,aLk Í;sh

fhdod .; hq;= nj o m%Yia; isxy, kjl;d rplhkaf.a iïuq;sh ù we;s wdldrh

fuhska meyeÈ,s fjhs'

wjfndaOh

1' uqøKh wdrïN ùug fmr furg mej;s fmd;a úfYaIh kï lrkak'

2' uqøKh jHdma; ùug fmr idys;H mßYS,khg keUqre ù isáfhda ljryq o@

3' ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a kjl;dj, ixjdoj, oelsh yels úfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

4' l:lhdf.a iajNdjh wkqj ixjdoj, NdId jHjydrh ilia ù we;s lD;s folla

,shkak'

5' isß .=kisxyf.a fyjke,a, kjl;dfõ NdId Ndú;fha oelsh yels úfYaI;ajh

l=ula o@

wjHh mo

ksmd; yd Wmi¾. wjHh mo hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

jdlHhl uq," ueo" w. hk iEu ;ekays u fh§u ksmd; moj, iajNdjh hs'

ñ;=frda ud iu. fi,a,ï lsÍug meñ‚fhda h'

Bfha kx.S o uu o fõ,dikska u mdi,a .sfhuq'

fï jdlH foflys uq," ueo" w. fh§ we;s háka bß we¢ mo ksmd; mohs'

ksmd; mo úúO w¾: m< lrñka woyia m%ldYkhg yjq,a fjhs' tu w¾:j,ska

iuyrla Bg wh;a ksmd; mo iu. my; oelafõ'

ksmd;


wkq

wxlh

w¾:h ksmd; mo

01 ld,d¾:h ^ld,h yeÕùu& wo" fyg" Bfha" ks;r" ks;s" h<s" ms<s"

oeka" blaì;s" ksn|" b;ska" iod

02 Ndjd¾:h ^ye`.Sï oekùu& wfka" wfyda" wfmdhs" whsfhda" Tfyda"

Ñ#" W!hs" Ñfla" wyd" ydhs

03 m%Yakd¾:h ^m%Yak keÕSu yeÕùu& wehs" ukao" lsu" he" foda" o

04 wduka;%Kd¾:h ^weu;Su yeÕùu& tïnd" fld," fnd," tïn," fnd,jq"

tahs" ´hs

05 wkshud¾:h ^kshuhla ke;s nj

yeÕùu&

fyd;a" fkdfyd;a

06 m%udKd¾:h ^m%udKh yeÕùu& ú;r" id" ;rï" muK

07 iudkd¾:h îudk fldg oelaùu& fuka" f,i" n÷" fia" jeks" tõ" whqre

08 fya;aj¾:h ^fya;= oelaùu& ksid" neúka" fyhska

09 iSud¾:h îsudj oelaùu& f;la" olajd" ;=re" mgka" isg" ;dla

10 úNla;H¾:h ^úNla;s m< lsÍu& úiska" f.ka" f.a" flfrka" flfrys"

;=<" u;" Wv

11 WmkHdid¾:h ^mo mQ¾Kh oelaùu& jkdys" jQl,s" kï" ,d

12 YS>%d¾:h ^fõ.h yeÕùu& fio" fkd,id" jyd

13 Y%e;s iQpkd¾:h ^weiQ nj yeÕùu& ," ¨

14 iu. hk w¾:h yeÕùu iu." bys" yd" legqj" iy" tlal

15 wjOdrKd¾:h ^ksYaÑ; nj

yeÕùu&

uq;a" ñi" yer" úkd" u" ue" mjd"

mqkrela;

16 iuqÉphd¾:h ^mo iïnkaOh& o" hs" ;a" yd" iy" ÿ

17 mqkrd¾:h ^kej; hk w¾:h& mqk" kej;" h<s" je<s

18 jdlHdjidkh yeÕùu he" h" y" fial

19 iómd¾:h îóm nj yeÕùu& fj;" lrd" w;" .dj

20 ms‚i hk w¾:h ms‚i" ;ld" i|yd" jia" ksid"

Wfoid"wrNhd

21 úl,amd¾:h ^úl,amh yeÕùu& fyj;a" fkdfyd;a" fyda

22 iïnkaOd¾:h ^jdlH iïnkaO

lsßu&

tfy;a" fkdfyd;a" fyda

23 wjud¾:h ^wvq .Kfka hk w¾:h& mjd" o" ÿ" ;a" fyda" j;a


24 úreoaOd¾:h ^isÿ fkd ùu hk

wre;&

fkd" ks

25 ksfIaOd¾:h ^m%;slafIam lsÍu& tmd"

26 w;sYhd¾:h ^jeämqr hk

wref;ys&

b;d" fndfyda" ;j

27 WoaOD; oelaùfuys hs" hehs

28 iEu ^taffll& hk w¾:fhys m;d" mdid" .dfk

we;eï ksmd; mo w¾: lSmhl u fhfoa'

WodyrK( .=rejre o <uhs o /ia jQy' ^iuqÉphd¾:h&

Tn lshkafka l=ula o@ ^m%Yakd¾:h&

wfma ÿl foúhkag o fkd fmfka' ^wjud¾:h&

wjHh mo hg;g .efkk Wmi¾. kduhlg fyda ls%hdjlg uq,ska fh§ tu kdufha

fyda ls%hdfõ w¾:hg ;=ka wdldrfha n,mEula lrhs'

¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:hg ndOd lsÍu'

¸¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:h fjfiid ±laùu'

¸¸¸' m%lD;sfha w¾:h wkqj mej;Su'

idïm%odhsl isxy,fha Wmi¾. 20la we;' tajd kï"

m" mr" wj" i" wkq" ks" ÿ" ú" w" wÈ" iq" W" wì" msß" wm" Wm" mia" ms<s" w;s" ms

hkq hs'

óg wu;rj kQ;k jHjydrfhys nyq,j oelsh yels Wmi¾. .Kkdjla o isxy,fhys

we;' fïjd jeä m%udKhla ixialD; NdIdfjka .;a Wmi¾. hs' tajd fufia WodyrK

iys;j y÷kd .ksuq'

Wmi¾.

^¸& ^¸¸& ^¸¸¸&

ks - ksjro

w - w.=K

ú - úfoaY

b - bñysß

iq - iqok

W - Wÿ,

ms<s - ms<s.kS

udk - Wmudk

wkq - wkqlïmd


m$m% - mn|" m%fNao

mr$mrd - mrÈkq" mrdch

wm - wmkhk" wmøjH

i$ix" iï" ika" i;a" ioa" iy - iM," ixl,amkd" iïudk" ikaksfõok" i;amqreI"

ioaNdj" iyldr

wkq - wkqNdj

T$wj - Tjoka" wj;eka

ks$ksia$ksYa$ksIa$ks¾ - ksi," ksiaidr" ksYaYío" ksIaM," ks¾u,

ÿ$l=$ÿ#$ÿia$ÿYa$ÿIa$ÿ¾ - ÿ.|" l=lú" ÿ#Å;" ÿiaidOH" ÿYaYS," ÿIalr" ÿ¾odka;

ú - úuqla;s" úfoaY

w$wd$wka - wl,a" wdfoaYh" wkjYH

kS - kSri" kSfrda.s

wÈ$wê - wÈgka" wêfpdaokd

wms - wmsOdk" wmsp¾u

b$w;s - buy;a" w;s.eUqre" w;HjYH

iq - iqok" iq.kaO

W$Wka$W;a$Woa - W.;a" Wkaudo" W;a;," Woaf>daIK

wì$wNs - wìuka" wNsudk" wNHjldY

ms<s$mia$m%;s$má - ms<sn|" mila" m%;s,dN" m%;Hqmldr" mámdáh

msß$mß - msßisÿ" mßY=oaO" mßm:

Wj$Wm - Wjfoia" WmNdId" Wml=,m;s

wka;¾{dkh mYapdoaWmdê

mqk¾Ôjh iajfoaY iajhxcd;

wdÈ moj, uq,ska fh§ we;s wka;¾" mYapd;a" mqk¾" iaj"

iajhx wdÈ fldgia idïm%odhsl Wmi¾. w;frys fkd

.ekqK o tys m%lD;shg fmr fhfok mQ¾ji¾. úfYaIhla

f,i ie,fla'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk jdlHj, ksmd; mo tlla fyda lSmhla fyda fh§ we;' tajd

f;dard olajkak'

¸' uy iq<Õska .ia je,a o ksfjia o weo jeá‚'

¸¸' wms Tjqka iu. l;d lr lr isáfhuq'

¸¸¸' i÷od isg isl=rdod f;la Èk myls'

¸¹' Tyq mqreÿldrhl= fuka yeisfrkakg jQfha h'

¹' foaÿkq jka foneu wef.a uqyqfKa iqkaor;ajh jeä lrhs'

178 fkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h' PBfkdñf,a fnod yeÍu i|yd h'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' Tn lshjQ kjl;d lsysmhla f;dard f.k tajdfha NdId Ndú;fha úfYaI ,laIK

ms<sn|j ì;a;s mqj;am;lg ,smshla ilia lrkak'

2' tu kjl;djl leu;s mßÉfþohla f;dard f.k tys we;=<;a Wmi¾. iys; mo

/ia lrkak'

3' Tn leu;s kjl;djl msgqjla f;dard f.k tys we;=<;a ksmd; mo /ia lrkak'

¹¸' Tn yer Bg fjk;a olaIfhla ke;'

¹¸¸' wfkaæ fï wmrdOh foúhkag;a fkd fmfka o@

¹¸¸¸' fld<U isg ud;r olajd .uka .kakd ÿïßh m%udo úh'

¸º' ixúOdhlhka úiska wdrdê;fhda ms<s.kakd ,oy'

º' jk w,skaf.ka jk ydks tkag tkag u jeä fjhs'

2' ta ta fma<sfhys we;s ksmd;hla fkd jk moh f;darkak'

¸' iu." ú;r" Wia" jkdys ¸¸' ms<shï" Wfoid" úiska" fkd,id

¸¸¸' blaì;s" ñi" fkdfyd;a" iqmsß ¸¹' wfyda" tïnd" fkd yer" ksr;=re

¹' legqj" whl=" wrNhd" n÷

3' uq,ska oelafjk mofhys úreoaOd¾:h fok Wmi¾.h iys; moh f;darkak'

¸' iq,n - ÿ,n" úr," nyq,

¸¸' ñysß - iqñysß" wñysß" bñysß

¸¸¸' kshqla; - hqla;" ixhqla;" úhqla;

¸¹' j¾Okh - mßydksh" wNsj¾Okh" ixj¾Okh

¹' ÿl - ika;=Iaáh" fidïki" mS%;sh

¹¸' wkqudk - Wml,ams;" ksrkqudk" taldka;

¹¸¸' W;alDIag - wOu" §k" kslDIag

¹¸¸¸' lD;fõ§ - .=Kul=" wlD;{" lD;{

¸º' iajdNdúl - idudkH" lD;s%u" wiajdNdúl

º' w,am - fndfyda" wk,am" iaj,am

4' my; oelafjk jdlHj, ysia;ekg jvd;a iqÿiq Wmi¾.h jryfkka

f;dard ,shkak'

¸' ''''''''''''''''''' n,e;s úÿ,s /yeka moaO;sh wi, .ejiSu wk;=reodhl h'

^w;s$wê$wNs&

¸¸' rfÜ ''''''''''''''''''' jDoaêh ;ld lem ùfuka jev l< hq;= h' ^m%$ix$wNs&

¸¸¸' jeäysáhkaf.a '''''''''''''''''' jdo ms<sme§u ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ' ^m%;s$wj$wkq&

¸¹' .=re;=ñh mka;shg meñfK;a u isiqyq ''''''''''''''''''Yío jQy' ^ksia$ks¾$ksYa&

¹' we;eïyq '''''''''''''''''M, ld¾hhka i|yd fndfyda uqo,a jeh lr;s' ksIa$m%;s$ksia&


ish w;aoelSï iy w¨f;ka oek .;a foh iajlSh

iuQyfha fiiq idudðlhkag lshd mEug;a" B<Õ

mrïmrdjg w;aoelSï Wreu lr §ug;a ukqIHhd

l;dka;r lSu wrUkakg we;' bka miqj wd.ñl yd

WmfoaYd;aul l;d l,djla ìys úh' miq lf,l" ri

ckkh jk wdldrfha l;d l,djla l%ñlj j¾Okh

úh' flál;d l,dj o tys m%;sM, jYfhka ìys jQjls'

úúO udkj w;aoelSï mokï lr .;a idys;Hdx.hla f,i

flál;dj jeo.;a fõ' tla iqúfYaI isÿùula jgd

f.dv kef.k wdLHdkhla jk tys" úúO udkqISh

ixisoaê ix.DyS; fõ' flál;djla ri ú£ug fyda

ks¾udKh lsÍug w;aoelSï .eUqßka úuid ne,sh hq;=

fõ' flál;d rpkhg wjYH mßph ,nd .ekSug

id¾:l flál;d mßYS,kh o jeo.;a h' fï mdvug

we;=<;a jkafka 1983 jif¾ fyd| u isxy, flál;d

ix.%yh f,i iïudkhg md;% jQ iqÿ fldä flál;d

ix.%yfhka Wmqgd .;a l;djls' tys l;=jrhd jk

we/õj, kkaÈñ;% m%lg kQ;k f,aLlfhls'

j;=r u, 21

14' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


udkj ixy;sfha wdrïNfha isg u ñksid l;kaor lSfï yd weiSfï l=;+y,fhka

hqla; úh' wdrïNfha § w;aoelSï yd w¨;ska oek .;a oE ish iuQyfha fiiq

iudðlhkag lshd mEug;a fojkqj B <Õ mrïmrdjg w;aoelSï Wreu lr §ug;a

ukqIHhd l:dka;r lSu wrUkakg we;' B <Õ mshjr wd.ñl$WmfoaYd;aul l;d

l,djls' miqj ri ckkh wruqKq lr .;a l;d l,dj j¾Okh jQ nj fmfka'

flál;djla ri ú£fï § fyda ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl lreKq lSmhla flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

wmQ¾j;ajfhka yd úYajikSh;ajfhka hqla; ks¾udKhla ìys lsÍug iqÿiq w;aoelSula"

wkqN+;shla fyda ixisoaêhla ks¾udKlrejd i;=j ;sîu jeo.;a h' th flál;dfõ

f;audj hs' tkï lD;sfhka m%ldY jk iuia; w¾:h hs' wfkl=;a flál;dx.

ish,a, f;audj u; mokï fjhs' f;dard .kakd l;d m%jD;a;sh wdrïNhla" úldYhla"

wjidkhla we;s ;¾ldkql+, fya;=M, iïnkaO;djla iys; isoaê oduhl úldYhla

fjhs' fuh l:d úkHdih kñka ye¢kafjhs' flál;d ks¾udKfha § jvd;a m%n,j

wjOdkh fhduq jkafka pß; ksrEmKh flfrys h' flál;djl ksrEmKh úh

hq;af;a tla m%n, pß;hla fyda pß;dx.hls' fïjd ixlS¾K pß; h' ndysrj;a

wdOHd;añlj fuka u udkislj;a" iudc Ôú;fha §;a úúO O¾u;dj,g uqyqK fok

pß; úh hq;= h' tlS pß; l;=jrhd u ueÈy;a ùfuka fyda wfkl=;a pß; yd .eàug

ie,eiaùfuka fyda Ôjk .eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug ie,eiaùfuka fyda ksrEmKh lrhs'

“flál;djla hkq Ôú;fhka fm;a;la újrKh lsÍula” hkqfjka wekagka fpfld*a

oelajQfha fï woyi h'

mqoa., w;aoelSï yd ne÷Kq mßirh fyda udkisl iajNdjh oelaùug Wml%uhla f,i

miqìï j¾Kkd fhdod .ekSug ks¾udKlrejd fhduq úh yels h' flál;dlrejd ta

u.ska ;u oDIaáh l,d;aulj bÈßm;a lrhs' pß; .ek Rcqj újrKh l< fkd yels

foaj,a ixfla;j;a l< yels h' tfia u f,aLlhd ;u ks¾udKh h:d¾:jd§j yd

;d;aúlj bÈßm;a l< hq;= h' th h:d¾: ksrEmKh f,i ye¢kafjhs' uOHia:

l,d;aul oDIaáhlska" iudc mka;s fNaoh ;=<ska" iudc úIu;d wdY%fhka Wmydih

fyda úfõpkh u.skaa fulS h:d¾: ksrEmKh l< yels h' óg wu;rj ishqï mqoa.,

ufkdaNdjhka" udkisl .egqï iudcuh .;s iajNdjhka" ld,h wdÈ wjia:d m%n,

f,i ksrEmKh lsÍug wjYH wjia:djl ixfla; Ndú;hg ks¾udKlrejd miqng

fkd fõ' úfgl f,aLlhd u bÈßm;a ù pß; ksrEmKh lrk w;r úfgl l;=jrhd

mfilg ù fjk;a whl= ,jd l;dj lSug i,iajhs' mdGlhd fj; l;djla bÈßm;a

lsÍfï § f,aLlhd /|S isák ia:dkh oDIaá fldaKh hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' flál;d

f;audjg wkqj m%:u mqreI" W;a;u mqreI wdÈ oDIaá fldaK Ndú;hg .efka'

iuia; ks¾udKh we.hqug ,la flfrk úg iudch" Ôú;h" ukqIH;ajh" ñksia

ls%hdldrlï flfrys f,aLlhdf.a wjOdkh fhduq fjhs' ta flál;djl Ôjk

oDIaáhhs'

idys;H lD;shla hkq NdIdj Ndú;hg .ksñka flfrk wmQre is;a;uls' NdId;aul

yrUhls' tneúka flál;d lrKfha § ks¾udKd;aul NdIdjla fhdod .ekSu b;d


jeo.;a h' .eg¨" pß;" iudc miqìï" wjia:d" isoaê jvd;a wmQ¾j;ajfhka bÈßm;a

lsÍug NdIdfõ ks¾udKd;aul nj w;HjYH h' f;audjg .e<fmk wdldrfhka

úúO NdId ú,di yd rpkd Í;s fhdod .; yels h' f,aLk Í;sh fyda NdIK Í;sh

wkq.ukh fuhska tla ud¾.hls' m%dfoaYsl jHjydr" mer‚ idys;H.; jHjydr

wdÈh fhdoñka rplhdg ish jd.a ú,dih ilia lr .; yels h' tf,i fhdok iEu

jpkhl u w¾:h fuka u èjksh o úfYaI;ajhla .kS'

flál;djla ;=< mj;sk isoaê" wjia:d" pß;" wkqpß;" miqìï j¾Kkd" ixfla;

Ndú;h wdÈ fï ish,af,ys taldnoaO;djla mej;Su ks¾udK ri úkaokhg fuka u

ks¾udKlrKhg tl fia jeo.;a fjhs' th l,d;aul taldnoaO;dj hkqfjka

y÷kajuq'

fcdai*a n¾.a tikaùka flál;dj ms<sn|j olajd we;s ks¾jpkfhys fulS flál;d

,laIK fndfyduhla .eíj we;'

“flál;dj jkdys wfkla isoaê wìnjd isák tla m%n, isoaêhla yd

tla m%n, pß;hla wkdjrKh lrkakd jQ o" tlg leáj ;sfnk l:d

úkHdihla iys; jQ o" tal;ajfhka hqla; OdrKdjla we;a;d jQ o wvq

È. m%udKhlska hqla; jQ o mßl,amkd;aul wdLHdkhls'”

isßudkak uy;a;hd;a wì,ska Wkakefya;a l,l isg ys; ñ;=frda h' tfia u Tjqyq

fofokd boaou,afo‚h mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkfha WfoHda.su;a odhlfhda h' odhl

iNdfõ iNdm;s jQfha o isßudkak uy;a;hd h'

mdi,a .=rejrfhl= jYfhka fiajh lrñka isá isßudkak uy;a;hd fiajfhka úY%du

.sfha óg fo jirlg muK fmr h' Tyq mdáka l¿ h' Wiska ;rula wvq h' isrer

uy; h' ysi bÈßmi ;Ügh mE§ ;snQ w;r tu ;Ügh jeiSu i|yd ysi miq foi

flia È.g jjd b;d wudrefjka ysi bÈß mig f.keú;a ;nd ;snqfKa h'

isßudkak uy;a;hdg lsis u mjq,a nrla fkd ù h' Tyqg Èh‚hka fofofkl= isá

w;r Tjqyq fofok .=rejßhka jYfhka fiajh l<y' isßudkak uy;a;hd ;ud mskg

b;d leu;s nj ks;r ldg;a weÕù h' tfia u Tyqf.ka .ug isÿ jQ fiajdj .ek

ks;r i|yka lf<a h' “fï .fï ñksiaiqkag w.hla ke;=jg uu ;rï fï .ug lsis

u ñksfyla fiajh lr, keye'” Tyqf.a uqúka ks;r u mdfya fu jeks jpk msg

fjhs' ljr whqßka l;d l<;a Tyq uqo,a úhoï lsÍug wleue;s h' b.ekaùug hk

ld,fha § frdaia mdka f.ähla f;a lyg fldamamhl fmdÕjd f.k ld Wfoa mdi,g

hk Tyq wdmiq oj,a folg muK f.or meñK Èjd wdydrh .kakd ;=re f;a

fldamamhla ;ru j;a fkd fndhs' oekg jqj o tys lsis u fjkila ke;' ljr jevla

lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fhdackdjla bÈßm;a jqj;a fudfyd;la fofk;a mshd f.k

bkakd Tyq iqr;ska uqyqK msi ouñka fufia lshhs'

j;=r u,


“fudkj l<;a kslka wmrdfo uqo,a kdia;s lrkak krl hs'” wì,ska Wkakefya ;uka i;= bvlvïj, f.dú;eka n;a lrf.k lrorhla fkdue;sj

Ôj;a jQ ;eke;af;ls' Tyq meyefhka ;, t<¨ h' t;rï uy; ke;' Wiska wä

myudrla yhla muK we;' Wvq /jq< jj,d h' fldKavh miaig mSrd fodU f.ähla

;rï jQ fldKavhla ne| isáfha h' uy¨ nj fydfrka fydfrka meñK uy;a jQ

wdorhlska fuka Tyq je,| .ekSug jer orhs'

wì,ska Wkakefyag isáfha tl u mqf;l= mu‚' Tyq o újdyhla lr f.k f.or u

mÈxÑ ù isáhs' wì,ska Wkakefya mskg b;d leue;s h' úYd, Okjf;l= fkd jQj;a

wjYH foag úhoï lsÍug ks¾f,daNS h' fyd|g yS,a n;a msÕdkla ld ojfia jev

wdrïN lrk Tyq oj,a fod<y muK jk ;=re tl È.g jev lrhs' bkamiq f.or

meñK Èjd wdydrh f.k oj,a fol yudr ;=k muK jk ;=re úfõlSj f.or isáhs'

kej; ´úgl fyda l=Uqrl fyda jevg hhs' ojfia jev wjika lr j;a; my< <sf|ka

Èh kdf.k wdmiq f.or tkafka ieoE w÷r .,d yef,k úg h'

wì,ska Wkakefya ie|E w÷r w;ßka f.or meñ‚ úg Tyqf.a ìß| Tyq <Õg tkafka

ÿï ouk fldams fldamamhla yd ls;=,a yl=re lE,a,la o /f.k h' wì,ska Wkakefya

l=iaish me;af;a flá biaf;damamq lE,af,a ;sfnk mrK mqgqjl jdä ù fldams fldamamfhkaa

W.=r W.=r mdkh lrkafka uq¿ isrer u wmQre WKqiqï iqjhlska m%fndaOhg m;a lrñks'

úY%du hdfuka miq f.or fodf¾ ;sfnk iq¿ iq¿ jevm< lsÍfuka yd fmd;la m;la

lshùudÈfhka ld,h f.jd .kakd isßudkak uy;a;hd úfYaI jevla fkdue;s yeu

Èkl u mdfya we¢ß jegqK miq úÿ,s mkaou o f.k wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a f.org

hhs' ojfia jev wjika lrk wì,ska Wkakefya f.or meñK fldams fldamamh

fndñka isákafka fï fõ,djg h' isßudkak uy;a;hd tkq ÿgq úg wì,ska

Wkakefyaf.a ys; ;=< ksrdhdifhka i;=gla we;s fjhs'

“wd''' tkak''' tkak isßudkak uy;a;h" jdä fjkak'” fuf,i mejiSfuka muKla

ksy`v fkd jk wì,ska Wkakefya l=iaish foig ysi yrjd ;rula y`v kÕd ish

ìß|g fufia lshhs'

“fï weyqK o@ isßudkak uy;a;h weú,a,' fldams fldamamhla yod f.k jfr,a,d'”“uu oeka f;a tlla îmq .uka wdfj' ug kï oeka fldams yokak tmd'”isßudkak uy;a;hd mqreoaog jf.a fu f,i mjik kuqÿ fkd mudj ÿka ouk fldams

fldamamhla yd ls;=,a yl=re lE,a,la Tyq w;g f.keú;a §ug wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a

ìß| mud fkd fjhs' fldamsj,ska imamdhï ùfuka miq isßudkak uy;a;hd;a" wì,ska

Wkakefya;a mehl muK fõ,djla l;dny lrñka ld,h .; lrkafka b;d i;=áks'

fuu l;d nyg Tjqkaf.a orejka ms<sn| úia;r" rfÜ f;dfÜ wdrxÑ" wì,ska

Wkakefyaf.a f.dú;eka jev" isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a lS¾;s rdjh" B<Õ fmdahg is,a

iudoka ùu wdÈ fulS fkd lS fkdfhl=;a ldrKd úIh fjhs' fufia l;d lrñka

isák w;r Èkla wì,ska Wkakefyaa ;u n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla iïnkaOfhka isßudkak

uy;a;hd iu. l;d lf<a h'


