itp530 thermal processing of foods -...

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1 Purwiyatno Hariyadi Email: [email protected] Web: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id ITP530 Purwiyatno Hariyadi phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB Southeast Asian Food & Agricultural Science & Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, BOGOR, Indonesia (www.seafast.ipb.ac.id) Member of Institute for Thermal Process Specialist (IFTPS)-USA (www.iftps.org) ITP530/2015 Thermal Processing of Foods ITP530 Intrinsic Properties of Foods Species of microorganisms. Acidity (pH) Water activity (a w ) Food Oxygen (some of the spores with high thermal resistance are anaerobic). Food composition Factors Influence the Heat Resistance of Microbial

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1

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Purwiyatno Hariyadiphariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

• Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB

• Southeast Asian Food & Agricultural Science & Technology (SEAFAST) Center, Bogor Agricultural University, BOGOR, Indonesia (www.seafast.ipb.ac.id)

• Member of Institute for Thermal Process Specialist (IFTPS)-USA (www.iftps.org)

ITP530/2015

Thermal Processing of Foods

ITP530

IntrinsicProperties of Foods

• Species of microorganisms.• Acidity (pH) • Water activity (aw)• Food Oxygen (some of the spores

with high thermal resistance are anaerobic).

• Food composition

Factors Influence the Heat Resistance of Microbial

2

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

HM

L

Characteristics of potentially hazardous foods:

M

4.5

0.85

0

1aw

pH1410

ITP530

HM

L M

4.5

0.85

0

1aw

pH1410

Managing riks of potentially hazardous foods: food processing

Salah satu teknik yang effektif adalah:

Pemanasan=

Thermal Processing

3

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

HM

L M

4.5

0.85

0

1aw

pH1410

Managing riks of potentially hazardous foods: food processing

•Telah digunakan oleh manusia sejak manusia menemukan api

• Pemasakan (cooking)• Penghangatan kembali (rewarming)• Pelelehan (thawing)• Blansir (blanching)• Hot filling• Pasteurisasi• Sterilisasi

ITP530

Better Thermal Processing??~ Optimasi

• Menghasilkan produk yang aman: memenuhi persyaratan peraturan/standar (keamanan) pangan

• Menghasilkan produk awet pada (i) suhu kamar (sterilisasi) atau (ii) suhu refrigerasi (pasteurisasi).

• Meminimalkan kerusakan zat gizi dan atribut mutu

• Meningkatkan produktivitas memaksimalkan “yields”

• Mengurangi biaya

Thermal Processing: Tujuan

4

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Better Thermal Processing??~ Optimasi

Thermal Processing: Tujuan

Mengoptimalkan yield dan produktivitas, meminimalkan kerusakan mutu (dan gizi)tanpa mengkompromikan persyaratan keamanan pangan

ITP530

Highly PHFspH > 4.5 dan aw>0.85

Terkemas/tertutup dengan kedap (hermetis)

Awet pada suhu ruang (shelf stable)

Tidak memerlukan refrigerasi Contoh : Sardine, tuna dalam 

kaleng, susu steril, dll

Proses Panas

SterilisasiKomersial

Thermal Processing: Kasus A

5

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Highly PHFspH > 4.5 dan aw>0.85

Terkemas/tertutup dengan kedap (hermetis)

Hanya beberapa hari pada suhu refrigerasi

Harus refrigerasi Contoh : Susu pasteurisasi, 

daging udang,  kepiting, dan hasil laut lainnya

Proses Panas

Pasteurisasi

Thermal Processing: Kasus B

ITP530

Medium ‐ PHFspH > 4.5 dan aw<0.85pH < 4.5 dan aw>0.85

Terkemas/tertutup dengan kedap (hermetis)

Awet (shelf stable), dengan/tanpa refrigerasi

Bisa tanpa refrigerasi Contoh : Sari buah,  sos tomat, 

jem/jelly, dll

ProsesPasteurisasi

&/atau Hot-fill-hold

Thermal Processing: Kasus C

6

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Thermal Processing

Process Objectives (Process Criterias):

• to kill microorganisms• to keep away microorganisms

Food Safety Objectives :• Protect public health hazard• (reduce economic spoilage)

• Hot-filling (Hot-fill-hold)

• Pasteurisasi

• Sterilisasi

Bagaimana mengevaluasi/menilai keamanan produk pangan yang diproses panas?

