jaana luoranen & timo saksa - nordgen · 2015. 9. 18. · 4 jaana luoranen & timo saksa 9/18/2015...

© Natural Resources Institute Finland© Natural Resources Institute Finland1 18.9.2015Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

Planting from spring to autumn: selection of seedling material and suitable regeneration areas for different planting windows

© Natural Resources Institute Finland

Recommended planting windows for different tree species in Finland nowadays

species April May June July August Sept. OctoberSprucePineBirch

2 9/18/2015Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

Presentation topics:• Site properties – planting windows, are there any

restrictions or especially risk sites?• Machine planting – special requirements for

seedlings?• What kind of material in each window can be planted?


0

20

40

60

80

100

17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45

Surv

ival

, %

Planting date

Pine weevil or black spruce beetleTemperature >25 °C during planting dayPoor quality of mounding and planting

Very stony site - drought

1-May 23-May 20-June 17-July 15-Aug 12-Sep 10-Oct 7-Nov

Effect of machine planting or planting date on survival of Norway spruce seedlings were minor


Risk for pine weevil feeding increased when seedlings were planted on humus-dominated mounds or seedlings suffer drought just after planting

Based on Luoranen, J., Rikala, R. & Smolander, H. 2011. Machine planting of Norway spruce by Bracke and Ecoplanter… Silva Fennica 45(3): 341-357.


Any restrictions when selecting sites to different planting windows?


Green color is the recommended window for a soil typered for windows with ground frost (deeply frozen, slow thawing)orange for sites and windows with high drought riskyellow for sites and windows with high risk of frost heaving

May June July August Sept. Oct.AprilSoil typeMedium course soils

Fine soilsPeatlands

Stony sites

Avoid to plant- easily drying sites in summer (course, stony)- fine textured soils in autumnPlant tree species suitable for site type: not spruce in too dry sites

© Natural Resources Institute Finland© Natural Resources Institute Finland5 18.9.2015Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

• Tree species: spruce, pine, deciduous species (at least silver birch in Finland)

• Same origin and healthy criterion as for manual planted seedlings

• Developmental stage of seedling material is suitable for planting window

• Root binds the peat plug, but roots have not grown from plug to plug or root density within a plug is not too high

• Seedling size is suitable to used growing density and cell volume

Requirements of seedlings in machine planting

Risto Rikala

© Natural Resources Institute Finland6 18.9.2015Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

Target size of machine planted seedlings 11–20 cm for pine, 14–30 cm spruce

At l

east

5 cm

> 5

cm

At least a half of shoot should be above the soil surface: Enough green biomass above the soil surface to ensure good growth and survival of seedlings

Uniform mineral soil layer on the mound have to be approximately 5 cm thick

Root plug have to be planted into the double humus layer in the middle of mound

• drought • frost heavingLuke/Erkki Oksanen


What is the maximum height of seedlings?

7 18.9.2015Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa

Drawn again based on Partanen, J., Rikala, R. & Smolander, H. 2013. Paakunkoon ja kylvöajankohdan vaikutus kuusen taimien rakenteeseen ja istutusmenestymiseen. Taimiuutiset 1/3013: 7-12; kuva 5.

It depends on container volume and growing time:- Too long growing time in a nursery weakens the height growth of Norway spruce seedlings after planting

Height at planting, cm

At planting, seedlings were two years old

0

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20

30

40

PL

64F

PL

81F

PL

121F

PL

64F

PL

81F

PL

121F

PL

64F

PL

81F

PL

121F

PL

64F

PL

81F

PL

121F

Apr-1 Apr-30 June-1 July-1

Hei

ght g

row

th a

fter p

lant

ing,

cm

Contrainer size and sowing date

1st year growth 2nd year growth

40 45 43 37 44 43 26 30 33 19 23 22


30

35

40

45

50

55

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Tota

l hei

ght g

row

th a

fter p

lant

ing,

cm

Root density with in a root plug (dry mass of roots, mg/peat plug volume, cm3)

1-year Apr-12-year Apr-302-year Apr-12-year Apr-302-year June-12-year July-1

The smaller it better

Root bounding weakens seedlings growth after planting: the longer the seedlings have been grown in a nursery, the more

probable the root bounding is


Drawn again based on Partanen, J. 2015. Kuusen paakkutaimien tyviläpimitta paakun läpimitttaan suhteutettuna kertoo juuriston tiheydestä. Taimiuutiset 1/3015: 6-7; kuva 2.


