jam es davis mcsp...jam es davis mcsp this article will present some of the scientific literature re...

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l L o wb a c k pain in E nglish Professional C ric k e te rs James D avis MCSP This article will present som e of the scientific literature relatingto low b a c k p a in in cricket with referenceto common pathologies, aetiological fa cto rs, i nvestigations and rehabilitation. T h e a u th o r'si n te re s t in lo w b a c k p a in in cricket dates back to 1987 to a newly signed fast bowler with a pre- existing L 4 spondylolisthesis. D u ri n g the bowler'sfirsttwo seasons he impressed sufficiently to be selectedon a full England Tour to th e W e s t ln d ie sth e following winter. F or o n e re a s o n o r a n o t h e r his lo w b a c k p a in increased a n d he wa s se n t h o m e e a rl y f ro m th e to u r. A fter I finished working at that club to study in P e rth ,W A, for 1 year, it wa s d e c id e d th a t th is b o wle r s h o u ld u n d e rg o a screw fixation to stabilise the sym ptomatic L 4 sp ondylolisthesis. O n my return to the U K th e b o wle r m a d e c o n ta c t a nd told m e that both the screwshad sheared a n d wa s u nable to bowl painfree. H e decided to retire f ro m firs t c lass cricket. T h e re were lessons to be learntfrom the oost- s u rg i c a l management of this bowler and to this day he re m a i n s my inspiration in developing effective wa y s of preventing these types of problems. T h is p a rt i c u l a r p ro b l e m raised a num berof searching questions. Should h e h a v e u n d e rg o n e su rg e ryi n th e firs t p lace?D o we as physios a llo w a p ro b l e m to d e v e lo p ,ie th e s h e a ri n g of screws. lt is like ly th is p ro b l e m o c c u rre d because of failure to reduce segmental loading p ro d u c e d b y an a b e rra n t bowling action. lf we know a particular bowling typ e is closelyassociated with stress f ra c tu re do we intervene e a rl y a n d p re v e n t th e d e fe c tf ro m o c c u rri n g in th e firs t p lace, but risk d e s tro y in ga b o wlin g a c tio n that w a s successful in the player being signed professionally in th e firstplace? Interesting a n d heated discussions with the m e d icsa n d bowling coaches always ensue. T h e issue of s u rg e ry is c o n t ro v e rs i a l to som e. In m y e xperience the advantages of necessary s u rg i c a l intervention have outweighed the disadvantages - stabilising a s ite of segmental instability, e a rlie rre tu rn to c ri c k e t, n o need for extensive psychological in p u t b ecause the bowleris s e c u re in the knowledge the fracture is stable. T he issue fo r m e in th e e x a m p le a b o v e wa s n o t wh e th e r s u rg e ry w a s indicated, I th in k it wa s, b u t wh a t c o u ld have been done to prevent th e screws fro m s h e a ri n g initially and p e rh a p sh a v e retained a promising fa s t b owler to the E nglish game f o r l o n g e r. S o to th e to p ic o f lo w b a c k p a in in cricket.Incidence of low back pain in professional cricketers is h ig h and highest w ith in th e s u b g ro u p o f fa st bowlers. Lumbar segmental instability (LSl) is the likely cause of low back p a in in 20% to 3O % of patients (Taylor 2 0 0 0 ) a nd is p ro b a b l y the m o s t c o m m on cause of low back pain in fast bowlers. A m o re comorehensive discussion of LSI is p ro v i d e d elsewhere (Nachemson 1 9 8 5 , W hite & Paniabi 1 9 9 2 , O 'S ullivan 2000). O th e r c o m m o n causes of LBP in cricket a re lumbar fa ce tj o in t d e g e n e ra t i o n f ra c t u re and discal pathology, which are closelyassociated with LSl. C o m m o n pathologies of lumbarsegmental instability seen in professional cricketing fa s t b o w l e rs a re spondylolysis a n d spondylolisthesis. Spondylolysis is a d e f e c to r b re a k in the p a rs interarticularis o f th e n e u ra la rc h of a vertibra between th e s u p e ri o r and inferior a rt i c u l a r facets (F ig 2) Rotational strain ( F a rf a n 1920) should also b e c o n s i d e re d . 10 In Touch, Summer 2003, No. 103.

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Page 1: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

l

L o w b a c k p a in in E n g l is hP ro fe s s io n a l C ric k e te rs

Ja m e s D a v is M C S P

T h i s a rti c l e w i l l p re s e n t

s o m e o f th e s c ie n ti f ic

l i te ra tu re re la tin g to lo w

b a c k p a i n i n c ri c k e t w i th

re fe re n c e to c o m m o n

p a th o lo g ie s , a e tio lo g ic a l

fa c to rs , i n v e s tig a tio n s

a n d re h a b i l i ta t i o n .

T h e a u th o r's i n te re s t i n l o w b a c k p a i n i n c ri c k e t d a te s

b a c k to 1 9 8 7 to a n e w ly s ig n e d fa s t b o w le r w i th a p re -

e x i s t i n g L 4 s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s . D u ri n g th e b o w l e r's f i rs t tw o

s e a s o n s h e im p re s s e d s u f f ic ie n tly to b e s e le c te d o n a fu l l

E n g l a n d T o u r to th e W e s t l n d i e s th e f o l l o w i n g w i n te r. F o r

o n e re a s o n o r a n o th e r h i s l o w b a c k p a i n i n c re a s e d a n d h e

w a s s e n t h o m e e a rly fro m th e to u r. A f te r I f in is h e d

w o rk in g a t th a t c lu b to s tu d y in P e rth , W A , fo r 1 y e a r, i t

w a s d e c id e d th a t th is b o w le r s h o u ld u n d e rg o a s c re w

f ix a tio n to s ta b i l is e th e s y m p to m a tic L 4 s p o n d y lo l is th e s is .

O n m y re tu rn to th e U K th e b o w le r m a d e c o n ta c t a n d

to ld m e th a t b o th th e s c re w s h a d s h e a re d a n d w a s u n a b le

to b o w l p a in fre e . H e d e c id e d to re tire fro m f irs t c la s s

c ric k e t. T h e re w e re le s s o n s to b e le a rn t fro m th e o o s t-

s u rg ic a l m a n a g e m e n t o f th is b o w le r a n d to th is d a y h e

re m a in s m y in s p ira tio n in d e v e lo p in g e f fe c tiv e w a y s o f

p re v e n ti n g th e s e ty p e s o f p ro b l e m s . T h i s p a rti c u l a r

p ro b l e m ra i s e d a n u m b e r o f s e a rc h i n g q u e s ti o n s . S h o u l d

h e h a v e u n d e rg o n e s u rg e ry in th e f irs t p la c e ? D o w e a s

p h y s i o s a l l o w a p ro b l e m to d e v e l o p , i e th e s h e a ri n g o f

s c re w s . l t i s l i k e l y th i s p ro b l e m o c c u rre d b e c a u s e o f

f a i l u re to re d u c e s e g m e n ta l l o a d i n g p ro d u c e d b y a n

a b e rra n t b o w l i n g a c ti o n . l f w e k n o w a p a rti c u l a r b o w l i n g

ty p e is c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w i th s tre s s fra c tu re d o w e

i n te rv e n e e a rl y a n d p re v e n t th e d e f e c t f ro m o c c u rri n g i n

th e f irs t p la c e , b u t ris k d e s tro y in g a b o w l in g a c tio n th a t

