jan-pol kosta · jan-pol kosta. 3 xalxis saketildreod 60 wlis win, 1949 wlis 23 maiss, gamoqveynda...

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mogesalmebiT axlad daarsebuli Jur-

nalis `sakonstitucio samarTlis mi-

moxilvis~ pirveli nomris furclebidan.

es gaxlavT saqarTvelos sakonstitu-

cio sasamarTlos orenovani (qarTul-

inglisuri) gamocema, romelic gamodis

evropis sabWos, germaniis teqnikuri Ta-

namSromlobis sazogadoebasTan, ilia

Wav WavaZis universitetTan da `fond Ria

sazogadoeba saqarTvelos~ qselis `adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da sajaro

samsaxuris reformirebis iniciativasTan~

TanamSrom lobiT. madlobas movaxseneb

TiToeul maTgans TanamSromlobisa da

mxardaWerisaTvi s. Jurnali gamova kvar-

talSi erTxel da usasyidlod gadaecema Sesabamis adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso institutebs.

sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilvaSi ganxiluli iqneba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-

marTlos mniSvnelovani siaxleebi, aseve qveynis SigniT, mTel regionsa da msoflioSi ganviTa-

rebuli umTavresi samarTlebrivi movlenebi. Jurnali qarTvel mkiTxvels SesTavazebs adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos, konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTloe-

bis, msoflio marTlmsajulebisa da samarTlebrivi instituciebis gadawyvetilebebis mimoxil-

vas. is iqneba erTgvari saSualeba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis

profesiuli ganxilvisa da kritikuli analizisaTvis.

Jurnali saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas miawvdis informacias saqarTvelos Sesaxeb da pi-

riqiT, xels Seuwyobs qveynebs Soris samecniero samarTlebrivi ideebis Tavisufal gacvlas.

vfiqrob, rom Jurnali moizidavs mkiTxvelTa farTo fenebs da xels Seuwyobs samarTlebrivi

codnis gaRrmavebas. dRevandel rTul pirobebSi gonieri, ganaTlebuli, moazrovne adamianebis

roli Zalze mniSvnelovania Cveni ganviTarebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi qveynebisaTvis, ro-

goric saqarTveloa.

pirvel nomerSi SesaZlebloba gveZleva, gavecnoT rogorc cnobil qarTvel, ise ucxoel

specialistTa mosazrebebs. mjera, rom es tendencia gagrZeldeba da TiToeuli gamocema Sevse-

buli iqneba ufro da ufro meti saintereso samecniero naSromiT.

dasasrul, minda aRvniSno, rom Jurnalis gamocema emTxveva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos daarsebis 50 wlisTavs da evrosabWos daarsebis 60 wlis iubiles. mwams, rom mo-

mavalSi am instituciebis progresisa da kidev ufro meti warmatebebis momswre gavxdebiT, maT

uzarmazari gavlena aqvT ara mxolod Cveni qveynis, aramed regionis demokratiuli ganviTare-

bis procesebze.

vimedovneb, Cveni Jurnalis furclebidan miiRebT TqvenTvis saWiro da sasargeblo informacia s.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare

giorgi papuaSvili

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CemTvis didi pativia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlos mier daarsebul `sakonstitucio samarTlis

mimoxilvis~ pirvel gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT Sesavali

sityvis dawera. sakonstitucio da adamianis uflebebis

samarTalTan dakavSirebuli debatebisa da azris urTier-

Tgacvlis aRniSnuli forumis Seqmna yvelaze metad Rire-

buli iniciativaa. misasalmebelia am saqmeSi sakonstitu-

cio sasamarTlos CarTva. upriani iqneba, Tuki Jurnali

Tavis Tematikad saerTaSoriso da SedarebiT-samarTle-

briv midgomas airCevs. nebismieri qveynis sakonstitucio

iurisprudencia kidev ufro myardeba da mdidrdeba sxva

demokratiuli qveynebis standartebisa da samarTlebrivi

tradiciebis kvleviT. evropaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistemebisa da instituciebis didi

umetesoba adamianis uflebebis saerTo principebisadmi pativiscemasa da kanonis uzenaesobis

primats efuZneba. bunebrivia, rom unda moxdes am sabaziso principebze dafuZnebuli qveynebis

precedentuli samarTlisa da samarTlebrivi tradiciebis Sedareba-Seswavla. ucxoeli eqsper-

tebis mier gaRebuli wvlili da misi qarTul-inglisurad gamocema aRniSnuli mimoxilvis fur-

clebze sakonstitucio samarTlis problematikasTan dakavSirebuli Rirebuli saerTaSoriso

dialogis warmarTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis.

msurs gansakuTrebuli madloba gadavuxado sakonstitucio sasamarTlos imis gamo, rom am

gamocemaSi didi yuradReba dauTmo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul

samarTals. konvenciis arsSi umTavresad gameorebulia erovnul konstituciebSi mocemuli

fundamenturi uflebebis debulebebi. amitomac bunebrivia diskusiisas konvenciis moSvelie-

bis faqti. sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa da evropul sasamarTlos Soris arsebuli kavSirebi

kidev ufro ganmtkicda mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis

xelSemkvreli mxare gaxda. konvenciis wevri nebismieri qveynisaTvis amgvari kavSirebi evropul

da erovnul doneebs Soris warmatebuli urTierTobebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania, rac ur-

TierTdamokidebulebis erT-erTi saxeobaa. konvenciis precedentuli samarTlis wardgena da

misi komentari saSualebas miscems erovnuli iuridiuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs, mosa-

marTleebs, advokatebs, akademikosebs da sxva oficialur Tu profesiul jgufebs, gamoiyenon

da ganaviTaron adamianis uflebebi erovnul doneze. es srulebiT Tavsebadia konvenciis siste-

mis mizanTan, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis umTavresi pasuxismgebloba adamianis uflebebis

uzrunvelyofa da maTi ganuxreli dacvaa. evropuli sasamarTlos mandati, principSi, ufro da-

matebiTia, romelic individualuri saCivrebis ganxilvis meSveobiT, konvenciis avtoritetul

da erTian ganmartebas uzrunvelyofs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi unda iyos xelmisawvdomi

da Targmnili, Tuki maTi erovnul sasamarTloebSi citireba an gamoyeneba moxdeba. Sesabamisad,

am saqmis miRwevaSi aRniSnuli mimoxilvis wvlili metad mniSvnelovania.

evropis iuridiul JurnalebSi intensiuri samecniero dialogis procesi mimdinareobs. am

dialogs `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilvis~ winamdebare gamocema axal perspeqtivasa da

gansxvavebul elfers SesZens. Cven yvelani amiT kidev ufro mdidrebi viqnebiT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos prezidenti

Jan-pol kosta

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xalxis sakeTildReod

60 wlis win, 1949 wlis 23 maiss, gamoqveynda germaniis

federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanoni, romelmac na-

cional-socialistebis tiranuli mmarTvelobis Semdeg,

daafuZna demokratiuli qveyana, sadac saxelmwifos ne-

bismieri qmedebis amosaval wertilad kanonis uzenaesoba,

adamianis Rirseba da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi iqca. ima-

vdroulad, ZiriTadma kanonma konstituciisa da ZiriTadi

uflebebis dacva federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

da ara, magaliTisTvis, federalur prezidents, mTavro-

bas an parlaments daakisra. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo am

funqcias wlebis manZilze axorcielebda, gansakuTrebiT

kerZo sakonstitucio saCivrebis ganxilvis Sedegad miRe-

buli gadawyvetilebebiT, riTac ZiriTad uflebebs kidev

ufro met efeqturobas sZend a.

amis miuxedavad, germaniaSi sakonstitucio iurisdiqcia

mxolod xsenebuli warmatebuli nabijiT ar dawyebula.

rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daarsda, SesaZlebeli

iyo saorientaciod sxva qveynebis magaliTebis, gansakuTre-

biT, aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos gamocdilebis gaziareba. amasTan erTad, germaniis konstitu-

cia evropuli integraciis procesSi daibada. amave konteqstSi, safuZveli Caeyara dialogis

process germaniis federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlosa da strasburgSi arsebul adamia-

nis uflebebis evropul sasamarTlos, luqsemburgSi arsebul evropis kavSiris sasamarTlosa

da evropuli qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebs Soris. am process Tan axlda da didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi xels uwyobda araerT iuridiul JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli SedarebiT-samarTle-

brivi kvlevisa da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis kritikuli analizi.

saqarTvelos konstituciam sakonstitucio sasamarTloc Seqmna, romelic ganixilavs saxel-

mwifos qmedebis konstituciurobas da, imavdroulad, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebe-

bis dacvis garantia. aRniSnuli amocanis ganxorcieleba aseve moiTxovs sxva saxelmwifoebis

sasamarTloebTan TanamSromlobas saeqsperto Tu SedarebiT-samarTlebrivi kvlevis kuTxiT.

sxva qveynebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gamocdilebis analizi, ideebis gaziareba da sa-

qmianobis kritika udavod sasargeblo iqneba kanonis uzenaesobisa da adamianis fundamenturi

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.

amasTan, Jurnal `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mimoxilvas~, romlis pirveli nomeric axla

gamova, vusurveb, rom igi dadebiTad Sefasebuliyos iuristebisa da mecnierebis, aseve akade-

mikosebisa da studentebis mier, xolo masSi gamoqveynebuli masala nayofieri yofiliyos qar-

Tveli xalxis keTildReobisaTvis.

profesori, doqtori,

germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos prezidenti

hans-iurgen papieri

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saqarTvelo is qveyanaa, sadac regularulad Camosvlis

siamovneba 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mqonda.