?

ITP530

Thermal Processing

• Hot-filling (Hot-fill-hold)

• Pasteurisasi

• Sterilisasi

IngredientsPreparation:cutting, etc

Preparationof liquid

Ready madeCAN

Filling(particulates)

Filling(liquid)

Closing Retorting Labelling Filled Can

In-Container Processing

1

7

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Produk Kaleng, botol, gelas, dll

Produk steril dalam wadah

Sterilisasi(pemanasan)

In-container thermal processing

Pengi-sian +

tutup

Thermal Processing1

ITP530

• Species of microorganisms.• Acidity (pH) • Water activity (aw)• Food Oxygen (some of the spores

with high thermal resistance are anaerobic).

• Food composition

Factors Influence the Heat Resistance of Microbial

8

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

• Species of microorganisms.• Acidity (pH) • Water activity (aw)• Food Oxygen (some of the spores

with high thermal resistance are anaerobic).

• Food composition

Factors Influence the Heat Resistance of Microbial

ITP530

Heat Resistance of Microbial

9

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Heat Resistance of Microbial

ITP530

D values of microorganisms of importance in heat processing

Spores D 121.1 D140

(min) (s)

B. stearothermophilus 4.0 - 5.0 0.9C. thermosaccharolyticum 3.0 - 4.0D. nigrificans 2.0 - 3.0C. botulinum – proteolytic 0.1 - 0.23C. sporogenes 0.1 - 1.5B. coagulans 0.01 - 0.1B. Sporothermodurans 3,4 -7.9

10

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Reaksi E Z(kJ/mole) (oC)

Enzyme reactions 0-33.5 -Chlorophyl loss 21-113 26-142Ascorbic acid 21-167 11.8-142Non-enzymatic browning 37.7-167 -Lipid oxidation 41.9 -Spore destruction 251-335 8.7-11.8 Veg. cell destruction 209-628 4.7-14.2Protein denaturation 335-502 5,9-8.9

Comparison of Z and Ea for Quality Attributes and Microbial Populations of importance in heat processing

ITP530

• Lethal Rate (LR)= Lethal value (LV)

• Time/Temp Process & LR

• LR Curve for Thermal Process

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

11

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

z121.1-T(t)

zT(t)-121.1 10

10

1LVLR ===

T(oC) T(oF) LR(z=10oC)

90 194 0,00077624795 203 0,002454709100 212 0,007762471105 221 0,024547089110 230 0,077624712115 239 0,245470892120 248 0,776247117121,1 250 1,000000000125 257 2,454708916129 264 6,165950019

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

ITP530

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

LR

t, min T(oC)

0 121,11 121,12 121,13 121,14 121,15 121,16 121,17 121,18 121,19 121,110 121,111 121,112 121,1

LR(z=10oC)

1,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,01,0

Pemanasan pada suhu konstan,121,1oC

1 unit sterilisasi

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Waktu

Su

hu

12 unit sterilisasiF0=12

12

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

0,0000

0,0020

0,0040

0,0060

0,0080

0,0100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Waktu

LRt, min T(oC) LR(z=10oC)

0 100 0,0077624711 100 0,0077624712 100 0,0077624713 100 0,0077624714 100 0,0077624715 100 0,0077624716 100 0,0077624717 100 0,0077624718 100 0,0077624719 100 0,00776247110 100 0,00776247111 100 0,00776247112 100 0,007762471

Total sterilitas = 0.007762x12 unit= 0.10091 unit

hanya 0.00776 x pengaruh letal pada 121.1oC

Total letalitas = F0 =??