w a s s u c c e s s f u l i n th e p l a y e r b e i n g s i g n e d p ro f e s s i o n a l l y i n

th e f i rs t p l a c e ? I n te re s ti n g a n d h e a te d d i s c u s s i o n s w i th th e

m e d i c s a n d b o w l i n g c o a c h e s a l w a y s e n s u e . T h e i s s u e o f

s u rg e ry i s c o n tro v e rs i a l to s o m e . I n m y e x p e ri e n c e th e

a d v a n ta g e s o f n e c e s s a ry s u rg ic a l in te rv e n tio n h a v e

o u tw e ig h e d th e d is a d v a n ta g e s - s ta b i l is in g a s i te o f

s e g m e n ta l in s ta b i l i ty , e a rl ie r re tu rn to c ric k e t, n o n e e d fo r

e x te n s i v e p s y c h o l o g i c a l i n p u t b e c a u s e th e b o w l e r i s

s e c u re in th e k n o w le d g e th e fra c tu re is s ta b le . T h e is s u e

fo r m e in th e e x a m p le a b o v e w a s n o t w h e th e r s u rg e ry

w a s i n d i c a te d , I th i n k i t w a s , b u t w h a t c o u l d h a v e b e e n

d o n e to p re v e n t th e s c re w s f ro m s h e a ri n g i n i t i a l l y a n d

p e rh a p s h a v e re ta in e d a p ro m is in g fa s t b o w le r to th e

E n g l i s h g a m e f o r l o n g e r.

S o to th e to p i c o f l o w b a c k p a i n i n c ri c k e t. I n c i d e n c e o f

lo w b a c k p a in in p ro fe s s io n a l c ric k e te rs is h ig h a n d

h i g h e s t w i th i n th e s u b g ro u p o f f a s t b o w l e rs . L u m b a r

s e g m e n ta l i n s ta b i l i ty ( L S l ) i s th e l i k e l y c a u s e o f l o w b a c k

p a i n i n 2 0 % to 3 O % o f p a ti e n ts ( T a y l o r 2 0 0 0 ) a n d i s

p ro b a b ly th e m o s t c o m m o n c a u s e o f lo w b a c k p a in in fa s t

b o w l e rs . A m o re c o m o re h e n s i v e d i s c u s s i o n o f L S I i s

p ro v i d e d e l s e w h e re ( N a c h e m s o n 1 9 8 5 , W h i te & P a n i a b i

1 9 9 2 , O 'S u l l i v a n 2 0 0 0 ) . O th e r c o m m o n c a u s e s o f L B P

i n c ri c k e t a re l u m b a r f a c e t j o i n t d e g e n e ra ti o n f ra c tu re a n d

d is c a l p a th o lo g y , w h ic h a re c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d w i th L S l .

C o m m o n p a th o l o g i e s o f l u m b a r s e g m e n ta l i n s ta b i l i ty s e e n

in p ro fe s s io n a l c ric k e tin g fa s t b o w le rs a re s p o n d y lo ly s is

a n d s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s . S p o n d y l o l y s i s i s a d e f e c t o r b re a k i n

th e p a rs i n te ra rti c u l a ri s o f th e n e u ra l a rc h o f a v e rti b ra

b e tw e e n th e s u p e ri o r a n d i n f e ri o r a rti c u l a r f a c e ts ( F i g 2 )

R o ta ti o n a l s tra i n ( F a rf a n 1 9 2 0 ) s h o u l d a l s o b e c o n s i d e re d .

1 0 I n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 .

Page 2: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

F i g u re 2 a

L u m b a r s p o n d y l o l y s i s c a n o c c u r u n i l a te ra l l y o r b i l a te ra l l y

a n d o c c u r a t d i f fe re n t lu m b a r m o tio n s e g m e n ts fro m 1 . 1 to

L 5 ( F ig 3 ) . I n th e c ric k e tin g fa s t b o w le r u n i la te ra l s tre s s

fra c tu re s te n d to o c c u r o n th e c o n tra la te ra l s id e to th e

b o w l i n g a rm b u t

n o t a lw a y s .

S p o n d y l o l y s i s

m a y o c c u r a t

o n e m o ti o n

s e g m e n t o r a t

m u l t i p l e l e v e l s .

s e e n a t R i g h t L 3 a n d L e f t L 5

S p i n a b i f i d a o c c u l ta i n th e l u m b a r s p i n e i s n o t

u n c o m m o n . T h i s m a y o c c u r i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i th a

u n i l a te ra l s p o n d y l o l y s i s ( F i g a ) .

F i g u re 4

I l l u s tra l e s a n u n u n i te d ri g h t

L 5 s p o n d y l o l y s i s , a s p i n a

b i f i d a o c c u l ta a n d s i g n i f i c a n t

s c le ro s is o f le ft

p a rs i n te ra rti c u l a ri s . I n th i s

e x a m p l e th e re w a s a n

o b v ir. . ru s ro ta ry in s ta b i l i ty o n

P P I V M te s tin g

S p o n d y lo l is th e s is is th e fo rw a rd s u b lu x a tio n o f o n e

v e rte b ra u p o n th e o n e b e lo w ( F ig 5 ) . l t c a n b e c o n g e n i ta l -

6 % ( F re d e ri c k s o n 1 9 8 4 ) b u t i s m o re l i k e l y to o c c u r a s a

re s u l t o f a p re - e x is tin g s p o n d y lo ly tic d e fe c t.

S p o n d y l o l y t i c s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s i s c o m m o n i n a d o l e s c e n c e

a n d is a s s o c ia te d w i th a g ro w th s p u rt a t th e lu m b o s a c ra l

a n g l e . l t c o m m o n l y o c c u rs i n a d u l ts i n th e i r 3 0 's a n d i s

a s s o c ia te d w i th d is c d e g e n e ra tio n ( F lo m a n 2 0 0 0 ) . l t i s

c o m m o n ly s e e n a t L 5 a n d to a le s s e r e x te n t a t 1 4 .

F i g u re 5

ln a tw e lv e - y e a r re tro s p e c tiv e s tu d y fro m 1 9 9 2 to p re s e n t

d a y , th e a u th o r id e n ti f ie d tw e n ty - o n e c o n tra c te d

p ro fe s s io n a l p la y e rs to E s s e x C o u n ty C ric k e t C lu b w i th

l u m b a r s p o n d y l o l y s i s o r s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s . T h e s a m p l e

e x c lu d e d frin g e a c a d e m y a n d y o u th c ric k e t. F o u r p la y e rs

h a d a L 5 s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s a n d o n e p l a y e r w i th a n L 4

s p o n d y lo l is th e s is . T e n p la y e rs h a d a u n i la te ra

s p o n d y lo ly s is v a ry in g fro m L 1 to L 5 a n d s ix p la y e rs h a d

b i la te ra l s p o n d y lo ly s is ; f iv e p la y e rs a t L 5 a n d o n e a t 1 4 .

O f th is s a m p le o f tw e n ty - o n e , th irte e n w e re b o w le rs , n in e

fa s t b o w le rs , fo u r a l l ro u n d e rs , a n d s e v e n w e re b a ts m e n .

N in e c ric k e te rs u n d e rw e n t s u rg ic a l re p a ir. A l l c ric k e te rs

re tu rn e d to th e ir c o n tra c te d ro le in fo u r to s ix m o n th s

w ith o u t fu rth e r b re a k d o w n .