demokratiuli gzisken qveynis siaruli ioli ar yo-

fila. saqarTvelom 1991 wlidan ekonomikuri krizisi,

samoqalaqo dapirispireba, revolucia da SeiaraRebuli

konfliqti gamoscada. am mcire periodisaTvis es sakmaod

bevria, magram Cans, yovelive aman qveyana ufro gaaZliera,

misi moqalaqeebi kidev ufro gaaerTiana da mtkiced ga-

daawyvetina saqarTvelos WeSmarit demokratiul qveynad

gadaqceva.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmnis ga-

dawyvetileba, Cveulebriv sasamarTlo sistemasTan er-

Tad, miRebul iqna 1995 wels, saqarTvelos konstituciis miRebamde. Tavidanve aSkara iyo, rom

konstituciis proeqtis miRebis Semdgomi logikuri nabiji iseTi uwyebis Camoyalibeba iqneboda,

romelic ZiriTadi kanonis cxovrebaSi gatarebas SeZlebda, rac saSualebas miscemda qveyanas,

konstituciis deklaraciuli debulebebi normatiul teqstad eqcia, qarTul sazogadoebas ki

misi yovedRiurad gamoyenebis saSualeba hqonoda.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seqmna erT aTwleulze meti xnis win, saqarTvelos samarTle-

brivi sistemis istoriisaTvis gadamwyveti momenti iyo. meamayeba, rom es yovelive Cem Tvalwin

moxda da mas Semdeg Tvalyurs vadevneb sasamarTlos ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT ki, mis sul

ufro mzard rols saqarTveloSi demokratiuli wyobis gasamyareblad. es amocana yovelTvis

rodia ioli. amasTan, sasamarTlos mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi garkveuli gamowvevebis wi-

naSe dadgeba, rac demokratiul sistemaSi Cveulebrivi procesia. am rolis Sesrulebisas, friad

mniSvnelovania sasamarTlos gaTavisebuli hqondes, rom igi konstituciis dacvis damoukide-

beli garantia, xolo misi mTavari daniSnulebaa adamianis uflebebis dacva.

ra Tqma unda, sakonstitucio sasamarTloebma sxva funqciebic SeiZina da adamianebs sul ufro

metad icaven aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mxridan daSvebuli gadametebebisgan. zogierT qveya-

naSi ki samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis gamyarebiT, maT sasamarTlo gadacdomebis Tavidan

asacileblad mtkice meqanizmi Seqmnes.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mniSvnelovani gamocdileba

SeiZina jer TbilisSi, qveynis mCqefare dedaqalaqSi, sadac igi Tavdapirvelad iyo ganTavsebuli,

Semdeg ki baTumSi – saqarTvelos mTavar saporto qalaqSi, sadac igi imyofeba 2007 wlidan.

mqonda pativi, memuSava saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos pirvel TavmjdomaresTan

– mosamarTle avTandil demetraSvilTan (1996 – 2001 w.w.), joni xecurianTan (2006 wlamde) da

amJamindel sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TavmjdomaresTan, mosamarTle giorgi papuaSvilTan.

TiToeulma maTganma axali impulsi SesZina sasamarTlos da kidev ufro ganaviTara igi.

oficialuri samarTlebrivi Jurnalisa Tu beWdviTi organos arseboba sakonstitucio sasa-

marTloebSi didi xnis Camoyalibebuli tradiciaa, mas es-es aris uerTdeba saqarTvelos sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTloc misi yovelkvartaluri JurnaliT, romelsac `sakonstitucio samarTlos

mimoxilva~ hqvia. aRniSnul gamocemaSi daibeWdeba mniSvnelovani informacia sakonstitucio da

adamianis uflebebis samarTlis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT da gamoqveyndeba adamianis ufle-

baTa evropuli sasamarTlosa da evropis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi,

erovnuli da ucxoeli akademiuri personalisa Tu eqspertebis statieb i.

Zalze moxaruli var axleburi wamowyebiT da siamovnebiT mivadevneb Tvals aRniSnul gamocema s.

evropuli komisiis `demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT~

(veneciis komisiis) mdivani

jani bukikio

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Zvirfaso megobrebo, moxaruli var, rom maqvs SesaZlebloba, mogilo-

coT am Jurnalis gamocema. es unikaluri Jurnalia ara marto imis gamo, rom is pirvelad gamoicema saqarTveloSi. aramed imitomac, rom is aris bevri organizaciis TanamSromlobis warmatebuli Sedegi. amave dros, es aris pirveli SemTxveva saqarTvelo-Si, rodesac universiteti da sakonstitucio sa-samarTlo erTiandebian da saxaven saerTo miznebs.

magram am Jurnalis mniSvneloba mxolod im uni-kalur TanamSromlobaSi rodia, romelic Sedga mis gamosacemad. CemTvis, rogorc universitetis war-momadgenlisaTvis, is aris saganmanaTleblo pro-cesi. am procesis daxmarebiT, darwmunebuli var, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo dauax-lovdeba da gasagebi gaxdeba erTi mxriv Cveni mo-qalaqeebisaTvis, xolo meore mxriv _ yvela dain-

teresebuli mxarisaTvis qveynis sazRvrebs gareT. es swored is SemTxvevaa, romlis sqemasac yvela samecniero Tu saganmanaTleblo institutma unda misdios. am Jurnalis saSualebiT Cven vagzavniT qveynis gareT imas, rac sainteresoa gare mkiTxvelisaTvis da amave Jurnalis saSualebiT Cvens mkiTxvels vuxsniT im sagareo Tu saSinao konteqsts, romelSic arsebobs Tanamedrove sakonstitucio sasamarTlo rogorc idea da rogorc instituti.

yovel Cvengans vusurveb warmatebas.

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori.

gigi TevzaZe

sarCevi

herman Svarci

konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi 7konstantine korkelia

ratom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas? 12jeremi makbraidi

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba

konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba 21dragolub popoviCi

profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi 49joni xecuriani

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba

referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze 58iakob futkaraZe

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi

saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi 64andraS Saio

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde? 76rori okoneli

Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da

adamianis uflebaTa principebi 102aleqsandre oraxelaSvili

saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema —

damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi 110adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos

didi palatis gadawyvetileba

varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg 137

7

herman Svarci

konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi

herman Svarci

sakonstitucio samarTlis sferoSi

cnobili moRvawe.

vaSingtonis iuridiuli kolejis profesori,

amerikuli universiteti, vaSingtoni.

isini, vinc konstitucias weren Seqmnis pro-cesSi myofi demokratiebisaTvis, bevr da-brkolebebs awydebian.

pirvel rigSi, maT unda Seqmnan iseTi do-kumenti, romelic saSualebas miscems sazo-gadoebas, mSvidobianad gadaWras rTuli da konfliqturi sakiTxebi. imavdroulad, unda SemuSavdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeq-turi sistema, romelic moicavs umcireso-baTa uflebas _ ar daeTanxmos da sakanonm-deblo umciresobis uflebas gardaiqmnas umravlesoba d.

meore, _ konfliqturi situaciebi Cveule-briv iwyeba swrafad da am sakiTxebis mogvare-bam SeiZleba samomavlod Seqmnas problemebi. transformaciisas (sabWoTa blokis umetesi qveynebis msgavsad) wagebulebi Seecdebian imdeni Zalaufleba SeinarCunon, ramdensac SeZleben. Tu cvlileba moicavs reJimis sru-lad Secvlas, rogorc es eraySi moxda, maSin gamarjvebulebi metoqeobas gauweven erTa-maneTs Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. am dave-bis gadaWris saSualebebi xSirad inkorpori-rebulia konstituciaSi, romelic SeiZleba problemuri iyos xangrZlivi periodis gan-mavlobaSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi monobaze kompromi-sebis CarTvam realurad SesaZlebeli gaxada konstituciis miReba, magram sabolood aR-moCnda, rom es arc ise kargi iyo erisTvis.

ufro metic, konstitucia iwereba drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi, Cveulebriv maSin, rodesac sazogadoebaSi arsebobs ekonomiku-ri, socialuri Tu sxva problemebi. arsebobs cduneba da xSirad aucilebloba imisa, rom swrafad moxdes am problemebTan gamklaveb a.

magram debulebebi, romlebic gamiznulia prob lemaTa swrafad mosagvareblad, SeiZleba Seusabamo aRmoCndes momavlisaTvis.

eWvis qveS dayeneba yvela dokumentisa, romlebic dawerilia gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas, niSnavs imas, rom momavlis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. momavali yovelTvis gansxvavebulia imisgan, rasac moveliT. amgva-rad, konstituciis proeqtis Semqmnelebma dasabami unda miscen iseTi momavali mTavro-bebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic myarad Sexv-debian warmoudgenel da gauTvaliswinebel prob lemebs.

TiTqmis universaluri gamocdilebis erT-erTi gakveTili aris is, rom adamianis ufle-bebi dauyovnebliv unda iyos daculi. roca avtoritaruli reJimis Seviwroeba moxda, sa-zogadoebas ganTavisuflebis SegrZneba da Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis wyurvili hqonda, Tumca didxans ar gagrZelebula mRelvare-bis es grZnoba. axali da Zveli demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom, Tu sawyis etapze adamianis uflebebi saTanadod ar aris dacu-li, mogvianebiT amis gakeTeba Zalze rTulia.