“oeka ál ojil b|, ug fmdä jevla lrkak lsh, ys;s, ;sfhkj isßudkak

uy;a;h' uu fï .ek isßudkak uy;a;h tlal, l;d lrkak lsh,uhs ys;d f.k

ysáfh'”“ta fudlla o wì,ska Wkakefy@”“oeka n,kak wms mkai,g u,a álla mQcd lrkak .shdu u,a ál fodfydk lrkakhs"

w;a fodfydk lr .kakhs ;sfhk lrof¾' meka ál f.akak ;sfhkafk mrK ueá

fld;, ln,la' u,a mQcd lrkak tk ukqiaifhd Th ueá fld;, ln, wrf.k

lS ierhla kï <s| <Õg hkj o meka ál f.akak'”“wì,ska Wkakefyf. ta l;dj kï we;a; ;uhs'” “Tkak Th yskao u uu l,amkd l<d úydfr <Õska j;=r u,la yokak' oekgu;a

mkai,g kï mhsmam yhs lr, ;sfhk yskao Th jefâ lrkak ta ;rï wudre fjk

tlla keye'”“ta jqKdg wì,ska Wkakefy" wo ldf, yeáhg Th jefâ lrkak iEfyk úhoula

hkj' wfma .fï ñksiaiqkaf.ka tlmdrg u Th jefâg iEfyk ;rï uqo,la tl;=

lrkak f,ais keye'” “uu fï jefâg i;hla j;a iïudoka lrkak n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjfkafka keye'

fldfydu yß uu fï jefâ uf. ;ks úhoñka lrkj' isßudkak uy;a;h ug

lshkak fï jefâ fyd| o lshk tl ú;rla'” “Tõ b;ska" Th jefâ kï krlhs lshkak neye'” isßudkak uy;a;hd tod wdmiq f.or .sfha fjk od fkdue;s úiauhlsks' ‘hflda fï

ukqiaih tl mdrg u lrkak l,amkd lr, ;sfhkafk wuq;= u ;df,a jevla fkæ

tÉpr ú;rla fkd fjhs' ta jefâg ;kshu úhoï lrkakhs n,dfmdfrd;a;=j'’ mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkfha ;udf.a úhoñka o tn÷ fohla lrkakg we;akï fyd| hhs

Tyqg fudfyd;lg is;=‚' tfy;a tn÷ fohla lsÍu i|yd fldmuK úYd, uqo,la

jeh fõ o hk m%Yakh ta iu. u Tyq bÈßfha fyd,auka lrkakg úh'

boaou,afo‚fha isák olaI u fïika ndia flfkl=f.a iydh ,nd .;a wì,ska

Wkakefya j;=r u, ;ekSfï jev wdrïN flfrõfõ h' Tyq ta i|yd lsis u wÈuÈ

lsÍulska f;drj úhoï lf<a h' jev wjika jQ úg j;=r u, uq¿ úydr N+ñh u

w,xldrhg m;a flfrk kjdx.hla úh'

j;=r u, fnfyúka mshlre h' jfÜg ljdldr neïula ne| fmdl=Kla ;kd ;sfí'

tys ks,g ksf,a c,h msß,d h' ta ueo ;kk ,o kgqj u; msmS .sh úYd, m%udKfha

fk¨ï u,ls' kgqfjys fomig fk¨ï fld< folla o fjhs' fk¨ï u, uqÿkska

i;r w;g úyso hk isyska c, f¾Ldfjda h' fk¨ï uf,a fm;sj, <d r;a meye;s

;Ska;;a" kgqfjys yd fk¨ï fld<j, fld< mdg ;Ska;;a wdf,am lr ;sfí' ljdldr

fmdl=K jgd hlvj,ska ,iaik .rdÈ jegla .id tys ß§ mdg ;ska; wdf,am lr

we;' j;=r u,g wdf,dalh jeàu i|yd mfilska úfYaI úÿ,s nqnq<la iú lr ;sfí'

mkai,g meñfKk ljqre;a mdfya j;=r u, foi ál fõ,djla wdidfjka n,d f.k

isá;s'


j;=r u, ;ekSu ksid úydria:dk N+ñfha we;s jQ wmQre l,t<sh jvd;a Ôjudkdldrfhka

m%Ndj;a jQfha fmdahodg h' úfYaIfhka iú lr ;sfnk úÿ,s nqnqf<A wdf,dalfhka

j;=r u, we;s fmfoi wdf,dalj;aj we;' is,a iudoka ù isák Wmdil Wmdisldfjda;a"

u,a myka mQcd lsÍu i|yd úydria:dkhg meñfKk f,dl= l=vd ish¨ fokd;a jßka

jr j;=r u, <Õg f.dia ß§ mdg .rdÈ jegg fya;a;= ù j;=r uf,ka i;r w;g úyso

hk isyska c, f¾Ldjka foig oE;a È.== lr w;a fOdajkh lr;s' u,a fOdajkh lr;s'

Tjqkaf.a uqyqKq mS%;sfhka wdf,dalj;aj we;' j;=r uf,a isis,a c,fhka w;a fOdajkh

lr .kakd <uhs iskdfjka uqj irid f.k úydr u¿j foig Èj h;s' ;j;a

fudfyd;l iS;, j;=r álla w;g .kakd <ufhla bka ìkaÿ lsysmhla ;u hy¿

<ufhl=f.a uqyqKg bishs' Tjqyq fofokd y`v kÕd iskdfi;s' is,a iudoka ù úydr

u¿fõ isák wì,ska Wkakefya" j;=r uf,ka m%fhdack .kakd ieoeyej;=ka foi ál

fõ,djla n,d f.k isákafka yo ;=< W;=rd hk i;=glsks' is,a iudoka jQ isßudkak

uy;a;hd o Tyq wi, isáhs'

“n,kakfld isßudkak uy;a;hd" ukqiaifhd j;=r uf,ka m%fhdack .kak wf.a'” isßudkak uy;a;hd o ál fõ,djla j;=r u, foi n,df.k isáhs' tfy;a jeämqr

lsisjla fkd mjik Tyq ksy`v fjhs'

“wì,ska Wkakefy j;=r u, yo, lrmq jefâ jáklu kï lsh, ksu lrkak neß

;rï'” u,a álla fodfydk lr f.k mQcd lsÍu i|yd úydrhg hk .uka wfhla

wì,ska Wkakefya wi,g meñK mji;s'

“j;=r u, kï yß ,iaik hs" wì,ska wdf;'” <ufhla wì,ska Wkakefya <Õg

meñK mjid h<s j;=r u, foig Èj hhs'

;ud úiska lrjk ,o j;=r u, .ek .ïjdiSka ;=< fï ;rï m%idohla we;s fõ hhs

wì,ska Wkakefya l,ska is;d f.k fkd isáfha h' Tyq iskdjlska uqj iridf.k

n,d isákafka fï jf.a jev ;j;a lrkakg we;akï fldÉpr fyd| o hk woyi

yo rejd f.k h' wì,ska Wkakefya wi, isák isßudkak uy;a;hd t;kska bj;a

ù fyñka fyñka O¾u Yd,dj foig hhs'

‘mkaif,a j;=r u, Bfha ? ljqo lvd od,d'’ fuu wdrxÑh Èkla WoEik boaou,afo‚h .u mqrd w;a ;gq .iñka b.s<S .sfha h'

yeu fokdf.a u ys; ;=< we;s jQfha fldamhls' wì,ska Wkakefya fldamfhka úhre

jeà .shdla fuka úh' Tyq mkai,a j;a;g Èj .sfha h'

j;=r u,g c,h iemfhk k<h iïmQ¾Kfhka u ;,d oud ;snq‚' ;kd ;snQ fk¨ï

uf,a fm;s ñáhla jeks fohlska .id lvd oud ;sfí' j;=r u,g t<sh jeàu i|yd

úfYaIfhka iú lr ;snQ úÿ,s nqnq< fmdä lr,d h' jfÜg ljdldrj ;kd ;snQ neïu

tla ;eklska lvd oeóu ksid tys j;=r fkd /£ msgg .,d f.k hhs'

wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a uqúka msg ùug wdfõ wuq ;s;a; l=Kqyrem je,ls' tfy;a tu

jpk uqúka msg fkd lr Tyq b;d wudrefjka ue~ mj;ajd .;af;a ;ud ta fudfydf;a

isáfha úydria:dkh wi, ksid h' Tyq mkai,a j;af;ka msg ù fl<ska u .sfha

isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a ksjig h'


“n,kak isßudkak uy;a;h" ljqo mdyrfhla lr, ;sfhk wmrdOhl uy;æ˜

“ug;a ´l wdrxÑ jqKd' uu;a fï mkai, me;a;g hkak lsh, yeÿfõ'” “tal n,, jevla keye isßudkak uy;a;h' ,iaikg ;snqK j;=r u, úkdY lr,

bjrhs' uu tlla lshkakï isßudkak uy;a;h' uu óg miafia fyd| jev lrk

ñksfyla fkd fjhs' fldáka u uu óg miafia Th mkai,g j;a hkafk keye'”“flß, ;sfhkafk kï fndfydu krl jevla ;uhs' ta jqK;a l,n, fkdù álla

wms Th .ek fydh, n,uq'” “ta fydh, ne,s,af,ka ug we;s jevla keye' uu jpkhla lsõfjd;a lsõjuhs'” wì,ska Wkakefya isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a f.oßka msg ù .sfha o wvq jQ fldamhlska

fkd fõ' isßudkak uy;a;hd wì,ska Wkakefya wE; fkd fmkS hk ;=re n,d f.k

isáfha h' ‘ñksy ;rfyka msiaiq jeá, jf.hs'’ miq Èk iji odhl iNdj /ia lrjQ isßudkak uy;a;hd ljqfoda úiska j;=r u,

lvd oeófuka lr ;sfnk my;a ls%hdj fy<d oel th h<s m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï

wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lr ÿkafka h' yeu fokd u ta woyi wkqu; lf<ka j;=r u,

h<s m%;sixialrKh lrjk ,È' ta i|yd jeä jYfhka u úhoï lf<a isßudkak

uy;a;hd h' tfy;a m%;sixialrKfhka miq j;=r uf,a fmr ;snQ fYdaNdj kï h<s

tf,i u olakg fkd ù h' tfuka u wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a jpkfhys o lsisu

fjkila fkd ù h' mkaif,a odhlhl= jYfhka Tyq ;=< ;snQ Wkkaÿj iïmQ¾Kfhka

u Èh ù .sfha h' isßudkak uy;a;hd o wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; iekiSug lSmjrla

u W;aidy lrk ,o kuqÿ tys lsis u m,la fkd ù h' j;=r u, lvd ouk ,oafoa

ljfrl= úiska o hkak fuf;la lsisfjl=g oek .ekSug fkd yels jQ w;r wì,ska

Wkakefyag yer wka yeu fokdg u mdfya l%ufhka tu isoaêh wu;l ù .sfha h'

jirlg muK miq isßudkak uy;a;hd kdk <s| <Õ jeà wxYNd. frda.h je,£

T;am< úh' ta i|yd Tyqg m%;sldr lrk ,È' wì,ska Wkakefya o ks;r hñka tñka

;u ys;j;df.a ÿl iem .ek fidhd ne,S h' fí;a fya;a wdÈh fidhd ÿkafka h'

tfy;a ta lsisu foalska m,la fkd jQ w;r udi y;rl muK ld,hla T;am<j isá

isßudkak uy;a;hd ñh .sfha h' wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< we;s jQfha úYd,

lk.dgqjls' isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a wdodyk lghq;= i|yd Tyq yels ;rï fjfyi

uykais ù jev lf<a h'

isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a y;a ojfia odkh ÿka Èkg miq Èk iji wì,ska Wkakefya

mQ¾jdrdu úydria:dkh wi,ska jeà we;s mdr Tiafia boaou,afo‚h lvuKaähg

hñka isáfha h' mkaif,a ñÿf,a isá f,dl= yduqÿrefjda wì,ska Wkakefya mdf¾

hkjd ÿgq iefKka mdr whskg meñK wì,ska Wkakefyag l;d l<y'

“wì,ska Wkakefy" állg fuydg weúÈ,a, huqfld'”j;=r u, lvd oeófï isoaêfhka miq wì,ska Wkakefya kslug j;a mkai,g hdï

Bula fkd lrhs' f,dl= yduqÿrejka mdr whskg u meñK l;d l< ksid Tyqg fï

fudfydf;a u. yer hdug o fkd yels h' Tyq mkai,a j;a; me;a;g yerefKa h'


yduqÿrefjda fyñka bÈßhg .uka lr;s' Wka jykafia hkafka mkai, foig fkd j

fnda u¿j foig h' wì,ska Wkakefya o ksixi,j yduqÿrejka miq mi .sfha h' fnda

u¿fõ neïu Wäka jdä jQ f,dl= yduqÿrefjda ;ud;a wì,ska Wkakefya;a yer fjk

ljqre j;a wi,l isákafka oehs oek .ekSug fuka fyd|g jg msg neÆy' fjk

lsisfjla fmfkkag fkd isáhy' f,dl= yduqÿrefjda b;d ldre‚lj wì,ska

Wkakefya foi n,d Tyqg o fnda u¿fõ neïu Wäka jdäfjk f,i mejiQy' ta wkqj

wì,ska Wkakefya o jdä úh' ;ud kej;;a mkaif,a jevg iïnkaO lr .ekSu

i|yd yduqÿrejka úiska wkqYdikdjla lsÍug iQodkï jkafka hhs Tyqg is;=‚'

yduqÿrefjda b;d ikaiqka f,i jpk msg lrkakg mgka .;ay'

“uu wì,ska Wkakefyag l;d lf<a fndfydu jeo.;a ldrKhla .ek lshkak' fï

l;dj uu lsisu odl ldg j;a fkd lshkakhs uq,ska ys;df.k ysáfh' oeka b;ska

fï l;dj wì,ska Wkakefyag ú;rla lshkak ´k lsh, uu l,amkd l<d' ta;a

wì,ska Wkakefya ug m<uqfjka u fmdfrdkaÿ fjkak ´ke fï l;dj lsisu

flfkl=g fkdlsh ryila jYfhka ;shd .kak njg'” “fyd|uhs" ;uqkakdkafia lshkj kï uu fmdfrdkaÿ fjkakï'” “uu fï lshk l;dj iuyr úg wì,ska Wkakefya úYajdi lrk tll=;a keye' ta;a

fïl iïmQ¾K we;a;' wì,ska Wkakefya fndfydu w,xldrj yefoõj j;=r u,

lv, oeïfu isßudkak uy;a;hd'” tljr u ;u <ueo yryd fõ.fhka myrla jeÿKdla fuka wì,ska Wkakefyag

oekq‚' Tyqg Tyqf.a ijka woyd .; fkd yels úh' ;ud fï oj,a ySkhla olskafka

oehs oek .ekSug fia Tyq iqr;ska uqyqK msi oud fyd¢ka jg msg ne¨fõ h' f,dl=

yduqÿrefjda w,amud;% jQ fyda lïmkhlska f;drj b;d ikaiqka f,i l;d lr f.k

h;s'

“uu;a fï ldrKh uf.a u weia foflka oelafl ke;akï ljod j;a úYajdi

lrkafka keye' tod ? uu ksod.k bkak fldg úydfr me;af;ka fudlla foda

hdka;ug ioaohla weys, ug weyereKd' uu wef|a È.d fj,d b|f.k u ta me;a;g

lka ÿkak' wdhs;a ierhla ug fudlla o ;Ügq lrkj jf.a ioaohla weyqKd' uu we|

<Õ ;snqK fgdaÉ tl;a wrf.k fyñka fyñka úydfr me;a;g .sys,a, ioafo weyqK

Èydjg fgdaÉ tl w,a,,d t<sh l<d' fgdaÉ t<sh jegqfKa yßhg u ysáh ;eke;a;

f.a uqyqKg' ne,skakï isßudkak uy;a;h j;=r u, <Õ' thdg tl mdrg u

ÿj.kakg j;a ,enqfKa keye' ug uf.a weia woyd .kak neßj .shd'

isßudkak uy;a;hd iru leyefmdg .kak f.k" hlv W,la w;ska wrf.k yßhg

f.j,a ì¢kak hk fydfrla jf.a' uu lsÜgq lr, weyqj fudlla o isßudkak

uy;a;h fïfl f;areu lsh,' ñksyg jpkhla j;a l;d lr .kak nerej fjjq,kak

mgka .;a;' ux bÈßfh je| jeá, fïl ldgj;a lshkak tmd lsh,d b,a,d ysáhd'

thdf.a úhofuka j;=r u, yok nj;a lsõj' uu lsõj taj miafi lr .kak mq¿jka'

uu fï nj ldgj;a lshkafka keye' uy;a;h oeka f.or hkak lsh,'”


Tkak Th úÈyghs wì,ska Wkakefya j;=r u,g ydks isoaO jqfKa' wo jk ;=rd uu

fï .ek ldg j;a yqiaula j;a fy¿fj keye' uu isßudkak uy;a;hd u<dg miafia

j;a fï .ek fkdlshkak hs ys;df.k ysáfh' isßudkak uy;a;h u<dg miafia uu

fï ldrKh .ek wì,ska Wkakefyag lshkak ;SrKh lf<a j;=r u, levqj od

b|,d mkai, me;a;g j;a kEú;a lsis u mskla oyula fkd lr bkak yskao hs' oeka

b;ska Th úldr woyia w;yer, mskla oyula lr .kak n,kak' wì,ska Wkakefyag

fï mkai,g u tkak lsh, uu lshkafka keye' fï mkai,g tkak wlue;s kï

fjk mkai,lg yß hkak' fï l;dj isßudkak uy;a;h bkaoeoaÈ lsõj kï

isßudkak uy;a;hhs wì,ska Wkakefyhs mru ffjrlaldrfhd fokafkla fjkak

bv ;snqKd' ta jf.a u isßudkak uy;a;hg fkdfhla kskaod wmydi ú¢kak isoaO

fjkak;a bv ;snqKd' oeka b;ska wì,ska Wkakefya kslug j;a isßudkak uy;a;h

.ek ffjrhla ys;kak tmd' wms ta jf.a whg wkqlïmd lrkak ´ke' Tkak ug

uq,ska fjÉp fmdfrdkaÿj jf.a ldg j;a fï .ek yqiaula j;a fy<kak kï tmd'” f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a jpk wì,ska Wkakefyag weyqfKa isysk f,djl isg tk

y`vla fia h' ta jpk kej; kej;;a Tyqf.a ijka jgd fodaxldr fokakdla fuka

úh' f,dl= yduqÿrejka úiska mjik ,o jpkj,g ijka §f.k isák ld,h ;=<

wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< my< jQ ixlS¾K is;sú,s ud,dj w;r fldamh" fYdalh"

úiauh wdÈ foa o u;= fjù ;snq‚' wka;sug Tyq yduqÿrejka foi n,d fufia weiqfõ

fidanr y`vlsks'

“wehs yduqÿrejfka isßudkak uy;a;h fufyu fohla lf<a@”“ta fj,dfj isßudkak uy;a;h ysáh ;;a;afj yeáhg ug thdf.ka Tfydu fohla

wykak mq¿jkalula ;snqfKa keye' ldg;a fydrd ug thdf.ka Th .ek wykak

´kElu ;snqK' ta;a Th isoaêfhka miafi isßudkak uy;a;h ug yßhlg uqyqK

§,d l;d lrkak wdfj keye' odhl iNdjg wdj;a O¾u Yd,dfj b|, fydfrka u

jdf.a hkak .shd' fï ryi ldgj;a t<s kQK;a isßudkak uy;a;h Th isoaêh yskao

tod b|, u úYd, ys;a fõokdjla úkao nj kï ug fyd|g u meyeÈ,s hs' isßudkak

uy;a;h n,d bkaoeoaÈ u jf.a jeyefrkak mgka .;a;' wka;sfï § wxYNdf. yeÈ,

ueß, .shd'” yduqÿrejka úiska mjik jpk wid f.k isák úg miq .sh ld,h ;=< isßudkak

uy;a;hd ;=< olakg ;snQ hï hï fjkialï .ek wì,ska Wkakefyag o isysm;a úh'

miq.sh ld,h ;=< § isßudkak uy;a;hdf.a ;u ksjig meñŒfï mqreoao fndfyda

ÿrg wvq jQ nj;a" Tyq ;ud iu. l;d lrk úg lsishï pls;hlska l;d l<

wdldrh;a wì,ska Wkakefyag u;la jQfha h'

isßudkak uy;a;hd ñh hdug Èk y;rlg muK fmr ojila wì,ska Wkakefya Tyq

ne,Sug .sfha h' wxYNd.h je,£ T;am< jQ od isg u isßudkak uy;a;hg l;d lr

.ekSug fnfyúka wmyiq jQ w;r" fï jk úg Tyqf.a ;;a;ajh fyd|g u ÿ¾j, ù

fldfy;a u l;d lr .; fkd yels ;;a;ajhg m;a ù isáfha h' wì,ska Wkakefya

we| <Õg wd úg isßudkak uy;a;hd l=ula foda mjid .ekSug W;aidy lrñka


f;d,a fi,ù h' tfy;a fl¢ß .Eula úkd fjk;a y`vla msg fkd ù h' jeyeÍ .sh

uqyqfKa hgg .s,S .sh fofk;aj,ska fyda .d l÷¿ .,d f.k wdfõ h' ta iu. u

Tyqf.a uq¿ isrer u fjjq,d .sfha h' isßudkak uy;a;hd wka;sfï ñh hdug fmr

;udg lshd .kakg W;aidy .kakg we;af;a fï isoaêh iïnkaOfhka úh hq;= hhs

wì,ska Wkakefyag is;=‚' f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a lreKdnr lg y`v h<s ke.S tkakg

úh'

“ug kï ´lg fya;=j ys;d .kak mq¿jka wì,ska Wkakefy' fldÉpr fyd|

;;a;afjlska ysáh;a yeÕSïj,g jy,a jqKdg miafi iuyr ukqiaifhd ;uka fudkj

lrkj o lsh, ta f.d,a, u okafk keye' fndfydu w,xldfrg j;=r u, yeÈ,

yeu fokd u ta .ek l;d lrkak jqKd u" thdg ke;s lS¾;shla wì,ska Wkakefyag

,efnkak hkj lsh, isßudkak uy;a;hf.a ysf;a fudlla foda B¾IHdjla we;s

fjkak we;s' B¾IHdj lsh, lshkafka uy mqÿudldr fohla" wì,ska Wkakefy' wms

fldÉpr is,aj;a;= jf.a iudfcg fmkakqï lrf.k ysáh;a yoj; we;=f< ;sfhk

u,lv f,aisfhka lvkak neye' ìhlre is;=ú,s yoj; we;=f< hlal= jf.a lEykjd'

jvd;a Wodr fjkafk yoj; we;=f< ;sfhk wkak ta u,lv lv, od, wdOHd;añl

.=K j.djla we;s lr .ekSu hs' l;d lr lr ysáh uoE' oeka b;ska wms huq'” f,dl= yduqÿrefjda jdä ù isá ;ekska ke.S isáhy' f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a lreKdfjka

msß uqyqK foi n,d f.k isá wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is; ;=< Wka jykafia flfrys

we;s jQfha úYd, f.!rjhls' yduqÿrejkag je| wì,ska Wkakefya o ke.S isáfha h'

f,dl= yduqÿrefjda mkai, foig md Tijkakg jQy'

ikaOHd iufha isis,iska uq¿ mkai,a j;a; u ikaiqkaj we;a;d fia h' fndaëka

jykafiaf.a È.= YdLdjla Bg kqÿßka we;s ffp;Hh foig úyso we;' yuk u| mjk

ksid fld<j,ska msß tu fndaê YdLdj fiñka fiñka ief,kafka fk; is;

ikid,ñka iqfoda iqÿ meyefhka nen<s nen<S úrdcudk jk ffp;H rdchdKka

jykafiag mjka i,kakd fia h' ta foi n,ñka .uka l< wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a is;

o fudfyd;lg ikaiqka jQjdla fuka úh'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; WoaOD;j, wjia:d iïnkaOh ,shkak'

¸' “fudkj l<;a wmrdfo uqo,a kdia;s lrkak krlhs'” ¸¸' “Tõ" b;ska Th jefâ kï krlhs lshkak neye'” ¸¸¸' “ta fydh, ne,s,af,ka ug we;s jevla keye'” ¸¹' “fyd|uhs" ;uqkakdkafi lshkj kï uu fmdfrdkaÿ fjkakï'”

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' flál;djla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= uQ,sl lreKq ljf¾

oehs fidhd fm< .iajkak'

2' iqÿiq f;audjla f;dard f.k flál;d wx. ,laIK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq

lrñka rij;a flál;djla ks¾udKh lrkak'

3' tfia ks¾udKh l< flál;d tl;= fldg flál;d ix.%yhla ilia lr

mka;sfha ish¨ <uhskag lshùug i,iajkak'

4' ‘j;=r u,’ flál;dfõ we;s flál;d ,laIK ms<sn|j mka;sfha §

.=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

wjfndaOh

1' “wms fldÉpr is,aj;a;= jf.a iudfcg fmkakqï lr f.k ysáh;a yoj;

we;=f< ;sfhk u,lv f,aisfhka lvkak neye” fï m%ldYh j;=r u,

flál;dfjka ;yjqre jk wdldrh ksoiqka olajñka ikd: lrkak'

2' h:d¾:h mila jQ úg ñksia isf;ys mj;sk ffjrh" fl%daOh jeks is;=ú,s

l%udkql+,j myj hk wdldrh wì,ska Wkakefyaf.a pß;h weiqßka úuikak'

3' ‘j;=r u,’ flál;dj id¾:l ùu i|yd fhdod .;a ks¾udKd;aul NdId

,laIK ljf¾ oehs ksoiqka olajñka fmkajd fokak'

4' “ñksid ;u yeÕSïj,g jy,a jQ úg ls%hd lrk wdldrh mqÿu iy.; h” j;=r

u, flál;dj weiqßka fï neõ idlÉPd lrkak'