Growing time of seedlings have to be targeted for each planting window

Growth and survival of Norway spruce container seedlings reduced after planting if seedlings were grown too tall and too long time in the used peat plug volume.

Broken lined square are for suitable planting dates for presented seedling batch (in May, seedlings were one-year old, grown in PL81F trays)


Drawn again based on Luoranen, J., Rikala, R., Konttinen, K. & Smolander, H. 2005. Extending the planting period of dormant and growing Norway spruce container seedlings to early summer. Silva Fennica 39(4): 481-496.

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40

17-May 31-May 14-June 28-June 12-July 26-July 9-Aug 23-Aug

Hei

ght,

cm

Istutusajankohta

at planting growth in planting summer 2nd year growth

60

70

80

90

100

17-May 31-May 14-June 28-June 12-July 26-July 9-Aug 23-Aug

Surv

ival

, %

Planting date


0

10

20

30

Warm soil (+18 °C) Cold soil (+8 °C)Dry

mas

s of

new

root

s, m

g ThawedFrozen

When you can plant first seedlings in spring?

• Root growth and water uptake are slow in cold soil – increased risk for drying: avoid plant seedlings too early in spring

• Plant only thawed seedlings


Drawn again based on Helenius P. 2005. Effect of thawing regime on growth and mortality of frozen-stored Norway spruce container seedlings planted in summer. Scand J For Res 17:2018-224.


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100

15-May 29-May 12-Jun 26-Jun 10-Jul 24-Jul 7-Aug 21-Aug

Dam

aged

see

dlin

gs o

r ris

k fo

r fro

st e

vent

, %

Planting date

2000

2001

Risk curve

Planting window for frozen-stored Norway spruce seedlings


Seedlings need to take from frozen-storage until Midsummer otherwise risk for frost damage in autumn frosts increase

Drawn again based on Luoranen, J., Rikala, R., Konttinen, K. & Smolander, H. 2005. Extending the planting….Silva Fennica 39(4): 481-496 and Hänninen, H., Luoranen, J., Rikala, R. & Smolander, H. 2009. Late termination of freezer storage… Silva Fennica 43(5): 817-830.

Broken lined square are for suitable planting dates for frozen-stored Norway spruce seedlings


Short-day treated seedlings for late-summer and autumn plantings

• Compared to untreated seedlings, short-day treated seedlings– tolerate drought better after planting– tolerate autumn frosts better– earlier bud burst in following spring after treatment, also

summer planting hastens bud burst independently of photoperiod treatment

• The benefits are greater than disadvantages.• Recommedation: use SD-treated seedlings as soon as nursery

can produce them (SD-treatment can not be started too early in June)

Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa12 18.9.2015


How late in autumn you can plant seedlings?


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Aug-19 Sep-1 Sep-15 Sep-29 Oct-13 May-19

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ber o

f roo

ts g

row

n ou

t fro

m ro

ot p

lug

durin

g th

ree

wee

ks a

fter p

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ing

Planting date in 2014 and 2015

sprucepine

Preliminary results: September and October-planted seedlings do not grow new roots in planting year: Increased risk for damage in snowless winter or during dry spring?