Tavdapirveli mosazrebebi pirveli, unda iyos Tu ara dawerili konsti-

tucia Cveulebrivi sakanonmdebeli organos Tu specialurad Seqmnili damfuZnebeli kre-bis mier? Tu gadawydeba, rom Seqmnan raime Zvelis msgavsi, maSin kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT, daweron iseTi konstitucia, romlis saSuale-biTac isini SeinarCuneben TavianT Tanamdebo-bebs. specialuri damfuZnebeli kreba umjobe-sia sazogadoebis rac SeiZleba met elements warmoadgendes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sak-maod rTulia da Zvirad Rirebuli.

kidev erTi gadasaWreli sakiTxi sawyis etapze aris is, Tu rogor unda Sevides cvli-lebebi da damatebebi konstituciaSi misi mi-Rebis Semdeg. amis Sesruleba martivi rodia. dokumenti unda asaxavdes sazogadoebis yve-

8

herman Svarci

laze mniSvnelovan faseulobebs da demokra-tiuli procesis mTavar principebs. es yve-laferi stabiluri unda iyos. meore mxriv, zogierTi debuleba miRebuli uecari zewo-lis, konfliqtisa da molodinis gamo, sawyis etapze, SesaZloa Soreuli momavlisaTvis Seuferebeli iyos, cvlilebebis Setanis gar-Tulebam ki SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos momaval mTavrobebs adekvaturad gaumklavdnen gau-Tvaliswinebel problemebs.

am mizezis gamo, Wkvianuri iqneba, Tu gan-sazRvruli drois Semdeg, moxdeba konsti-tuciis struqturuli aspeqtebis mimoxilva. erT-erTi gza aris 10-20 weliwadSi erTxel eqspertTa komisiis mowveva, raTa dadgindes, aris Tu ara saWiro struqturuli cvlile-bebis Setana. es SesaZloa, gansakuTrebiT sa-sargeblo gamodges pirveli aTi wlis Semdeg, rodesac konstituciaSi warmoSobili zogier-Ti problema naTeli gaxdeba.

es mimoxilva ar unda moicavdes adamianis uflebaTa Sesustebis mcdelobas, Tumca amis gakeTebis cduneba SeiZleba arsebobdes. ro-gorc ki cxovrebis mosalondeli gaumjobese-bis standartuli Tavdapirveli eiforia gaivlis, ukve naklebad zrunaven adamianis uflebebze. liderebma da Cveulebrivma ada-mianebmac ki SeiZleba adamianis uflebebi fu-funebad CaTvalon - meorexarisxovnad, ekono-mikuri stabilurobis sakiTxebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom adamianis uflebebi iSviaTad aferxeben ga-mowvevebze efeqtur reagirebas.

amasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi sakiTxi gaxlavT konstituciis moculoba. aSS-Si be-vri fiqrobs, rom, radgan aSS-is konstitucia 200 welze metia rac agrZelebs moqmedebas, mokle konstituciebi ukeTesia damwyebi de-mokratiebisTvisac ki. me am xedvas ar vizia-reb. aSS-is konstituciuri normebi ar SeiZle-ba Tavmoyrili iyos mxolod ocdaToTxmet sawyis da cvlilebebis Sesatan debulebebSi. isini SeiZleba Tavmoyril iqnen or saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aSS-is uzenaesi sasa-marTlos gadawyvetilebaTa 550-ze met kre-bulSi. am gadawyvetilebebma daamkvidra Cveni yvelaze fundamenturi konstituciuri prin-cipebi da uflebebi, romelTagan ramdenime SeiZleba gamovyoT aSS-is konstituciidan. im axlad Camoyalibebuli demokratiebidan, romlebsac ar aqvT orsaukunovani gamocdi-

lebis fufuneba uflebebis gansaviTareblad, mxolod ramdenime Tu iwyebs Zlieri sasamarT-lo sistemis SeqmniT. maT SeuZliaT da unda aagon demokratia amerikis da sxva qveyenebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTloebis lodinis gareSe unda Seqmnan es fundamenturi uflebebi da principebi TavianT konstitu-ciebSi Sesatanad.

es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom konsti-tucia unda iyos Zalze detaluri. konstitu-ciebi, romlebic moicaven bevr debulebas, SeiZleba naklebad moqnilebi iyvnen. imis ga-dawyveta, Tu ra unda Sevides konstituciaSi, ra unda darCes sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, ra ar unda iyos daregulirebuli konstituciiT, aris yve-laze mTavari da rTuli sakiTxi.

mSeneblobis safexurebiegreT wodebuli horizontaluri da ver-

tikaluri struqturuli sakiTxebi yvelaze rTulia, radganac isini ukavSirdebian Za-lauflebis gadanawilebas. es sakiTxebi Ti-Tqmis yovelTvis gvardeba politikuri azr-Ta sxvadasxvaobis fonze iseTi moklevadiani miznebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad Tu rogor unda moxdes xSirad dominanturi Zalaufle-bis miReb a da SenarCuneba.

upirvelesi sakiTxi gaxlavT, unda iyos sa-prezidento Tu saparlamento sistema. maTi mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini iyofian or jgufad. saprezidento sistemiT yvelaze ufro amerika aris cnobili. rogorc wesi, prezidenti pirdapir irCeva xalxis mier, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentis ar-Ceva gansazRvruli droiT xdeba. prezidenti, romelic gvevlineba qveynis meTaurad, adgens rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikas da irCevs ministrebs am politikis gansaxorcie-leblad. ministrTa kandidaturebs xSirad amtkicebs sakanonmdeblo organo, Tumca arian prezidentis kontrolis qveS.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba damoukide-blad irCeva dadgenili droiT. rogorc wesi, arc prezidenti da arc sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba ar daiTxoveba erTimeoris mier. es warmoqmnis ormag legitimur sistemas da mkve-Trad gamijnul Zalauflebas.

saprezidento sistema uzrunvelyofs sta-bilurobas da Zlieri prezidentis xelSi

9


SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes Zlieri, ener-giuli xelmZRvaneloba. Tumca stabiluroba SeiZleba gadaizardos mouqnelobaSi da arapo-pularuli, araefeqturi prezidentis Secvla SeuZlebelia moxdes mmarTvelobiTi periodis amowurvamde. ufro metic, sakanonmdeblo or-ganos sxvadasxva politikuri partiis mier marTvam SeiZleba migviyvanos sakanonmdeblo Cixamde. Tu es dayofa iarsebebs, saxelmwifo mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlebs nor-malurad funqcionirebas.

saparlamento sistemaSi, parlamenti saar-Cevno legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaroa. ar xdeba Zalauflebis gayofa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs Soris. sasa-marTlo xelisufleba, ra Tqma unda, damou-kidebelia, magram imyofeba sakanonmdeblo sferos miRma. rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, romelsac xSirad mTavrobas uwodeben, imarTeba premier-ministris mier, romelsac irCevs is partia, romelic umra-vlesobiT modis parlamentSi an koaliciis mier, romelic Semdgaria kanonmdebelTa umra-vlesobisgan. qveynis mmarTveli gaxlavT pre-zidenti cotaodeni ZalauflebiT da irCeva parlamentis mier. premier-ministri da mTa-vroba arian pasuxismgebeli parlamentis wi-naSe da SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnen swored par-lamentis mier. arCevnebis Catareba SeiZleba nebismier dros, moqnilobis uzrunvelyofiT. vinaidan ar arsebobs formaluri dayofa saka-nonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaTa Zalauflebebs Soris, Sesabamisad, arsebobs gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenis naklebi Sansi imdenad, ramdenadac mTavroba an pre-mier-ministri, romelic kargavs parlamentis ndobas, SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnes mis mier.

saparlamento sistemam SeiZleba gamoiwvios xelisuflebis xSiri cvlileba da didi aras-tabiluroba. agreTve mas SeuZlia warmoqmnas politikaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi, rode-sac opozicia modis umravlesobiT, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva saxis arasta-biluroba.

ar arsebobs aSkara pasuxi imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. arCevani xSirad damokide-bulia istoriaze, konkretuli drois moTxo-vnebze da sxva faqtorebze. sabWoTa blokis yofilma wevr-saxelmwfoebma sabWoTa kavSi-ris farglebs gareT, agreTve baltiispireTis qveynebma danerges saparlamento reJimi, rad-

ganac maT undodaT, gamxdariyvnen dasavleT evropis nawili, romelic TiTqmis saparla-mentoa. sabWoTa kavSiris yofilma, arabal-tiispireTis qveynebma danerges saprezidento sistem a.

agreTve, unda gadawydes sakanonmdeblo xe-lisufleba unikameruli (erTpalatiani) unda iyos Tu bikameruli (orpalatiani)sistemis. Tu saxelmwifo federaluria, met-naklebad avtonomiuri Semadgeneli erTeulebiT, rogo-ric aris aSS da germania, sasurvelia, Tu iq-neba meore (Cveulebriv zeda palata rogorc aSS-is senati) sakanonmdeblo palata, rome-lic warmoadgens Semadgeneli erTeulebis in-teresebs. meore palata, garkveul sferoebSi, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sasamarTlo, aseve avtonomiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, zo-gjer SezRudulia gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi.

meore palatis yofna-aryofna wamoWris ki-dev erT kiTxvas: ramdenad centralizebuli unda iyos saxelmwifo? ra uflebamosilebe-biT unda sargeblobdnen da ramdenad avto-nomiurebi unda iyvnen regionebi da naciona-luri erTeulebi? ramdenad damoukideblebi iqnebian qalaqebi da soflebi? SesaZleblobe-bis diapazoni farToa absoluturi avtono-miis mqone erTeulebidan srul centralur kontrolamde. kargi mizezia imisa, rom neba-darTuli iyos meti avtonomia adgilobrivi da regionaluri erTeulebisaTvis, radgan isini efeqturad SeZleben marTon, vinaidan centra-luri administraciisaTvis xSirad ucnobia ad-gilobrivi pirobebi da saWiroebebi. agreTve, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi CarTuloba sTavazobs xalxs saSualebas, pirdapir miiRon monawileoba mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic imoqmedebs maT cxovre-baze da es SesaZloa demokratiuli TviTmmar-Tvelobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyos.