F0 = Do log t

0(LR)dt

N

N0

F0 = LR.t

Pemanasan pada suhu konstan,100oC

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

ITP530

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

t = heating time (mini)T = Heating temperature, oC

F0 = 1 pemanasan selama 1 menit pada suhu 121.1oC

13

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Diketahui : Mikroba A; D0 = 0,21 menitdikehendaki proses 12 D

Pemanasan pada suhu 121.1oC ………> 12(0,21)=2.52 menit

Pemanasan pada suhu 100oC

1/LR100C x 2.52 min = 1/0.00776 x 2.52=324.7 min (5.4 jam)

Pemanasan pada suhu 129oC

1/LR129C x 2.52 min = 1/6,166 x 2.52=0.408 min (24.5 detik)

Pemanasan pada suhu 50oC

1/LR50C x 2.52 min = 1/0. 000000078 x 2.52

= 32307692.31 menit

= 747.8 bulan????!!!!

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

ITP530

Pada prakteknya :

Efek letal panas untuk sterilisasi, umumnya mulai dianggap nyata setelah T>90oC

Teixeira (1992) :

No appreciable lethality at T < 210oF(99oC)

Suhu produk selama pemanasan tidak konstant

…….> T=f(t)

Pemanasan produk dilakukan dalam retort pengalengan

Pemanasan produk dilakukan dengan HE aseptik

suhu produk diukur pada SHP/CP

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

14

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Produk Kaleng, botol, gelas, dll

Produk steril dalam wadah

Sterilisasi(pemanasan)

Pengi-sian +

tutup

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

ITP530

Heat Penetration Test

• Scheduled Process:Venting and heating procedure

• Come up time• Operator processing

time• Cooling time, ETC

TR = f(t)

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

15

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Tipikal kurva penetrasi panas untuk pangan kaleng dan perubahan suhu retort (TR) selama proses seterilisasi

• Suhu retort di”set” (mis: pada 250oF)

CUT

• t untuk mencapai TR : CUT

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

Teixera, 1992. Thermal Process Calculation. Handbook of Food Eng.

Heat Penetration Test

ITP530

Tipikal data penetrasi panas : hubungan antara suhu produk (SHP) dan waktu pemanasan

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

Teixera, 1992. Thermal Process Calculation. Handbook of Food Eng.

SHP

SHP:Slowest Heating Point=Coldest Point

16

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Tipikal data penetrasi panas : hubungan antara suhu produk (SHP) dan waktu pemanasan

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

Teixera, 1992. Thermal Process Calculation. Handbook of Food Eng.

ITP530

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Waktu

LR

t, min T(oC) LR(z=10oC)

0 90 0,0007762474 105 0,0245470898 120 0,77624711712 121 0,97723722116 100 0,00776247120 70 0,00000776224 60 0,000000776

F0 = Do log =t

0

(LR)dtN

N0

Fo = luas area di bawah kurva hubungan antara LR dan t

Fo = jumlah area trapesium

Luas trapesium t2

LR2LR1

+=

020406080

100120140

0 4 8 12 16 20 24waktu

Su

hu

(C

)

3.5068)(122

0.977

0.776A =-

+=

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

17

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Tipikal data penetrasi panas : hubungan antara suhu produk (SHP) dan waktu pemanasan

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

Teixera, 1992. Thermal Process Calculation. Handbook of Food Eng.

ITP530

Tipikal data penetrasi panas : hubungan antara suhu produk (SHP) dan waktu pemanasan

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

18

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Tipikal data penetrasi panas : hubungan antara suhu produk (SHP) dan waktu pemanasan

PROCESS CALCULATIONS(for ”In-container sterilisation”)

ITP530

T-Tm TP-TR=

Ti-Tm Ti-TR

= exp -(t/L2)

TR-TP

TR-Ti

= exp -(k)t

Log(TR-TP)=Log(TR-Ti)- t(2,303)

k

2. Metoda Formula

T - TR

Ti - TR

= e

hA

CpV- t

= e-kt

Persamaan perubahan suhu selama proses pemanasan :

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

19

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Dari kurva penetrasi panas :