5' “ixlS¾K pß; ksrEmKh ksid j;=r u, flál;dj jvd;a id¾:l;ajhg

m;aj we;'” isßudkak uy;df.a yd f,dl= yduqÿrejkaf.a pß; ksoiqka fldg

.ksñka fï woyi ;yjqre lrkak'


mqj;am; wmg tÈfkod f;dr;=re oekqu iy

úfkdaodiajdoh imhk ikaksfõok udOHhls'

mdGlhdg f;dr;=re iy oekqu iïmdokh i|yd

mqj;am;aj, m< flfrk jd¾;d" mqj;am;a jd¾;d

f,i ye¢kafjhs' lsishï isoaêhla iïnkaOfhka

ljqo@" l=ula o@" fldfya o@" ljod o@" l=ula ksid o@"

isÿ jQfha flfia o@ wdÈ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSu

m%jD;a;s jd¾;djl ld¾hh hs'

mqoa.,hd ;=< lsishï fm,Uùula we;s lsÍu oekaùï

u.ska isÿ fõ' ,dN wfmalaIdfjka ks¾udKh flfrk

fj<| oekaùï fuka u fjk;a idudÔh ld¾hhka

Wfoid iïmdokh flfrk oekaùï o fjhs'

by; f,aLk foj¾.h u wmg tÈfkod Ôú;fha

oelsh yels h' tÈfkod lghq;= bgq lr .ekSu i|yd

o wmg úúO f,aLk ilia lsÍug iy iïmQ¾K lsÍug

isÿ fjhs' mqj;am;a jd¾;d" oekaùï iy wdlD;s m;%

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fï mdvfuka ,eìh yels h'

mqj;am;a jd¾;d" oekaùï iy m%dfhda.sl f,aLk 22


mqj;am;la hkqfjka ye|skafjkafka foaYSh fyda úfoaYSh jYfhka jeo.;a jkakd jQ

ffoksl isÿùï ms<sn|j fuka u fmdÿ wjOdkh fhduq jkakd jQ o iuia; iudchg u

n, mdkakd jQ o isÿùï iïnkaO m%jD;a;s jd¾;d yd m%jD;a;s mokï fldg .;a

jD;a;dka;" úfYaIdx." úia;rd;aul yd úpdrd;aul ,sms wdÈh ix.%y flfrñka

fjf<| oekaùï yd fjk;a ksfõok o we;=<;a fldg Èkm;d fyda i;sm;d fyda

jifhka wLKavj m%ldYhg m;a flfrk uqøs; m%ldYkhls' lvodisfhys uqøKh

flfrk mqj;amf;ys ,laIKh jkafka tys msgq lgq u.ska fyda .ï Ndú;fhka fyda

tlg wuqKd fkd ;sîu hs' j¾;udk mqj;amf;ys wdrïNh isÿ jkafka mif<dia jk

ishjfia § ip, wl=re Ndú;fhka isÿ flfrk hdka;%sl uqøK Ys,amh jHdma; ùfuys

m%;sM,hla jifhks' mqj;am;l uQ,sl wx.h fia ie,flkafka m%jD;a;s h' m%jD;a;shla

hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka w¨;a u isoaêhla ms<sn| f;dr;=rls' “m%jD;a;s” hk

jpkfhys w¾:h ‘mj;akd’ hkq hs' tkï m%jD;a;shla hkq fï wjia:dfjys isÿ jk"

kj" jeo.;a isÿùï h' m%jD;a;s hk w¾:h fok bx.sßis jpkh jk News hkafkys

o w¾:h ‘w¨;a’¦ tkï ‘kj;dfjka hqla;’ hkak hs' th kj hk wre; fok New

hkafkys mer‚ nyq jpk rEmh hs' wfkl=;a hqfrdamSh NdIdj,ska o m%jD;a;s

ye¢kaùug fhfokqfha kj" w¨;a hk wre;a fok jpk nj ie,lsh hq;= h'

wo jk úg mqj;am;g wu;rj iÕrd" f¾äfhdaj" rEmjdysksh hk udOH fuka u

wka;¾cd,fhys cd, wgú yd úúO mqoa.,hka úiska mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk wúêu;a

yd ir, m%jD;a;s msgq ^íf,d.a msgq& o ck;djg m%jD;a;s iïmdokfhys ksr; fjhs' wo

uqøs; mqj;am; fuka u wka;¾cd,h u.ska úirKh flfrk lvodis rys; úµq;a

m%jD;a;s m;% ^e - paper& o m%p,s; ù ;sfí'

m%jD;a;s m;%hl jeo.;a fldgila jkafka m%jD;a;s jd¾;d hs' mqj;am;l m< jk

ld,Sk jeo.;alula iys; úfYaI isÿùula m%jD;a;s jd¾;djla jYfhka ye¢kafjhs'

“m%jD;a;shla hkq iudcfha jeä msßilf.a wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= jQ o fuf;la

tjeks wjOdkhg fhduq fkd jQ o fohls'” hkq m%jD;a;s jd¾;djla iïnkaOfhka

m%p,s; iïuq;shls' fuhska jeo.;a lreKla fmkajd fohs' tkï fï jk úg iudch

okakd fohla kï tys kj;djla ke;a kï th m%jD;a;shla fia ie,lsh fkd yels h'

mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhd m%jD;a;s iïmdokfha § kj;dj ms<sn|j fuka u mdGlhdf.a

reÑh ms<sn|j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' m%dfoaYsl m%jD;a;s m;%hlg jeo.;a jk

m%jD;a;sh cd;sl mqj;am;lg fkd jeo.;a úh yels h¦ úl,am mqj;am;l mdGlhkaf.a

Wkkaÿj" wjOdkh ta folska u fjkia fjhs' ta wkqj wod< mqj;am;a j¾.hg wkql+,j

m%jD;a;sh f;dard .ekSu mqj;a m;a l,dfõÈhdf.a olaI;dj fjhs'

m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrKfha uQ,sldx. f,i ie,flk lreKq ;=kla flfrys ie,ls,su;a

ùu wfmalaId flf¾' m<uqjekak ksrjoHNdjh hs¦ fojekak ixlaIsma;Ndjh hs¦

mqj;am;a jd¾;d


f;jekak f,i ie,flkafka m%ldYkfha meyeÈ,s nj hs' tfuka u ;¾ldkaú;Ndjh"

m%jD;a;sfha úfYaI jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu" úIh.; fyj;a jdia;úl wdldrfhka

m%ldYkh yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk lreKqj, iqix.uh o wjYH fõ'

ksrjoHNdjh( m%jD;a;shg we;=<;a úh hq;af;a wod< isÿùï ms<sn| i;H f;dr;=re

mu‚' m%jD;a;shla ks¾udKd;aulj yd Ñ;a;dl¾IŒh wdldrfhka bÈßm;a l< yels

h' tfy;a tys wka;¾.;h uq¿ukska u ksjerÈ ùu w;HjYH h' jerÈ f;dr;=re

we;=<;a m%jD;a;shl jákdlula ke;' jákdlñka f;dr ùug o jvd nrm;< jkafka

th b;d krl ;;a;ajhla ùu hs' tn÷ m%jD;a;shla fya;=fjka mqj;amf;ys meje;aug

fya;= jk mdGlhdf.a úYajdih o ì£ hd yels h' jerÈ m%jD;a;shla m< lsÍfuka

kS;suh w¾nqoj,g uqyqK mEug o isÿ úh yels h' fï ;;a;ajh iudcfha hy

meje;au ì| jeàug o fya;= úh yels nj fmkajd fokq ,efí' ixLHd f,aLk yd

mqoa., kdu" jd¾;d flfrk isÿùï yd m%ldYj,g iïnkaO mqoa.,hkaf.a kï"

;k;=re yd jhi wdÈ f;dr;=re ksjerÈj oelaùu wksjd¾h wjYH;djls' udOHfha

j.lSu m%jD;a;sh m<uqj bÈßm;a lsÍu fkd j ksrjoH;djg m%uqL;dj ,nd §u hs'

tfuka u NdId Ndú;fhys § o ksrjoH yd iïu; jHjydrh - wlaIr úkHdih yd

fiiq jHdlrK iïu; wkq.ukh" fhda.H jpk Ndú;h yd úêu;a úrdu ,laIK

Ndú;h w;HjYH fjhs'

ixlaIsma;;dj fyj;a flá nj( mqj;am;a jd¾;djla iïmQ¾K úh hq;= fuka u

ixlaIsma; o úh hq;= h' ixlaIsma; úh hq;= kuqÿ uQ,sl isÿùï úia;r lsÍu i|yd

wjYH Wmßu jpk tys ,d Ndú; l< yels h' fuys ,d wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;af;a

wkjYH je,a jgdrï bj;a fldg m%jD;a;sfhys uQ,sl yrh f.k yer mEu flfrys

h' flá jd¾;djla yeu úg u mdfya È. úia;rhlg jvd m%n, úh yels nj wjfndaO

lr .; hq;= h' mqj;am;a l,dfõ§ka w;r ixlaIsma;Ndjh iïnkaOfhka we;s m%p,s;

kso¾Ykh ckdêm;s taíryï ,skalkaf.a f.áian¾.a foiqu hs' th iodkqiaurŒh

jkqfha tys we;s ixlaIsma;Ndjh fya;=fjks'

iqmeyeÈ,s nj( wm lshjkafka wmg jgyd .; fkd yels ;rï wmeyeÈ,s fohla kï

th lshùu Tng tmd jkq ksiel h' meyeÈ,sj jgyd .; fkd yels f,aLkhla

lshùu wm fkd okakd nilska ,shd we;s fohla lshjkq jeks h' Tfí f,aLkh

wmeyeÈ,s kï mdGlhd Tn jrojd jgyd .kq we;' tfia fyhska mqj;am;a jd¾;djla

jyd jegfykiq¨ nia jyrlska ,sùu ks¾foaY flf¾'

óg wu;rj my; oelafjk ,laIK flfrys o ie,ls,su;a ùu wfmalaId flf¾'

;¾ldkaú;Ndjh( hï f,aLkhla wmeyeÈ,s iy.; yd jHdl=, kï" bÈßm;a lrk

lreKq ud;Dldjg wod< fkd jk w;d¾lsl f;dr;=re kï th w¾: úrys; f,aLkhls'

mqj;am;a jd¾;djl § o ;¾ldkaú;Ndjh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;HjYH h'

wjOdrKh( Tfí rpkh Tng mejiSug wjYH uQ,sl fyj;a m%Odk lreK wjOdrKh

lrñka ,súh hq;= h'


jdia;úl;ajh( jdia;úl;ajh ksjerÈ m%jD;a;s jd¾;dlrKh i|yd w;HjYH

.=Kdx.hls' m%jD;a;shla ksjerÈj jd¾;d l< hq;af;a jd¾;dlrejd isoaêh yd Rcqj

iïnkaO fkd fjñks' fï .=Kdx.h wiïnkaO$ffjIhsl fyj;a úIh.; hkqfjka

úia;r flfrhs' jd¾;djla bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a jd¾;dlrejdf.a yeÕSï" wNs,dI

wdÈfhka f;drj yd wmlaImd;j h'

iqix.;Ndjh( mqj;am;a jd¾;djl tys ud;Dldfjka neyer lreKq we;=<;a fkd úh

hq;= h' jd¾;djlg mokï jkafka hï uQ,sl isoaêhla kï jd¾;dfjys tu isoaêfhka

mßndysr oE we;=<;a l< hq;= fkd fõ' ksoiqkla jifhka jd¾;djlg uq,a jQ isoaêhlg

iïnkaO mqoa.,hkaf.a pß; l;d fl;rï rij;a jqj o tajd jd¾;djg we;=<;a l<

fyd;a jd¾;dfõ iqix.;Ndjh ì£ hkq we;'

by; olajk ,oafoa m%jD;a;s m;% jd¾;d ,sùfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= hehs

iïu; lreKq lsysmhls'

^hÜgmd; - ,ika;&

hÜgmd; ;skshdj,

j,a,dmÜgd cdjdrïlrejkaf.a .%yKhg

le,E

isxyrdc jkdka;rhg kElï lshk hÜgmd;

yd ;skshdj, m%foaY wdYs%; jkdka;r j,a,dmÜgd

cjdrïlrejkaf.a .%yKhg yiqùfuka úkdY

fjñka mj;S'

úYd, m%udKfha j,a,dmÜgd .ia fmr<d l=Üá

lr m<d ;ek ;ek oud f.dia we;s wdldrh;a"

.ia fkd fmr<ñka l| ;ekska ;ek lmd

w;yer oud we;s wdldrh;a" jkdka;r ;=< §

oel .; yels h'

.a?ï .Kkg ,laI .Kkska ,xiq ;shd l¿"

ÿUqre" len,s fidhñka j,a,dmÜgd .ia lmd"

jk úkdYh isÿ lr ;sfí'

ys;la mmqjla fkdue;s cdjdrïlrejka

j,a,dmÜgd .ia fmr<Su ksid tajdg hg jk

fjk;a jákd .iaje,a o há jk ia;rh o

úkdY ù ;sfí' fjk;a .ia fld<ka u; /÷Kq

wjia:dfõ tu .ia ksrmrdfoa ìug fmr<d oud

we;s wdldrh oelsh yels h' fï m%foaYhkays

fndfyda fofkl=f.a mdkSh c, wjYH;dj

imqrd ,k l=vd Èh myrj,a WmÈkafka

jkdka;r ;=<sks' cdjdrïlrejkaf.a wlghq;=

ls%hd fya;=fjka fï msßisÿ Èh myrj,a wmú;%

jk neúka bÈßfha § îug o isÿ jkafka wmsßisÿ

c,h nj m%foaYjdiSyq mji;s'

;jÿrg;a fï cdjdrïlrejkag jákd jkh

úkdY lrkakg bv fkd§ /l .ekSu i|yd

wod< n,OdÍka b;d blaukska ls%hd;aul úh

hq;= hhs m%foaYjdiSyq mji;s'

by; bÈßm;a lr we;af;a mßir úIhhg wod< jQ m%jD;a;s jd¾;djls' fï m%jD;a;sh

uq,a lr .ksñka mqj;am;a jd¾;djla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= m%Odk

lreKq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

m%jD;a;s ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd ck udOH fõ§ka w;r mj;akd iïu; w;r

zví,shq my" tÉ tlZ ckms%h l%ufõohls' fuhska m%ldY jkafka ví,shq wl=ßka

wdrïN jk m%Yak mylg yd tÉ wl=ßka wdrïN jk m%Yakhlg jd¾;dlrejd ms<s;=re

iemhsh hq;= nj h' ta fufia h'


1' isÿ ù we;af;a l=ula o@ WHAT 2' ta i|yd uq,a ù we;af;a ljqre o@ WHO3' th isÿ jQfha ljr od o@ WHEN4' th isÿ jQfha fldfya § o@ WHERE

5' th isÿ jQfha wehs@ WHY6' th isÿ jQfha flfia o@ HOW

m%jD;a;s jd¾;djl § idudkHfhka ms<s;=re iemfhkafka fuys uq,a m%Yak i;rg

mu‚' m%jD;a;shlg wod< isÿùula mokï lr .ksñka ,shfjk ,smshl § WHY yd

HOW hk m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemfhhs' by; bÈßm;a l< m%jD;a;s jd¾;dj f.dv kexùu i|yd fï l%ufõoh fldf;la

ÿrg wkq.ukh lr we;af;a oehs úuid n,uq'

1' isÿ ù we;af;a l=ula o@ j,a,dmÜgd .ia wkjirfhka lmñka jkh úkdY

lsÍu

2' ta i|yd uq,a ù we;af;a ljqre o@ cdjdrïlrefjda

3' isÿ jQfha ljr od o@

4' th isÿ jQfha fldfya § o@ - hÜgmd; yd ;skshdj, m%foaY wdYs%; jkdka;rj, §

5' th isÿ jQfha wehs@ j,a,dmÜgd Ydl fldgia ,laI .Kklg wf,ú l< yels ksid

6' th isÿ jQfha flfia o@ fydr ryfia j,a,dmÜgd .ia lemSfuks'

by; jd¾;dfõ th isÿ jQ Èkh i|yka fkd fõ' tfia jqj o wod< isÿùu mdGlhdg

uekúka wjfndaO jk f,i m%jD;a;sh idrdxY lr .ksñka fuys bÈßm;a lr ;sfí'

mqj;am;a jd¾;d ms<sfh, lsÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq flfrys o Tfí wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

1' jd¾;d lrk isoaêhg wod< ia:dkh yd Èkh i|yka lsÍu

2' wi;H fyda wkqudk fyda mlaI.%dyS ks.uk fyda bÈßm;a fkd lsÍu

3' mdGlhdg m%fhdackj;a jk yd l=;+y,h okjk jeo.;a f;dr;=re f;dard .ekSu

4' bÈßm;a lrk lreKq ksrjq,aj" meyeÈ,sj" ksjerÈj bÈßm;a lsÍu

5' mqoa.,fhl=g" wdh;khlg" cd;shlg" wd.ulg wmydi jk wkaofï lreKq

jd¾;d fkd lsÍu

6' wmrdO ms<sn| jd¾;d wêlrK lghq;=j,g ndOdjla fkd jk fia bÈßm;a lsÍu


oekaùï

lsishï ldrKhla oekqï §u i|yd iïmdÈ; m‚jqvh" oekaùula f,i ye¢kaúh

yels h' j¾;udkh jk úg ikaksfõok udOHj, j¾Okhla iu. ta tla tla

udOHhg wkkH ,laIK iys; oekaùï oelsh yels h' tys § jpk" jdlH" rEm wdÈh

muKla fkd j úäfhda o¾Yk" ix.S;h wdÈh Ndú; flf¾' fuu mdvfï § wmf.a

wjOdkh fhduq jkafka uqøs; udOH oekaùï ms<sn|j h'

j¾;udkfha oekaùï hk jpkh wm is;g kxjkafka jd‚c wruqKq mokï lr .;a

oekaùïlrKh hs' tfy;a j¾;udkfha § o iudchg lsishï ld,Sk f;dr;=rla oekqï

§u wruqKq lr .;a oekaùï fjhs'

oekaùïlrKfha § NdId Ndú;h w;sYh jeo.;a idOlhls' u;lfha /f|k blaukska

w¾: .%yKh l< yels mo fhdackh id¾:l oekaùul w;HjYH wx.hls' oekaùug

wjYH ldrKh ´kE u ;rd;srul whl=g myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels jk

f,i yd fm,öula we;s jk wdldrhg oekaùï ks¾udK l< hq;= h'

15' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


iudcfha nyq, jYfhka Ndú; flfrk oekaùï m;s%ld ish,a,g u fmdÿ

wdlD;shla ;sfí'

1' ljr oekaùï m;s%ldjl jqj o is;a .kakdiq¨ ud;Dldjla fh§u'

oekaùu ms<sn|j ukd fm,Uùula we;slr ùug tys ud;Dld mdGh iu;a úh hq;= h'

rij;a flá ud;Dld fuka u l=;+y,h okjk ud;Dld o oekaùï m;s%ld irihs'

2' oekqï Èh hq;= w;HjYH lreKq mdGlhdg wjOdrKh jk f,i oekaùï

m;s%ldfõ fh§u'

tlS ksYaÑ; lreKq l=vd fþo jYfhka fyda wxl jYfhka fyda bÈßm;a l< yels h'

fï i|yd WodyrKhla .; fyd;a oekaùu .dhk ;r.hla ms<sn|j kï"

¸' ;r. fldkafoais

¸¸' ;r. úksYaph

¸¸¸' meje;afjk Èkh" ia:dkh" fõ,dj

¸¹' ;Hd. jeks YS¾I hgf;a lreKq oelaúh yels h'

3' oekaùu isÿ lrkafka ljqreka oehs oekaùï m;s%ldj wjidkfha i|yka lsÍu

4' oekaùu i|yd is;a .kakdiq¨ wdlD;shla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu

5' oekaùï isria;,h" Èk" ia:dk wdÈh" ,sms fhduqjla ;sfí kï th jeks wjYH

YS¾I oekaùfï lemS fmfkk f,i bÈßm;a lsÍu

6' oekaùu i|yd uq,a jk jeo.;a lreKq ish,a,la u idrdxY lr mdGlhdg

blaukska lshjd .; yels f,i bÈßm;a lsßu

oekaùï m;s%ldjla we.hsu i|yd oekaùï l,dfõ wkq.ukh flfrk whsvd wdlD;sh

^AIDA MODEL& my; oelafõ'

A- ATTENTION - wjOdkh$wdl¾IKh

I- INTEREST - m%fhdackh$,dNh

D - DESIRE - fhda.H nj$leue;a;

A - ACTION - ls%hd lsÍu

oekaùula fk;= .egqKq ú.i th kej;;a ne,Su i|yd wdl¾IKhla ;sfí kï th

id¾:l oekaùuls' tfia u ta oekaùfuka mdGlhdg$Y%djlhdg$krUkakdg lsishï

m%fhdackhla ;sìh hq;= fõ' oekaùu lshjk mqoa.,hdg ta i|yd leue;a;la ;sîu o

jeo.;a h' wjidkfha oekaùfuka ikaksfõokh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fiajdj

i|yd mqoa.,hd ls%hd;aul úh hq;= fõ' fï kHdh fjf<| oekaùï iïnkaOfhka

fndfyda ÿrg jeo.;a jk w;r wfkl=;a oekaùï i|yd o th wdl¾IŒh whqßka

Ndú; l< yels h' lreKq rdYshla .%dylhdg b;d rij;aj b;d yrj;aj b;d ¨yq`vq

f,i ikaksfõokh l< yels ùu oekaùul id¾:l;ajhg fya;= fõ'


fuh Y

S% ,xl

d uy n

exl

=fõ w

kque;

sh w

e;sj m

%;sk

sIamdo

kh l

rk

,È'


,dN mrud¾:h uq,a lr .;a" NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍfï ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod

.kakd oekaùï fj<| oekaùï f,i ye¢kafõ' j¾;udkfha oekaùïlrKh yd

m%pdrKh hkqfjka úIh lafIa;%hla f,i o fuh j¾Okh ù we;' f,dj mqrd uyd

mßudKfha wdh;k jYfhka o jHdma; ù we;s oekaùïlrKh" ks¾udKd;aul l,djla

f,i o ie,fla'

mdßfNda.slhdg NdKav yd fiajdj, iajNdjh" thska ,eìh yels m%fhdack" tajd

Ndú; lrk wdldrh" ñ, .Kka yd ñ, § .; yels ia:dk wdÈh ms<sn| oekqï §u

fj<| oekaùul uQ,sl ld¾hh hs' id¾:l oekaùïlrejl= whsia,ka;hg YS;lrKhla

úlsŒug iu;a úh hq;= hehs kQ;k jHjydrfha úfkdaod;aulj mejfikafka

mdßfNda.sl wjYH;dj blaujd hk mßfNdackhlg Tyq fm,Uùug oekaùïlrejd

iu;a úh hq;= nj hs' tfy;a oekaùïlrKfha § iïu; wdpdrO¾u moaO;shlg wkqj

lghq;= l< hq;= h' fm,Uùula we;s lsÍu i|yd jHdc lreKq oelaùu WÑ; fkd fõ'

Ôú;hg mß.Klh idudkH Ôú;fha § ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr f.k jvd fõ.j;aj myiqjg iy ksjerÈ

f,i ;ukaf.a tÈfkod jev i|yd mß.Kl ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍug ish¨ u lafIa;%hka

i|yd .e<fmk mß.Kl mdGud,d

mdGud,dj ld,h .dia;=j

mß.Kl wOHhkh ms<sn| iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj

uq, isg u mß.Kl ;dlaIKh bf.kSug wjYH whg

.e<fma'

udi 3 re' 10"000

mß.Kl wdYs%; ks¾udKlrKh udi 5 re' 12"000

mß.Kl w¨;ajeähdj iy kv;a;=j udi 6 re' 15"000

mß.Kl wdYs%; .sKqïlrKh udi 12 re'20"000

mdGud,d wdrïNh cqks 05

úuiSï( Èkdrd wOHdmk wdh;kh 15" kejqï udj;" fld<U 5'

2324253" 2356492

fj<| oekaùï


wdlD;s m;% ilia lsÍu yd iïmQ¾K lsÍu

f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd yd f;dr;=re ,nd fok ,sÅ; l%ufõohla f,i wdlD;s m;%h

ye¢k .; yels h' wdlD;shla hkq ks¾udKh" yevh" ie,eiau hk f;areï we;s

jokls' wdo¾Yhla jYfhka .; hq;= lreKq tys we;=<;a flf¾'

wdlD;s m;%hla Wmfhda.S lr f.k wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd fokafka o ,nd .kafka o

lsishï ie,iqulg wkqj h' wenE¾;= fkd l< /lshdjla b,a,d isàu" mqyqKq

mdGud,djlg we;=<;a ùu" lsishï ;r.hlg bÈßm;a ùu jeks wjia:dj, § wmg

wdlD;s m;%hla ks¾udKYS,S whqßka ilia lr .ekSug isÿ fjhs' tu wdlD;s m;%h Ôj

o;a; m;s%ldj f,i o jHjydr flf¾' mß.Klh Ndú;fhka wmg fun÷ Ôj o;a;

m;s%ldjla ks¾udKh lr .ekSug isÿ fõ' ta ta /lshdfõ yd mqyqKqfõ iajrEmh wkqj

Ôj o;a; f;dr;=re b,a,d isàu yd ,nd §u fjkia úh yels h' tfia jqj o wdlD;s

m;%hl wksjd¾fhka u we;=<;a úh hq;= wx. lsysmhla u fjhs' tajd fufia h'

1' w' iïmQ¾K ku( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

wd' uq,l=re iu. ku( '''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' w' ;eme,a ,smskh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

wd' Èia;s%lalh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

we' m<d;( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' w' WmkaÈkh( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

wd' Èia;s%lalh( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''

we' m<d;(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4' ia;S%$mqreI Ndjh('''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

5' újdyl$wújdyl nj'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

6' cd;sl ye÷kqïm;a wxlh(''''''''''''''''''''''''''

7' wOHdmk iqÿiqlï( ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

8' wu;r iqÿiqlï(''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wdÈ jYfhks'

fï whqßka ;ud whÿï lrk lreKg wod< f;dr;=re ,nd §ug yels jk f,i

wdlD;s m;%fha wx. we;=<;a lr .; hq;= fõ'

tÈfkod Ôú;fha úúO lghq;= i|yd wmg wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ fjhs'

nexl=" m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd," ;eme,a ld¾hd, wdÈ wdh;kj, § wmg úúO

rdcldß lghq;= i|yd úúOdldrfha wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ fjhs'

wdlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lsÍfï § th ksjerÈ whqßka isÿ lr .ekSug kï"