sasamarTlo sistemaistoriam aCvena damoukidebeli sasamarTlo

sistemis aucilebloba, romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos is, rom xelisuflebis danarCen-ma orma Stom ar gadaaWarbos konstituciiT miniWebul uflebamosilebas, rodesac saqme exeba adamianTa uflebebs. es SesaZloa iyos mudmivi sasamarTlo sistema, rogorc aSS-Sia an specialuri tribunali, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia, ga-

10

herman Svarci

daWras mxolod konstituciuri da ramdenime sxva sakiTxi, rogorc germaniaSia. zemoT xse-nebul SemTxvevaSi bolo instanciad gvevli-neba uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Semdgari saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebisgan, romlebic iniSnebian mTeli sicocxlis vadiT da, ro-gorc wesi, ganixilaven saCivrebs qvemdgomi sasamarTloebisagan. maTi movaleobaa, miiRon gadawyvetileba konkretul saqmeebze, Cveule-briv, isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven konstituciur sakiTxebs, Tu es davis dare-gulirebisaTvis aucilebelia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebis umravlesoba samarTlis profesorebi arian, danarCenebs ar aqvT saer-To sasamarTloebSi muSaobis gamocdileba da rCebian am poziciaze erTi an meti 8-12 wliani vadiT. isini ganixilaven konstituciur saki-Txebs, Tu es aris xelisuflebis warmomadgen-lebis moTxovna, saerTo sasamarTloebis da bevr qveyanaSi rigiT moqalaqeTa sarCelebs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom maTi uflebebi dairRva. ganviTarebadi demokratiis qveynebis umravlesobam gadawyvita SeeqmnaT sakonsti-tucio sasamarTloebi, nawilobriv imitom, rom saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis mier sasamarTlo sistemis kontroli ar aris maTi praqtika da nawilobriv imitomac, rom isini undoblobas ucxadeben arsebul sasa-marTlo sistemas.

rogori sistemac ar unda iqnes SerCeuli, konstituciam detalurad unda daadginos sa-samarTloebis uflebamosileba, rom SesaZle-beli iyos konstituciasTan SeuTavsebadi kanonebisa da sxva normebis anulireba. Tu ar-sebobs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, is ar unda iyos datvirTuli gansxvavebuli valdebule-bebiT. misi saqmianobis udidesi nawili iqne-ba sadavo, vinaidan misi erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia, gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze, aris konstituciuri sazRvrebis dadgena samTavro-bo uwyebebs Soris. agreTve, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos zogjer mouwevs xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebis gamotana adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan dakavSire-biT. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi, is xSirad iqneba damarcxebulTa mier mkacrad gakritikebuli. Kkonstituciam ar unda gaaormagos aseTi Se-tevebiT gamowveuli SemTxvevebi, rac gamow-veulia, magaliTad, sakonstitucio tribuna-lisaTvis gansaxilvelad arakonstituciuri sakiTxebis miwodebiT, sawyis etapze mainc,

radganac isini ganicdian prestiJis da sazo-gadoebrivi mxardaWeris naklebobas, razec maTi efeqturunarianobaa damokidebuli.

damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis mxa-ris daWera aris kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar unda iyos konstitucia Zalian mo-kle. rac ufro konkretulia konstitucia, miT ufro martivi iqneba sasamarTloebisaTvis dokumentSi Sesabamis debulebaze miTiTeba sadavo gadawyvetilebebis dasacavad, aseve, isini ufro naklebad iqnebian ganxiluli ro-gorc subieqturi Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad moqmedni.

radganac sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebi xSirad politikurad mgrZnobiarea, maTi da-moukidebloba da uzenaesoba konstituciiT unda iyos garantirebuli. sasamarTlo sistema unda iyos ara iusticiis saministros daqvem-debarebis qveS, aramed xelisuflebis damou-kidebeli Sto dadgenili vadiT. sasamarTlo sistemam unda gaakontrolos Tavisi finan-suri da administraciuli saqmianoba, Tavisu-fali unda iyos aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-bis Carevisagan, magram unda moxdes biujetis kontroli sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier.

konstituciam agreTve unda uzrunvelyos, rom is gamoiyenebodes dabali instanciis mo-samarTleebis mier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebi-sas. bevr axal demokratiaSi, Zalian xSirad, es mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadeben konstituciur sakiTxebze.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvarogorc es dadgenilia, konstitucia unda

icavdes adamianis uflebebs da sasamarTloe-bma, gansakuTrebiT specialurma konstitu-ciurma tribunalebma unda iTamaSon mTavari roli am dacvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. pirve-lad es aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganavi-Tara, magram exla sasamarTlo tribunalebi msoflios masStabiT aRiareben am pasuxismge-blobas. rodesac saqme exeboda adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis ratifi-kacias maTi mTavrobebis mier, mosamarTleebma miiCnies, rom valdebuli iyvnen, ganexilaT es xelSekrulebebi. isini xSirad Tvalyurs adevnebdnen imas, Tu rogor wyvetdnen ms-gavs problemebs sxva sasamarTloebi. Sedegad ki Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sakonstitucio samarTali.

11


dResdReobiT yoveli konstitucia Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa debulebas. es sakmarisi ar aris. konstituciam unda Seqmnas institu-tebi, raTa es uflebebi amoqmeddes. konsti-tuciam gansakuTrebulad unda uzrunvelyos pirovnebis Seuferxebeli mimarTva sasamarT-losaTvis, Tu is adasturebs misi uflebis Se-laxvas da Tu am uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili, msxverpls SeuZlia, miiRos adekvatu-ri saSualebebi. bevrma qveyanam dainaxa, rom ombudsmeni gamosadegia (vinaidan, is saCivreb-sac ixilavs) aseT SemTxvevebSi. prokuratu-raSi, adamianis uflebaTa specialuri ofisic gamosadegi iqneba.

demokratiisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-bisaa is, rom moqalaqeebs SeeZloT imis gage-ba, Tu ramdenad kargad akeTebs xelisufleba Tavis saqmes da moqmedebs eris interesebis sasargeblod. Kkonstitucia unda moicavdes debulebebs, romlebic uflebas miscems mo-qalaqeebs, xelmisawvdom fasad da swrafad moipovon sajaro informacia, garda im masa-lebisa, romlebic safrTxis Semqmnelia ero-vnuli uSiSroebis, piradi cxovrebis, samar-Taldamcavi institutebisaTvis da aseve sxva sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis erovnuli intere-sebisaTvis. kanonmdebelTaTvis imis gadawyve-tis mindoba unda arsebobdes, Tu ara aseTi sa-Sualebebi, marTebuli ar aris, vinaidan bevri mTavroba upirispirdeba da cdilobs Seasus-tos aseTi SesaZleblobebi. mxolod Zalian cota sajaro moxeles surs sajaro ganxilvis sagnad aqcios sakuTari qmedebebi.

konstituciis miReba bolo kiTxva gaxlavT, Tu rogor unda iyos

miRebuli konstitucia? rogorc zemoT aR-vniSneT, konstitucia miRebuli unda iyos spe-cialuri damfuZnebeli krebis mier? rogorc bevr evropul qveyanaSi, mudmivi parlamentis mier? zogadad xalxis mier? sazogadoebam konstituciis miRebis etapze unda miiRos mo-nawileoba Tu Semdeg? da Tu pasuxi am ukanas-knelze dadebiTia, rogor unda iyos sazoga-doebis monawileoba uzrunvelyofili? am da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema moxda sxvadasxva gziT da miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr polito-logs sjera, rom konstitucia mowonebuli unda iyos sazogadoebis mier, es mainc ar aris universaluri midgoma.

konstituciis Seqmna eqsperimentia, gamoc-da, romlis Sedegi yovelTvis iqneba gansxva-vebuli imisgan, rac iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da risi molodinic arsebobda. ufro metic, konstituciis warmateba damokidebulia gare-Se faqtorebze – ekonomikaze, sazogadoebaSi socialur Zalebze, saxelmwifoebis sagareo urTierTobebze, bunebriv katastrofebsa da bevr sxva faqtorebze, razedac konstituciis Semqmnelebis kontroli ar vrceldeba.

miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, axlad Camoya-libebuli demokratiebis konstituciebs SeuZ-liaT cvlilebebi moaxdinon. isini iZlevian iSviaT SesaZleblobas imisa, rom adamianebma icxovron damoukideblad da mSvidad. isto-ria ers ar sTavazobs bevr aseT moments da roca es momentebi dgeba, problemebi unda gadawydes, radgan eris momavals safrTxe eqmneb a.

12

konstantine korkelia

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

adamianis uflebaTa

saerTaSoriso samarTlis profesori.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebi-sas iZleva swori sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. evropuli standar-tebi asruleben adamianis uflebaTa dacvis erTgvari orientiris funqcias da isini xels uwyoben adamianis uflebaTa dacvas maqsima-lurad maRali xarisxiT. ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifos sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyveti-lebaSi pirdapir miuTiTa adamianis uflebaTa evropul standartebze, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa dacvis orientirze1.