Preliminary results: In spring, well-rooted seedlings begin root growth faster than unrooted ones


02468

1012141618

Aug-19 Sep-1 Sep-15 Sep-29 Oct-13

Num

ber o

f whi

te, n

ew ro

ots

on M

ay-6

, 201

5

Planting date in 2014

sprucepine

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5

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15

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25

30

Aug-19 Sep-1 Sep-15 Sep-29 Oct-13 May-19

Num

ber o

f whi

te, n

ew ro

ots

on M

ay-2

0, 2

015

Planting date in 2014 and 2015

sprucepine

Root growth started when air and soil temperatures were


Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa 15

Norway spruce seedling material for different planting windows in Finland

Seedling material• 1-2-year old frozen-stored

seedlings• 1-2-year old seedlings

overwintered outdoors• 1,5-year old seedlings

grown for summer planting• Short-day treated, 1,5- year

old• Short-day treated, 1-year

old• Untreated seedlings, 1-2

year old

Blue = not actively growing at planting, green = actively growing at planting? Experiments going on, risks may be greater than in other windows

May June July August Sept. Oct.

?

?

?

18.9.2015

© Natural Resources Institute FinlandJaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa16

Planting windows for Scots pine• Planting windows differ between pine and spruce• Growth pattern of pine differ from spruce

• Predetermined growth from second year (in spruce, about a half is predetermined and a half free growth)

• Shoot elongate first, then needles grow (in spruce, needles grow at the same time as shoot lengthening)

• Growth begin when temperature sum is about 50 d.d. (in spruce, 150 d.d. is needed)

• In first-year seedlings, short-day treatment can be used for two purposes

– Production of pine seedlings with secondary needles during a one season (SD-treatment in the end part of May)

– Cessation of height growth and frost hardening of seedlings (SD in end part of summer), frost hardening needs also low night temperatures

18.9.2015

Risto Rikala


• Seedlings overwintered outdoors can be planted until the first week of June. After that lengthening shoots are sensitive to be damaged mechanically

• Frozen-stored pine seedlings have to be taken out of storage in the beginning of June, two weeks earlier than spruce

• In summer planting (June-July), results from pine have not been as good as they are from spruce and birch, at least when present Finnish growing schedules have been used

• Before autumn plantings, pine seedlings should be SD-treated, meaning that they can not be planted before the middle of August

• Planting period are recommended to stop at the end of September, increasing risks for winter damage

Jaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa17

Planting windows for Scots pine

18.9.2015

© Natural Resources Institute FinlandJaana Luoranen & Timo Saksa18

Scots pine seedling material for different planting windows in Finland

Blue = not actively growing at planting, green = actively growing at planting? Experiments going on, risks may be greater than in other windows

Seedling material• 1-year old, frozen-

stored seedlings• 1-year old seedlings,

overwintered outdoors

• Short-day treated, 1-year old seedlings

May June July August Sept. Oct.

?

18.9.2015


Silver birch seedling material for different planting windows


Spring planting Summer planting

Risto RikalaRisto Rikala


Silver birch seedlings material for different planting windows


September

Frozen stored or outdoors overwintered, leafless 1-year old seedlings

Seedlings grown for summer planting, 2-3 months old, short seedlings with leaves

Seedlings planted after height growth cessation, grown one season in a nursery

May June July August October

Same windows are suitable also for other deciduous species, at least for hybrid aspen


Good growth of summer planted silver birch seedlings can be seen 10 years after planting


Height at planting, cm

Based on Luoranen, J. 2015. Kesäkoivujen hyvä kasvu näkyy vielä 10 vuoden kuluttua istutuksesta. Taimiuutiset 2/2015:6-7.

0

5

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30

27B 28B 29B 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 May

Stem

vol

ume1

0 ye

ars

afte

r pl

antin

g, d

m3

Planting week in 1997

** * *

July August September

1998

30 38 34 33 39 50 64 68 68 70 74 80 82


New approach to produce and plant silver birch


Newly planted seedling Situation after 3 months Situation after 2 seasonsOn 19 May, 2014 On Aug-13, 2014 On Aug-11, 2015Seedling height 20 cm length of women 160 cm length of measure 150 cm

Luke/Erkki OksanenJaana LuoranenJaana Luoranen

Preliminary results: silver birch seedlings raised in small-sized cells grow fast after planting – lower costs with better results?


Thank you!

jaana luoranen & timo saksa - nordgen · 2015. 9. 18. · 4 jaana luoranen & timo saksa 9/18/2015...

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