² wdlD;s m;%fha i|yka lreKq fyd¢ka lshjd wjfndaO lr .; hq;= h'

² wdlD;s m;%fha úuid we;s iEu lreKlg u ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h'

² ;ud iïmQ¾K fkd l< hq;= fldgia fõ kï tajd ysiaj ;eìh hq;= h'


úfYaI ldrKhla i|yd ilia flreKq wdlD;s m;%hla my; oelafõ' wdlD;s m;%hl

iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd th úuid n,kak'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' ùr Wodr.u Èf,k ;re fhdjqka iudch isxy, yd yskaÿ wjqreoao fjkqfjka

isß;a mßÈ fujr;a nlauy wjqreÿ W;aijhla wfma%,a ui 10 Èk ùr Wodr.u

iq.,d foaú jeõ msáfha oji mqrd meje;aùug ;SrKh lr ;sfí' tys § fm' j'

8'00 isg isxy, ck lS%vd ;r." ;sßlal, f¾ia ;r." w,s Odjk ;r." Tre

me§fï ;r." wjqreÿ l=ußh f;aÍfï ;r." ck.dhk ;r. ls%hd;aul fõ'

;r.jdr w;r;=r .ug wjqreÿ tau" ixo¾Ykd;aulj bÈßm;a flf¾'

Èf,k ;re fhdjqka iudcfha f,alï Wmq,a Èidkdhl Tn hhs is;d .fï

m%o¾Ykhg iqÿiq oekaùula ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' “fjo.u mq,;sis fjo ksjiska jákd Ydlidr uqiq lr iu meyem;a lrjk" iqj|

uqiq uDÿ wdf,amhla ksIamdokh lr ;sfí' y÷kajd §ula jYfhka th wfma%,a

udih ;=< 50] l iykodhs ñ,lg wf,ú flf¾' fï ksIamdokh fnod yeÍu

i|yd wf,ú ksfhdað;jreka o n|jd .efka'” by; úia;rhg .e<fmk wdl¾IŒh fjf<| oekaùula ks¾udKh lrkak'

3' idys;H i;sh fjkqfjka Tfí úÿyf,a meje;ajqKq ‘ks¾udKlrKh riúkaokh

iy ckudOH iïuka;%Kh’ ms<sn|j mqj;am;a jd¾;djla ,shkak'

4' my; bÈßm;a flfrk úia;rhg fhda.H wdlD;s m;%hla ilia lrkak'

“m%dfoaYsl iq¿ jHdmdr ixj¾Okh i|yd l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh

m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdi uÜgñka l=vd jHdmdr yd l¾udka;j, kshe,S

isákakkaf.ka f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu wdrïN lr ;sfí' Tn o l=vd

jHdmdrhla$l¾udka;hla mj;ajd f.k hk flfklehs is;d ta ms<sn| f;dr;=re

we;=<;a lr heùug iqÿiq wdlD;s m;%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'”

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' f;aud lsysmhla f;dard f.k" mqj;am;a jd¾;d /ia lr" tajd f.dkq jYfhka

ilia lr mka;s mqia;ld,fha ;nd mßYS,kh lrkak'

2' mqj;am;aj, m< jQ fj<| oekaùï lsysmhla f.k tajdfha f;aud mdG /ia

lrkak'

3' úúO wdlD;s m;% myla /f.k tajd ish,af,a u we;=<;a jk YS¾I fudkjd oehs

úuid n,kak' tu wlD;s m;% iïmQ¾K lrkak'


mqoa.,hd ;=< iqok .=K j¾Okh lsÍu ms‚i mer‚"

idys;Hlrejka úYd, fufyhla l< nj wfma we;eï

mer‚ mµ lD;sj,ska ikd: fõ' ùod.u ffuf;%ah

ysñhkaf.a f,dajev iÕrdj" rKia.,a, ysñhkaf.a

f,dafldamldrh" is,ajd .=re uqykaÈrï;=udf.a isß;a u,aou

fun÷ mµ ks¾udK lD;s lSmhls' fïjd WmfoaY ldjH

.Kfhys o ie,fla'

WmfoaY ldjH w;r iqNdIs;hg ysñ jkafka úfYaI

ia:dkhls' f,dajev iÕrdj" f,dafldamldrh jeks lD;s

nqÿoyu mokï lr f.k ,shejqK o iqNdIs;h tfia fkd

ùu úfYaI;ajhls' ‘iqNdIs;h’ hkq ukd jQ lshqï hkak h'

iS;djl hq.fha § w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=ud úiska fï

lD;sh rpkd lr we;' Tyq ysiaie,af,a O¾uèjc m`ä;=udf.a

mq;%hd h' iejq,a ikafoaYh" l=i cd;l ldjHh yd oyï

fid~ od lj w,.shjkak lúhdf.a fiiq lD;s fjhs'

l=kaia;ka;Skq ygk yd mrx.s ygk hk lD;s o Tyqf.a

njg u;hla mj;S'

iS;djl hq.h foaYmd,k fuka u iudcd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl

mßyd‚ ld,hla fia ms<s.efka' tjka wjêhl iudch ;=<

idrO¾u msßyS hdu ks;e;ska u isÿ fõ' tod iudcfha ;snQ

ÿ¾j,;d y÷kd f.k hï m%udKhlg fyda hy.=K j¾Okh

lsÍu ms‚i Wmfoia §u wruqKq lr f.k fuh ,shejqKq

nj fmfka' bÈßm;a lrk Ôjk o¾Ykh oDIagdkaa; ^Wmud

wdÈh& u.ska ikd: lr oelaùu o fuys ,laIKhls' fndfyda

mµj, m<uq fomofhka mejfik ldrKh B<Õ mdo

fofla oelafjk Wmudfjka úia;r lr we;'

md,s Oïu moh" fou< WmfoaY .%ka: jk ;srelal=r<a"

kd,ähd¾ jeks .%ka: o ixialD; WmfoaY .%ka: jk mxp

;ka;%h" ysf;damfoaYh wdÈh o w,.shjkak iqNdIs;h

rpkfha § uQ,dY%h lr .;a nj oel .; yels h'

tfuka u rislhdg fnfyúka ióm úß;la jQ iuqøf>daI

úß; fhdod f.k we;s iqNdIs;fhys wkqm%dih" t<siuh

jeks ldjH Wml%u id¾:lj Ndú; lr we;' fï mdvug

we;=<;a jkafka iqNdIs;fhka Wmqgd .;a lú lsysmhls'

23 iqNdIs;h 23


woyi (

wm%udK f;acia o n,h o we;a;d jQ W;=ï uyd;auhka yg ùridr .;sfhka yd

kqj‚ka wvq ñksiqka ffjr ne£u úYd, m¾j; oeä o< w.ska myr § m<d ouk u;a

we;a rcl=g mhska wek fjfyi .kakdla jekak'

woyi (

wud rih n÷ ñysß wU rih wkqNj lrñka" m%isoaO f.j;= m%foaYhkays ks;r ieß

irñka fldals,hka yg meyefhka iudkj isáh;a" kdoh muKlska lmqgka

taldka;fhka oek .; yels h'

woyi (

i¾mfhla tla ;eke;a;l= oIag flf<a kï thska ñh hkafka ta ;eke;a;d u fkd

fõ o@ f,dalfha wfkla lsis if;la ^ta ksid& fkd uefrhs' ÿokl= ^fla,dï lSu

ms‚i& wêm;shdf.a lkg uqj <x lf<d;a ta ksid uq¿ cd;shla u kiS' tmuKla fkd

fjhs' ta wi;amqreIhd o thska úkdYhg m;a fjhs'

fkd ú ; r f;o n,e;s uy;=ka yg mjr

je r ie r fkd jk kqkqjK ok n¢kq fjr

;= Õ= ; r .sß m<k o< o<.ska meyer

u ; j r ‚÷g fmfokek fjfyfik whqr

w u r i jka wU ri nqÈñka isks÷

ks;s f. Whka fmfofiys irñka mis÷

tl meyefhka b¢;;a fldjq,kg n÷

ko mu‚ka oek .; yels ßgqka b÷

i fm la tll= lej kisfka Tyq u jo

w fk la f,dúka fkd kefihs if;l=;a tl o

m i la ÿok mnq lk uqj <x l< o

j . la kefihs jekfihs tu;= o Tyq o


woyi (

fkdfhl=;a .x" Th" we<" fod<j, c,h .,d wdj;a uy;a .eUqre ihqr fjr< blaujd

fkd hkakdla fuka" i;amqreIhd fï uq¿ cïnqoaùmfhys rdcH YS%h ,enqK;a wyxldr

fkd ù isß;a mßÈ Ôj;a fjhs'

woyi (

fnfyúka ;yjqre .=K we;s i;a mqreIfhda wkqka yg hym;la fkd fõ kï W;=ï

foõ f,dj jqj;a ksrh fuka i,ld tys jdih fkd lr;s' wkqka yg jevla ie,efia

kï w;sYh f>dar jQ krldÈfhys jqj;a foõ f,dj fia ks;r l,a f.j;s'

woyi (

uy;a n,j;a u;a yia;s rdchd uofhka l,n,hg m;aj blauka fldg Èjqj o ;u

fyd`vje, fkd md.kakdla fuka kqjKe;af;da uq¿ f,dalfhys iïm;a ish,a,

,enqK;a ;uka yg ;rï jk foa ñi fkd .e<fmk fohla fkd lr;s'

jk;a fkdfhla .x fyda we< l÷re mek

uy;a .eUqre is÷ fkd hfkZõ fjr< mek

,o;a fuuq¿ oUÈj rc isß iqok

isß;a f,ig mj;S WvÕ= fkdjñk

;srir .=Ke;s iqofkda mr jev ke;s o

jr iqr mqfrys j;a fkd ji;s ksrh f,o

f.dr ;r ksfrys j;a mrkg jev we;s o

iqr mqr f,ig i,ld yeisfr;a ksn|

n , hq ;a ;=uq, u; jr‚÷ fufokeZúi

È fj ; ;a fio ;uka fid~ fkd u`äk ú,i

, ÿ j ;a keKe;s ok uq¿ f,dj biqre /i

fkd mk;a fohla fkd flfr;s ksis foa u ñi


woyi (

fkdfhl=;a .x" Th" we<" fod<j, c,h .,d wdj;a uy;a .eUqre ihqr fjr< blaujd

fkd hkakdla fuka" i;amqreIhd fï uq¿ cïnqoaùmfhys rdcH YS%h ,enqK;a wyxldr

fkd ù isß;a mßÈ Ôj;a fjhs'

woyi (

fnfyúka ;yjqre .=K we;s i;a mqreIfhda wkqka yg hym;la fkd fõ kï W;=ï

foõ f,dj jqj;a ksrh fuka i,ld tys jdih fkd lr;s' wkqka yg jevla ie,efia

kï w;sYh f>dar jQ krldÈfhys jqj;a foõ f,dj fia ks;r l,a f.j;s'

woyi (

uy;a n,j;a u;a yia;s rdchd uofhka l,n,hg m;aj blauka fldg Èjqj o ;u

fyd`vje, fkd md.kakdla fuka kqjKe;af;da uq¿ f,dalfhys iïm;a ish,a,

,enqK;a ;uka yg ;rï jk foa ñi fkd .e<fmk fohla fkd lr;s'

jk;a fkdfhla .x fyda we< l÷re mek

uy;a .eUqre is÷ fkd hfkZõ fjr< mek

,o;a fuuq¿ oUÈj rc isß iqok

isß;a f,ig mj;S WvÕ= fkdjñk

;srir .=Ke;s iqofkda mr jev ke;s o

jr iqr mqfrys j;a fkd ji;s ksrh f,o

f.dr ;r ksfrys j;a mrkg jev we;s o

iqr mqr f,ig i,ld yeisfr;a ksn|

n , hq ;a ;=uq, u; jr‚÷ fufokeZúi

È fj ; ;a fio ;uka fid~ fkd u`äk ú,i

, ÿ j ;a keKe;s ok uq¿ f,dj biqre /i

fkd mk;a fohla fkd flfr;s ksis foa u ñi

wjfndaOh

1' wid we;s m%Yakj,g jvd;a ksjerÈ ms<s;=r" § we;s jrK w;=ßka f;dard ,shkak'

¸' iqNdIs;h wh;a jkafka l=uk ldjH .Khg o@

^w& LKav ldjH ^we& ck ldjH

^wd& WmfoaY ldjH ^b& m%Yia;s ldjH

¸¸' WmfoaY ldjH .Khg wh;a fkd jk lD;sh jkafka

^w& isß;a u,aou ^we& .=;a;s, ldjHh

^wd& f,dajev iÕrdj ^b& f,dafldamldrh

¸¸¸' fkd .e<fmk lshuk f;darkak'

^w& iqNdIs;h lshùfuka Ôjk w;aoelSï ,nd .; yels h'

^wd& mjik lreK oDIagdka;hlska ;yjqre lsÍug iqNdIs; l;=jrhd

ue<slula olajd we;'

^we& WmfoaY lD;s fkdue;s hq.j, idrO¾u msßyS we;'

^b& iqNdIs;h rpkfha § md,s" ixialD;" øúv lD;sj, wdNdih ,nd

f.k we;'

¸¹' f;acia iys; W;a;uhdg ffjr lsÍu lúhd olajkafka

^w& m¾j;hlg o<ska myr §ula

^wd& m¾j;hla m<d oeóula

^we& u;a jQ we;a rfcl=g mhska myr§ula

^b& ù¾hh yd kqjK wvq ùula" f,i h

¹' yhjk lúfhka l;=jrhd biau;= lrk woyi jkafka

^w& u;a jQ yia;s rdchd ;u fyd`vh fkd md.hs"

^wd& uofhka u;a jQ úg we;dg uy;a n,hla ,efí"

^we& fldf;la biqre ,enqK;a keKj;d wfhda.H foa fkd lrhs"

^b& fldam jQ úg yia;s rdchd jyd ÿjkakg .kS hkak hs'

2' my; wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'

¸' fï mµ mka;sfha tla tla mµfhka biau;= flfrk iqok .=K ,shd olajkak'

¸¸' iqNdIs;h yd f,dajev iÕrdj w;r úfYaI fjkialu l=ula o@

¸¸¸' ziuqøh fjr< blaujd fkd hkakdla fukaZ hkafkka ;yjqre lrkafka

l=ula o@

¸¹' lúhd fhdod f.k we;s Wmud ;=kla ir, niska ,shkak'

¹' iqNdIs; l;=jrhd fhdod .;a NdId ,laIK ;=kla ,shkak'


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; i|yka fhÿïj, w¾: meyeÈ,s lrkak'

¸' jerier fkd jk kqkqjK ok n¢kq fjr

¸¸' ko mu‚ka oek .; yels ßgqka b÷

¸¸¸' ifmla tll= lej kisfka Tyq u jo@

¸¹' isß;a f,ig mj;S WvÕ= fkd jñk

¹' iqr mqr f,ig i,ld yeisfr;a ksn|

2' my; fhÿïj, wre;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

¸' u; jr‚÷ - ¸¸' ßgqka -

¸¸¸' mnq lk - ¸¹' f.dr;r ksfrys -

¹' fufokeúi -

3' my; § we;s moj, w¾: meyeÈ,s jk f,i jdlH ;kkak'

¸' mjr - ¸¸' ÿok -

¸¸¸' is÷ - ¸¹' ;srir -

¹' keKe;s -

4' my; § we;s mo l=uk úhrK .Khg wh;a oehs olajkak'

¸' n,e;s - ¸¸' mjr - ¸¸¸' o<.ska -

¸¹' nqÈñka - ¹' ÿok - ¹¸' .=Ke;s -

¹¸¸' iqrmqfrys - ¹¸¸¸' jr‚÷ - ¸º' fkd flfr;s -

º' ñi -

5' mdvfï we;=<;aa mµ weiqfrka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

mµh WmfoaYh oDIagdka;h$Wmudj

1

2

3

4

5

6

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' fjk;a WmfoaY .%ka: ;=klska moH my ne.ska ,shkak'

2' ‘;srir .=Ke;s W;=fuda mr jefvys u fhfo;s’ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a jdlH

rpkhla ,shkak'

3' WmfoaYd;aul w.hlska hq;a mµ mka;shla ks¾udKh lrkak'


idys;H l,d ks¾udKhlska isÿ flfrkafka

ks¾udKlrejd úiska w;aú¢k ,o yeÕSï yd iudk

udkisl ;;a;ajhla ta ks¾udKh wdiajdokh

lrkakdf.a ukfiys o cks; lsÍfï ld¾hhlehs

ie,fla' l,dlrejl= ks¾udKhlg mdol jk yeÕSu

ke; fyd;a w;aoelSu ,nd .kafka hï jia;=jla"

wjia:djla" isoaêhla mokï lr .ksñka th iajlSh

nqoaê uysufhka wjfndaO lr .ekSfuks' we;eï úg

tu wjfndaOh" ;¾l{dkh blaujd .sh ;;a;ajhla

úh yels h' úpdrlhka úiska zwka;¾{dkhZ hkqfjka

y÷kajkq ,nkafka fï Yla;sh hs' l,d ks¾udKhla

ìys lsÍug fuka u th wdiajdoh lsÍug o fï ;;a;ajh

wjYH jk nj fmkajd fokq ,efí' úúO l,dlrejka

úiska ú¢k ,o w;aoelSï mokï lr .ksñka l,d

ks¾udK ìys lsÍu isÿ l< wdldrh ms<sn| újrKhla

fï mdvfuka bÈßm;a flf¾' th ilia lr we;af;a

uydpd¾h úu,a Èidkdhlf.a ks¾udKh yd úpdrh"

uydpd¾h ta' ù' iqrùrf.a ks¾udK miqìu hk .%ka:

weiqßks'

w;a±lSï m%;sks¾udKh 24


wms úúO foa wkqNj lruq¦ N=la;s ú¢uq' idys;H lD;shla ks¾udKh lrk f,aLlhd

fuka u fjk;a l,d ks¾udKhla ìys lrk ks¾udKlrejd o ;u ks¾udKhg mdol

lr .kafka ;uka úiska ú¢k ,o" w;aolsk ,o ke; fyd;a ukiska .%yKh lr

.kakd ,o oE h¦ ke; fyd;a lsis hï isoaêhlg fyda wjia:djlg iïnkaO ùfuka

fyda ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka Tyq ta isoaêh fyda wjia:dj ms<sn| ,nd .kakd wjfndaOh

h' Wiia id¾:l l,dlrejd ;ud" w;aú¢k ,o foh ta wdldrfhka u bÈßm;a fkd

lrhs¦ Tyq tajd úkaokd;aul w¾:hla ckkh jk mßÈ m%;sks¾udKh lrhs' tuÕska

;uka ,enQ úkaokh wkHhkag o ,nd §u Tyqf.a ld¾hh fõ' mdGlhd o idys;H

ks¾udKhla mßYS,kh lrkqfha ;uka óg fmr w;a fkd ú¢ wkaofï" tkï wmQ¾j

w;aoelSula ú| .ekSfï wruqfKks'

idys;Hlrejdf.a ks¾udKYS,S;ajh fy<s jkafka Tyq ish ks¾udKh i|yd w¾:j;a

w;aoelSï f;dard .ekSu yd ta w;aoelSu mdGlhdg úkaokhla we;s jk wdldrfhka

kej; bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ lr we;s wkaou wkqj h' Tyq ;ud w;aÿgq foh ta wdldrfhka

u bÈßm;a fkd lrhs' is;ska ujd .;a hï m%udKhla o Bg tla lrhs' is;ska ujd

.ekSu mßl,amkh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí' tfyhska fyd| l,d ks¾udKhla ìys

jkafka w;aoelSïj, fuka u mßl,amkfha o ixl,kfhka nj lsj yels h' fyd|

l,dlrejdf.a ld¾hh i;Hh bÈßm;a lsÍu hehs ms<s.efka' tfy;a Tyq bÈßm;a

lrkafka “i;Hh” fkd j “i;Hfha udhdj” nj úpdrlfhda fmkajd fo;s' fï

;;a;ajh we;s jkafka l,dlrejd ;ud weiQ ÿgq ish,a, ta wdldrfhka bÈßm;a fkd

lr ta weiqfrka isÿ ùug bv we;s" isÿ úh yels fohla ks¾udKh lrk neúks'

w;aoelSula hkq yqÿ l;d mqj;la muKla fkd fõ' l;d mqj;lska f;dr jQ yeÕSï

iuqodhla o we;eï úg ks¾udKlrejl=f.a w;aoelSula njg m;a úh yels h' l;d

mqj;la .eí fkd jqKq we;eï ldjH ks¾udKhlska o wm wdiajdohla ,nkafka tys

l;d mqj;la ke;;a ldjHuh w;aoelSula wka;¾.; jk neúks' fï w;aoelSu lsishï

úpdrd;aul woyila ùug o mq¿jk' l;d mqj;la we;;a ke;;a fyd| ks¾udKhlg

mdol jk w;aoelSu wmQ¾j fyj;a ñka fmr kqjQ úrE tlla úh hq;= h' tfuka u tys

w¾:dkaú;Ndjhla o .eí ùu w;HjYH h¦ ks;r fofõf,a wikakg olskakg ,efnk

iq,n mqj;lska wdiajdohla fkd ,efnk neúks' tfuka u tu w;aoelSu

úYajikSh;ajfhka hqla; ùu o wjYH fõ' tkï fuf,dj isÿ úh yels fohla fia

fmkS hEu hs' l,dlrejl= bÈßm;a lrk ÿ¾,N .Kfha w;aoelSula wiajdNdúl fyda

wNjH isoaêj,ska hqla; fõ kï thska .eUqre wre;la m< fkd fõ' tneúka l,dlrejd

w;aoelSï w;=ßka f;dard .; hq;af;a ta ta isoaêhg" wjia:djg" pß;hg w;sYhska u

wod< yd WÑ; oE muKls' wm lshjkafka fyda wikafka fyda krUkafka fyda

l,ams;hla nj wms oksuq' wm ú¢kafka isÿ jQ foh fkd j f,dj isÿ úh yels fohla

nj wms oksuq' thska wmg wdiajdohla ,eìh yelafla l,dlrejd WÑ; yd wod< foa

muKla f;dard Tyqf.a mßl,amkfhka tajd úÑ;%j;a fldg bÈßm;a lr we;s neúks'


l,dlrejd ish w;aoelSï m%ldY lsÍfï § tajd bÈßm;a l< hq;af;a w;aoelSfuka wE;a

ù th ú.%y lrñka nj úpdrl u;h hs' tfia fkd jQ l, ìys jkafka kj ks¾udKhla

fkd j isÿùï iuQyhl jd¾;djla muKls'

l,dlrejd úiska ú¢k ,o foh weiqßka lrk ,o ks¾udKh mßYS,kh lrk

mdGlhdf.a fyda fm%alaIlhdf.a fyda Y%djlhdf.a fyda ukfiys o l,dlrejd úiska

ú| .kakd ,o wkqN+;sh ta wdldrfhka u cks; jk nj wfmalaId flf¾' fï

;;a;ajh iydkqN+;sh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' iydkqN+;sh hkq l,dlrejdf.a is;=ï me;=ï

yd wdl,am iuÕ iudk ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùuls' tys ,d ks¾udKh mßYS,kh lrkakd

yd ks¾udKlrejd iuÕ woyia w;ska iumd; ùula isÿ fj;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' fï

fya;=fjka Wiia rislhd" l,dlrejd yd iudk udkisl uÜgula we;ehs hk woyiska

iyDohd iudk yDohla fyj;a tl iudk úkaok uÜgula we;s ;eke;a;d& hkqfjka

ye¢kafjhs'

wfma m%ùK f,aLlhka lsysm fofkl= Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK yd tajdg mdol jQ w;aoelSï

iïnkaOfhka f.k yer md we;s f;dr;=re iuyrla my; oelafjhs' ish w;aoelSula

wkHhka ii, lrjk ks¾udKhla njg m;a lr we;af;a flfia oehs Tng thska

jgyd .; yels jkq we;'

uf.a zjy,a¨Z flál;dj ,shkag uf.a l,amkdj msìÿfKa fufia hs( wjqreÿ y;<sylg

muK fmr ud .,alsiafia mÈxÑ j isá ld,fha jvd;a ld,h .; lf<a flál;d

,shkag hs' flál;dj,g jia;= fidhkag ysig jo fok ta ld,fha ojil ud yjia

jrefõ f.or n,d .uka l<d' uf.a f.org w,a,mq bvu ysia tlla' tys uy¨ .jhl=

ìu ,e. úg imñka isákq ud ÿgqjd' tflfKys u ug u;la jqKd ud l=vd l, oek

isá w,a,sia kue;s lr;a;ldrfhla' Tyq bßod fikiqrdod yer wksla ojiaj, fld.a.,

Tfha md,u wi,g ;sßlal,h f.k f.dia uÕSka ;=ka fofkl= mgjd f.k .d¨

k.rhg we;=¿ jk lvj;g hkjd' Tyqf.a ;sßlal,h .d¨ k.rhg olald f.k

hkag Tyqg ,hsika m;%fhka bv § ke;' k.rfha l=,S lr;a;hlg ,hsika .ekSug

remsh,a úiaila ;syla jeämqr ´kE' w,a,sia lshk ñksyd yji .d,af,a lvj; isg

fld.a.,g yd l;¿jg wdmiq hk uÕSka ;=ka fofkl= ;sßlal,fha mgjd f.k .ug

hkjd' Tyq Ôúldj imhd .;af;a ;sßlal,fha uÕSka mgjd f.k .d,a,g hEfuka'

w,a,sia ms<sn| uf.a w;aoelSu tmuK hs' ta w;aoelSu weiqfrka rpkd l< ‘jy,a¨’ l;dfõ w,a,siaf.a pß;h fYdaldka; wuq;= ks¾udKhla' ta ks¾udKh i|yd ud Ôjk

f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;a uf.a w;aoelSï l=Kqf.dv .eÍfuka' Tyq ;sßlal,fhka jeà

fldkao leã yeu od f,vl= f,i Ôj;a jqKd' ikSmfhka isáh § Tyq ks|d .;af;a

biaf;damamqfõ jQ wef|a' wikSm jQ miq;a Tyqg ta weíneyslu yßkag neß jqKd' Tyqf.a

f.dkd msx f.dfkl= jqKd' ta ld,fha yeu .ul u msx f.dkqka ysáhd' jev f.k

uy¨ jQ yrl=ka .eñhka uialvldrhkag úlafla keye' Wka ;ekska ;ek msáj,

weúo ;K ld w.,lska j;=r î Ôj;a jqKd'

.eñhka iuyr úg fï msx f.dkqka w,a,d ldf.ka j;a Khg b,a,d .kakd lr;a;hl

ne| fmd,a f,,s fyda fmd,a woaokjd' yjig W!g mqklal= álla fndkag § w;

yßkjd' .fï ldg;a whs;s ksid .eñhka tjeks yrl=ka ye¢kajQfha msx f.dkqka f,i'

uf.a zjy,a¨Z kue;s l;dj ,shkag wruqK fkdfyd;a jia;= îch fidhd .;a ieá;a

ta jia;= îch úldikfhka th fYdaldka; ks¾udKhla lrkq i|yd uf.a .eñ

w;aoelSïj,ska WÑ; foa .rd f;dard .;a ieá;a hg lshk ,o lreKqj,ska fy<s fjhs'


uf.a flál;d w;r b;d m%isoaO l;djla ;uhs ‘fjila myk’' th fyd| l;djla nj

ljqre;a ms<s.kakjd' Tn leu;s we;s tAl ,shQ wdldrh oek .kag' we;a; lshkjd kï

uu <uhskag tA ;rï m%sh lrkafk kE' wUq orejka iys; mjq,a Ôú;hla we;sj orejka

iqr;,a lrkag uf.a wdidjla ;snqfKa kE' uu mqxÑ ldf,a uf.a jeäu,a ifydaorhd

fjila l+vqjla ;kkjd uu n,df.k ysáhd' fï w;aoelSfuka ;uhs uu ‘fjila

myk’ ,shqfj' kuq;a w;aoelSfuka ,enqK fohla u fkd fjhs' fldáka lshkjd kï

tA l;dfõ ;sfhkafka mÜgm,a fndrejla' uu ljodj;a fjila l+vqjla yo,d keye'

ye¥ njla ug kï u;l kE'

l;djla ,shk yeu f,aLlfhl=g u ;sfhkjd hï lsis wruqKla" mrud¾:hla' ;uka

,shk l;dfjka f,aLlhd tA wruqK bgq lr .kakjd' fïl iuyr úg úpdrlhskag

f;afrkafka keye' uf.a ‘.uk’ kï flál;dj .ksuq' tA l;dfjka lshkafka .ïno

fmdfydi;a mjq,la .ek' fï l;dj ,shqfõ tA mjqf,a Wmka orefjl=g ;ukaf.