- Tentukan fh

- Buat garis vertikal di t=0.6 CUT- Tentukan jI (baca di sumbu kanan Y)- (hitung/tentukan j

j = jI/I I = RT - IT

Menentukan nilai Fo; jika diketahui B

........hitung log g = log jI – (B/fh)

...... .dengan diketahui log g cari fh/U

...... .hitung Fi = 10(250-TR)/z

Fo = fh/[(fh/U)Fi]

Kasus 1

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

ITP530

Dari kurva penetrasi panas :

- Tentukan fh

- Buat garis vertikal di t=0.6 CUT- Tentukan jI (baca di sumbu kanan Y)- (hitung/tentukan j

j = jI/I I = RT - IT

Menentukan nilai B; jika dikehendaki nilai Fo

...... .hitung Fi = 10(250-TR)/z

....... hitung fh/U = fh/(Fo*Fi)

...... .dengan diketahui fh/U cari log g

B= fh(log jI – log g)

PROCESS CALCULATIONS

Kasus 2

20

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Thermal Processing

• Hot-filling (Hot-fill-hold)

• Pasteurisasi

• Sterilisasi

Aseptic/Continuous Processing

Ingredients CuttingAddition of

Liquid, Mixing

Heating(sterilizing/

Pasteurizing)

FormingPackagingMaterial

Sterilizing AsepticFilling

CodingAsepticClosing Filled Pack

2

ITP530

Aseptic/Continuous Processing:Contoh : Susu Cair

Zona Aseptis

SUSU steril dalam

kemasan

PengisianSUSU steril

kedalam kemasan steril, dilakukan pada

kondisi lingkungan steril

2

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

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ITP530

Low Acid Food :

a food, other than alcoholic beverages, where any component of the food has a pH > 4.6 and a aw > 0.85.

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

30

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Low Acid Canned Food :

• pH > 4.6• Water Activity > 0.85• Thermally processed• Hermetically sealed container• Non-refrigerated

=COMMERCIALLYSTERILE

Low Acid Canned Food :

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

ITP530

=COMMERCIALLYSTERILE

Ope-rator

Proses

Pengen-dalianProses

Arsipproses

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

Faktor-faktor yang perlu dikendalikan

31

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Ope-rator

Proses

Pengen-dalianProses

=COMMERCIALLYSTERILE

Arsipproses

Faktor Kritis

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

Faktor-faktor yang perlu dikendalikan perlu SOP dan GMP ketat

ITP530

The product must be processed to achieve commercial sterility and the container in which the product is enclosed must be hermetically sealed so as to be airtight and to protect the contents of the container against the entry of microorganisms during and after processing.

Performance Standard (USFDA/USDA) :COMMERCIALLY STERILE

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

32

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

For a low-acid Produk that receives thermal or other sporicidal lethality processing, that processing must be validated to achieve :

• a probability of 10-9 that there are spores of C. botulinum in a container of the produk that are capable of growing, or,

• a 12-log10 reduction of C. botulinum, assuming an initial load of 1000 spores per container.

Performance Standard (USFDA/USDA) :COMMERCIALLY STERILE

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

ITP530

• C. botulinum

• DBot,250F = 0.21 menit

• 12-log10 reduction C. botulinum Fo = 2.52 menit

Performance Standard (USFDA/USDA) :COMMERCIALLY STERILE

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

33

Purwiyatno HariyadiEmail: [email protected]: phariyadi.staff.ipb.ac.id

ITP530

Dalam prakteknya …

10 Ovals Sliced meat in gravy12-15 All Meats in gravy6-8 Up to A1 Mushrooms in butter

8-10 A1 Mushrooms in brine3-4 A2 Celery6-8 A2 to A10 4-6 Up to A2 Green beans in brine3-4 All Carrots6-8 A2 to A10 6 Up to A2 Peas in brine

4-6 All Beans in tomato sauce3-5 babyfood Babyfoods

Fo values Ukuran KalengsProduk

Beberapa nilai-Fo pangan steril komersial di pasar UK

PROCESS ADEQUACY (for Safety Assurance)Focus : Low Acid Canned Foods

ITP530

Terimakasih

More on Thermal Processing of FoodGo to ITP730

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