S p o n d y l o l y s i s i s

p re v a le n t in 6 % o f

th e n o rm a l

p o p u l a t i o n . l t i s

n o t a c o n g e n i ta l

d e fe c t b u t o c c u rs

I n 5 7 o O I

y o u n g s te rs b y th e

a g e o f 7 y e a rs a n d

6 % b y a d u l th o o d

( H e n s i n g e r 1 9 8 9 ) .

I n c i d e n c e i s

h i g h e s t i n c e rta i n

g ro u p s o f th e

p o p u l a t i o n , I n u i ts

2 6 % ( L o n s te i n

1 9 9 9 ) a n d

s p o rts m e n s u c h a s

c ric k e t fa s t

b o w le rs 5 B % , ( E l l i o tt

1 9 7 6 ) , a n d A m e ric a n

s e e T a b le l .

1 9 9 2 ) , g y m n a s ts 1 1 % (Ja c k s o n

fo o tb a l le rs - 1 5 % (M c C a rro l 1 9 7 5 )

F i g u re s 3 A te c h n e ti u m b o n e s c a n . H o t s p o ts

F i g u re 2 b

T a b le 1% I N C I D E N C E O F S P O N D Y L O L Y S I S / 'L I S T H E S I S I NS P O R T

S p o n d y l o l y s i s S p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s

W re s tl i n g 6 . 7M a l e g y m n a s ts - l 1 . 5 'l 1 . 5S o c c e r 6 . 5 3 . 2T e n n i s 1 0 . 0 6 . 7M a l e a th l e te s 8 . 5 5 . 1N o n a th le te s 6 . 0F e m a l e a th l e te s 1 9 . 2 1 5 . 4C ri c k e t f a s t b o w l e rs 3 9 . 0 1 9 . 0A m e ri c a n f o o tb a l l 1 5 . 2B o a rd s u rfe rs 7 . O

I n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 . 1 1

Page 3: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

A n a c q u ire d d e fe c t o f th e p e d ic le o f a lu m b a r v e rte b ra i t

i s c a l l e d a p e d i c u l o l y s i s . A ri g h t- s i d e d L 5 p e d i c u l o l y s i s w a s

d e te c te d in a o ro fe s s io n a l fa s t b o w le r la s t s e a s o n .

L u m b a r fa c e t jo in t d e g e n e ra tio n a n d fra c tu re is n o t

u n c o m m o n . E x c e s s i v e b i o m e c h a n i c a l l o a d i n g o n th e

z y g a p o p h y s e a l jo in ts d u rin g th e b o w l in g a c tio n c a n re s u l t

i n e ro s i o n o f a rt i c u l a r c a rti l a g e a n d s u b s e q u e n t j o i n t

d e g e n e ra tio n a n d p o s s ib le fra c tu re ( F ig 6 )

L u m b a r d i s c d e g e n e ra ti o n i s c o m m o n i n p ro f e s s i o n a l f a s t

b o w l e rs . T h e i n te g ri ty o f th e I V D i s re l i a n t u p o n m a n y

fa c to rs n o t le a s t th e p ro te c tiv e ro le o f th e z y g a p o p h y s e a l

j o i n ts a n d a n i n ta c t n e u ra l a rc h . A c o m p ro m i s e b e c a u s e

o f p o s s ib le p e d ic le o r la m in a r fra c tu re , tro p h is m , o r tra u m a

m a y re s u l t i n s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e i n th e i n s ta n ta n e o u s a x i s

o f ro ta tio n ( lA R ) o f th e m o tio n s e g m e n t a n d p re m a tu re

d i s c d e g e n e ra ti o n m a y o c c u r. l n th e a u th o r's s tu d y i n

1 9 9 1 o f 1 1 - 1 3 y e a r o ld fa s t b o w le rs in W . A u s tra l ia , 2 1 %

s h o w e d s i g n s o f l u m b a r d i s c d e g e n e ra ti o n o r b u l g i n g a t

v a ry in g le v e ls . I n te re s tin g ly e a c h o f th e s e b o w le rs h a d a

" m i x e d " b o w l i n g a c ti o n ( E l l i o tt 1 9 9 3 ) .

T H E F A S T B O W L E R

"lf y o u ta k e a c ric k e t b a ll, s o a k it in k e ro s e n e , s e t it a lig h t,

a n d fire it fro m a c a n n o n y o u w ill g e t s o m e id e a o f th e

D e m o n s s p e e d . W h e n h e b o wls th e re is a s m e ll o f b u rn t

le a th e r in th e a ir. H is m ig h ty th ig h s l ifte d l ik e p is to n s o f

th e M e lb o u rn e E x p re s s , h is b o o ts h a m m e re d th e g ro u n d

lik e a m o b o f w ild h o rs e s , a n g ry b la s ts o f a ir wh is tle d

th ro u g h h is n o s trils . T h e b a ll le ft h is h a n d l ik e a re d s tre a k

T h e c o n s e n s u s o f o p in io n a fte rwa rd s wa s th a t it wa s o n

th e o f f b u t n o b o d y re a l ly s a w i t. " ( S te v e n s 1 9 5 5 ) .

T h e c ric k e tin g fa s t b o w le r is th e s trik e fo rc e w i th in th e

te a m . W i th o u t th is p o te n t w e a p o n to ta k e im p o rta n t

w i c k e ts i n a n i n n i n g s ( tw i c e i n c h a m p i o n s h i p c ri c k e t) i t i s

u n l i k e l y te a m s w i l l w i n m a tc h e s o r tro p h i e s . T h e

p re s e rv a tio n o f a fa s t b o w le r is th e re fo re p a ra m o u n t a n d a

c h a l l e n g e to e v e ry p h y s i o th e ra p i s t w i th i n th e c ri c k e ti n g

w o rld . U n fo rtu n a te ly " to o m a n y fa s t b o w le rs a re I o s t to

th e g a m e o f c ri c k e t w i th o u t f u l f i l l i n g th e i r tru e p o te n ti a l

b e c a u s e o f i n j u ry " ( F o s te r 1 9 8 9 ) . I n E n g l a n d d u ri n g

s e a s o n 2 0 0 2 th e i n c i d e n c e o f l o w b a c k p a i n i n b o w l e rs

w a s 1 3 % ( P I C C 2 0 0 2 ) c o m p a re d to 1 4 % i n A u s tra l i a

( O rc h a rd 2 O O O , 2 O O 1 ) . I n d i s c u s s i o n w i th e x p e ri e n c e d

fa s t b o w le rs o n th e c o u n ty c irc u i t, a f i t fa s t b o w le r, w o u ld

b e e x p e c te d to p l a y i n 1 6 1 " c l a s s c h a m p i o n s h i p m a tc h e s ,

1 6 N C L 4 5 o v e r g a m e s , 1 c u p c o m p e ti t i o n ( 5 x 5 0 o v e r

g a m e s to th e f i n a l ) , a n e w 2 0 o v e r c o m p e ti t i o n , to u ri s t

a n d p re - s e a s o n m a tc h e s . H e c o u ld e x p e c t to b o w l

a p p ro x i m a te l y 9 0 0 to a 1 0 0 0 o v e rs i n a d o m e s ti c s e a s o n ,

n o t i n c l u d i n g w i n te r to u rs . M u l t i p l y th i s b y s i x b a l l s p e r

o v e r a n d i t is n o t h a rd to u n d e rs ta n d w h y 6 0 0 0

re p e ti t i o n s o f ru n n i n g to th e w i c k e t a n d d e l i v e ri n g th e b a l l

s o m e ti m e s a t 9 0 to 1 0 0 m p h c a u s e s h i g h i m p a c t l o a d i n g

i n j u ri e s o n j o i n ts o f th e l o w e r l i m b ( e s p e c i a l l y th e k n e e ) ,

p e l v i s a n d l u m b a r s p i n e .