;;a;ajh fmfkk yeá lshkag' tA <uhdf.a ujqmshka ñh f.dia je<Æ ieá lSfuka

l;dj fl<jr l< yelshs' t;kska l;dj fkd kj;ajd ;j ÿr ,shqfõ wehs@ ug ;j;a

ldrKd lshkag ´kE jqKd' orejdf.a mjqf,a ;;a;ajh" foujqmshkag we;s wdorh"

f.!rjh ú;rla fkd fjhs wd;audkqlïmdj jeks foa lSu;a uf.a wruqKla jqKd'

foujqmshkaf.a N+uodkfhka l;dj wjika lrkag ;snqKd' t;fldg uf.a wksla

wruqK bgq fjkafka keye' l=vd orejd ÿla úkao ieá" Tyq f,dl= ù ;u ujqmshkaf.a

ñkS j<j,a fj; f.dia jekao ieá" fï wdÈh lshqfõ uf.a fojk wruqK bgq lr

.kaghs' úpdrlhka fudkjd lSj;a l;dj iïmQ¾K jkafka fï wdldrfhka njhs

uf.a ms<s.ekSu'

idys;H ks¾udK Yla;sh fohdldrhlska we;s fjkjd' fufyu ys;uq' wU .yl wU

u,a msÍ ;sfhkjd' f,aLlhd wU u,a olskjd' fudyqg fmfkkafk tl úÈhlg' Ôj

úoHd{hd;a fïl n,kjd' Tyqg fmfkkafka fjk;a me;a;la' jvqfjla wU .y Èyd

n,kjd' thdg fmfkkafka .fya oej o~qj, jákdlu' f,aLlhd ;u isf;a we;s lr

.;a yeÕSu" Tyqf.a wjfndaOh" i;Hh l;dfjka lshfjkjd' tAl Ôú; i;Hhla'

tÈfkod olsk i;Hh'

fndfyda l;d wfma ys;g tkafka flfia o lsh,d m%Yakhla wykag mq¿jka' tA fldfydu

o lshd yßhg lshkag nE' iuyr úg laI‚lj wyiska fyK f.ähla tkakd jdf.'

wmg fkd oefkk yeÕSï ;sfhkjd wm ;=<' wdidj,a ;sfhkjd' fïjd fld;k

;sfhkjd o lshd lshkag nE' wú{dkslj my< fjkjd lsh,d ys;kag;a mq¿jks'

tÈfkod Ôúf;a w;a±lSï we;s fjkjd' wms ys;uq ñksfyla flfkl=g ;ändkjd'

ke;akï wïud flfkla orefjla ueß,d w~kjd' <ufhla ld¾ tll yefmkjd' fï

Tlafldu iudc w;aoelSï' fï wkqj wfma w;aoelSï fldgia follg fnokag mq¿jks'

mqoa., w;aoelSï fyj;a f,aLl w;aoelSï tla fldgila' wfkla fldgi ;ud iudc

w;aoelSï' fï w;aoelSï foj¾.fhka u f,aLlhd m%fhdack .kakjd' ks¾udK lsÍug

fï w;aoelSï muKla uÈ' mq¿jka ;rï fmd;a lshj,d oekqu ,nd .kag ´kE'


by; m<uq WoaOD;h" ud¾áka úl%uisxyf.a jy,a¨ flál;dj ks¾udKhg mdol

jQ w;aoelSu úia;r lrkakls' fojekafkka lshefjkafka Ô' î' fiakdkdhlf.a

‘fjila myk’ yd ‘.uk’ hk flál;dj,g mdol jQ w;aoelSï ms<sn|j lrk ,o

újrKhls'

uy.u fialr iajlSh ldjH ks¾udK lsysmhlg mdol jQ w;aoelSï iïnkaOfhka

l< újrKhla my; oelafjhs'

oeka uf.a lú u WodyrKhg .; fyd;a" ud f;dard f.k lshk y| iy ksõfhda¾la

kqjr lshk lú mx;sh ud fl<ska u ,nd .;a w;aoelSula" ug isÿ jQ fohla f,i

y÷kajkag mq¿jks' tA jf.a u ‘ula ksid o h;a’ fmdf;a tk fndfyda foaj,a ud ,enQ

w;aoelSï nj lshkag ´kE' yenehs tA fmdf;a uf.a yenE w;aoelSï muKla fkd fjhs

hï hï whf.a" fjk;a mqoa.,hkaf.a w;aoelSï uf.a w;aoelSï njg m;a lr .;a

wjia:d;a ;sfhkjd' tAjd wkqkaf.ka ,nd .;a w;aoelSï jqK;a uf.a w;aoelSï njg

m;a lr f.khs we;=<;a lf<a' fjk fjk whg fjÉÑ isoaê" wfma kEoEhka" ujqmshka"

wi,ajdiSka" tfyu;a ke;akï ljod j;a kd÷kk mqoa.,hka yd iïnkaO isoaê

;sfhkjd' fjk fjk whg fjÉÑ foaj,a lúhdf.a w;aoelSï lr .;a; wjia:d

;sfhkjd' fndaäu fmdf;a tk ‘fndaäu’ kï lú mx;sh" tfyu ke;akï rdc;s,l

,hk,a iy m%shka; fmdf;a tk pß; jf.a foaj,a fl<ska u ud ,ndmq w;aoelSï

yeáhg i,lkag mq¿jka lula kE' ud okakd w÷kk hï hï mqoa.,hkaf.a pß;

wdY%fhka f.dv ke.+ foaj,a tA fmd;aj, ;sfhkjd'

;ud fl<ska u ,enQ w;aoelSï fjkag mq¿jka' ;ud wdY%h lrk hï hï mqoa.,hka Èyd

n,,d Tjqkaf.ka ,ndmq w;aoelSï fjkag mq¿jka' tfyu;a ke;akï fmd;am;a

lshùfuka w;aoelSï ,nd .kag;a mq¿jka' Ñ;%má ne,Sfuka wmg w;aoelSï ,efnkjd'

fïjd iuyr úg ldjHfha jia;= îch fjkag mq¿jka'

uf.a fndaäu lú fmdf;a ;sfhk ‘udr hqoaOh’ lshk lú fm<' ke;akï ilajd ,sys‚

kï fmdf;a tk ‘nqoaO;ajh’ lshk lú mx;sh .ksuq' fï lú mx;sj, ;sfhkafk nqÿka

jykafiaf.a pß;fha hï hï wjia:d fmd; m;ska lshj,d oek f.k w¨;a úÈhlg

bÈßm;a lsÍula nj lshkag ´kE' WodyrKhla jYfhka wms okakjd fï udr hqoaOh

fmd;aj, úia;r lr,d ;sfhkafk fldfydu o lshk ldrKh' jij¾;s udrhd nqÿka

bÈßhg weú;a f,dl= hqoaOhla lr,d ;sfhkjd' wr ;Kayd" r;S" rÕd lshk udr ¥ka

;=kafokd weú;a kg,d nqÿka jiÕ lr .kag yeÿjd ¨' ‘udr hqoaOh’ lshk lú

mx;sfha § ud lr ;sfnkafka fï ldrKd fjk;a wdldrhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' fï

isoaê Èyd ud ne¨fõ fjkia wdldrhlska'

isoaOd¾: l=udrhd uyìkslauka lr,d ;jqia oï mqrk ld,fha ;ukaf.a f.or fodr

Ôú;h .ek;a u;la fjkjd' ;ukag b;d wdorfhka cSj;a jQ hfYdaOrd ìij .ek

u;la fjkjd' wef.a .=K hym;alï" m;s Nla;sh" W;=ï pß;h wdÈ foa isysm;a ùu

ksid Ndjkdjg ys; tlÕ lr .kag wudre fjkjd' fï jdf.a foaj,a ;ud udr

hqoaOfhka ud bÈßm;a lr,d ;sfhkafk' ixfla; fyu;a fhdo,d ;sfhkjd' fï

yeáhg wmg fmd;ska m;ska w;aoelSï ,nd .; yelshs' óg wu;rj fmdÿ iudcfha;a

w;aoelSï ;sfhkjd' fïjd iudc w;aoelSï lsh,d kï lrkag mq¿jks'''

16' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


'''‘rdc;s,l ,hk,a iy m%shka;’ fmdf;a rdc;s,lf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uQ,sl

jYfhka kï ug u;la jqfKa wfma m<df; bkak m%N+jrfhla' tA fmdf;a lshfjkjd

lsis hï m%N+jrfhl=f.a urKh .ek' fmd; ,shk ldf,a fï ud lshk m%N+jrhd ;uhs

uf.a ysf;a we£ ;snqKq Ñ;a; rEmh' kuq;a Tyqf.a pß;fha wvx.= yeu fohla u fmdf;a

rdc;s,l rd<ydñ <Õ kE' hï hï foaj,a .;a;d' Tyq wYaj lr;af;a hkjd' nlals

lr;af;a hkjd' W;aij iNd" wjux., iNd wdÈfha l;d mj;ajkjd' yeu fokdg u

i,lkjd' fïjd wr m%N+jrhd <Õ;a ;snqKd' óg wu;rj hï hï foa;a rdc;s,lf.a

pß;fha ;sfhkjd' wuq;=fjka tl;= lrmq foaj,a' rdcisxy rÊcqrefjda uu oel,d kE'

fmd;aj, lshj,d ;sfhkjd' ckm%jdohla ;sfhkjd" rdcisxy rÊcqrefjda l=¿ ó

yrfll=f.a wx foflka w,a,,d fu,a, l<d lsh,d' uf.a fmdf;a rd<ydñ;a fï jdf.a

ymkalï lrkjd' fmdf;a yeáhg rd<ydñ u<dg miqj ‘ry;a .=K’ ;sfhkjd lsh,d

ñksiaiq lshkag mgka .kakjd' fï jdf.a whg ry;a .=K we;s fjkafk ke;s nj uu

okakjd' tA;a rd<ydñ <Õ ry;a .=K ;sfhk nj lshd ;sfhkjd' fï rd<ydñ fjk;a

.Ekshl iu. ydolï meje;ajQ nj lú fmdf;a lshkjd' wef.a ku isßmskd' ud l,ska

lshQ wr m%N+jrhdg kï wkshï ìß|la ysá njla ud wy,d kE' fï m%N+jrhd u;ameka

mdkh lrkafk;a kE' kuq;a rdc;s,l u;ameka fndkjd' ud lshk mqoa.,hd wxYndf.a

yeÈ,d fkd fjhs uf<a' rdc;s,l uefrkafk wxYndf.ka nj lú fmd; lshkjd' oeka

fmfkkjd we;s rdc;s,l rd<ydñf.a pß;h ks¾udKh lsÍfï § wr tla yenE

mqoa.,fhla .ek muKla fkd j fjk;a wh .ek;a is;+ nj' wuq;=fjka tl;= lrmq

foa;a ;shkjd'''

uy fmdf<dfõ wks;a me;af;

fifkye;s foudmshka

kE ñ;=rka wUq orejka

ug isys fjhs'

m,jkakg u< md`Mj

lúhla y~ kÕd lshñ'

kskakdoj wdmiq ths uf. lg y~

uf. lkgu'

hd hq;= w;la fkd oek

ljq¿j yer tî n,ñ'

m%md;hg tî n,ñ'

uQKg lgq wek f.k

iS;, lvd mksk

'''ug wo úfYaIfhka mejÍ ;sfhkjd tla lú mx;shla .ek jeäfhka hula lSug' ud

f;dard .;af;a ‘y| iy ksõfhda¾la kqjr’ lshk lú fm<hs' fï .ek oeka uu l;d

lrkakï' tA lú fm< fufyuhs'

y| iy ksõfhda¾la kqjr

l¨ .eyS ;r.hg by< .sh

isfuka;s ì;a;s ñil

weig ks,g

wyila .yla fld<l

wjgla ke;'

ksõfhda¾la kï mqrjr

ishla uy,a tla geï f.h uqÿfka

fodr cfk,a jid isr l< ldurhl

we|la - mqgqjla - fïihla

uu'


wiq ù úÿ,s t<sh msgdrhg

fudr § f.k hhs jdyk tA fï w;

bjis,a,la fkd ue;sj

Èj f.k hhs tA fï w;

l=rd l=yqUq ñksia hka;%

fudfyd;la kej;S ud foi

wdorfhka n,k flfkla

j.;=. wik flfkla

okakd w÷kkafkla

fu;k fkd ue;

tA yeu fok uy fmdf<dfõ wks;a me;af;

ug isys fjhs'

ug tla wjia:djl § hkag mq¿jkalu ,enqKd hï lsis lghq;a;lg wefußldfõ

tlai;a cd;Skaf. uQ,ia:dkhg' fï lú fm< rpkd lf<a tA fj,dfj uf.a ysf;a we;s

fjÉÑ md`M .;sh lshkak hs' wms okakjd fï md¿j .ek fldf;l=;a wfma me,alú

;sfhkjd'

bkafka ÿïnrhs uy l¿ .,la hg

lkafka lrj,hs rg ydf,a n;g

fndkafka fndr Èhhs mQrefj l< mjg

hkafka ljod o ujqmsfhd olskakg

fï lúfhka lshfjkafk;a ;uka wdorh lrk whf.ka wE;a fj,d ;kshu bkak

fldg ys;g ±fkk md`Mjhs' tA ksid uf.a fï lúfm<;a tla w;lska n,k fldg wuq;=

fohla fkdfjhs' fï mqoa.,hd bkafka fndfyda wE; rgl' úYd, rgl' tAfl wfma rfÜ

jdf. fkdfjhs úYd, ;r.hla ;sfhkjd' wfma rfg;a fï ;r.h ;sfhk kuq;a

wfußldj jeks rgl fï ;r.h fndfyda u nrm;< hs' fï ;rf.È ñksiaiq hka;% jf.a"

ueIska jf.a tfy fufy ÿjkjd' tl fudfyd;la ;j flfkla tlal jpkhla l;d

lrkak fj,djla kE' biamdiqjla kE' wms Ôj;a fjkafk óg jvd fjkia mßirhl' wms

oji f.jkafk ld,igyklg wkqj oji fnod f.k fkd fjhs' wmg ´kE ;rï

úfõl ;sfhkjd' tA rgj, tfyu úfõlhla kE' fï ug fmkqKq yeá' tA wh ys;a ms;a

ke;s hka;% njg m;a fj,d bkafk' fïl ;ud tA rfÜ ÈhqKqj' fi!Nd.Hh' weyeg

fmakag .yla fld<la" wyila" bvla kE" ;Ügq yeg ye;a;Ej" Bg;a jeä Wi f.dvke.s,s'

wyila fmakafk j;a kE' ish¨ foa u ì;a;sj,ska ysr fj,d' fï mqoa.,hd fï ì;a;s

w;fr ysr fj,d ;ksh u bkakjd" fodr cfk,a jeiQ ldurhl' iS;, iq<Õ ksid fodrla

cfka,hla wßkak nE'

lúfh ;sfhkafk ‘fodr cfk,a jid isr l< ldurhl we|la - mqgqjla - fïihla - uuZ

lsh,d hs' tA ldurfha ;kshu uu bkak nj fkd lshd uf.a md`Mjg we|la mqgqjla

fïihla ;sfnk nj lshkjd' fuhska ud woyia lf<a fï mqoa.,hdf.a md`Mj lems,d

fmkakkaghs' Th lduf¾ ;ksh u bkak fj,dfõ ud we;a;g u lúhla lSfõ kE' kuq;a

lúfha ;sfhkjd tA mqoa.,hd lúhla lshQ nj' Tyq lúhla lshkafk;a md`Mj Wyq,d

uyd ÿlska by< n,ñ'

È,ys È,sys wdldfia

rka msÕdk fia

y|'

ud okakd w÷kk

wfma .fï fj,a t<shg mdhk y|

fmdah odg fnda u¿jg mdhk y|'


ks¾udK miqìu - ta'ù' iqrùr

.kak nerej hs' fufyu ldurhg ysr fj,d ;kslu ord .kak neß ;ek Tyq t<sfh

;sfhk lgql iS;, wdj;a lula kE lsh,d cfka,hla wßkjd' cfka,h wer,d my<g

T¿j odkjd' ukqIH m%jdyh is;ams;a ke;s jdykj,ska tydg fuydg ÿjkjd' úÿ,s jdf.a

ÿjkj fmakjd' kuq;a fuhdg jpkhla l;d lrkak ys;j;a flfkla kE' fuhdg

ysf;kjd ud okakd w÷kk Woúh" uf.a foujqmshka" kEoEhka bkafk fmdf<dfj wksla

me;af; fka o@ ud ;kshu bkafk fldÉpr wE; o@ B <Õg Tyq uyd ÿllska by<

n,kjd' by<ska y|la fmakjd' Tyqg ysf;kjd fï y| fka o f.orÈ;a olskafk@

.fïÈ;a" fnda u¿fjÈ;a mdhk y|' fyd| hd¿fjla yuq jqKd jdf. yeÕSula fï mqoa.,hg

we;s fjkjd' fï lúfhka lshkag jEhï lrkafka fï ál hs'

by; olajk ,oafoa f,aLlhka úiska ish ks¾udKj,g mdol jQ w;aoelSï fuka u ta

ta ks¾udK ms<sn|j;a olajk ,o woyia lsysmhls' mdvfuys i|yka l< ks¾udK

fidhd f.k lshjd ta ta f,aLlhd fuys úia;r lr we;s w;aoelSï mdol lr .ksñka

úúO NdId m%fhda." m%ldYk ú,di yd rpkd Í;s Wmfhda. lr .ksñka ;u w;aoelSï

mßmQ¾K l,d ks¾udK njg m;a lr we;s wdldrh Tng wjfndaO lr .; yels h'

ks¾udK ld¾hh hkq l,dlrejd ish w;aoelSï weiqfrka ;ud ,o úkaokhla wkHhka

fj; bÈßm;a lsÍuls' tu úkaokh ud¾.fhka úúO ;,j, miq jkakka tlg

iïnkaO jk nj;a ta i|yd l,dlrejka fhdod .kakd úúO m%fhda. yd Wml%u;a

jgyd .ekSu u.ska wkd.;fha Tn w;=ßka o id¾:l f,aLlhka ìys jkq we;'

wjfndaOh

1' fyd| ks¾udKhla ìys ùug w;aoelSï iu. ixl,kh l< hq;= wfkla idOlh

l=ula o@

2' w;aoelSul úYajikSh;ajh hkq l=ula o@

3' f,aLlhdg ,efnk w;aoelSï j¾. fol fudkjd o@

4' ldjHhg jia;= úh yels fjk;a idys;Huh udOH folla mdvfuka Wmqgd

olajkak'

5' l,dlrejl=g iyDohl= úh yelafla fln÷ mqoa.,hl=g o@


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' mdvfuka Wmqgd .;a my; oelafjk fþoh f,aLk jHjydrhg yrjd ,shkak'

fndfyda l;d wfma ys;g tkafka flfia o lsh,d m%Yakhla wykag mq¿jka' tA fldfydu o

lshd yßhg lshkag nE' iuyr úg laI‚lj wyiska fyK f.ähla tkakd jdf.' wmg

fkd oefkk yeÕSï ;sfhkjd wm ;=<' wdidj,a ;sfhkjd' fïjd fld;k ;sfhkjd o lshd

lshkag nE' wú{dkslj my< fjkjd lsh,d ys;kag;a mq¿jks' tÈfkod Ôúf;a w;a±lSï

we;s fjkjd' wms ys;uq ñksfyla flfkl=g ;ändkjd' ke;akï wïud flfkla orefjla

ueß,d w~kjd' <ufhla ld¾ tll yefmkjd' fï Tlafldu iudc w;aoelSï' fï wkqj

wfma w;aoelSï fldgia follg fnokag mq¿jks' mqoa., w;aoelSï fyj;a f,aLl w;aoelSï

tla fldgila' wfkla fldgi ;ud iudc w;aoelSï' fï w;aoelSï foj¾.fhka u f,aLlhd

m%fhdack .kakjd' ks¾udK lsÍug fï w;aoelSï muKla uÈ' mq¿jka ;rï fmd;a lshj,d

oekqu ,nd .kag ´kE'

m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' Tn ,enQ i;=gqodhl w;aoelSula yd ÿlaLodhl w;aoelSula jia;= úIh lrf.k

moH mka;s folla ks¾udKh lrkak'

2' Tfí uq,a u .=re;=ñh iaurKh lrñka mdi,a ì;a;s mqj;amf;ys m< lsÍu

ms‚i moH ks¾udKhla rpkd lrkak'

3' isiqka lKavdhï y;rlg fn§ fma%uh" fidndoyu" iudc m%Yak" .eñ Èúh hk

f;aud hgf;a cd;sl mqj;am;a yd iÕrdj, m< jQ lú tla /ia lr mka;shg

bÈßm;a lrkak'


mDÓúh jir ì,shk 4'54la ;rï mer‚ nj iajNdj

úoHd{hkaf.a u;h hs' wdrïNfha isg wo olajd

mDÓúfha wdhq ld,h N+ úoHd;aul hq. lsysmhlg

fnod oelafjhs' wÈka jir ñ,shk 225l ;rï uE;

w;S;h f;la wjêh fufidfidhsl N+ hq.h hkqfjka

kï flf¾' fufidfidhsl wjêfha uOH Nd.h" tkï

jir ñ,shk 201 isg 145 f;la ld,h ie,flkqfha

cqrdisl hq.h jifhks' cqrdisl hq.h i;a;aj mßKduh

muKla fkd j i;a;aj úldikh w;ska o b;d jeo.;a

N+ wjêhla fia ie,fla' fï ld,fha ,xldj o

bkaÈhdfõ .sksfldk È. fjr<g hdnoj mej;s neõ

ikd: lrk cqrdisl f*dis, yuq ù ;sfí' nyqffi,sl

Ôùkaf.a f*dis, yuq jk Y%S ,xldfõ mer‚;u hq.h

f,i cqrdisl hq.h ye¢kaúh yels h' N+ b;sydifha

wÈka jir ñ,shk 201 isg ñ,shk 144 olajd jQ ld,

mßÉfþoh Bg wh;a fjhs' fuu wjêh jk úg f,dj

m%Odk mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKav f,i .efkk

ldáf,ac uiqka" wiaÓl uiqka" WNhÔùka" Wr.hka yd

laISrmdhSkaf.a mßKduh isÿ ù mej;s‚' uq,a u

mlaISkaf.a idOl my< ùu ksid cqrdisl hq.h ;j;a

mDIaGjxYS i;a;aj ldKavhl mßKduh iïnkaOfhka

o b;d jeo.;a fjhs' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.fha ;;=

ms<sn|j fidhd nef,k fï ,smsh mqrdúoHd mYapdoa

Wmdê wdh;kfha m%d.a b;sydi m¾fhaIK jHdmD;sfha

fcHaIaG m¾fhaIl le¨qï k,skao ukfïkaø wdrÉÑ

úiska iïmdÈ; h'

25 YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl hq.h 25


by< cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a wjidÈ; ;ekam;= wju jYfhka wdldr ;=kla f,i Y%S

,xldfõ jhU È. fmfofiys m%d.aflaïî%h iïNjhla we;s úchdkq ixlS¾Kfha jQ

idkq ;=< ;ekam;aj we;' fï cqrdisl ;ekam;= w;=frka wkqrdOmqr - mq;a;,u

ud¾.fha lsf,daóg¾ oy;=kla muK .sh ;ek yuq jk ;ífndaj jefõ ngysr

fmfofia we;s wjidÈ; fmdf<dj u;=msg msysgd ;sfí' wfkla cqrdisl wjidÈ; fol

jk ;ífndaj isg lsf,daóg¾ 32la ol=‚ka msysá wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j yd ;ífndaj isg

lsf,daóg¾ 43la ÿßka msysá m,a,u ;ekam;=j o kQ;k mdxY= ;ekam;= uÕska uq¿ukska

u mdfya wdjrKh ù we;' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,g iu.dój bkaÈhdkq

w¾Ooaùmfha kef.kysr fmfofiys j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 3218l l,dmhl msysá wjidÈ;

;ekam;= o fndfyda úg tl u ld, mßÉfþohlg wh;a jk w;r fuu ;ekam;= b;d

.kj msysghs'

1925 § N+ úoHd{ B'fÊ' fõ,kaâ úiska ;ífndaj cqrdisl ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j uq,a u

jd¾;d lsÍï isÿ fldg we;' fuu ;ekam;=fõ u;=msg me;sÍu j¾. lsf,dañg¾ myla

fyda y;la muK fjhs' úoHd{hka úiska uE; ld,fha § wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,o

Ydl f*dis, ish,a, u mdfya ;ífndaj jefõ jdka fodrgq wi, jQ úfYAIfhka u w¿"

ly fyda ÿUqre meye;s wjidÈ; ;ekam;= w;r ;sî yuq ù we;' fïjd f;daks.,

ixlS¾Kfha jQ .a/khsÜ yd khsia mdIdK iu. msysgd ;sfí'

úoHd{hka uE;l § isÿ l<

.fõIKj,g wkqj ;ífndaj cqrdisl

f*dis, yuq jQfha je,s.,a w;r jQ

uv.,a ;ekam;= yd ;=kS je,s.,a

;ekam;= w;=ßks' fuu f*dis," Ydl

m;% yd l=vd w;= ßls,s jYfhka tu

wjidÈ; ;=< i,l=Kq f,i iqrlaIs;j

;sìK' fuys ;snQ f*dis, Ydl w;r

fldks*ria .ia" ihsflaâ .ia yd

m¾Kdx. Ydl úfYaIfhka i|yka l<

yels h' tu m¾fhaIKj, § m¾Kdx.