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adami-anis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis ga-moyenebas aqvs ramdenime mniSvnelovani upiratesoba, romlebiT sargeblobis SemTxve-vaSic saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs miece-maT SesaZlebloba, uzrunvelyon adamianis uflebaTa dacva evropuli standartebiT. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi SeiZleba ga-moyenebul iqnes rogorc:

a) zogadi an bundovani Sidasaxelmwifoebri-vi normebis swori ganmartebis saSualeba;

b) Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan koliziis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba;

g) Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi vakuumis amovse-bis saSualeba;

d) evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ganWvretis saSualeba;

e) adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli standar-tebis ganviTarebis saSualeba;

1 G. Ress, The Effect of Judgments and Decisions in Domestic Law, in: The European System for the Protection of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 842. aseve ix. Cosmos Press v. The Po-lice, 2 CLR 73, 1985, 76-81.

v) sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisTvis sa-marTlebrivi damajereblobis SemZeni sa-Sualeba.

a) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc zogadi an bundovani Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normebis swori ganmartebis saSualeba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba marTlmsajulebis ganxorciele-bisas erovnul sasamarTlos aZlevs SesaZle-blobas, sworad ganmartos saqarTvelos Sida-saxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis zogadi an bundovani normebi.2

sasamarTlo davis gadasawyvetad erovnul-ma sasamarTlom SeiZleba ZiriTadad gamoiye-nos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti, magram misi debulebis swori ganmartebisa-Tvis man SeiZleba aseve gamoiyenos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarti. am SemTxve-vaSi evropuli standarti da Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqti avseben erTmaneTs. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis sa-marTlebrivi safuZveli iqneba rogorc Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni), ise adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarti. evropuli standartebis gamoyene-ba, rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiu-li aqtis ganmartebis saSualebisa, xdeba maSin, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti arasakmarisad konkretulad awesrigebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobas, ris gamoc, arse-bobs araswori gadawyvetilebis miRebis riski. evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebiT sasamarT-los SeuZlia, uzrunvelyos Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi normatiuli aqtis swori ganmarteba.2 N. Bratza, The Treatment and Interpretation of the European Conven-tion on Human Rights By the English Court, in: Aspects of Incorporation of the European Convention of Human Rights into Domestic Law, J.P. Gardner (Ed.), 1993, 69; aseve ix. lord deningis gancxadeba: ”The position […] is that if there is any ambiguity in our statutes or uncertainty in our law, then these courts can look to the [European] Convention [on Human Rights] as an aid to clear up the ambiguity and uncertainty, seeking always to bring them into harmony with it.” Lord Denning, in: R. v. Chief Immigra-tion Officer, Ex parte Bibi [1976] 3 All E.R. 847.


ratom unda gamoviyenoT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas?

13


konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasa-marTlo praqtikaSi yvelaze xSiria evropuli konvenciis gamoyeneba, rogorc Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqtis ganmartebis sa-Sualebisa.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarte-bis gamoyenebis roli, rogorc Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqtebis swori ganmar-tebis saSualebisa, dasturdeba ara mxolod im saxelmwifoTa erovnuli sasamarTloebis praqtikiT, romlebSic evropuli konvencia aRiarebulia kanonmdeblobis nawilad, ara-med, aseve im saxelmwifoebis sasamarTloebis praqtikiT, romlebSic evropuli konvencia ar aris aseTad aRiarebuli.

sayuradReboa, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samar-Tals iyeneben ara mxolod evropuli konven-ciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebi, aramed araevropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarT-loebic3. nawilobriv es tendencia ganpirobe-bulia evropuli konvenciiTa da samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paq-tiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis msgavse-biT4. amas mowmobs araevropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebi. magaliTad: saqmis _ filartiga pena-iralas winaaRmdeg _ ganxilvisas aSS-is sakasacio sasamarTlom ga-moiyena evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, romelic wamebis akrZalvas exebo-da5; zimbabves uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiyena evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmis _ Taireri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) _ ganxilvisas, raTa daedasturebina, rom sxeulebrivi sasjelebi `araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxavi~ dasjaa, rac evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxliT ikr-Zaleba6; amave sasamarTlom sxva saqmeze, ro-melic arasrulwlovanis sxeulebriv dasjas exeboda, gamoiyena evropuli sasamarTlos ga-dawyvetilebebi saqmeebze _ Taireri gaerTia-nebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Tyrer v. the United Kingdom) da kempbeli da kozansi gaerTianebu-li samefos winaaRmdeg (Campbell and Cosans v. the

3 E. Benvenisti, National Courts and the International Law on Minority Rights, 2 Austrian Review of International and European Law, 1, 1997, 4-5. 4 R. Lillich, Towards the Harmonization of International Human Rights Law, in: Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Ferstschrift für Rudolf Bern-hardt, 1995, 467. 5 630 F 2d 876 (1980). 6 Ncube, Tshuma and Ndhlovu v. The State (1988) 2 Afr. L. Rep. 702. cit.: J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 20.

United Kingdom)7; zimbabves uzenaesma sasamarT-lom Tavis erT-erT saqmeSi ganixila evro-puli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze _ zoeringi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Soering v. the United Kingdom)8; indoeTis uzenaes-ma sasamarTlom moiSvelia evropuli konven-cia da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali indoeTis konstituciis ganmarte-bisaTvis9; kanadis sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis aseve cnobilia evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba.10

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom araevropuli saxelmwifoebi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcie-lebisas iyeneben adamianis uflebaTa evro-pul standartebs, raTa uzrunvelyon saxel-mwifos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis zogadi an bundovani normebis swori ganmarteb a.11

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebma unda ganmar-ton saqarTvelos konstituciis debulebebi evropuli standartebis mixedviT. maTi gamoye-nebiT sasamarTloebi Tavs aarideben konsti-tuciis iseT ganmartebas, romelic adamianis uflebebs uzrunvelyofs ufro dabali stan-dartiT, vidre es gaTvaliswinebulia evropu-li standartebiT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlom evropuli standartebi SeiZleba gamoiyenos rogorc orientiri, romelic daexmareba mas swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.

erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda gamoiyenon evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tali, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didia imis albaToba, rom evropuli konvenciis de-bulebebs gansxvavebulad ganmartaven, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis darRveva

7 saqme _ kempbeli da kozansi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg (Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom) (1982 weli) _ exeba skolaSi bavSvTa mimarT sxeulebrivi sasjelis rogorc dis-ciplinuri RonisZiebis gamoyenebis akrZalvas. ix. Juvenile v. The State, Judgment No. 64/89, Crim. App. No.156/88. cit.: J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 20.8 J. Dugard, The Role of Human Rights Treaty Standards in Domestic Law: The Southern African Experience, The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring, P. Alston & J. Crawford (Eds.), 2000, 277-278. 9 A. Lester, Freedom of Expression, in: The European System for the Protec-tion of Human Rights, R. Macdonald, F. Matscher & H. Petzold (Eds.), 1993, 468 (footnote 16). 10 Report of the Sixty-Sixth Conference, International Law Association (1994), 1994, 334; Y. Iwasawa, The Domestic Impact of International Hu-man Rights Standards: The Japanese Experience, The Future of UN Human Rights Treaty Monitoring, P. Alston & J. Crawford (Eds.), 2000, 267. 11 A. Bayefski, International Human Rights Law in Canadian Courts, in: En-forcing International Human Rights in Domestic Courts, B. Conforti & F. Francioni (Eds.), 1997, 321; R. Lillich, Towards the Harmonization of Inter-national Human Rights Law, in: Recht zwischen Umbruch und Bewahrung: Ferstschrift für Rudolf Bernhardt, 1995, 467.

14


saxelmwifos mier. Tu erovnulma sasamarT-lom ar gamoiyena evropuli standartebi, man SeiZleba ufro SezRudviTad ganmartos is ufleba, romelic eniWeba pirs. amis Sedegad piri ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili uflebiT, romelic mas eniWeba evropuli standartebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri mimarTavs evropul sasamarTlos imis mtkicebiT, rom erovnulma sasamarTlom igi ar uzrunvelyo im uflebiT, romelic mas eniWeba evropuli standartebiT, evropuli sasamarTlo mis sasargeblod ga-dawyvets davas da daadgens, rom saxelmwifom, romlis sasamarTlomac evropuli standar-tebi ufro SezRudviTad ganmarta, vidre es gansazRvrulia evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentuli samarTliT, ar Seasrula konven-ciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebani12.

b) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan koliziis Tavidan acilebis saSualeba

evropul saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqti-kaSi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standar-tebi aseve gamoiyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan koliziisas. am SemTxve-vaSi erovnuli sasamarTlo iyenebs evropul standarts, Tu man daadgina, rom ufro da-bal safexurze mdgomi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) ewinaaRmdegeba evropul standarts.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis mier evro-pul standartebsa da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebiT ganmtkicebul adamianis uflebaTa standartebs Soris koliziis aRmo-Cenis iSviaToba SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom sa-qarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebsa da adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs Soris mcirea aseTi samarT-lebrivi winaaRmdegobani, Tumca aseTi axsna damajerebeli SeiZleba iyos mxolod Teoriu-lad. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT es argumenti ar iqneba damajerebeli, rac, inter alia, iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifoSi, romelic jer kidev ayalibebs Tavis samarTlebriv ba-zas adamianis uflebaTa dacvasTan dakavSire-biT, ufro didia winaaRmdegobebis albaToba, vidre im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebsac mdidari samarTlebrivi tradiciebi aqvT adamianis 12 J. Velu, Report on “Responsibilities for States Parties to the European Con-vention”, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquy about The Euro-pean Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 592-593.

uflebaTa dacvis Tanamedrove standartebis uzrunvelyofaSi13.