B A T S M E N

L o w b a c k p a i n i n b a ts m e n i s n o t a s c o m m o n a s o n e m a y

th i n k . B a ts m e n i n th e p ro f e s s i o n a l g a m e w h o h a v e s e ri o u s

b o n e y p a th o lo g y in th e lu m b a r s p in e h a v e a t o n e s ta g e o r

a n o th e r b o w le d w i th a m ix e d a c tio n in a d o le s c e n t y e a rs

a n d c o n tin u e to b o w l a t c o l le a g u e s in n e t p ra c tis e s o n a

d a i l y b a s i s . I n th e a u th o r's 1 2 y e a r re tro s p e c ti v e s tu d y Z

b a ts m e n w e re d i a g n o s e d w i th 'l o l y s i s o r'l i s th e s i s . O f

th e s e , 4 h a v e n e v e r b o w le d c o m p e ti tiv e ly in a . 1

" c la s s

m a tc h b u t w e re c l a s s i f i e d a s a n e l i te b o w l e r i n th e i r

a d o le s c e n t y e a rs .

W I C K E T K E E P E R S

L B P i n w i c k e tk e e p e rs i s a c o m m o n c l i n i c a l p ro b l e m a n d i s

re g a rd e d a s a n o c c u p a tio n a l h a z a rd . T h e u n d e rly in g

c a u s e i s c o m m o n l y p o s tu ra l i n o ri g i n . C o n ti n u e d s q u a tt i n g

a n d s ta n d i n g a n d d i v i n g to e a c h s i d e re s u l ts i n g ro s s

m u s c l e i m b a l a n c e s i n th e l o w e r l i m b a n d p e l v i s .

E x c e s s iv e ly lo n g a n d w e a k h a m s trin g s c o u p le d w i th s h o rt

a n d s tro n g q u a d s t i l t th e p e l v i s a n te ri o ra l l y a n d 'w e d g e s '

L 5 i n e x te n s i o n p ro d u c i n g i n te rm i tte n t a c h e d u ri n g

l u m b a r f l e x i o n .

A E T I O L O G Y O I S P O N D Y L O L Y S I S A N D

S P O N D Y L O L I S T H E S I S I N B O W L E R S

T h e c a u s e o f lu m b a r s p o n d y lo s is in c ric k e t is m u l ti fa c to ria l .

T h e m a in p re d is p o s in g fa c to r w o u ld a p p e a r to b e th e

ty p e o f b o w l in g a c tio n a s d e s c rib e d b y E l l i o tt a n d F o s te r

w h o w e re a m o n g s t th e f irs t a u th o rs to a s s o c ia te a n

a b e rra n t b o w l in g s ty le w i th th e p re v a le n c e o f s tre s s

fra c tu re s a n d o th e r c a u s e s o f L B P in b o w le rs . U n ti l th e

1 9 2 0 s th e re w e re tra d i tio n a l ly tw o m a in ty p e s o f b o w l in g

a c tio n : th e s id e - o n a n d fro n t- o n ty p e s ( E l l i o tt 1 9 8 4 )

F ig u re 5

I n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 .

Page 4: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

F o r d e m o n s tra tio n p u rp o s e s d e f in i tio n s o f b o w l in gty p e s a re fo r rig h t a rm b o wle rs

T h e S id e - O n A c tio n

W h e n a ri g h t a rm b o w le r a p p ro a c h e s th e w ic k e t, d u ri n gh is d e l iv e ry s trid e , th e rig h t fo o t a t b a c k fo o t im p a c t (B F l )

is p a ra l le l to th e c re a s e a n d th e b o w le r's h e a d isp o s i t i o n e d o u ts i d e th e l e a d i n g l e f t a rm . A l i n e d ra w nth ro u g h b o th s h o u l d e rs a n d h i p s w o u l d p o i n t to w a rd s th eo p p o s i n g b a ts m a n . T h e p rim a ry s p i n a l m o v e m e n t i sla te ra l f le x io n . ( F ig s 7 & B )

F i g u re / F i g u re B

T h e F ro n t- O n A c tio n

I n th e fro n t o n b o w l in g a c tio n th e rig h t fo o t a t B F I p o in ts

to w a rd s th e b a ts m a n w i th th e h e a d a n d c h e s t fa c in g

fo rw a rd s a n d th e h e a d in s id e th e le a d in g le f t a rm . T h e

p ri m a ry s p i n a l m o v e m e n t i s l u m b a r f l e x i o n a n d e x te n s i o n

( F i g s 9 & 1 0 )

F ig u re 9 F i g u re 1 0

T h e M ix e d B o w l in g A c tio n

I n th e m i d 1 9 7 0 s D e n n i s L i l l e e , a f a m o u s A u s tra l i a n

b o w le r, s u f fe re d a s tre s s fra c tu re o f th e L 5 v e rte b ra e .

W i th th e h e l p o f E l l i o tt a n d F o s te r h e re m o d e l l e d h i s

b o w l in g a c tio n fro m a "m ix e d " to a "s id e - o n " a c tio n o v e r

a 9 - m o n th p e rio d . T h e s e tw o a u th o rs w e re th e f irs t to

d o c u m e n t th e th i rd ty p e o f b o w l i n g a c ti o n , th e " m i x e d "

b o w l i n g ty p e . A m i x e d b o w l i n g a c ti o n i s a c o m b i n a ti o n

o f th e tw o tra d i tio n a l te c h n iq u e s . O rig in a l te x t d e s c rib e d

D e n n i s L i l l e e h a v i n g a m i x e d f ro n t- o n a c ti o n . D u ri n g

d e l iv e ry s trid e h is b a c k fo o t w a s fro n t- o n a n d h is

s h o u l d e rs w e re s i d e - o n . T h e i n c re a s e d to rq u e a t th e l o w

l u m b a r s p i n e c o m b i n e d w i th re p e a te d f l e x i o n a n d

e x te n s io n c a u s e d a fa tig u e fra c tu re o f th e L 5 la m in a . I n

h is c a s e n o s u rg e ry w a s u n d e rta k e n .

S i n c e 1 9 9 2 th e a u th o r h a s o b s e rv e d th a t a l l l u m b a r

s p o n d y lo ly s is in fa s t b o w le rs h a d a m ix e d s id e - o n a c tio n

a n d h a s s i n c e s u b - d i v i d e d th e " m i x e d " b o w l i n g a c ti o n

i n to tw o s u b g ro u p s : a ) m i x e d s i d e - o n a n d b ) th e m i x e d

f ro n t- o n . D u ri n g th e m i x e d s i d e - o n a c ti o n th e b o w l e r h a s

a s i d e - o n re a r f o o t a t B F I a n d f ro n t- o n s h o u l d e rs a n d

c h e s t. T h e d e f i n i t i o n o f e a c h i s d e p e n d a n t u p o n th e

lo c a tio n o f th e b a c k fo o t d u rin g th e d e l iv e ry s trid e . T h e

m e th o d o f d e f i n i n g b o w l i n g a c ti o n u s i n g B F I i s c o n s i s te n t,

q u i c k , re l i a b l e a n d d o e s n o t re q u i re h i - te c h e q u i p m e n t. l t

i s th e a u th o r's c l i n i c a l o p i n i o n th a t th e m i x e d s i d e - o n

te c h n iq u e is v e ry re s p o n s ib le fo r th e h ig h p re v a le n c e o f

lu m b a r s tre s s fra c tu re s in fa s t b o w le rs to d a y . ( s e e F ig 1 1 &

1 2 ) . T h e in c id e n c e o f s tre s s fra c tu re s in b o w le rs w i th

f ro n t- o n o r s i d e - o n a c ti o n i s v i rtu a l l y n o n - e x i s te n t.