Ydl f*dis, fndfydauhla wkdjrKh

lsÍug yels jQfha ;ífndaj

;ekam;=j,sks' tys § yuq jQ we;eï

Ydl úfYAI" bkaÈhdfõ ofudaodys msysá

rÊuy,a ;ekam;= yd uÿrdis føda‚fha

;ekam;=j,ska yuq jk Ydl f*dis,j,g

Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;=

;ífndaj cqrdisl ;ekam;=

;ífndaj ;ekam;=fjka yuq jQ Ydl f*dis,hla


iudk h' ;ífndafjka yuq jk Ydl

f*dis,j,g wkqj tu ;ekam;= by<

f.dkaâjdkd moaO;sh ;=< by<

cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a jk nj i|yka

l< yels h'

;ífndaj wjidÈ; ;ekam;=j ms<sn|

woyia olajk N+ úoHd{fhda tajd c,h

uÕska isÿ jQ ;ekam;a ùï nj mji;s'

fndfyda úg fuu wjidÈ; ;ekam;=

fkd .eUqre ñßÈh fyda l,mq fv,agd

;ekam;= ùug bv we;' jßka jr we;s

jQ uqyqÿ uÜgfï fjkia ùï u; .,d

wd uqyqÿ c,h ksid fï ;ekam;=fõ

b;d ;=kS yqKq.,a ia;rhla o oelsh

yels h' fuu úYd, ;ekam;=fõ nr

fya;=fjka tajd tlsfklg iqix.; ù

je,s iu. mEyS we;'

;ífndaj ;ekam;=j, mdIdKSN+; jQ

Ydlj, i,l=Kq ysÕ ùu;a" .,a wÕ=re

uq¿ukska fkd oeÍu;a" wvq ;rñka

ldfndfkaishia ;ekam;= fkd oeÍu;a

ksid meyeÈ,s jkqfha fï l,dmfha

tl, b;d iq¿ Ydl m%udKhla mej;S

we;s nj hs' fndfyda úg tu wjêfha

w¾O Y=Ial foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhla

mej;Su fï i|yd fya;= jQjd úh yels

h' ta wkqj fuu ;ífndaj f*dis, ta

wi, l÷ w;r YS; foaY.=Khla hgf;a

jevqKq" c,h u.ska m%jdykh ù

fv,agdj, ;ekam;a jQ Ydlhkaf.a

fldgia úh yels h'

fuys jQ f.dfrdaiq je,s" ;ekam;=" .xj;=r yd .x.dj, fõ.j;a c,fhA l%shdldß;ajh

ksid isÿ jQ ;ekam;= ùug bv lv we;s w;r" ueá ;ekam;= fifuka iy l,n,fhka

f;drj .eÆ .x.dj, l%shdldß;ajhka ksid ;ekam;a jkakg we;' ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j

fndfyda úg fv,agd ;ekam;=jla fyda føda‚ ;ekam;=jla úh yels h' hï fya;=jla

ksid isÿ jQ fidaod md¿j fya;=fjka tu ;ekam;= m%dlaflaïî%h mdoula u;g m;s; ù

we;'

;ífndaj jej' fuys fmfkk .,a" cqrdisl

hq.fha ;ekam;a jQ wjidÈ; h'


wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fld<U-mq;a;,u ud¾.fha ie;mqï 63½ lKqfõ msysá

m%foaYfha lsßhxld,s .%dufha isg lsf,daóg¾ oy;=kla kef.kysr foig .sh l, yuq

jk wd`ä.u .%dufha msysgd we;' 1966 iy 1969 j¾Ij, § lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,g

wkqj j¾. lsf,daóg¾ ;sia ;=kla muK ìï m%foaYhla mqrd me;sr mj;akd wd`ä.u

føda‚h" wd`ä.u isg lsf,daóg¾ tfld<yla muK ol=fKka msysá m,a,u .%duh

olajd Èfjk nj wkdjrKh ù ;sfí' kef.kysfrka óg¾ 90la yd ngysßka óg¾

1200la muK jQ .klñka hq;a fuu iuia; føda‚h È.ska lsf,daóg¾ 20la muK fõ'

fuys olakg ,efnk îcdkqOdkS" mrd." iqrlaIs;j we;s msg; Ydl wdjrK fldgia

yd wfkl=;a Ydl fldgia wkqj fuu wd`ä.u yd m,a,u ;ekam;=" uOHu yd my<

cqrdisl ;ekam;= fyj;a by< f.dkaâjdkd wjêhg wh;a nj ikd: fjhs'

;ífndaj cqrdisl Ydl f*dis, tl;=jla m%:u j;djg ilia lrk ,oafoa B'fÊ'

fõ,kaâ úisks' th ;ífndaj m%foaYh wdYs%;j jir 1914-1916 ld, mßÉfþofha § isÿ

flß‚' 1922 § fuu cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| úia;r ta' iS' iSj¾â iy wd¾' B'

fyda,agï úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È' fuys § fudjqka Ydl úfYAI y;la ms<sn|

úia;r bÈßm;a fldg we;s w;r ihsflaâ" fldks*ria yd ;j;a m¾Kdx. Ydl Bg

we;=<;a fjhs' óg wu;rj jir 1921 § Íâ úiska o" 1929 § t*a' ã' wevïia úiska o

Y%S ,xldfõ N+ úoHd f;dr;=re m%ldYhg m;a fldg we;' tfuka u B' fÊ' fõ,kaâ

úiska 1924 § m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o Ydia;%Sh ,smshla uÕska fuu cqrdisl ;ekam;=

ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re bÈßm;a fldg ;sfí' 1938 § fla' cdfldí úiska

;ífndaj cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIKhkag wod<j ieliqKq ,smsh

o fuu úIh yd iïnkaOj ,shejqKq idys;Huh ,sms w;rg tla l< yels h'

fl!;=ld.dr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%:u Y%S ,dxlsl wOHlaI jQ mS' B' mS' oer‚h.,

úiska 1940 § rÑ; ‘Y%S ,xldfõ f.dâjdkd ;ekam;=’ yd ‘Y%S ,xldfõ we;eï WoaNso

úoHd;aul f*dis,’ hk ,sms o furg cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn| ,sheù we;s Ydia;%Sh

uQ,dY%h w;rg tla fõ' fuys oelajQ fojeks ,smsfhys ;ífndaj yd wd`ä.u f*dis,

ms<sn|j;a" r;akmqr wdY%s;j Èh¨ ;ekam;= w;r iqrlaIs;j mj;akd ma,hsiafgdiSk

wjêhg wh;a Ydl f*dis, ms<sn|j;a f;dr;=re oelafjhs' Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl

;ekam;=j ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula o ;ífndaj ;ekam;= yd tys yuq jk Ydl f*dis,

ms<sn| ixlaIsma;j woyia o oer‚h.,f.a by; ,smsfha we;=<;a fjhs' tys § ;j

ÿrg;a lreKq olajk oer‚h.," ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j bkaÈhdfõ by< f.dkaâjdkd

hq.hg wh;a fldgd ;ekam;=j,g iu ld,jljdkqjlg wh;a jk nj o" wd`ä.u

;ekam;=j" rÊuy,a ;ekam;=jg iudk jk nj o i|yka lrhs' tfuka u fmdf<dj

uÜgfï isg óg¾ fod<yla-my<jla muK .eUqßka msysgd we;s wd`ä.u cqrdisl

;ekam;=j jvd;a mer‚ ;ekam;=jla f,i Tyq ms<s.kS'

wd`ä.u yd m,a,u ;ekam;=

Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl wOHhk b;sydih


jir 1944 § wd¾'ù' isf;da,s úiska Y%S ,xldfõ cqrdisl f*dis, ms<sn|j m< fldg

we;s w.kd Ydia;%Sh ,smsfhys uQ,sl jYfhka ;ífndaj yd wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j,ska

wkdjrKh lr .kakd ,o Ydl f*dis, .ek úia;r lr we;;a i;a;aj f*dis,

ms<sn| lsisÿ i|ykla olajd ke;' Tyq úiska 1942 § rÑ; ‘bkaÈhdfõ mqrdK WoaNso

úoHdj’ kï Ydia;%Sh ,smsfhys bkaÈhdkq cqrdisl Ydl f*dis,hkag jvd ukdj

iqrlaIs; jQ Y%S ,xldfõ f*dis, tl;=j u.ska wx. iïmQ¾K Ydia;%Sh ,smshla iïmdokh

lsÍug wjia:dj ,o neõ i|yka lr we;' tu tl;=fjka y÷kd .kakd ,o Ydl

f*dis, w;=frka úfYAI myla fuu Èjhsfkka jd¾;d jQ m%:u wjia:dj ùu tys jQ

jeo.;alu ;jÿrg;a by< ;,hlg f.k hEug iu;a fjhs'

úoHd{hka úiska 2010-2011 hk j¾Ij, § o ;ífndaj ;ekam;=j mÍlaIdjg ,la

flß‚' j¾;udkfha isÿ flfrk c, l<ukdlrK bÈlsÍï fya;=fjka ;ífndaj

;ekam;=j fndfyda ÿrg úkdYhg ,la ù we;s nj tys § oel .; yels úh' tys § yuq

jQ Ydl f*dis, w;r úfYAI lsysmhla y÷kd .ekSug iu;a jqj o y÷kd .ekSu i|yd

;j;a kso¾Yl b;sßj we;' wd`ä.u cqrdisl ;ekam;=j fmd<j u;=msg oelsh fkd

yels neúka tu m%foaYfhka uE;l § ydrk ,o j.d <sxj,ska bj;a flreKq mia

mÍlaIdjg ,la flß‚' tfy;a ;ífndaj ;ekam;=fõ fuka ukdj iqrlaIs; jQ f*dis,

wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fuys § wfmdfydi;a úh' tfuka u Ydl f*dis, yereKq

úg i;aa;aj f*dis, lsisjla ms<sn| meyeÈ,s idOl o fuf;la yuq ù ke;' m,a,u yd

wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j,g jvd f*dis, jeä jYfhka wkdjrKh fldg f.k we;s

;ífndaj ;ekam;=j j¾;udkfha úkdYhg ,la fjñka mj;sk ksid fuh wkd.;

mdIdŒN+; m¾fhaIK fjkqfjka ksis l<ukdldß;ajhlska ixrlaIKh l< hq;=

fjhs'


nyqffi,sl Ôùka - ffi, lsysmhlska fyda ffi, rdYshlska ieÿï

,;a isrere ork Ôùka

^Wod( .evú,d" lmqgd" ´¨ .i" .ia,nq .i&

f*dis, - mdId‚N+; jQ i;=ka fyda Ydl" Ôùkaf.a fldgia"

i;=kaf.a mdo i,l=Kq" Ydl m;%j, igyka wdÈh

mDIaGjxYSka - fld÷ weg fm<la ork i;=ka

^laISrmdhSka" mlaISka" Wr.=ka" uiqka yd WNh

Ôùka&

ldáf,aÔh uiqka - ldáf,acj,ska ieÿï ,;a iels,s moaO;shla ork

uiqka ^Wod( fudareka yd uvqjka&

j¾;udk m¾fhaIK


wiaÓl uiqka - wiaÓj,ska ieÿï ,;a iels,s moaO;shla ork

uiqka ^Wod( f;dard" mrjd yd n,hd&

WNhÔùka - Ôjk pl%fha hï ld,hla c,fha .; lrk

Ôùka ^Wod( f.ïnka" ueähka" ysßoKavka wdÈh&

Wr.=ka - i¾mhska" lgqiaika" yQkka" lnrf.dhska" bínka"

leianEjqka" lsUq,ka wdÈka wh;a jk i;a;aj

ldKavh

laISrmdhSka - ujf.ka i%djh jk lsß î jefvk megjqka we;s

i;a;aj ldKavh

^Wod( ñksid" yslaóhd" jjq,d" fvd,a*ska" w,shd&

mßKduh - mQ¾jc mrmqrlska mej; tkakjqka ld,h;a iu.

mßirhg WÑ; whqßka cdkuh yd ndysr

rEmdldrfhka fjkia fjñka mej; tau

wjidÈ; - c,h u.ska /f.k ú;a ;ekam;a jqKq Lkssc yd

^fyda& ldnksl øjH wvx.= ia;r'

;ekam;= - c,h" iq<Õ" kdh hEï wdÈ iajdNdúl fya;+ka u;

fyda udkj l%shdldÍ;ajh u; ;ekam;a jk mdxY=

fyda fjk hï ia;r

m%dlaflaïî%h - N+ b;sydifha wÈka jir ñ,shk 4567-541g;a

fmr mej;s hq.h

úchdkq ixlS¾Kh - Y%S ,xldfõ N+ úoHd;aul ,laIK w;r l÷lr

mdIdK ldKavhg fomiska msysgk mdIdK

wdldrh fõ' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr foiska

l=reKE., isg udkal=,ï olajd;a" kej; ol=Kq

iSudfõ yïnkaf;dg isg ;%sl=Kdu,h olajd;a

Èfõ'

f.dkaâjdkd moaO;sh - j¾;udkfha bkaÈhdj" ´iafÜ%,shdj"

wekagdáldj" ol=Kq wm%sldj" uev.ialrh" ol=Kq

wfußldj hk úYd, f.dvìï tlaj iEÿK"

w;S;fha mej;s w;súYd, N+ñ m%foaYh

.a/khsÜ - ;srejdkd" ´¾f;dlaf,aia" f*,aâiamd¾ yd uhsld

wka;¾.; r¿ l‚lduh mdIdK

khsia mdIdK - úmÍ; iïNjhla we;s iaMáluh ;Sre ork r¿

l‚lduh mdIdKhls'

je,s .,a - ;srejdkd je,s Yla;su;aj yd taldnoaOj iEÿKq

.,a

uv .,a - Yla;su;aj weisreKq uv fyda ueá .,a


fldks*ria .ia - fla;=Or .ia

ihsflaâ - uvq .ia

m¾Kdx. - mqrdK iïNjhla we;s tÈfkod jHjydrfha

ójk Ydl f,i ye¢kafjk u,a yg fkd .kakd

Ydl

rÊuy,a - bkaÈhdfõ rÊuy,a l÷jeáh wdY%s; fmfoi

l,mq fv,agd - .Õla iuqøhg wj;S¾Kh ùug wdikakfha § w;=

.x.d rdYshlg fnÿKq wjia:dj

ldfndfkaishia - wx.dr wka;¾.; ;ekam;=

w¾O Y=Ial foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajh- j¾Idm;kh wju" jif¾ jeä l,la úh<s

;;a;ajfha mj;sk foaY.=Ksl iajNdjh

^Wod( ukakdru yd yïnkaf;dg m%foaY&

føda‚ - l÷ w;r msysá my;a ìï

m%dlaflaïî%h mdou - m%d.aflaïî%h hq.hg wh;a mdIdK ia;rh

îcdkqOdkS - m¾Kdx. Ydlj, îc fmdl=re jYfhka msysgk

fldgi

mrd. - u,a yg.kakd Ydlj, ;u j¾.hd fnda lsÍu

i|yd jQ laIqø mqreI idOlh

Èh¨ ;ekam;= - .x.d" we< fod< u.ska m%jdykh ù ;ekam;a jqKq

uv" fndr¨ yd ishqï je,s wdÈh

ma,hsiafgdiSk - wÈka jir ñ,shk 2'58 lg fmr wdrïNj wÈka

jir 11"700lg fmr ksud jqKq wjêh

fldgd ;ekam;= - bkaÈhdfõ Y%S ,xldjg iu.dój msysgd we;s

cqrdisl hq.hg wh;a Ydl f*dis, yuq jk

;ekam;=j

wjfndaOh

1' cqrdisl hq.h jk úg f,dj mßKduhg m;aj isá i;a;aj úfYaI kï lrkak'

2' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl wjidÈ; ;ekam;= msysá ia:dk ;=k i|yka lrkak'

3' ;ífndaj wjidÈ; ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j N+ úoHd{hka olajk woyi l=ula o@

4' YS% ,xldfõ cqrdisl ;ekam;= ms<sn| m¾fhaIK l< N+ úoHd{fhda ljryq o@

5' wd`ä.u ;ekam;=j ms<sn|j mS' B' mS' oer‚h.,f.a ks.ukh i|yka lrkak'

6' wd¾' ù' isf;da,s YS% ,xldfõ f*dis, tl;=fõ jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrk idOlh

f,i olajd we;s lreK l=ula o@


,sÅ; wNHdi

1' my; oelafjk úfYaIK mo iqÿiq mßÈ fhdod jdlH iïmQ¾K lrkak'

^úfõpkd;aul" úia;rd;aul" wdkafoda,kd;aul" úfkdaod;aul" mqrdúoHd;aul"

Wmydid;aul" l,d;aul" m%ydrd;aul&

¸' YS% ,xldfõ uE; ld,fhys lrk ,o leŒïj,ska wdÈ udkjhd ms<sn| '''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' idOl wkdjrKh ù we;'

¸¸' miq fm< lS%vlhkaf.a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ms;s yrUh ksid ;r.h ch.%yKh

lsÍug yels úh'

¸¸¸' à' Ô' ví,sõ' o is,ajd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' l;d ,shQ flál;dlrefjls'

¸¹' weu;s;=ud" jHdmD;s ms<sn| ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jd¾;djla ,nd fok f,i

f,alïjrhdg oekaù h'

¹' i|lvmyK" fy< l,dlrejdf.a ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' m%;sNdj úoyd mdk

levm;ls'

¹¸' tÈfkod isÿ jk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' isÿùï mqj;am;aj, uq,a msgqfõ m< fjhs'

¹¸¸' hd, wNh N+ñh n,d .sh pdßldj wmg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' w;aoelSula úh'

¹¸¸¸' ixj¾Ok iñ;sfha idudðlhl= oelajQ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' woyia iNdm;sjrhd

fnfyúka w.h flf<a h'

2' my; § we;s fldgia i|yd iqÿiq ;ks mo mdvfuka fidhd ,shkak'

¸' jeis c,fhka mi fia§ hEu

¸¸' wkHdldrhlg fmr<Su

¸¸¸' .x.d" jeõ wdÈfha c,h

¸¹' f.dvìu ;=<g fkrd .sh uqyqÿ fldgi

¹' Èh f.dv foflys u Ôj;a jk i;=ka

¹¸' tlaj .uka .kakd

¹¸¸' lsß î jefvk i;=ka

¹¸¸¸' úia;r iys;

¸º' ukd fia /l .ekSu

º' uekúka tlaj ne÷Kq


my; oelafjk jdlH yd jdlH fldgia foi wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

fï ;ekam;= b;d .kj msysghs'

wiaÓl uiqka" WNhÔùka" Wr.hka yd laISrmdhSkaf.a mßKduh isÿ ù mej;s‚'

wkqrdOmqrh ud¾.fha ls' ó' 14la .sh ;ek'''

1914-1916 ld, mßÉfþofha §'''

mS' B' mS' oer‚h., úiska rÑ; ‘YS% ,xldfõ f.dkaâjdkd ;ekam;=’ kï

Ydia;S%h ,smsh'''

fï jdlHj, wl=re yd wxl yereKq fldg fjk;a ixfla; lsysmhla o fh§ we;s nj

Tng oel .; yels h' tajd ‘úrdu ,laIK’ hkqfjka ye¢kafjhs' f,aLkfha § fhdod

.efkk fï ,l=Kq w¾:h ksjerÈj .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd wkqn,hla imhhs'

my; § we;s j.=j weiqfrka f,aLkfha § ks;r Ndú; jk úrdu ,laIK lSmhla

y÷kd .ksuq'

úrdu ,laIKh fhfok wjia:d WodyrK

' ^;s;&jdlH wjika lsÍu

kdu flá fldg oelaùu

wjqreÿ udi Èk fjka lsÍu

oYu" Nd. oelaùu

ñksiaiq jev lr;s'

Ô' î' fiakdkdhl"

ue' fld' ^ue;sjrK flduidßia&

1948'02'04

5'78 ^myhs oYu y;hs wg&

" ^fldudj& jdlHhl fldgia w;r ueo

úrduhla oelaùu

wms ch.%dyS lKavdhu fj;

f.dia" Tjqkag i;=g m< fldg

wdfjuq'

YS% ,xldfõ fjf<| fNda. w;r

f;a" fmd,a" rn¾ m%Odk fjhs'

@^m%Yakd¾:

,l=K&

m%ldYh m%Yakhla nj oelaùu ñksiqka hqo jÈkafka wehs@

kx.S n;a lEjd o@

æ ^úiauhdÈ

,l=K&

úiauh" mS%;sh" fYdalh"

m%d¾:kh wdÈh oelaùu

wfka fufyu;a wmrdOhlaæ

iqn WoEikla fõjdæ

¦ ^;s;a fldudj& tal l¾;Dl jdlH iïnkaO

lsÍu

wE fõÈld ks<shls¦ fg,s kdgH

Ys,amskshlss¦ .dhsldjls'

( ^fo;s;& ksoiqka yd úia;r oelaùu

wkqmd;h oelaùu

W;aijhg iyNd.s jk

wdrdê;fhda(

fï uqo, 2(3 wkqmd;hg fnokak'

úrdu ,laIK


“ ” ^hq., Wvq

fldud&

m%lD;s l:k" WoaOD; mdG"

úfYaI jHjydr oelaùu

“uu Bg tlÕ fjñ” hs Tyq

mejiS h'

iso;a iÕrdj wdrïN jkafka

“uyo .|ls<s lr” hkqfjks'

‘ ’ ^;ks Wvqfldud&

m%ldYhl we;=<;a úfYaI

jHjydr oelaùu

“uu ‘úrd.h’ lshjd we;af;ñ” hs Tyq mejiS h'

- ^flá br&ld,mßÉfþo b,lalñka

oelaùu

1815 - 1948 ld, mßÉfþofha §

$ ^we, br& úl,am jHjydr oelaùu mshd$uj$Ndrlref.a w;aik

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' WÑ; mßÈ úrdu ,laIK fhdod fï jdlH kej; ,shkak'

¸' w fmd i id fm< úNd.h foieïn¾ udifha § meje;afõ

¸¸' úfYaI wuq;a;d meñ‚fha h l;d lf<a h msg;aj .sfha h

¸¸¸' wkqrdOmqrh fmf,dkakrej oUfo‚h hk k.r rdcOdks úh

¸¹' Tng iqn w¨;a wjqreoaola fõjd

¹' uydpd¾h mrKú;dk uy;d iS.sß .S lshjd w¾: oelaùfuka mq¿,a

fufyjrla lf<a hhs foaYlhd mejiS h


kdgHh hkq Y%jH oDYH l,d udOHhls' tkï ne,Sfuka

yd weiSfuka ri ú¢k udOHhls' kdgHh jQ l,s

ne,Sfuka ri ú£ug we;s ldjH úfYaIhls' Bg

oDYHh hs lshkafka tneúks' kdgHhg rEm fyj;a

rEml hhs o lshkq ,efí' th o tu w¾:fhks'

“k¿fjda o ks<sfhda o fjia j<d f.k wjq;a

fma%laIlhka bÈßfha lsishï wjia:djla olaj;s' túg

kdgHhla my< fõ'” hkqfjka uydpd¾h tÈßùr

irÉpkaø l,amkd f,dalh lD;sfha i|yka lrhs'

ienE Ôú; mqj;la fyda f.d;k ,o l;djla fma%laIl

iuQyhla bÈßfha p;=¾ wNskh ^jdÑl - wdx.sl -

id;aúl - wdyd¾h& fhdod .ksñka ksrEmKh lsÍu

kdgHhla f,i ir,j w¾: oelaúh yels h' tys uQ,sl

u l¾;jHh jkafka kdgH msgm; fyj;a fm<

rpkh hs' rplhd úiska ;ud ,o w;aoelSula" l;d

mqj;la fyda fjk;a jia;= îchla weiqre lrf.k ;u

mßl,amkh o weiqßka kdgH msgm; rpkd lrhs'