amis dasturad SeiZleba saqarTvelos kon-stituciidan moviyvanoT magaliTi. zogadad SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom, Tu saqarTvelos konstituciaSi SeiZleba iqnes aRmoCenili sa-marTlebrivi winaaRmdegoba adamianis ufle-baTa evropul standartebTan, miT umetes, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom winaaRmdegoba arse-bobdes sxva Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebTan mimarTebiT.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-4 punqti adgenda debulebas, romlis mixe-dviT, `dauSvebelia dakavebuli Tu sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba~. TavisTavad es debuleba uproblemoa evropul standartebTan Sesaba-misobis TvalsazrisiT, magram problemas qm-nis konstiticiis 46-e muxlis pirveli punqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom sagangebo an sao-mari mdgomareobis dros saqarTvelos prezi-dents ufleba aqvs, SezRudos konstituciiT Camoyalibebuli zogierTi muxli, maT Soris me-18 muxli. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi sa-gangebo an saomari mdgomareobis dros pre-zidenti uflebamosilia, dauSvas dakavebuli Tu sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli piris fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba, rac pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxls (wamebis, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an dasjis akrZalva) da evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentul samarTals.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxli pro-blemuri iqneboda, 2006 wels rom ar SeetanaT konstituciaSi cvlileba da zemoT miTiTebu-li punqti konstituciis me-18 muxlidan me-17 muxlSi ar gadaetanaT me-3 damatebiT punqtad. saerTaSoriso, maT Soris evropul, standar-tebTan winaaRmdegobam ganapiroba konstitu-ciaSi cvlilebis Setana.

xsenebuli magaliTi cxadyofs, rom adamia-nis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso da evropul stan-dartebsa da konstitucias Sorisac ki SeiZle-13 damoukidebeli eqspertebis mier momzadebuli kvleva sa-qarTvelos kanonmdeblobis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb adasturebs saqarTvelos mravali normatiuli aqtis evropul konven-ciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis aucileblobas. ix. Study on the Compatibility of Georgian Law with the Requirements of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001; aseve ix. evropis sabWos eqsperte-bis mier momzadebuli moxseneba, Report on the Conformity of the Legal Order of Georgia with Council of Europe Standards, AS/Bur/Georgia (1997) 1, Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe, 25 September 1997.

15


ba warmoiSvas samarTlebrivi winaaRmdegoba, romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi arsebobda TiTqmis 11 wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre konsti-tuciaSi ar Seitandnen cvlilebas.

zogadad, evropuli konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo praqtikaSi konven-ciis gamoyeneba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi nor-matiuli aqtiT dadgenili normis sawinaaR-mdegod SedarebiT iSviaTobaa. miuxedavad aseTi SemTxvevebis iSviaTobisa, saqarTve-los sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aRmoCenilia ori SemTxvev a, romelic mogvianebiT aris ganxilu-li naSromSi.

normaTa koliziis sakiTxTan momijnavea adamianis uflebaTa gansxvavebuli standar-tiT daculi uflebebis sakiTxi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis principi SeiZleba winaamRdegobaSi mo-vides ierarqiuli Tanafardobis principTan. Tu saerTo sasamarTlo daadgens, rom Sida-saxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag., ka-noni) pirs uzrunvelyofs ufro efeqtiani dacviT, vidre adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, saerTo sasamarTlom upiratesoba unda mianiWos da gamoiyenos Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi normatiuli aqti, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT igi ufro dabal ierarqiul safexurzea, vidre evropu-li konvencia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia adamianis uflebaTa efeqtiani dacvis princi-piT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlom unda ixelmZR-vanelos im aqtiT, romelic ufro efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa dacvas. ar iqneboda marTebuli, rom koliziisas evro-pul konvenciasa da kanons Soris, romelSic kanoni uzrunvelyofs piris uflebebis ufro efeqtian dacvas, vidre evropuli konvencia, saqarTvelos sasamarTlom gamoiyenos evro-puli konvencia (romelsac ierarqiuli upi-ratesoba eniWeba kanonTan SedarebiT) kanoniT dadgenili adamianis uflebaTa ufro efeqtia-ni dacvis sazianod.

sasamarTloebis mier adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis, iseve rogorc zoga-dad adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebebis gamoyenebis erT-erTi upi-ratesoba zustad isaa, rom igi iZleva iseTi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normis dadgenis Se-saZleblobas, romelic ufro dabali standar-tiT icavs adamianis uflebebs, vidre evropu-li konvencia. Tu sasamarTlo ar gamoiyenebs

evropul konvenciasa da, zogadad, saerTa-Soriso xelSekrulebebs, igi ubralod ver SeZlebs koliziis dadgenas Sidasaxelmwifoe-briv normatiul aqtsa da evropul konvencias Soris da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebi-sas ixelmZRvanelebs adamianis uflebaTa dac-vis ufro dabali standartebiT. marTalia, evropul konvencias am konkretul SemTxve-vaSi mieniWeba upiratesoba, magram koliziis aRmofxvris gareSe ar aris imis garantia, rom momavalSi, sxva sasamarTlos mier msgav-si garemoebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis ganmxilveli sasamarTlo gamoiyenebs evropul konvencias da upiratesobas mianiWebs mas.

g) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi vakuumis amovsebis saSualeba

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas ada-mianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes saqarTvelos Si-dasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebSi arse-buli samarTlebrivi vakuumis amosavsebad. es xdeba maSin, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqti (mag., kanoni) ar awesrigebs Sesabamis sazogadoebriv urTierTobas (anu saxezea samarTlebrivi vakuumi), maSin, rode-sac evropuli konvenciiT aseTi urTierToba mowesrigebulia.

erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier evropuli konvenciis saqmis gadawyvetis erTaderT sa-marTlebriv safuZvlad gamoyenebis sailus-traciod SeiZleba poloneTis uzenaesi sasa-marTlos sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatis 1997 wlis gadawyvetilebis moSvelieba14.

saqme exeboda poloneTSi dakavebuli Cine-Tis ori moqalaqis eqstradicias CineTSi, sa-dac maTze gamocxadebuli iyo Zebna TaRli-Tobisa da qonebis miTvisebis braldebis gamo. CineTis xelisuflebam poloneTisagan moi-Txova am pirTa eqstradicia.

uzenaesi sasamarTlos winaSe CineTis moqa-laqeebma eqstradiciis Sesaxeb brZanebis gasau-qmeblad moiSvelies ori argumenti: a) CineTSi es danaSaulebi iTvaliswinebs sikvdiliT das-jas; b) arsebobs imis dasabuTebuli eWvi, rom

14 ix. poloneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis palatis ganaCeni saqmeze _ mandugeki, 1997 wlis 29 ivlisi; aseve ix. A. Drzemczewski & M. Nowicki, Poland, in: Fundamental Rights in Europe: The European Convention on Human Rights and its Member States (1950-2000), R. Blackburn & J. Polakiewicz (Eds.), 2001, 666.

16


orive maTgani daeqvemdebareba wamebas da/an araadamianur, an Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyro-bas an sasjels. am argumentebis safuZvelze isini amtkicebdnen, rom CineTSi maTi eqstra-dicia CaiTvleba adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevad, ris gamoc unda gauqmdes brZaneba eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. poloneTis uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma brZaneba eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. sasa-marTlom gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelic Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo srulad aris citirebuli:

`is, rom CineTi ar aris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis monawile, araarsebi-Tia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom es saqme exeba urTierTobas poloneTsa da CineTs Soris. [adamianis uflebaTa evropuli] konvenciis pirveli muxli akisrebs maRal xelSemkvrel mxareebs valdebulebas, `yvela uzrunvelyon am konvenciis I nawilSi gansazRvruli ufle-bebiTa da TavisuflebebiT~. garda amisa, Cven unda daveyrdnoT ara mxolod konvenciis teqsts, aramed strasburgis sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals. strasburgis sasa-marTlom araerTxel ganmarta konvencia eqs-tradiciasTan dakavSirebiT. [...] konvenciis me-3 muxli krZalavs wamebas an araadamianur, an Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobas an sasjels. eqstradicia im saxelmwifoSi, romelSic piri SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros wamebas an araadamia-nur mopyrobas, an sasjels, Seadgens am muxlis darRvevas15. saWiro ar aris imis damtkiceba, rom es piri namdvilad daeqvemdebareba aseT mopyrobas an sasjels. sakmarisia aseTi mo-pyrobis an sasjelis albaTobis dadgena (ix. zoeringi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1989 weli; kruz varasi da sxvebi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, 1991 weli; vilvaraja gaerTiane-buli samefos winaaRmdeg, 1991 weli; ahmedi avstriis winaaRmdeg, 1996 weli).

amgvarad, eqstradicia dauSvebelia, Tu ar-sebobs imis albaToba, rom gadasacemi piri daeqvemdebareba wamebas an araadamianur, an Rirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobas an sasjels.

igive wesi gamoiyeneba evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxlis 1-li punqtis mimarT. [...] eqstra-dicia ar daiSveba, Tu arsebobs albaToba, rom gadasacemi piri ar iqneba uzrunvelyofili 15 M. O’Boyle, Extradition and Expulsion under the European Convention on Human Rights: Reflection on the Soering Case, in: Human Rights and Constitutional Law, Essays in Honour of Brian Walsh, J. O’Reilly (Ed.), 1992, 96-98.

samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi garantie-biT gadacemis Semdgomi sasamarTlo procesis dros.

am sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs, daadginos raime faqti CineTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Cven mxolod SegviZlia daveyrdnoT raionuli sasamarTlos daskvnebs (romlebic ar uaryo saapelacio sasamarTlom), romelTa Tanaxmad, arsebobs didi albaToba, momCivnebs, Tu gan-xorcielda maTi eqstradicia, SeiZleba moepy-ron ise, rom dairRves saerTaSoriso samar-Tali, gansakuTrebiT, evropuli konvenciis me-3 muxli~.

xsenebuli saqmidan naTelia, rom polone-Tis uzenaesma sasamarTlom gamoiyena evro-puli konvencia (da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali) rogorc qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi samarTlebrivi vakuumis amovsebis saSualeba.

d) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ganWvretis saSualeba

evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTlis gamoyeneba erovnuli sasamarTloe-bis mier ganpirobebulia aseve imiT, rom is aZlevs erovnul sasamarTloebs im gadawyveti-lebis ganWvretis SesaZleblobas, romelsac, savaraudod, miiRebs evropuli sasamarTlo am saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg evropul sasamarT-loSi ganacxadiT mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi.