M ix e d S id e - O n A c tio n

A t B F I th e re a r fo o t is a lm o s t p a ra l le l to th e re a r c re a s e

l i n e ( s i d e - o n ) . T h e h e a d l o o k s i n s i d e th e l e a d i n g l e f t a rm

a n d th e b o w l e r's c h e s t i s o p e n ( f ro n t- o n ) . ( F i g s 1 1 & 1 2 )

F i g u re 1 1 F i g u re 1 2

M ixe d F ro n t-O n A ctio n

A t B F I th e re a r fo o t fa c e s to w a rd s th e b a ts m a n a n d d u rin g

th e d e l iv e ry s trid e b e fo re fro n t fo o t im p a c t ( F F l ) th e

s h o u l d e rs c o u n te r- ro ta te to th e s i d e - o n o o s i t i o n . T h e

to rq u e a t th e l o w l u m b a r s p i n e i n c re a s e s . ( F i g s 1 3 & 1 4 )

F ig u re B

l n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 1 3

Page 5: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

F i g u re 1 3 F i g u re 1 4

S e m i O p e n B o w l in g A c tio n

A t B F I th e re a r fo o t is a p p ro x im a te ly p o s i tio n e d a t 4 5 d e g re e s

to th e re a r c re a s e fa c in g to w a rd th e s q u a re le g u m p ire ' T h e

h e a d i s p o s i t i o n e d i n s i d e th e l e f t a rm . ( F i g s 1 5 & 1 6 )

P ro p o s e d m e c h a n is m o f lu m b a r p a rs fra c tu re s in

b o w le rs

T h e m e c h a n is m o f v e rte b rra l a rc h fra c tu re is a n a la g o u s to

b e n d in g a m e ta l ru le r fo rw a rd s a n d b a c k . l f p e rfo rm e d fo r

lo n g e n o u g h i t f irs t b e c o m e s h o t a n d th e n fa tig u e s a n d

e v e n tu a l ly b re a k s . D u rin g lu m b a r s e g m e n ta l e x te n s io n th e

in fe rio r a rtic u la r p ro c e s s ( lA P ) b u ttre s s e s th e lo w e r

s u p e rio r a rtic u la r p ro c e s s ( S A P ) w h e re fu rth e r m o v e m e n t

is b lo c k e c l b y th e la m in a o f th e lo w e r v e rte b ra . W i th th e

a d d i tio n o f ro ta tio n m a x im u m im p a c t lo a d in g o c c u rs a t

th e p a rs in te ra rtic u la ris ( s e e F ig 2 ) . D u rin g in te rs e g m e n ta l

f le x io n th e I A P g l id e s s u p e rio ra l ly a n d fo rw a rd s o v e r th e

S A P o f th e v e rte b ra e a b o v e ( M c C o rm ic k 1 9 8 9 ) .

A l th o u g h fa c e t jo in t c o n c u s s io n is m u c h re d u c e d

c o m p a re d to e x te n s io n , i t i s th o u g h t th e re is s u f f ic ie n t

l ig a m e n to u s te n s io n to g e n e ra te h ig h te n s i le fo rc e s a t th e

fra c tu re s i te .

T h e o s s i f i c a t i o n s i te s o f th e i u v e n i l e n e u ra l a rc h a re n o t

c o m p l e te u n ti l 1 B to 2 0 y e a rs . H i g h c o m p re s s i v e a n d

re p e ti tiv e lu m b a r f le x io n , e x te n s io n a n d ro ta tio n fo rc e s

a s s o c ia te d w i th a n a b e rra n t b o w l in g a c tio n o r in d e e d a n y

o th e r s p o rtin g a c tiv i ty , o n im m a tu re c a rti la g in o u s g ro w th

p l a te s o f th e p a rs i n te ra rti c u l a ri s w i l l p re d i s p o s e to l u m b a r

s p o n d y l o l y s i s a n d s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s w h i c h m a y e x p l a i n th e

h i g h i n c i d e n c e i n s p o rti n g a d o l e s c e n ts .

T h e re a re tw o o th e r im p o rta n t c o n s id e ra tio n s to m a k e

w h e n d is c u s s in g a c q u ire d s tre s s fra c tu re s o f th e lu m b a r

s p i n e . F i rs t, th e i m m a tu re s p i n e a n d s e c o n d b o w l i n g

e n v i ro n m e n t. T h e a b o l i t i o n o f a m i x e d b o w l i n g a c ti o n

b e fo re th e a d o le s c e n t g ro w th s p u rts o c c u r is c ru c ia l in th e

p re v e n tio n o f a n a c q u ire d lu m b a r s tre s s fra c tu re . A n

a d o le s c e n t fa s t b o w le r w i l l c h a ra c te ris tic a l ly u n d e rg o

g ro w th s p u rts b e tw e e n th e a p p ro x im a te a g e s o f 'l 3 - 1 B '

T h is re p re s e n ts a m o s t v u ln e ra b le tim e fo r a p o te n tia l fa s t

b o w le r w i th a m ix e d b o w l in g a c tio n . l t h a s b e e n n o te d

o n n u m e ro u s o c c a s io n s th a t fa s t b o w le rs w i th a m ix e d

s i d e - o n b o w l i n g a c ti o n w i th ra d i o l o g i c a l l y d e f i n e d p a rs

d e fe c ts c o m m e n c e d th e ir b o w l in g a c tiv i ty w h i ls t th e ir

s p i n e w a s s k e l e ta l l y i m m a tu re . l t i s c l i n i c a l l y re m i s s to

a l lo w a d o le s c e n t fa s t b o w le rs to c o n tin u e to b o w l w i th a

m ix e d s id e - o n o r fro n t- o n a c tio n . F u rth e r th e a d v e n t o f

in d o o r c ric k e t s c h o o ls a l lo w s fo r a l l y e a r ro u n d c ric k e t

c o a c h i n g . T h e f re q u e n c y a n d i n te n s i ty o f b o w l i n g

th e re fo re h a s a s ig n i f ic a n t e f fe c t o n p re d is p o s in g re a s o n s

fo r s tre s s fra c tu re s . C o n s id e ra tio n m u s t b e m a d e to th e

ty p e o f f lo o r s u rfa c e a n d to th e s h o c k a b s o rp tio n q u a l i tie s

o f th e u n d e rly in g s u rfa c e . U p to f iv e tim e s b o d y w e ig h t o f

g ro u n d re a c tio n fo rc e is tra n s m itte d a s h ig h a s th e lu m b a r

s p i n e d u ri n g n o rm a l ru n n i n g ( E l l i o tt 1 9 8 4 ) . T h e b o w l e r's

in d o o r ru n - u p s a n d fo l lo w th ro u g h m u s t th e re fo re b e

c a re f u l l y c o n s i d e re d . C u s h i o n e d f l o o rs a n d s h o c k

a b s o rp tio n in s o le s h e lp to re d u c e th e fo rc e s tra n s m itte d

to th e l o w e r l i m b a n d P e l v i s .