“kdgHhla uq,ska u rÕ oelafjkafka rplhdf.a is;

kue;s fõÈldj u; h'” iqm%lg kdgH rpl n¾kdâ

fIdaf.a by; lshuk fuh ;yjqre lrhs'

wkaof¾,d" ^1995 rdcH idys;H iïudk& .=re;rej

^1997 rdcH idys;H iïudk& i|.sr" lfkare u,a

m%ùK kdgHfõ§ wdpd¾h ch,;a ufkdar;ak w;ska

rÑ; kdgH ks¾udK lsysmhls' .,ajvqrd<" isxÿhs

ìkaÿhs hk <ud lD;s o oji ;j ;reKhs kjl;dj

o" jeys tk;=re" ñksyg kskao hkak we;s hk

flál;d ix.%y o Tyqf.a ks¾udK w;r fõ' fï

mdvfuys we;=<;a jkafka ufkdar;akf.a ;, u,

msms,d kdgHfhys cjksldjls' kdgH msgm;a rpkh

ms<sn| Tyq úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o u. fmkaùula

o fï mdvug we;=<;a h' kdgH ri úkaokh" kdgH

msgm;a rpkh muKla fkd j idïm%odhsl fhÿï

Ndú;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla o fuu mdvu weiqßka

,nd .; yels h'

;, u, msms,d 26


‘;,u, msms,d’ kdgHfha f;audj" iïm%odh yd kùk;ajh w;r .egqu hs' kùlrKh

fya;=fldg f.k idïm%odhsl Wreuhka .=Koyï yd idrO¾u" mqreId¾: jekiS

hEfï wNsfhda.hg iudch uqyqK md we;s whqre ksrEmKh lsÍu hs' fuu kdgHh

iudc .eg¨jla foi ksÍlaIKd;aul úuiqï ne,aulaa fy<k kdgHhls' iuld,Sk

w;aoelSula msgqmi we;s udkqISh m%n,;ajh úuik tys h:d¾:jd§ f,i ck kegqï"

ck weoys,s wdÈ idïm%odhsl l,dx. o Wmfhda. lr f.k we;'

fojeks cjksldj ^kq..yg by<ska i| mdhd we;' rxnrKd iy fya;=" f.hs bÈßmi ñÿf,a jdä ù l;d

nfya fh§ isá;s'&

rxnrKd( wdrd ;,a.i f.dka jevqKd fia

fudard ;,u, tk wkaoka'''

mSrd jr,i wjq,a yßk fia

;,u, iq<Õg hk wkaoka '''

fya;= ( ^tu lú mo h<s .hñka& f,dl= w;af;''' f,dl= w;a;d fldfydu o

Th ;rx ,iaikg lú iSmo jkakx lshkag bf.k .;af;@

rxnrKd ( f,dl= w;a;f.;a wmamÉÑf.kaæ

fya;=( ta wmamÉÑ bf.k .;af;@

rxnrKd( thdf.;a wmamÉÑf.ka

fya;=( lsßuq;af;aææ

rxnrKd( wkak yß''' lsß uq;a;f.ka ;uhs' w;a;" uq;a;d" k;a;d" mk;a;d"

ls;a;d" lsßls;a;f. b|, ´jd láka lgg f.kdmqjd'

fya;=( lsßuq;af;aæ

rxnrKd( kegqx Ys,afm ú;rla fkù fld,af,d" fcda;sfia" fjolu" n,sf;dú,a"

fldfydU lxldß''' Th ´kE tfylg ymkakq wfma mrïmrdj' lkao

Wvrg lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy uy rÊcqrejkaf. foaúkakdkafig fjolx

lr, ;sfhkj" wfma ó uq;af;la' ´jg kïnq kdu" .ï ìï" moú

;dkdka;r ,n, ;sfhkjd'

fya;=( f,dl= w;a;d fudkj o ta ldf, lf<a@

rxnrKd( uuæ ta ldf, ux ysáfh kEfk meáfhda' Tkak ux .eghd ldf,a kx

fkare w.ue;s;=ud biairy" uy /ðk biairy" ishx l=udrhd biairy

kegqx kg, m%Yxid ,n,d ;sfhkjd' nqrefu ishfu wfma uymafmdÉÑ,d

.ymq wvõ lrKxj,g ta rgj, we;af;d n,x ysáhhs lshkafk

Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d¨' Th fï ldf,a wfma tjqka iqoafod msgqmiafi

.shdgæ

fya;=( f,dl= w;a;g kegqx b.ekakqfj f,dl= w;a;f.;a wmamÉÑ lsõjfk'

rxnrKd( Tõ''' WU,f. wmamÉÑg ux b.ekakqj jf.a ;uhs' wfma wmamÉÑ ug

b.ekakqfj'''

fya;=( ^l,amkd lrñka& tfykx wfm wmamÉÑ ug kegqx W.kakkafk

ke;af;@

17' r' uq' kS' i' 180543


rxnrKd( ^úlaIsma;j lïmd fjñka& ta jqKdg fya;=fjda ux WUg W.kakkj fk '''

fya;=( wmamÉÑ ug lshkjd" oex f,dl= w;a;f. kegqx bf.k.;a;d we;s¨'

w¨;a kegqx bf.k .kag kqjr fydagf,ag tkag¨''' wïud;a yßhg

lror lrkjd f,dl= w;af; kqjrg tkag lsh,d' oex lSm ojila u

biafldaf,g;a wdjfk' wïug yß md`Mhs¨ ux ke;=j'

rxnrKd( b;sx talg ;sfhkafk wïug weú,a,d fufya WU;a tlal kj;sk

tlfk' n,mx t;fldg WUg biafldaf,g;a <Õ hs' kegqx Ys,afm

bf.k .kag;a mq¿jx'

fya;=( ta jqKdg wïu lshkafk fïl wfma ;ekla fkù¨' f,dl= w;a;f.¨'

fu;k ysáfhd;a udj yßhg yod .kak neß fjkj¨'

^rxnrKd ksy`vj l,amkdfõ .ef,hs'&

wïug msiaiq fkao w;af;@

rxnrKd( WUg ;ju fïjd f;arex .kag jhi uÈ meáfhd' WU wyk tajg

W;a;r fokag;a uu jhi jeähs''' kS,fldfnda ikafoafi ;sfhkjd

fukak fufyu lúhla'''

tñka lsre¿ royg fmdrK ks,;= re

flf<ka miÕ ;=re ko ,en u ;k;= re

ìfhka fkd yer lrkd ú,i wo ;= re

mqyqka lr;s i; fuys miÕ f.di ;= re

Th lúfhka lshkafk" mqrdK ldf, b|kau ;k;=re ,nd f.k" ta

kf¾kaøhd fjkqfjka mxp;+¾h f>daIdj ksrka;rfhka u l< fyhska

fkdkj;a;d u mj;ajk mßoafoka" t.u jeisfhda mxp;+¾h kdoh wo

olajd u lr f.k tkjdh lshk tl fka'''

fya;=( b;sx yeu flfklau ´jd bIag lrkjd o@

rxnrKd( ke;=j@ w;r.,a, fldkl,., .ïjdiSkag .ïjr §, ;sfhkafk

mxp;+¾h kdfog ;uhs' wuqKl jmißh fjkqfjka ish¨ foajd,

f.dvke.s,sj," úydr u¿j, rdcldß lrkag ´kE' fmryef¾ §

m<sy" uq;=l=fâ" Wiaikag ´kE' kgkag ´kE' f;ajdj lrkag ´kE'

^rxnrKd ksy`vj l,amkdfõ .ef,hs'&

fya;=( Tkak Tõjd wu;l lruq f,dl= w;af;' wms ;j;a lúhla lshuq o@

rxnrKd( yaï'''æ jfrxæ

^rxnrKd kq..yhg jdä.kshs' fya;= fydfrl= fuka nq,;a ;Ügqj

fj; wefohs'&

fya;=( f,dl= w;af;''' ug nq,;aúgla'''æ

rxnrKd( fokjd WUg uu úgla'''æ

fya;=( wfka f,dl= w;af;'''

rxnrKd( fya;=fjda ´jd lEj u bx.S%is lshj.kag neß fjkj¨'

fya;=( tfykx f,dl= w;a; lkafka@

rxnrKd( uu bx.S%is lshkjhe@

fya;=( uu;a fkdlsh bkakjd'


rxnrKd( tfyu nE fk' WU,f. wïug Wjukd lrkafk WUg bx.S%is

lshjkag fk'

fya;=( wog ú;rla'''æ

rxnrKd( yaï''' wog ú;rhs'''jfrx''' fï lúh fidlß l;dfõ .=rejg fjÉp

weneoaÈhla'

foafia isg wd t.=re uy,a,d

Èhg hkag ,nq f.ähla t,a,d

;Urdúg fjo rd<f. n,a,d

ldms¨ .=rejf. ll=,u w,a,d

iNdm;s( ldf. ll=, o n,a, yemqjhs lshkafk@

rxnrKd( wd''' iNdm;s uy;a;fhd''' kE''' fï fidlß l;dfõ isoaêhla úia;r

flrejd fmdä tldg''' ;Urdúg fjodf. n,a,d .=rejf. ll=,

ldmq yeá'

iNdm;s( ldf. n,a,d jqK;a lula kE''' bkafclaIka úistl .y.kag fjkj

fjkjd u hs'

rxnrKd( ^wkaoukao fjñka& fya;=''' WUg ksÈu; kx .sys,a,d ksod.ksxæ fyg

biafldaf, hkag;a tmdhe'

^fya;= msgfjhs&

iNdm;s( Th fld,a,d fu;k u ;shd .kak o .=rekakdkafif. woyi@

rxnrKd( Wf.a ymkalï úÈyg fu;kg jvd .e<fmk ;j;a ;ekla kE

wdhsfndjkav'

iNdm;s( ^jdäfjñka& fuhd fï ;s%msgfl jkkjdæ fufy fkfjhs''' Th <uhs

hjkag ´k rg' fldÉpr foaj,a ;sfhkjd o bf.k .kag' uf.a

ysf;a úYd, fõokdjla ;sfhkjd' fï fldÜGdfi <uhskaf.

ymkalïj,g ;ekla ke;s ùu .ek' iqÿ uy;a;h;a tlal tl;=

fj,d ta jdf.a <uhs rg hjkak ms<sfj<la yokafk talhs fï ;rx

jo ú| f.k'

rxnrKd( rg hjkag@ fï''' fï''' fmdä <uhs@

iNdm;s( .=rekakdfia uu fï lshkafka f<ka.;=lug' fï ì;a;s y;frka tyd

;sfhkj ;j;a f,dalhla' wr ;sfhkafk''' “f,k ;=< isrù isá

l=ureka od f,dj ne¨ug f,d,a ù f,k ìkaod” lsh,d''' .,a f,k

ì| f.k ¨ .shd lshkafk''' ljqo fï' ukfï l=udrhd'

rxnrKd( u'''k'''fï l=udrhd fkù''' tfyu f,k ì| f.k .shd lshkafka

isynd l=udrhd'

iNdm;s( wd''' ñksy;a .shd o@ fjkage;s fjkage;s'

rxnrKd( tfyu ì| f.k hkag f,kla fu;ek ;sfhaú he@

iNdm;s( f,kla ke;s jqKdg fï rEiai kqf.a uoehs' Th kqf.a l¿jr

fyjKe,af,ka .=rekakdkafif. weia wkaO fj,d' wks;a whf.;a

Ôú; fldgq fj,d'

rxnrKd( mrïmrd .Kkdjl fk;a mdomq fï W;a;u jDlaIrdchd .ek Tfydu


l;d lrkag tmd' wdhqfndjkav'''

iNdm;s( kE''' kE''' uu l;d lrkafk kE''' uu l;dlrkafk kE''' wms .yla

.ek l;d flrej;a ñksiaiq ys;kafk fjk fohla' ^;udgu& wksl

kq. ,S fudkjg .kago ug@''' .=rekakdkafiæ uu fï ;lykshla u

rd;s%fh f.g f.dv jqfKa jeo.;a rdcldßhlg''' ug T;a;=jla ,eì,d

;sfhkjd fï rx.iNdfj bkakjhs lsh,d''' fï'''

^f.;=<ska fya;=f.a lgy`v wefihs'&

rxnrKd( wfka iNdm;s uy;a;fhda''' fmdä tld ySfkx nh fj,d o fldfyo@

<Õ fkd ysáfhd;a tfyu u hs' jdä fj,d bkag'''

^rxnrKd f.;=<g Èj hhs' iNdm;s jdä ù isá;a u .=KjxY msúfihs'&

iNdm;s( uqkakefy@

.=KjxY( ^u| ielfhka hq;=j& uu fï .=rekakdkafi yïnq fjkag lsh,'

iNdm;s( fï m<df; o@

.=KjxY( uu ol=fK

iNdm;s( wms;a ol=fK'''

^u| ksy`v;djla&

uu ;uhs fï fldÜGdfi iNdm;s''' fï ?@

.=KjxY( yqÕ ojila fjkj .=rekakdkafi ug m‚úvhla tj,d' fnr f.ähla

folla yod .kag ´kE lsh,' wfma .ï m<df; ;sfhkjfk weye,'''

.xiQßh''' fldfydU fldg'''

iNdm;s( wmamÉÑfha TÉpr ÿr hkag ´kEhe fï mqxÑ fnf¾lg@

.=KjxY( fnf¾ mqxÑ jqKdg jefâ f,dl=hs iNdm;s uy;a;fhda' .=rekakdkafi;a

fndfydu wudrefjka fk fï jev ál lr f.k hkafk' wjqreÿ

oyhlg biair .egje,a ,Kqjla i; úis my hs' wo remsh,a ye;a;Emy

hs' yxlv lE,a,la remsh,a iSh hs'

iNdm;s( yxj, .Klu wE'''@

.=KjxY( ta ú;rla fkù' uqj yx j÷re yx fydhkag ´kE' fldfydu yß

wudrefjka fydhd .;a;hs lshuqfld' lef,a b|, f.fkoa§ fmd,sishg

tfyu wyq jqfKd;a yuhs fldfghs fol u kE'

iNdm;s( oex ;sfhkjfk b;sx wms f.kak,d fyd| bïfmda¾gâ ma,diaála

,Kqæ

.=KjxY( tajd fyd|hs kdfyg odkag''' ^fnrhg ;Ügq lr& fnf¾ kshu kdfo

.kag kï" kshu yï kshu fldfÜ wyq fjkag ´kE' ke;a;x ioafo

ne,a ne,a' wms b;sx fï jf. ;ekaj,g Woõ lrkag tmd he'

iNdm;s( ke;=j ke;=j''' lkao Wvrfghs lsh lshd ysáhg wfma Woõj ke;sj

nE' we;a; u lshkj kx wms;a fokjd wdOdr Th l,dh;kj,g' ta

jqKdg fï l,dh;kj, ;sfhkafk mqÿu ueðla" meñŒu úisy; hs'

meñŒfï fmdf;a úisy;rodia ydriSh fol hs kï' b;ska fok

wdOdfr;a wka;sfï wkd:dOdfræ

.=KjxY( yqÕ l,dh;k tfyu jqKdg fu;k kï tfyu ;ekla fjkag nE'''


iNdm;s( úldræ wms Tfy,d ol=fK jqKdg wfm lkskq;a ßx.kj fï f.d,a,'

ux iqÿ uy;a;fhl=;a tlal tl;= fj,d ie,iqïlr,d ;sfhkjd

fIdala jev ms<sfj<la' w¨;a u iïm%odhla wo fyg u ìyslrkag'

.=KjxY( ^úlaIsma; fjñka& w¨;a u iïm%odhlaæ

iNdm;s( Tõæ

.=KjxY( wo fyg uæ

iNdm;s( Tõæ

.=KjxY( iud fjkag''' meIka tk tk ;df,g we÷ï udre lrkjd jf.a

ldf,ka ldf,g mq¿jka o iNdm;s uy;a;fhda iïm%odh fjkia

lrkag@

iNdm;s( ljqo nE lshkafka@ kE nE jpk uf. <Õ kE'

.=KjxY( kE@

iNdm;s( kE

.=KjxY( tfykx Th kE lsõfj@

iNdm;s( yÈiaishlg .kag tlla folla ;sfhkjd'''@ oex n,kag uq¿ b;sydfi

mqrd u fjkialï lrmq ksid ;uhs wms wo fï ;rx fi!Nd.Hfhka

bkafk' iïm%odh wkak ta jf.a fjkia lrkag ´kE'

.=KjxY( fï ldf, úoHdfj ÈhqKqfjka ilia fjÉÑ ixialD;shl Ôj;a jqKdg

.=rekakdkafif. uq,a ;sfhkafk m%fõ‚ jevjiï ldf,' b;sx

fjkialï lrkag ´kE nqoaêu;aj fyñka'

iNdm;s( fï ldf, fyñka .sfhd;a mrdohs' oex n,kag wfma ukqiai YsIagdpdfr'

biaifrdau .,ahqf.a' ., tmd jqKd u tf`âr hq.h' t;ekska f.dú;ek'

wka;sfï ld¾ñl hq.h' ^ryiska fuka& ;j wjqreÿ .Kkdjlska

WmÈkj¨ fldïmshqg¾ hq.h' frdnÜjrekaf.' b;sx fï ÈhqKqj

,enqfK ld ksid o@ fjkia ùïj,g yev .eyqKq ksid'

.=KjxY( oex Th ljqre ÈhqKq fjÉp l;dj o iNdm;s uy;a;hd lshkafk@

iNdm;s( wmsæ ^yÈisfha isysm;a ù& kE'''fï''' wms Tfy,dæ

.=KjxY( wfma w;a;d uq;a;d f.dhs;ex n;la lrf.k" fldhs;rï ir, Ôú;hla

o .; lf<a' ta ú;rla o@ is,am id;a;f¾ yodrkj' iïNdjH l,d

lD;s" idys;H lD;s ks¾udKh lrkag fj,dj b;=re lr .;af;

keoao@ wo flda ta úfõlh@ tod b|, fï ld¾ñl hq.hg tkl,a Th

lshk ÈhqKqj jqKd kï" wms yefudagu ;sfhkag tmd he ta jf.a ish

.=Khl úfõlhla' ksial,xlhla' yßhg kslx fnd;a;u tnqju

Tlafldu flfrkj jf.a'

iNdm;s( ljqo kE lshkafk@ oex n,kag uf.a ldfrl' fnd;a;ula Tnmq .uka

fodr wefrkj' ;j tlla tnqju iagd¾Ü fjkjd' wksla fnd;a;ug

fukak b.sf,kj'

.=KjxY( fnd;a;ula ;shd ldihla uy.kak kQ,a fmdgla kE yqÕ fofkl=g'

fiaru,d j,s. .sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a ÿjkj" Wfoa ysg ? fjkl,a

Ôúf;a lrjkag' ta;a wks;sug fodvx f.dv nod .;a;d jf.a b;=re

fjk msÉÑhl=;a kE'


iNdm;s( wkak Th iudc widOdrKh" wiu;=,s;;dj" wiuÊcd;s nj ke;s

lrkag ;uhs" uu fï rx. iNdfjka mgka .kag hkafk" w¨;a u

iïm%odhla' n,kag fïl ls%hd;aul l<d u fodvx f.ä lShla wf;a

b;=re fõú o lsh,'

^rxnrKd meñfKhs&

rxnrKd( wd'''æ fï <uh;a'

^;ud w÷kajd fkd fok f,ig .=KjxY bÕs lrhs'&

iNdm;s( <uhd ksod .;a; o@

rxnrKd( Tõ''' ta <uh;a ksod .;a;d'

iNdm;s( .=rekakdkafia uf. fj,dj mekakd' uu fjk ojil f.dvfjkakx'

^msg ù hdug iQodkï fjhs'&

rxnrKd( iNdm;s uy;a;hd fudkj;a lkj o@

iNdm;s( ka'''kE''' uu fï lEulg hk .uka' .syska tkakx fydf|a'

^iNdm;s msgj hhs'&

.=KjxY( ñksyg nv.sks ke;sj we;s' fuÉpr fj,d u iïm%odh lEjd'

^w÷r .,hs&

w;aoelSï yd kdgH msgm;a rpkh

-wdpd¾h ch,;a ufkdar;ak-

kdgHhl fm< fyj;a msgm;a rpkh fjk;a idys;H ks¾udK fuka u f,aLk

ld¾hhls' tfy;a fjk;a rpkd fuka kdgH" fm< ,sùfuka muKla k;r fkd ùu

úfYaI ,laIKhls' w;aoelSula l,d;aulj" jpk" jdlH" ixjdo" mµ weiqfrka lúh"

flál;dj" kjl;dj ud¾.fhka mdGlhdg fl<ska u mejish yels jqj;a kdgHh

rplhdg yqfola NdIdj ud¾.fhka muKla ri ksmehSug bvla fkd ,efí' thska

mQ¾K rihla fkd ,efnk neúks'

ks;r Y%jKh jk kdgHh yd rx. l,dj hk jpk fol weiqfrka fuh meyeÈ,s

l< yels h' kdgHh hkq fm< rpkd lsÍu jk w;r" rx. l,dj hkq tu fm<

weiqre lr .ksñka fõÈldj u; f.dv kef.k l,d;aul m%h;akh hs' kdgH rplhd

,shkafka jd¾;djla fyda hï ixisoaêhla .ek f;dr;=rla fyda fkd fõ' iÔù k¿

ks<shkaf.a uqjg kxjd w¾:h Woa§mkh fldg m< lrjk" ixjdo fyda lõ .S rpkd

fuka u hï kdglSh wjia:djla f.dv kxjd .ekSug WmldÍ jk o¾Yk" cjksld

wxl wdÈh yd ne÷Kq rxf.daÑ; l;d jia;=jls'

“kdgHh jQ l,s flfkl=f.a isf;ys my< jk ks¾udKd;aul m%mxphls'” hkqfjka

uydpd¾h we,vhsia ksfld,a mjihs' th jpk Tiafia ixjdohg fmr<S fõÈldj u;

Ôjh ,nhs' fuys jpk hkq tlls' ixjdo hkq ;j;a tlls' ish¨ u jpk ixjdoj,g

fkd .e<fma' ta ksid ‘kdfgHdaÑ; NdIdj’ hkak wm fidhd hd hq;= h' úYsIag

.Kfha kdgH rpkhl wvx.= jpk" wvq fyda jeä fyda ke;' tl o jpkhlaj;a


bj;a l< fkd yelsjd fia u w¨f;ka tl;= l< fkd yels h' iq.;md, o is,ajd

kdgHfõÈhd “kdgH rplhd jpk Ndú; l< hq;af;a uiqrl= f,i h'” hkqfjka

m%ldY lr we;af;a tneúks' kdgHh hkq “jD;a;dka;uh jYfhka l;djla lSu fyda

ld¾hhka Tiafia jia;=jla úldYh lsÍu” hkqfjka o iq.;md, o is,ajd úiska úia;r

lr we;' kdgHhla rpkd lrkafka ksù iekis,af,a ;udg u lshjd f.k ryfia ri

ú£ug fkd fõ' ixjdo" .S;" lú WÉpiajrfhka w¾:dkaú;j iajr yd ;d,dkql+,j

fndfyda fokdg Y%jKh lsÍug yels jk f,i foãug yd .ehSug hs'

.eUqßka úuik úg kdgH rpkh idys;Huh ls%hdj,shla jqj;a kdgH rplhd

idys;Hlrejl= fuka u kdgHlrefjla o fõ' Tyq msgm; rpkd lrkafka lshùug

muKla fkd j rÕmEug o iu. h' th fïih u; ;nd ,shQj o lr,sh u;

m%dix.slj iÔùj ueùug;a yelshdj ;sìh hq;= h' ‘kdgHh uq,ska u rx. .; jkafka

rplhdf.a ukia lr,sfha h’ hk lshuk f.dv ke.S we;af;a ta ksid h'

kdgHhla rpkd lsÍug w;aoelSula mdol úh hq;= h' th ;u w;aoelSula fyda

Wml,amkh lrkq ,enq w;aoelSula úh hq;= h' f.dvke.s,a,la ;ekSug jdia;=

úoHd{hl= Wmfoia fokafka .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshd úiska ks¾udKh lrkq ,enQ .Dy

ks¾udK ie,iqug wkqj h' tf,i kdgH wOHlaIjrhd kdgHh ksIamdokh lsÍug

Wmfhda.s lr .kafka rplhd úêu;aj ms<sfh, l< kdgH msgm; hs'

kdgHfha fm<g mdol jkafka hï l;d mqj;ls' ixialD; kdgHfha § b;sjD;a;h

f,i y÷kajd we;af;a fï l;d mqj; hs' ^b;s - fufia" jD;a; - isÿ úh& Nr;uqks

m`äjrhd o kdgHfha YÍrh b;sjD;a;h f,i i|yka lrhs' b;sjD;a;h b;sydi

mqj;la" ckY%e;shla" ckm%jdohla" mqrdfKdala;shla" iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSula fyda

úh yels h' ksoiqka f,i uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a kdgH lSmhla úuid

n,kak' ukfï" fjiaika;r" uydidr" nj lv;=rdj" f,dauyxi" lod j<¨" mndj;S

jeks kdgH cd;l l;d weiqßkq;a" r;a;rx" tf,dj .sysx fuf,dj wdjd" fj,a,jeyqx

jeks kdgH ck l;d weiqßkq;a" isxyndyq kdgHh jxY l:d.; m%jdo weiqßkq;a

ks¾udKh lr we;' lsßuqÜáh .fÕa .shd" jgmq¿fõ f.j,a ì|,d jeks kdgH

iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSï mdol lr f.k we;s w;r lmqjd lfmda;s" uÕ=,a m%ia;dj

jeks kdgH úfoaY lD;s weiqfrka o ks¾udKh lr we;'