Tu adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasa-marTlom adre ganxilul saqmesTan dakavSire-biT daadgina konvenciis darRveva erT-erTi monawile saxelmwifos mier, didia imis alba-Toba, rom msgavs saqmeze, romelic momavalSi SeiZleba ganixilos evropulma sasamarTlom, igi miiRebs aseTsave gadawyvetilebas, ke-rZod, daadgens saxelmwifos mier konvenciis darRveva s16.

Tu erovnuli sasamarTloebi ar gaiTva-liswineben evropuli sasamarTlos preceden-tul samarTals, ar moaxdenen kanonmdeblobi-sa da praqtikis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sasamarTlo praqtikis koreqtirebas evropuli sasamarT-los mier analogiur saqmeebze adre miRebu-li gadawyvetilebebis mixedviT, isini dadge-bian realuri safrTxis winaSe, rom evropuli 16 J. A. Carrilo Salcedo, The European System of Protection of Human Rights, in: Judicial Protection of Human Rights at the National and Interna-tional Level, vol. I, 1991, 376-377; J. Merrils, The Development of Interna-tional Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 12.

17


sasamarTlo daadgens evropuli konvenciis darRvevas am saxelmwifos mier. sxva sityve-biT, Tu erovnulma sasamarTlom ar gaiTva-liswina evropuli sasamarTlos mier adre miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi analogiur sa-qmeebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina konvenciis darRveva, savaraudoa, rom am saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ganacxadis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, evropuli sa-samarTlo imaves daadgens17.

cxadia, saxelmwifos, misi erovnuli sasa-marTloebis interesebSia evropuli sasamarT-los precedentuli samarTlis gamoyeneba, rac mas miscems SesaZleblobas, daicvas fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis uflebebi evropuli standartebiT. Tu erovnulma sasamarTloe-bma gamoiyenes precedentuli samarTali da masSi dadgenili standartebiT daicves pirTa uflebebi, naklebad mosalodnelia, am pire-bma mimarTon evropul sasamarTlos TavianTi uflebebis dasacavad da, aqedan gamomdinare, mcirea imis albaToba, evropulma sasamarT-lom daadginos, rom am saxelmwifom daarRvia evropuli konvencia.

is garemoeba, rom adamianis uflebaTa evro-puli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs Tavis adrindel gadawyvetilebebs (precedentul samarTals), ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia Secvalos Ta-visi Sexeduleba da gansxvavebulad ganmar-tos konvenciis debulebebi. saqmeze _ kosi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Cossey v. the United Kingdom) _ evropulma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom adre miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa momdevno saqmeebis ganxilvisas gamoyenebis praqtika `xels ar SeuSlis sasamarTlos, ga-dauxvios adre miRebul gadawyvetilebas, Tu igi darwmunda, rom arsebobs amisaTvis dama-jerebeli mizezebi. aseTi gadaxveva SeiZleba moxdes, magaliTad, uzrunvelyofil rom iqnes konvenciis iseTi ganmarteba, romelic asaxavs sazogadoebriv cvlilebebs da Seesatyviseba dRevandel pirobebs~18.

rogorc Tavad konvenciiT, ise evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikiT dadasturebulia evropuli sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawy-vetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, romelic

17 E. Alkema, Responsibilities Deriving from the Implementation of the Euro-pean Convention on Human Rights: Responsibilities for States Parties to the Convention, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquy about The European Convention on Human Rights, 13-16 November 1985, 1988, 708.18 1990 wlis 27 seqtemberi, Series A, no. 184, 35-e punqti.

ganasxvavebs mis dRevandel midgomas adamia-nis uflebaTa dacvis ama Tu im sakiTxisadmi adrindeli midgomisagan19. evropuli konven-ciis 30-e muxli pirdapir iTvaliswinebs evro-puli sasamarTlos mier iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas, romelic SeuTav-sebelia sasamarTlos mier adre miRebul ga-dawyvetilebasTan20. rac Seexeba evropuli sa samarTlos praqtikas evropuli konvenciis iseT ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic gansxvavdeba adrindeli ganmartebisagan, sa-samarTlo praqtikaSi mravlad iyo SemTxveva, rodesac evropuli sasamarTlos mier konven-ciis debulebaTa ganmarteba gansxvavdeboda adrindelisagan21.

e) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli standartebis ganviTarebis saSualeba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarte-bis gamoyenebis erT-erTi upiratesoba isaa, rom is iZleva adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli standartebis ganviTarebis saSualebas evro-puli standartebis kvaldakval.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis mixedviT, kanonmdeblobis debulebebis gan-martebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoria is, rom evropuli konvencia aRiarebulia `co-cxal~ dokumentad. aseTad konvenciis aRia-reba niSnavs, rom misi debulebebi unda gani-martos sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesabamisad22. Tu saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis debulebebi ar ganimarta evropuli standartebis mixedviT, SeiZleba, kanonmdeblobis normebis Sinaarsi `CamorCes~ evropuli standartebiT dacul uflebaTa Si-naarss, romelic sul ufro viTardeba adamia-

19 ix. saqmeebi: delkuri belgiis winaaRmdeg (Delcourt v. Belgium) (1970 weli) da borgersi belgiis winaaRmdeg (Borgers v. Belgium) (1990 weli); Siseri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Schiesser v. Switzer-land) (1979 weli); aseve ix. L. Wildhaber, Precedent in the European Court of Human Rights, in: Protecting Human Rights: The European Per-spective, Studies in Memory of R. Ryssdal, P. Mahoney, F. Matscher, H. Pet-zold & L. Wildhaber (Eds.), 2000, 1532-1533.20 evropuli konvenciis 30-e muxlis Tanaxmad: `rodesac pala-tis ganxilvaSi arsebuli saqme mniSvnelovan sakiTxs wamoW-ris, romelic gavlenas axdens konvenciis an misi oqmebis ganmartebaze, an palatis mier sakiTxis gadawyvetas SeiZleba mohyves sasamarTlos mier manamde miRebul gadawyvetile-basTan SeuTavsebeli Sedegi, palatas ufleba aqvs, gadawy-vetilebis gamotanamde, nebismier dros, uari ganacxados iurisdiqciaze didi palatis sasargeblod, Tu saqmis rome-lime mxare ar aris winaaRmdegi~.21 J. Merrils, The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, 1993, 14. 22 S. Jensen, The European Convention on Human Rights in Scandinavian Law: A Case Law Study, 1992, 236.

18


nis uflebaTa dacvis standartebis zrdasTan erTad. Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo ar gamoiye-nebs evropul standartebs kanonmdeblobis ganmartebisaTvis, SeiZleba, kanonmdeblobis debulebebi ufro SezRudulad ganimartos, ris gamoc dairRveva evropuli standartebiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi23.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarte-bis mixedviT, saqarTvelos Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi normatiuli aqtebis ganmarteba xels Seuwyobs evropuli konvenciiT, evropuli sa-samarTlos precedentuli samarTliTa da sa-qarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebu-li adamianis uflebaTa dacvis standartebis harmonizebas. cxadia, rom aseTi harmonizeba unda moxdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis stan-dartebis gazrdis mizniT. Tu saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis norma ganimarta evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixed-viT da erovnulma sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samar-Tali adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ufro maRal standarts adgens, erovnulma sasamarTlom ise unda ganmartos kanonmdeblobis debule-bebi, rom isini Seesabamebodnen precedentul samarTals; meore mxriv, Tu erovnulma sasa-marTlom daadgina, rom kanonmdeblobis gan-martebas evropuli sasamarTlos precedentu-li samarTlis mixedviT sawinaaRmdego Sedegi aqvs, anu kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos aseTi ganmar-tebiT, maSin saqarTvelos sasamarTlom ar unda ganmartos kanonmdebloba evropuli sa-samarTlos precedentuli samarTliT dadge-nili ufro dabali standartiT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standarte-biT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganmarteba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos konstituciasTan mimarTebiT.

konstituciur debulebaTa ganmartebas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT xels uwyobs saqarTvelos konsti-tuciisa da evropuli konvenciis debuleba-Ta msgavseba. aseTi msgavseba ganapiroba iman, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebis dros mxedvelobaSi iqna miRebuli evropuli konvenciis debulebebi. evropuli konvenciis debulebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis zo-23 W. Binchy, The Bill, the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Approach Taken, and Possible Alternatives, paper presented to the Conference of the Law Society of Ireland on the European Convention on Human Rights Bill (2001), 19 October 2002.

gierT muxls safuZvladac ki daedo. rogorc germaneli mkvlevari v. gauli aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi, romelSic Seiswavla saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebis procesi, `veneciis komisiis mier ganxorcielebuli analizisa da daxmarebis Sedegad, ukve adreul etapze dad-ginda konstituciis proeqtis normaTa evro-pis sabWos normebTan, upirveles yovlisa ki, adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan Sesabamisoba~24.