P H Y S I C A L E X A M I N A T I O N

S u b ie c tiv e ly a fa s t b o w le r w i th a n a c u te lu m b a r

s p o n d y l o l y s i s w i l l c o m p l a i n o f l o c a l i s e d i n te rm i tte n t s h a rp

p a in o f a n o n - irri ta b le n a tu re a g g ra v a te d b y b o w l in g . l f

th e le s io n b e c o m e s irri ta b le a c o n s ta n c y o f a c h e m a y

o c c u r w i th m o re g e n e ra l i s e d a c ti v i t i e s . I n th e c l i n i c

o b je c tiv e a s s e s s m e n t o f b o n e y la n d m a rk s o f th e s p in e a n d

p e l v i s a re i n v a l u a b l e . M o v e m e n t p a tte rn s i n w a l k i n g ,

q u a rte r s q u a ttin g , s i ttin g to s ta n d in g a re a s s e s s e d fo r la c k

o f m o v e m e n t o f th e s p i n e a n d m o v e m e n t a n o m o l i e s s u c h

a s h in g e p o in ts , m o v e m e n t d y s fu n c tio n s e tc . B ria n

E d w a rd 's C o m b i n e d M o v e m e n t c o n c e p t i s a u s e f u l

F i g u re 1 6

:III

Il

I

1 AI T

l n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 '

Page 6: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

a s s e s s m e n t to o l f o r h i g h l i g h t i n g a s p o n d y l o l y s i s b e c a u s e

p a i n e l i c i te d i n l u m b a r e x te n s i o n , i p s i l a te ra l s i d e f l e x i o n

a n d c o n tra la te ra l ro ta tio n in s ta n d in g h a s p ro v e d p o s i tiv e

in re p ro d u c in g th e s h a rp b o n e y p a in a s s o c ia te d w i th

a c u te s p o n d y lo ly s is . T h e s e v e ri ty o f th is p ro v o c a tiv e

m o v e m e n t i s a l s o a k e y i n d e f i n i n g th e i rri ta b i l i ty o f th e

l e s i o n . P a l p a ti o n o f s p i n o u s p ro c e s s e s i n f l e x i o n i n

s ta n d i n g o r s i d e l y i n g m a y re v e a l a 's p o n d y l o l i s th e ti c 's te p

a t L 4 o r 1 5 . I n P P I V M te s tin g o f m o tio n s e g m e n ts L 4 l5 lS 1

i n f l e x i o n , e x te n s i o n a n d l a te ra l f l e x i o n i n s i d e l y i n g m a y

re v e a l h y p o m o b i l i ty o f L 5 - S 1 m o v e m e n t c o m p a re d to th e

h y p e rm o b i l e L 4 - 5 s e g m e n t f o r a n L 5 s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s . l t

is p o s s ib le fo r a c l in ic ia n to d e te c t a ro ta ry s e g m e n ta l

in s ta b i l i ty a s s o c ia te d w i th a u n i la te ra l s p o n d y lo ly s is w i th a

ro ta ti o n P P I V M i n s i d e l y i n g . A s s e s s m e n t o f h i p

m o v e m e n ts , p o s tu re a n d b o w l in g a c tio n a re y e t m o re

c lu e s to h e lp o n e d ia g n o s e a lu m b a r s tre s s fra c tu re .

R A D I O L O C I C A L A N D S U R G I C A L I N T E R V E N T I O N

S P E C T o r te c h n e tiu m 9 9 b o n e s c a n s a re u s e d to a s s e s s fo r

b o n e y h o t s p o ts . C T a n d X - ra y a re o b ta in e d i f re q u ire d .

T h e p ro c e d u re u s e d a t E s s e x C . C . C . i s f o r a n i n i t i a l t - b o n e

s c a n o f l u m b a r s p i n e a n d i f h o t s p o ts a re p re s e n t th e

p la y e r is re s te d fo r s ix a n d e ig h t w e e k s to a l lo w fo r

s p o n ta n e o u s h e a l i n g . A te c h n e ti u m s c a n i s re p e a te d a t

s ix to e ig h t w e e k s a n d a d e c is io n th e n m a d e o n w h e th e r

o r n o t a C f lX - ra y is re q u ire d to a s s is t w i th th e q u e s tio n o f

s u rg e ry . l f s p o n ta n e o u s h e a l in g o f th e p a rs d e fe c t h a s

ta k e n p la c e re m o d i f ic a tio n o f th e b o w l in g a c tio n a n d o th e r

p h y s i c a l d i s f u n c ti o n s a re a d d re s s e d . F ro m a s u rg i c a l

p e rs p e c ti v e a B u c k 's re p a i r ( B u c k 1 9 7 0 , B e c k e rs 1 9 8 6 )

h a s b e e n th e o p tio n o f c h o ic e in th e n in e s u c c e s s fu l c a s e s

o f s u rg ic a l in te rv e n tio n to d a te a t E s s e x C o u n ty C ric k e t

C l u b . P re s e rv a ti o n o f th e m e d i a l b ra n c h o f th e d o rs a l ra m i

th e te a m a n d th e c o a c h . W e lc o m e to th e f ie ld o f

p ro fe s s io n a l c ric k e t w h e re o fte n th e p h y s io 's d e c is io n is

s c ru tin is e d in th e p re s s fo r g o o d m e a s u re . T h e d i f f ic u l t

is s u e o f s u rg e ry is a v e rte d w ith s p o n ta n e o u s h e a l in g o f th e

s p o n d y lo ly s is a n d a l lo w s fo r p h y s ic a l th e ra p y fro m d a y

o n e . C l e a rl y th e f i rs t c o n s i d e ra ti o n w h e n re h a b i l i ta ti n g

l u m b a r s e g m e n ta l i n s ta b i l i ty i s to s ta b i l i s e th e p ro b l e m a s

m u c h a s p o s s i b l e u s i n g tru n k c o re e x e rc i s e s u ti l i s i n g th e

d e e p a b d o m in a l s , d i a p h ra g m , p e l v i c f l o o r a n d l u m b a r

m u l ti f i d u s p ro g re s s i n g to g l o b a l m u s c l e c o n tro l ( O 'S u l l i v a n

1 9 9 7 ) a n d e v e n tu a l ly a p a in fre e b o w l in g a c tio n .

O 's u l l iv a n 's - l 9 9 7 R C T p ro v id e s th e s tro n g e s t s c ie n ti f ic

l in k to d a te b e tw e e n ra d io lo g ic a l ly d e te rm in e d p a rs

d e l e c ts a n d th e ro l e o f e x e rc i s e s .