;,u, msms,d kdgHhg mdol ù we;af;a wmf.a iuld,Sk iudc w;aoelSuls' ud bm§

<ud ld,fha jdih lf<a;a mdi,a .sfha;a lkao Wvrg msáir .ïudkhl h' ud mqxÑ

ld,fha .fï rÕ olajk ,o fidlß" ls÷re .eñ kdgl;a tajdfhys rÕ mE .eñhkq;a

.fï úydrfha f;ajdj l< .=Khd" rxnrKd" fiaorud wdÈ jeäysáhkq;a muKla fkd

j .u o úYd, fjkilg f.dÿre ù ;snqKq nj úYajúoHd, Ôú;h yd /lshd cSú;h

ksu lr wdmiq .ug .sh ud ,enQ tla;rd w;aoelSuls'

úfYaIfhkau l,dka;rhla uq¿,af,a mrïmrdkq.;j fYaI ù ;snqKq isxy, ixialD;sl

odhdo kùlrKh" ngysÍlrKh bÈßfha úYd, fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh jk wdldrh

fï kdgHhg mdol jQ f;audj hs' weia mkdmsg olakg ;snqKq" mq¿,a jmißhl úysÿKq

fuu fÄojdplh weiqfrka tla .eñ mjq,la flakaø fldg f.k pß; lSmhla


f.dkq lr .ksñka" kdfgHdaÑ; isÿùï fm< .iajñka" ixfla;d;aulj kdgH rpkh

ks¾udKh lr .ekSug yels úh'

rxnrKd .=rekakdkafia wmf.a mdrïmßl Ñka;kh;a" nd, nxvdr fojeks mrmqf¾

kùlrKh;a Tlk,a ngysrlrKh;a .=KjxY /äl,a jdudxYslh;a iNdm;s wêm;s

foaYmd,k jHQyh;a ufyaIsld ckms%h ixialD;sh;a" fya;= ;u wlaldf.a ixfõokh

jgyd .;a;d jQ ;=kajeks mrmqr;a wdÈ jYfhka fuys pß; ixfla;d;aul f,i f.dv

keÕSug yels úh'

kdgH msgm;la rpkd lsÍfï § my; oelafjk ,laIK wka;¾.; úh hq;= h'

^10 fYa%‚fha fm< fmdf;ys 14 mdvfuys kdgH msgm;a rpkh fldgi o

WmldÍ lr .kak'&

² kdgH msgm;g iqÿiq f;audj

² f;audj bÈßm;a lsÍug iqÿiq l;d jia;=j

² mdGlhdg$fma%laIlhdg fok m‚úvh$Ôjk oDIaáh$wruqK

² wruqK lrd hEug isoaê" fm< ks¾udKh

² kdgHfha ld,hg wkqrEm l;d úkHdih

² Wla; ffY,shla ^ffY,s.;$iajdNdúl&

² kdgHfha ikao¾Nhg wdrïNh - úldYh - WÉp wjia:dj - ksrdlrKh& wkqj

² cjksld wxl

² tys ksrEms; pß; .Kk

² l;d jia;=fjys kdgHhg WÑ; wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu

² ffY,s.; kdgH fmf<ys .egqï wjia:d fhdod .ekSu

² pß; yd .egqïj,g wod< jd.a ú,dih yd ixjdo

² rx. úOdk fhdod .ekSu

² kdgHfha ksudj ^iqLdka;$ÿ#Ldka;&

wjfndaOh

1' fmr oekqu iy fuu mdvu weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g flá ms<s;=re ,shkak'

' kdgH l,dj iduQysl l,d udOHhls' Bg fya;= olajkak'

¸¸' kdgHh iÔù l,d udOHhla ùug fya;= 3la olajkak'

¸¸¸' kdfgHdaÑ; wjia:d hkq fudkjd o@

¸¹' ‘;,u, msms,d’ kdgHhg mdol lr f.k we;s w;aoelSu yd tys f;audj

l=ula o@

¹' ¸' mdvfï we;=<;a fldgfiys i|yka jk pß; kï lrkak'

¸¸' ta tla tla pß;fhka ixfla;j;a lr we;af;a fudkjd oehs fjka fjkaj

olajkak'


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' ;,u, msms,d kdgH msgm; lshjkak'

2' Tn okakd isxy, kdgH myl kï ,shkak' tajdfhys mdol lr f.k we;s

w;aoelSï yd ffY,Ska ljf¾ oehs olajkak'

3' my; § we;s Wmud l;dj Wmfhda.s lr f.k flá kdgH msgm;la ks¾udKh

lrkak'

mdi,a .sh orefjla ojila ;u mka;sfha hy¿jl=f.a fmd;la fidrlï lr

f.k f.or .shd' Tyqf.a uj th oel i;=gqj mq;dg m%Yxid l<d' fï ksid Tyq

ksr;=rej ñ;=rkaf.a nvq fidrlï lsÍu È.g u lr f.k .shd' ;reKfhl= jQ

miq Tyq wi,ajeishkaf.a úúO foa fidrlï lrkakg jqKd' ta tllgj;a uj

úreoaO jqfKa keye' ojila f,dl= fidrlulg .sh úg Tyq w;ska ñksfil= ñh

.shd' fï ksid Tyqg urŒh oKavkh kshu jqKd' Èkla uj ;u mq;d ne,Sug

.shd túg ujg <x jqKq mq;d ujf.a lk imd lEjd' ta kmqre ls%hdjg uj fodia

mejrejd' túg ;reKhd “uu uq,ska u fmd; fidrlï lr f.k wd fõ,dfõ

ug o`vqjï l<d kï wo ug t,a¨ï .yg hkak fjkafka kE’ lshd ujg

fodaIdfrdamKh l<d'

4' Tn leu;s ck l;d" cd;l l;d fyda fjk;a w;aoelSï weiqfrka kdgH msgm;a

rpkd lrkak'

,sÅ; wNHdi

1' iqÿiq mßÈ fhÿï f;dard ysia;eka iïmQ¾K lrkk'

¸' kdgHhla krUd ri ú¢kakd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i ye¢kafõ'

¸¸' hï ls%hdjla fyda wjia:djla fyda ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' lr oelaùu kdgHh kï

fõ'

¸¸¸'kdgH ks¾udKhl uQ,sl ld¾hh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''hs

¸¹'kdgHhl id¾:l;ajh Wfoid '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' WmldÍ fõ'

¹' isxyndyq kdgHh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' weiqßka ks¾udKh ù we;'

¹¸' ;,u, msms,d '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' kdgH ffY,sfhka ks¾udKh jQjls'

^wNskh" fm< rpkh" kdfgHdaÑ; NdIdjla" fma%laIlhd" iajNdúl" jxYl;djla"

wkqlrKh" mdGlhd&

2' my; i|yka jpk fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ,shkak'

¸' mdGlhd ¸¹' iïNdjH

¸¸' Ys,amSh l%u ¹' idïm%odh

¸¸¸' mßl,amkh


´kE u l;djla i;=j Bg Wreu jQ NdId iïm%odhla mj;S' tu NdIdj ksfhdackh

lrk iudch ;=< mj;akd Ôjk jD;a;Ska" isß;a úß;a" weoySï" is;=ï me;=ï" wdl,am

wdÈh u; NdId jHjydr fyj;a idïm%odhsl fhÿï f.dv kef.a' isxy, NdIdfõ

Ndú; fuu we;eï idïm%odhsl fhÿïj,g jir oyilg jvd b;sydihla we;'

u;=msg w¾:h blaujd hk wuq;= jHjydrhla fï fhÿïj, we;'

jHjydrfha § fuka u f,aLkfha § o m< l< hq;= woyi b;d rij;a jQ yd is;a

.kakd f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdjla fï fhÿï ksid we;s fõ'

fï iïm%odhsl fhÿï j¾. lSmhls'

1' m%ia;dj msre¿

2' rEÎ

3' hq., mo

‘wjia:djg WÑ; whqßka fhdok lshuk’ hk wre;ska m%ia;dj msre¿ kï fõ' isxy,

YíofldaIh msre¿ y÷kajkafka ‘;ekg .e<fmk lshukls" wdo¾Yj;a lSuls"

wdmaf;damfoaYhls'’ hkqfjks'

kdgH fldgfika Wmqgd .;a my; fhÿï lshjkak'

“tod b|,d fï ld¾ñl hq.hg tkl,a Th lshk ÈhqKqj jqKd kï wms yefudag u

;sfhkak tmd he tajdf. ish .=Khl úfõlhla" ksial,xlhla yßhg kslx

fnd;a;u tnqju Tlafldu flfrkj jf.a'

fnd;a;ula ;shd ldihla uy .kag kQ,a mgla kE" yq`. fofkl=g' fiaru,d j,sf.

.sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a ÿjkj Wfoa ysg ?fjkl,a Ôúf;a Ôj;a lrjkag'

ta;a wka;sug fodvx f.dv nod .;a; jf.a b;sß fjk msÉÑhl=;a kE'

m<uq mdGfhys lshfjk wre;a úuid n,kak'

úoHd;aul" ;dlaI‚l jYfhka f,dalh fldf;la ÈhqKq jQj;a ñksidg úfõlh wvq

ù we;s nj ;yjqre lsÍug rplhd tu msre< wjia:djg WÑ; f,i fhdodf.k we;'

fojk mdGfhys b;d oeä wd¾Ól igkl fhfokakg ñksidg isÿ ù

we;s whqre oelaùug ‘j,sf. .sks .;a;= ykqu,d jf.a’ hk msre< Wmldr lr f.k

we;'

flf;la fjfyi jqj o wjidkfha lsisÿ m%;sM,hla w;a fkdjqK nj mejiSug

‘fodvï f.dv nod .;a; jf.a’ hk msre< olajhs'

hï lshukl wre; b;d fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fldg m%dKj;a f,i bÈßm;a l< yels nj

by; mdGj,ska ;yjqre fõ'

m%ia;dj msre¿

idïm%odhsl fhÿï


m%ia;dj msre¿j, §" b;sydi .; isÿùula" ck l;djla" cd;l l;djla" mqrdjD;a;hla"

mqoa., pß;hla iïnkaO isoaêhla wdÈ jYfhka Wmldß úh yels h' tfuka u

m%ia;dj msre¿ ;=< idudkH m%ldYhla" WmfoaYhla fyda Wmudjla jYfhka o jHjydr

jkq olakg ,efí' msre<" ieliS we;s iajNdjh wkqj o úúO fõ' iudkjdÖ

m%ldYkuh" m%Yakuh" wjjdod;aul" úOdkuh" ßoaudkql+, wdÈ jYfhka úúO wdlD;s

ta ;=< y÷kd .; yels h'

hï fhÿulg we;=<;a jpkj, w¾:h blaujd hk fjk;a w¾:hla m%ldY fõ kï

th rEÎhla f,i ye¢kafõ' w¾:h b`.shlska .; hq;= ksid ‘bÕs jels’ f,i o tajd

ye¢kafõ' fïjd b;d flá fhÿï úfYaIhls' mjik foh b;d rij;aj yd wjOdkh

we;s jk f,i lSug;a" ,sùug;a rEÎ ksid yelshdj ,efí'

“wfma uymafmdÉÑ,d .ymq wvõ lrKïj,g ta rgj, we;af;d n,x

ysáhhs lshkafka" Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d¨' Th fï ldf, tjqx iqoafoda msgq miafia .shdg” “fuhd fï ;s%msglh jkkjd' fufya fkd fjhs'''

Th <uhs hjkak ´k rg'''”“Th kqf.a l¿jr fyjKe,af,ka .=rekakdkafif. weia wkaO fj,d”“Wvql=ß[a[x fj,d” hk rEÎfhka wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka oelajQ olaI;d foi iqÿ

cd;slhka úiaufhka hq;=j neÆ whqre lshefõ'

“;s%msglh jkkjd” hkafkka O¾uhg wkqj iïm%odhdkql+, woyia iys;j Ôj;a jk

nj lshefõ' kùlrKh úh hq;= nj iNdm;sf.a woyihs'

“weia wkaO fj,d” hkafkka h:d¾:h hgm;aj we;s nj lshefõ'

fuf,i rEÎ Ndú;fhka" mjik woyi b;d rij;aj yd iÔù f,i bÈßm;a l<

wkaof¾ iskS lEj jf.a Wml%uYs,Sj ;u woyi bgqlr .ekSu

wnrd is,a .;a; jf.a wkjfndaOfhka hula lsÍu

mrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jf.a flá u.lska hd yels j ;sìh § ÿr u.lska hdu

l¨jd udrmka .shd jf.a wruqKlska f;drj jevla lsÍfï ksIaM, nj

bínkaf.ka msydgq b,a¨j jf.a ,nd .; fkd yels fohla fjkqfjka fufyhùu

w; §, o; kshjkj jf.a Woõjla lr hula n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùu

jlalfâ yl=re yex.=j jf.a iqÿiq /ljrKhla ke;s ùu

.=rekag;a wl=re jrÈkj¨ ld w;skq;a jerÈ isÿ jk nj

t<sm;a; Wv bkak n<, jf.a iaÒr ;SrKhla ke;s nj

TxÑ,a,dj tydg .sh;a fuydg

tkj¨

´kE u ls%hdjlg hï m%;sls%hdjla o we;s nj

rEÎ


yels h'

my; fhÿï lshjkak'

Èkk mlaIh n,d thg tl;= ùu wjia:djd§kaf.a isß; hs'

Èkk ms<g fldäh §u wjia:djd§kaf.a isß; hs'

úNd. m%;sM, tk;=re wlald buy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isà'

úNd. m%;sM, tk;=re wlald weÕs,s .ksñka isà'

oekqu ñkqu ;r.fhka m%:u ia:dkh Èkd .;a YsIHhd ´kE u fmd;l we;s

fohla u;lfhka lSug okS'

oekqu ñkqu ;r.fhka m%:u ia:dkh Èkd .;a YsIHhd fmd;a .=,af,ls'

m<uq jelsfhka lshk woyi fojk jelsfhka b;d fláfhka rij;aj lshd we;s

whqre úuikak'

tjeks rEÎ y÷kd .kak'

mo folla fyj;a mo hq.,hla tlg fh§u hq., mo kï fõ' woyila mejiSfï §

jvd;a úÑ;%j;aj yd wjOdrKfhka m%ldY lsÍu i|yd isxy, NdId iïm%odfha

fhfok fhÿï úfYaIhla f,i hq., mo ye¢kaúh yels h'

“f,dl= w;a;d fldfydu o Th ;rï ,iaikg lú iSmo" jkakx lshkav bf.k

.;af;a'” “lkao Wvrg lS¾;s YS% rdcisxy uy rÊcqrejkaf. foaúkakdkafig fjolu lr,

;sfhkj" wfma ó uq;af;la' tajg kïnq kdu" .ï ìï" moú ;dkdka;r ,n, ;sfhkj'

ta ú;rla o is,am idia;f¾ w÷rkj'

kdgH fldgiska Wmqgd .;a by; m%ldYj, ;o l¿ wl=ßka olajd we;s fhÿï" hq.,

mo f,i oelaúh yels h' tajdhska lshuk w¾:j;a lsßug ,eî we;s iydh úuid

n,kak'

w; fokjd Wojq lrkjd

fykyqrd ,n,d krl ld,hla Wod fj,d

,E,a,g mE.=jd b;d fõ.fhka .shd

idhu .shd ,eÊcdjg m;a jqKd

f.d¿fn,s .uk fyñka jev lsÍu

foys lmkjd fodia mjrkjd

lgq w;a;la ks;r onr lrk wfhla

fldf<a jykjd hï lreKla iÕjkjd

weÕ fírd .;a;d WmdhYS,Sj u. yßkjd

tl mhska iïmQ¾K leue;af;ka

ur wef|a È wka;su wjia:dfõ

wl=,a fy<kjd ndOd lrkjd

hq., mo


hq., mo ie§ we;s úê lSmhls'

ñ, uqo,a iñ;s iud.ï keK kqjK

jeys jreid ÿ.S ÿmam;a moú ;dkdka;r

nK oyï fjfyr úydr Ys,am idia;f¾

hdk jdyk fl<s fi,a,ï /lS rlaId

ÿl iem W.;a kQ.;a .=K fodia

fyd| krl we;s ke;s tod fuod

wE; uE; nd, uy¨ tf;r fuf;r

mska mõ wvq jeä w. uq,

nvq uqÜgq uqo,a yo,a Woõ moõ

l=,S u,S mä kä ;ry ury

.uka ìuka ndr ydr bvï lvï

<uhs nuhs l=, u, f;dú,a mú,a

,g mg ;lal= uqlal= oks mks

cr ur ´m ¥m f;dr f;daxÑ

wdk mdk wkx ukx wvqu l=vqu

jx yqx ,jla fojla ,Üg f,dÜg

w¾:h w;ska ;rula ióm mo hq.,hla fh§u

weg lgq fmd; m; <Õ md;

j;= msá ye<s j<x lhs l;kaor

f.a fodr ks;S Í;s fldÜg fuÜg

ÿ.S u.S ,shqï lshqï fydr fndre

is;d n,d ,shd lshd kgd .hd

ÿj mek yod jvd Whd mshd

n,d lshd lr lshd .hd jhd

ljd fmdjd ;<d fm<d fidhd n,d

iudkd¾: mo hq.,hla fh§u

úreoaOd¾: mo hq.,hla fh§u

tla mohl w¾: iys; wfkla mofha w¾: rys; mo hq.,hla fh§u

w¾: rys; mo hq.,hla fh§u ^tfy;a thska hï w¾:hla biau;= fõ&

tlsfklg wiudk mQ¾j ls%hd mo hq.,hla fh§u


wjfndaOh

1' » fldgfia we;s m%ia;dj msre<g jvd;a .e<fmk fhÿu »» fldgiska f;dard

,shkak'

» fldgi

¸' ysÕkakdf.a md;a;f¾ fykyqrd jegqKd jf.a

¸¸' wyig b‚ux n¢kjd jf.a

¸¸¸' Æ,d ke;s j<g lKhd mKaä;hd

¸¹' kshr ñá ;ekska j;=r nyskj jf.a

¹' .fÕka j;=r î uqyqog wdjeãu

»» fldgi

¸' m%Odkshd ke;s úg wjfYaI mqoa.,hka m%Odk jk nj

¸¸' je/oafoa j.lSu ÿn,hdg mejÍu

¸¸¸' lrorhg m;a ù isák úg ;j;a lrorhla ùu

¸¹' Wmldr l< mqoa.,hd wu;l lr n,j;=ka j¾Kkd lsÍu

¹' ksIaM, ls%hdjla lrk nj

2' ysia;ekg fhda.H mßÈ .e<fmk fhÿï fhdod msre¿ iïmQ¾K lrkak'

¸' hk hld ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ì| f.k hkj¨

¸¸' § lsrg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' idlals¨

¸¸¸' WKq yskao fndkak;a nE '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wyl odkak;a nE

¸¹' n,a,kag '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''ÿkak jf.a

¹' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' we;akï fldfydu n¢kak neß o

3' my; i|yka lshqïj,g .e<fmk m%ia;dj msre¿ ,shkak'

¸' iekis,s m;d lrk fohska fmr ;snqKdg;a jvd lror meñŒu'

¸¸' ;ud jerÈ lrñka wkqkag oekuq;=lï §u

¸¸¸' krl weiqr ;snqK;a hym;a mqoa.,hd whym;a whl= njg m;a fkd fõ'

¸¹' hul=f.a ienE ;;a;ajh fmfkkafka Tyqf.a ls%hd l,dmfhks'

¹' ckaufhka ,o ÿ¾.=K bj; ,sh fkd yels h'

4' » fldgfia we;s rEÎj,g .e<fmk w¾:h iys; fldgi »» ;Srefjka f;dard

,shkak'

» fldgi »» fldgi

¸' lU wÈkjd ¸' ls%hd;aul fkd lsÍu

¸¸' yuia fmÜáhg oukjd ¸¸' ryiska wkqqn, §u

¸¸¸' iqÿyqKq .dkjd ¸¸¸' /lshdj wysñ lsÍu

¸¹' nvg .ykjd ¸¹' tlÕ;djla ke;slu

¹' W,amkaoka fokjd ¹' we;a; jika lrkjd


m%dfhda.sl wNHdi

1' my; § we;s msre¿j, W;am;a;s l;d fidhd ,shkak'

¸' l¨jd udrmka .shd jf.a

¸¸' rd,ydñ n;, lkak fmd,a f;arejd jf.a

¸¸¸' wkaof¾ iSks lEjd jf.a

2' m%ia;dj msre¿" rEÎ tys w¾: iys;j o" tla tla j¾.hg wh;a hq., mo o tla

lr “ni irik idïm%odhsl fhÿï” uefhka fmd;a msxpla ilia lrkak'

5' uq,ska § we;s rEÎfha w¾:hg iudk ;j;a rEÎhla jryk ;=< we;' th f;dard

,shkak'

¸' idhu .shd ¸¸' Èfjka Èj .df.k

¸¸¸' wka;su b;a;;a weoaod ¸¹' ;re úisjqKd

¹' yegg yefÜ

^wjidk ;=reïmqj;a .eyqjd" uQK weUq,a jqKd" mKg mK" ,E,a,g md.,d"

tf,dj fmd,a fmkqKd&

6' § we;s rEÎ fhdod w¾:j;a jdlHh ne.ska ;kkak'

WodyrK( úfoaY.;j isg meñ‚ ksu,a oeka Ôj;a jkafka rcf.or mfrúhd

fuks'

¸' .sks f.ähla ¸¸' w;udrejla

¸¸¸' fiai; u ¸¹' w,.= ;shkakj;a neß

¹' bfya u,la msmqKd

7' m<uqj olajd we;s hq., mofha w¾:hg ióm hq., moh bÈßfha we;s hq.,

moj,ska f;dard ,shkak'

' wy, my, - i,a,s ndf.

¸¸' uqo,a yo,a - m`vqre mdlal=vï

¸¸¸' ,sms f,aLk - <Õ md;

¸¹' ;E.s fnda. - pdß;% jdß;%

¹' isß;a úß;a - ,shqï lshqï

8' tla tla hq., mo wh;a jk j¾.h bÈßfhka f;dard ,shkak' tu hq., mo

fhdod jdlH ks¾udKh lrkak'

WodyrK( iñ;s - iud.ï } iudkd¾:¦ Tyq iñ;s iud.ï /il ks, ;,

fynù h'

¸' ux udj;a ¹¸' oek W.;a

¸¸' ;lal= uqlal= ¹¸¸' ioao noao

¸¸¸' we;s ke;s ¹¸¸¸' ueyqï f.;=ï

¸¹' fí;a fya;a ¸º' mska mõ

¹' jx yqx º' lr lshd


ixialdrl igyk

2015 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul flfrk kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+,j fuu 11 fYa%‚h

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh fm<fmd; iïmdokh lr we;' úúO f,aLlhkaf.a

lD;sj,ska Wmqgd f.k isiqkag .e<fmk wdldrhg ixialrKh lrk ,o fldgia

iy úIh ks¾foaYhg wod<j w¨f;ka u rpkd lrk ,o f,aLkj,ska iukaú;

fuu fm<fmd;" NdId l=i,;d yd NdId {dkh j¾Okhg;a idys;H mßYS,kfhka

Ôú;djfndaOh mq¿,a lr .ekSug;a Tng wdOdrl jkq we;'

iajdëkj lshjd ri ú¢h yels ks¾udK o oekqu" wjfndaOh j¾Okh lrk f,aLk

fldgia o fuys we;=<;a jk w;r tajdfha uq,a lD;s fidhd f.k lshùug lghq;=

lrk f,i Tng fhdackd lruq' fuu fm<fmd; wOHhkfha § wjYH jQ úg .=re

iydh ,nd .ekSu iqÿiq nj o isysm;a lruq'

fuu fm<fmdf;ys mdvï wkqms<sfj< ilia lr we;af;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

u.ska ks¾foaYs; b.ekaùï wkql%uhg wkql+, jk wdldrhg h' mdvï ixLHdj o

ilia ù we;af;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ks¾foaY wkqj h'

fuys we;=<;a f,aLkj, uq,a l¾;Djrekag lD;{;d mQ¾jl m%Kduh msßkuk w;r

úúO wdldrfhka iydh oelajQ ish¨ fokdg o wmf.a lD;{;dj m< lr isáuq'

úfYaI ,sms iïmdokfhka odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka uydpd¾h fla'tka'´' O¾uodi" wdpd¾h

ví,shq' ta' wfíisxy" wdpd¾h ch,;a ufkdar;ak" le¨ï k,skao ukfïkaø wdrÉÑ

hk uy;ajrekaf.a wñ, fiajh wmf.a fuka u cd;sfha u m%Kduhg n÷ka úh hq;= h'

.=jkaúÿ,s jevigykla ,nd §u fjkqfjka Y%S ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:dfõ iNdm;s;=ud

m%uqL ld¾huKav,hg o nyqúO udOH Ndú;h ixfla;j;a flfrk ldgQka Ñ;%

ks¾udKh l< oñkaøs fl!Y,Hd fld<Uf.a fufKúhg o wmf.a m%Kduh ysñ

fjhs' fmardfo‚h úYajúoHd,fha PdhdrEm ,nd ÿka yßkaø î' oikdhl uy;dg;a

;ífndaj jej" cqrdisl f*dis, PdhdrEm ,nd ÿka le¨ï ukfïkaø wdrÉÑ uy;dg;a

lD;{;dj m< lruq'

Ôú;fha fndfyda ld¾hhka i|yd w;HjYH NdId l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr .ksñka

ukd ikaksfõok yelshdjkaf.ka iukaú;" Ôú;djfndaOfhka msßmqka mqrjeishl=

f,i wkd.; f,dalhg tla jkakg Tng werhqï lruq' ta i|yd fuu fm<fmd; o

msgqn,hla jkq we;ehs Wola u wfmalaId lruq'

NdIdj" ñksiqka jk wmf.a jeo.;a u ixialD;sl Wreuh hs' wm wfkla ish¨ oE

bf.k .kafka NdIdj ud¾.fhks' NdIdj uekúka bf.k uekúka yiqrejkakg;a

NdId ffkmqKHh kue;s uyd¾> ksOdkfha úmq, M, ,nkakg;a Tng yels fõjd hs

m;uq'

ixialdrl uKav,h

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