T h e q u e s tio n o f s u rg e ry is le s s s tra ig h tfo rw a rd ' T h e

in te re s ts o f th e b o w le r a re p a ra m o u n t. T h e v ie w s o f

f a m i l y m e m b e rs , th e s u rg e o n , p h y s i o th e ra p i s t a n d h e a d

c o a c h a re c o n s id e re d . A tw o w e e k p e rio d o f

c o n v a le s c e n c e fo l lo w in g s u rg e ry is n o rm a l ly fo l lo w e d b y

e a rl y m o b i l i s a t i o n i n th e h y d ro th e ra p y p o o l u s i n g

b u o y a n c y v e s ts a n d a g ra d u a te d re h a b i l i ta tio n p ro g ra m m e

w h i c h i n c l u d e s tru n k c o re s ta b i l i ty ( i n n e r a n d o u te r u n i ts ) ,

s p i n a l p ro p ri o c e p ti o n tra i n i n g a n d m u c h m o re . F o r m o re

in fo rm a tio n re fe r to th e w o rk o f O ' S u l l iv a n , D ia n e L e e ,

a n d th e U n i o f Q u e e n s l a n d . A t a p p ro x i m a te l y th re e

m o n th s a c o m p re h e n s iv e s k e le ta l a s s e s s m e n t is g iv e n

w h i c h i n c l u d e s e x a m i n a ti o n o f h i p e x te n s i o n , s a c ro i l i a c

j o i n t m o b i l i ty a n d l u m b a r s p i n a l f u n c ti o n . W h e n b o w l e rs

p re s e n t w i th "n o rm a l" o s te o k in e m a tic s a n d g o o d

n e u ro m u s c u l a r c o n tro l th e re m o d e l l i n g o f th e a b e rra n t

b o w l in g a c tio n ta k e s p la c e fro m th re e m o n th s o n w a rd s

c o m m e n c i n g w i th i n i t i a l l y b o w l i n g o f f o n e s te p a n d th e n

is a d is tin c t a d v a n ta g e to e f fe c tiv e ly re c ru i t lu m b a r

m u l t i f i d u s !

P H Y S I O T H E R A P Y

C l i n i c a l re a s o n i n g f o r th e c o n s e rv a ti v e o r s u rg i c a l

a p p ro a c h is b a s e d o n s e v e ra l c ri te ria . O v e r th e y e a rs I

h a v e d is c u s s e d v a rio u s re g im e s , p ro c e d u re s a n d

te c h n iq u e s w i th p h y s io s a n d d o c to rs w i th re fe re n c e to th e

m o s t e f fe c tiv e w a y o f re h a b i l i ta tin g lu m b a r s tre s s

fra c tu re s . A "h o t" fra c tu re th a t d o e s n o t h e a l w i th in 8 to

1 0 w e e k s i s u n l i k e l y to h e a l s p o n ta n e o u s l y . T h e q u e s ti o n

i s th e n d o y o u a l l o w a b o w l e r to re s h a p e h i s b o w l i n g

a c tio n a n d re s o lv e o th e r p re d is p o s in g re a s o n s , k n o w in g

th e re is a s e g m e n ta l in s ta b i l i ty p re s e n t o r, p ro c e e d to

s u rg e ry fo r s c re w f ix a tio n ? W i l l th e b o w le r h a v e

c o n f i d e n c e i n h i s b a c k a n d th o s e l o o k i n g a f te r h i m s h o u l d

h e b re a k d o w n a s a in b e c a u s e o f i t? C o n s id e r h is lo s s to

s4 lt{# f 5 r8 |Jr{fs

ir i t I l ; , : il, ! r: q i : ' : ! i i: ; : t, t t t: : : t; : : r- : i;

o S e rv ic e , s a fe ty te s tin g , c a l ib ra tio n /a l ig n m e n t & re p a irsto a l l ty p e s & m a k e s o f p h y s io th e ra p y e q u ip m e n t

. F irs t c la s s s e rv ic e & c o m p u te ris e d re p o rtin g toa l l o u r N H S , p riv a te & g o v e rn m e n ta l c u s to m e rs

. H ig h ly e x p e rie n c e d & q u a l i f ie d p h y s io th e ra p ye q u i p m e n t e n g i n e e rs

. Q u a l i ty a s s u re d to lS O 9 0 0 2

. A u th o ris e d s a le s d is trib u to rsfo r a l l P h y s io M e d P ro d u c ts

T e l: 0 1 6 1 7 4 8 5 6 6 0 ln te rn e t:F a x ; 0 1 6 1 7 4 B 5 6 6 8 E m a il:

www.e m e s e n ) lc e s .c o ms a l e s @ p m e s e t'v ic e s . co m

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l n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 .

ffi ;r!\'- - , - e * !g 1 g 1 - .*;3 *,c s * E *s c lt Stg }f :c r'-

Page 7: Jam es Davis MCSP...Jam es Davis MCSP This article will present some of the scientific literature re la tin g to low back pain in cricket with re fe re n ce to common pathologies,

to a p ro g re s s iv e ly lo n g e r ru n . S o m e b o w le rs a d a p t to th e

n e w a c tio n l ik e d u c k s to w a te r w h e re a s th e

"p ro p rio c e p tiv e ly v a c a n t" b o w le rs s o m e tim e s s tru g g le to

re p l a n t th e i r f e e t i n o p ti m a l p o s i t i o n s . T h e m o re d i f f i c u l t

b o w le rs to re m o d e l a re th e "s h u f f le rs " ie a t B F I th e y la n d

f ro n t- o n a n d s h u f f l e to s i d e - o n . I n c re a s e d m u s c l e

m e m o ry a n d a p p ro x im a te ly 1 0 , 0 0 0 re p e ti tio n s la te r th e

b o w le r w i l l h a v e c o m p le te d h is re h a b i l i ta tio n a n d b e

re a d y fo r a re tu rn to th e b o w l in g c o a c h e s a n d a p a in fre e

b o w l in g c a re e r. A t E s s e x C C C e a c h o f th e n in e c o n tra c te d

p la y e rs w h o h a v e u n d e rg o n e s u rg e ry h a v e h a d a n

u n e v e n tfu l re c o v e ry . E a c h p la y e r h a s re tu rn e d to 1 't c la s s

c ri c k e t w i th i n 4 - 6 m o n th s . T e s ta m e n t to th e l o c a l s p i n a l

s u rg e o n , P ro f . J D o w e l l a n d th e p h y s io th e ra p is t!

S U M M A R Y

D S tre s s fra c tu re s o f th e lu m b a r p a rs

in te ra rtic u la ris o c c u r a s a re s u l t o f h ig h

re p e ti tiv e c o m p re s s io n s tre s s e s in v o lv in g

e x te n s io n / f te x io n a n d ro ta tio n m o v e m e n ts o f th e

l u m b a r s p i n e

tr T h e re is a to s s o f th e p o s te rio r re s tra in ts a n d

s e g m e n ta l m u s c le c o n tro l

tr A t g re a te s t ris k a re c e rta in g ro u p s o f s p o rtin g

a d o le s c e n ts (1 4 - 1 8 y rs o ld ) , e s p e c ia l ly fa s t

b o w le rs , h o c k e y P la Y e rs

tr I n c ric k e t lu m b a r p a rs d e fe c ts o c c u r a s a re s u lt

o f a m ix e d b o w l in g a c tio n o n a n im m a tu re

s p i n e

R E F E R E N C E SB e c k e rs L 1 9 8 6 B u c k 's o p e ra ti o n f o r tre a tm e n t o f s p o n d y lo l y s is

a n d s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is . A c ta O rth o p a e d ic a B e lg i c a , 5 2 ( 6 ) :

B u c k J 1 9 7 0 D ire c t re p a ir o f th e d e fe c t i n s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is :

P re l im in a ry re p o rt. J o u rn a l o f B o n e a n d J o in t S u rg e ry ' 5 2 8 : 4 3 2

E l l i o tt B , F o s te r D 1 9 8 4 A b i o m e c h a n ic a l a n a ly s is o f th e f ro n t

o n a n d s i d e o n f a s t b o w l i n g te c h n iq u e s . J o u rn a l o f H u m a n

M o v e m e n t S tu d i e s 1 0 : 8 3 - 9 4

E l l i o tt B , F o s te r D , B l a n k s b v B ( E d s ) 1 9 8 9 l n S e n d th e s tu m p s

f l y i n g . - P e rth : U n iv e rs i ty o f W e s te rn A u s tra l i a P re s s

E l l i o tt B 1 9 9 2 fh e i n f l u e n c e o f f a s t b o w l i n g a n d p h y s ic a l

fa c to rs o n ra d io lo g ic a l fe a tu re s in h ig h p e rfo rm a n c e fa s t b o w le rs '

S p o rts M e d i c i n e T ra i n i n g a n d R e h a b i l i ta t i o n , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 1 3 - 1 2 0 '

E l l i o tt B , D a v is J , H a rd c a s tl e f K h a n g u re M . l 9 9 3 D is c

d e g e n e ra ti o n a n d th e y o u n g {a s t b o w le r' C l i n i c a l

B i o m e c h a n i c s , B : 2 2 7 - 2 3 4

F I o m a n Y 2 0 0 0 P ro g re s s io n o f l u m b o s a c ra l i s th m ic

s p o n d y l o l i s th e s i s i n a d u l ts . S p i n e 2 5 ( 3 ) : 3 4 2 - 3 4 7

F o s te r D , J o h n D , E l l i o tt B , A c k la n d I F i tc h K 1 9 8 9 B a c k

in j u rie s to f a s t b o w le rs i n c ric k e t: A p ro s p e c ti v e s tu d y B ri ti s h

J o u rn a l o { S p o rts M e d i c i n e , 2 3 ( 3 ) : 1 5 0 - 1 5 4 .

F a rfa n H ( 1 9 7 0 ) R o ta ti o n a l i n s ta b i l i ty . J o u rn a l o f B o n e a n d J o in tS u rg e ry , 5 2 A : 4 6 8 .

F o s te r D 1 9 8 9 B a c k i n j u rie s to f a s t b o w le rs i n c ric k e t: A

p ro s p e c ti v e s tu d y . B ri ti s h J o u rn a l o f S p o rts M e d ic i n e , 2 3 ( 3 ) :

1 5 0 - 1 5

F re d ic k s o n B 1 9 8 4 T h e n a tu ra l h i s to ry o f s p o n d y lo l y s is a n d

s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is . J o u rn a l o f B o n e a n d J o in t S u rg e ry , 6 6 A : 6 9 9 -

7 0 7

H e n s in g e r R 1 9 8 9 S p o n d y lo l y s is a n d s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is i n

c h i l d re n a n d a d o le s c e n ts . J o u rn a l o f B o n e a n d . J o in t S u rg e ry ,

7 1 ( 7 ) : 1 O 9 B - 1 1 0 7

H o c ls o n A 1 g g 4 T o o m u c h to o s o o n ? - T h e ri s k o f o v e rc is e

in j u rie s i n y o u n g f o o tb a l l p l a y e rs . S p o rts C a re J o u rn a l , 1 '6 : 1 9 - 2 4

J a c k s o n D 1 9 7 6 S p o n d y lo l y s is i n th e f e m a le g y m n a s t' C l i n i c a l

O rth o p a e d ic s a n d R e la te d R e s e a rc h , 1 1 7 ( 6 ) : 6 8 - 7 3

L o n s te in i 1 9 9 9 S p o n d y lo l i s th e s is i n c h i l d re n . S p in e 2 4 ( 2 4 ) :

2 6 4 0 - 2 6 4 8

M c C a rro l l J , M i l l e r J , R i tte r M 1 9 8 6 L u m b a r s p o n d y lo l y s is a n d

s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is i n c o l l e g e f o o tb a l l p l a y e rs . A m e ric a n J o u rn a lo f S p o rts M e d ic i n e 1 4 : 4 0 4 - 4 O 5 .

M c C o rm ic k C , T a y lo r J , T w o m e y L 1 9 8 9 F a c e t j o i n t

a rth ro g ra p h y i n l u m b a r s p o n d y lo l y s is : a n a to m ic b a s is f o r

s p re a d o f c o n tra s t m e d iu m . R a d io l o g y1 7 1 , 1 : 1 9 3 - 1 9 6 .

N a c h e m s o n A 1 9 8 5 L u m b a r s p i n a l i n s ta b i l i ty ' S p i n e 9 : 7 1 4 -

7 1 9P I C C 2 0 0 2 . F i rs t C l a s s C o u n ti e s 2 0 0 2 S e a s o n I n j u ry R e p o rt'

P h y s io th e ra p is ts I n C o u n ty C ric k e t. E C B . L o rd s C ric k e t C ro u n d

O rc h a rd J , J a m e s T 2 0 0 0 A u s tra l i a n C ric k e t B o a rd R e p o rt 2 0 0 0

S y d n e y : A u s tra l i a n C ric k e t B o a rd .

O rc h a rd J , J a m e s T 2 0 0 1 A u s tra l i a n C ric k e t B o a rd R e p o rt 2 0 0 1

S y d n e y : A u s tra l i a n C ric k e t B o a rd .

O 's u l l i v a n f T w o m e y L , A l l i s o n C 1 9 9 7 E v a lu a ti o n o f s p e c i f i c

s ta b i l i s i n g e x e rc is e i n th e tre a tm e n t o f l o w b a c k p a in w i th

R a d io l o g ic d i a g n o s is o f s p o n d y lo l y s is a n d s p o n d y lo l i s th e s is '

S p in e , 2 2 ( 2 4 ) : 2 9 5 9 - 6 7

O 's u l l i v a n P 2 0 0 0 L u m b a r s e g m e n ta l i n s ta b i l i ty : c l i n i c a l

p re s e n ta ti o n a n d s p e c i f i c s ta b i l i s i n g e x e rc is e m a n a g e m e n t'

M a n u a l T h e ra p y , 5 ( 1 \ : 2 - 1 2 .

S te v e n s D 1 g 7 6 tn th e A u s tra l i a n C o u n c i l F o r H e a l th , P h y s ic a l

E d u c a ti o n a n d R e c re a ti o n .

T w o m e y L , T a y lo r J ( E d s ) 1 9 8 7 l n P h y s ic a l th e ra p y f o r th e l o w

b a c k . N e w Y o rk : C h u rc h i l l L i v i n g s to n .

W h i te A , P a n ja b i M . 1 9 9 2 C l i n i c a l b i o m e c h a n ic s o f th e s p in e '

P h i l a d e l p h i a : J B L i P P o n c o tt

A d d re s s fo r c o rre s P o n d e n c e :

Ja m e s D a v is M C S P

A n g l ia S p in a l & S p o rts P h y s io th e ra p y C e n tre

E s s e x C o u n tY C ric k e t C lu b

N e w W rittle S tre e t

C h e lm s fo rd , E s s e x C M 2 O P C

T e l : 0 1 2 4 5 3 4 9 0 9 6

E - m a i | : j a m e s d a v i s @ a n g l i a p h y s i o . c o . u k

1 6l n T o u c h , S u m m e r 2 0 0 3 , N o . 1 0 3 .