aseTi msgavseba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-3 punqtsa da 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtTan dakav-SirebiT, romelTa formulirebebi msgavsia evropuli konvenciis Sesabamisi debulebebis formulirebebisa. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evropulma sasamarTlom mniSvnelovnad ga-naviTara da daazusta evropuli konvenciis materialuri muxlebis Sinaarsi, evropulma konvenciam da evropuli sasamarTlos pre-cedentulma samarTalma SeiZleba orientiris roli Seasrulos saqarTvelis konstituciis adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb debulebebis gan-martebisaTvis.

am msgavsebis sailustraciod SeiZleba iseTi uflebis regulirebis sakiTxis moSve-lieba, rogoricaa gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqti adgens, rom imisa-Tvis, raTa gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRu-dva marTlzomierad CaiTvalos, man unda daakmayofilos sami piroba, kerZod, adamia-nis uflebaTa SezRudva unda: a) iyos kanoniT gansazRvruli; b) emsaxurebodes kanonier mi-zans25; da g) iyos aucilebeli demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo am sami pirobis safuZvelze afasebs, marTlzo-mieria Tu ara evropuli konvenciis xsenebuli uflebis SezRudva. Tu evropulma sasamarT-lom daadgina, rom ar aris dakmayofilebuli erT-erTi piroba mainc, igi miiCnevs, rom ada-mianis uflebaTa SezRudva aramarTlzomieria da Sesabamisma saxelmwifom daarRvia evropu-li konvenciis Sesabamisi debuleba.24 ix. v. gauli, konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTvelo-Si, 2002 weli, gv. 374; aseve ix. gv. 32.25 magaliTad, erovnuli uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTliano-bis an sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis, uwes-rigobis an danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, janmrTelo-bis an zneobis dacvisaTvis, sxvaTa reputaciis an uflebaTa dacvisaTvis, saidumlo informaciis gamJRavnebis Tavidan acilebis an sasamarTlo xelisuflebis avtoritetisa da mi-ukerZoeblobis SenarCunebisaTvis.

19


adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-10 muxlis msgavsad, saqarTvelos konsti-tuciis 24-e muxlis me-4 punqti adgens sam ana-logiur pirobas sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRu-dvasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod, 24-e muxlis me-4 punqtSi aRniSnulia, rom: `am muxlis pir-vel da meore punqtebSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia kanoniT SeizRu-dos iseTi pirobebiT, romlebic aucilebe-lia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an sa-zogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayo-fad, danaSaulis Tavidan asacileblad, sxvaTa uflebebisa da Rirsebis dasacavad, konfiden-cialurad aRiarebuli informaciis gamJRa-vnebis Tavidan asacileblad an sasamarT-los damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelsayofad“.

sityvis (gamoxatvis) TavisuflebasTan da-kavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciisa da evropuli konvenciis debulebebis Sedarebi-dan naTelia, rom am aqtebiT dadgenili pi-robebi sityvis (gamoxatvis) Tavisuflebis SezRudvis mimarT msgavsia26. evropuli konven-ciis me-10 muxlis me-2 punqtis msgavsad saqar-Tvelos konstituciis 24-e muxlis me-2 punqti adgens sam pirobas, romelTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba marTlzomierad SeizRu-dos sityvis Tavisufleba. saqarTvelos sa-samarTlos SeuZlia gamoiyenos evropuli konvencia, evropuli sasamarTlos preceden-tuli samarTali da mis safuZvelze Seafasos sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvis marTlzo-miereba. evropuli konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis ga-moyeneba saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs SesaZle-blobas miscems, miiRon iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic Seesabameba evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals. evropuli konvencia da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli sa-marTali iqneba is orientiri, romelic daex-mareba saqarTvelos sasamarTlos swori ga-dawyvetilebis miRebaSi27.

26 sityvis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT, miuxedavad kon-stituciasa da konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli debulebebis msgavsebisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evropuli konvencia aseve moixseniebs kidev erT kanonier mizans _ janmrTelobisa da zneobis dacvas, romlis safuZvelzec SeiZleba SeizRu-dos adamianis uflebebi, rasac konstituciis 24-e muxli ar iTvaliswinebs. ix. Study on the Compatibility of Georgian Law with the Requirements of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols, HRCAD(2001)2, 2001, 24. 27 J. Polakiewicz, The Application of the European Convention on Human Rights in Domestic Law, 17 Human Rights Law Journal, N11-12, 1996, 407.

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tu saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxli awesrigebs `sity-vis Tavisuflebas~, konvenciis me-10 muxli awesrigebs `gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas~. es ukanaskneli ufro farToa da moicavs ara mxolod `sityviT~ gamoxatul Sexedulebas, aramed nebismieri sxva formiT (mag., xelovne-bis nawarmoebiT, naxatiT)28. saqarTvelos sasa-marTloebma aseTi gansxvaveba konvenciiTa da konstituciiT mowesrigebuli uflebis far-glebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gamoiyenon sa-qarTvelos konstituciis iseTi ganmartebisa-Tvis, romelic Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias.

v) evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba rogorc sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis samarTlebrivi damajereblobis SemZeni saSualeba

Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo detalurad ga-nixilavs evropul konvenciasa da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals da Si-dasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtTan (mag., kanonTan) erTad Tavis gadawyvetilebas daa-sabuTebs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli stan-dartebiT, mosarCelisaTvis aseTi gadawyveti-leba, savaraudod, ufro damajerebeli iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, mosarCelis sasargeblod aris es gadawyvetileba Tu ara 29.

naklebad savaraudoa, mosarCelem eWvi Seita-nos gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi, Tu man dainaxa, rom gadawyvetilebaSi erovnulma sa-samarTlom gamoiyena ara mxolod Sidasaxel-mwifoebrivi kanonmdebloba (romelic, mosar-Celis azriT, SeiZleba xarveziani iyos da ar akmayofilebdes evropul standartebs), ara-med adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standar-tebi, romelTan mimarTebiTac mosarCeles, ro-gorc wesi, ar uCndeba eWvebi am standartebiT daculi uflebebis xarisxTan dakavSirebiT.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standar-tebis gamoyenebis dadebiT mxareze, rogorc erovnuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisaTvis samarTlebrivi damajereblobis SemZen saSua-lebaze, yuradReba gamaxvilda saqarTvelos mosamarTleebTan Catarebul kvlevaSi. kvlevis 28 miuleri Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Muller v. Switzerland), 1988 wlis 24 maisi, Series A, no. 133, 27-e punqti. 29 J. Polakiewicz, The Implementation of the ECHR and of the Decisions of the Strasbourg Court in Western Europe: An Evaluation, The Domestic Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights in Eastern and Western Europe (eds. E. Alkema, T. Bellekom, A. Drzemczewski et al.), 1992, 160.

20


mixedviT, ̀ ZiriTadi warmateba, rac, mosamarT-leebis azriT, Tan axlavs adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis gamoyenebas da evrosasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebze ape-lirebas maT konkretul saqmianobaSi, aris mosamarTlis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebulobis gazrda. es, erTi mxriv, ma-Rali samarTlebrivi kulturis maCvenebelia, meore mxriv ki _ mxareebs umtkicebs rwmenas sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis sisworeSi da amaRlebs sasamarTlos avtoritets, radgan masSi aris miTiTeba Sesabamis evropul gamo-cdilebaze30.

amave kvlevaSi saqalaqo sasamarTlos erT-erTma mosamarTlem yuradReba gaamaxvila ada-mianis uflebaTa standartebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobaze, rogorc sasamarTlos mimarT ndobis gazrdis saSualebaze. misi azriT, `Tu moqalaqe dainaxavs, rom raRac sakiTxi mTel mxoflioSi ase regulirdeba da mxolod ad-gilobrivi sasamarTlo ar aris `usamarTlo~, rogorc mas hgonia, meti ndoba gauCndeba sa-samarTlos mimarT~31.

Tu mosamarTleebi gamoiyeneben adamianis uflebaTa evropul standartebs da maT sa-fuZvelze uzrunvelyofen adamianis uflebaTa dacvas marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas, aseTi gadawyvetilebebi ufro damajerebeli iqneba davis mxareebisaTvis, ris gamoc SeiZle-ba mcire raodenobis saqmeebi gasaCivrdes zemdgom sasamarTlo instanciebSi an, adamia-nis uflebaTa dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualebebis amowurvis Semdeg, naklebi rao-denobis sarCeliT miemarTos adamianis ufle-baTa evropul sasamarTlos.

amitom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyenebas, kidev erTi, Zalze mniSvnelo-vani upiratesoba aqvs. pirvel rigSi, es xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos sakasacio da saapela-cio instanciebis gantvirTvas. Tu mosarCele darwmunda, rom sasamarTlom saqmis garemoe-bebi Seafasa ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi normatiuli aqtebis, aramed evropuli standartebis safuZvelze da, Sesabamisad,

30 ix. kvleva `saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis muSaobaSi adamia-nis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb~, rome-lic Seasrula BCG Research-ma gaeros ganviTarebis progra-mis dakveTiT. ix. adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso xel-Sekrulebebi da saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtika, nawili pirveli, 2006 weli, gv. 43. 31 iqve, gv. 44.

mosarCeles Camouyalibda azri, rom gadawyve-tileba iyo samarTliani, mcirdeba albaToba, man saqme gaasaCivros zemdgom instanciaSi. miT ufro, rom piris mizani aris ara saqmis gasaCi-vreba, aramed sasamarTlos mier samarTliani gadawyvetilebis miReba. am gziT Tavidan iq-neba acilebuli zedmeti resursebis xarjva da zemdgomi sasamarTlo instanciebis gada-tvirTva.

Tu sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mosarCe-lisaTvis damajerebeli aRmoCnda (miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sarCeli ar dakmayofilda), vi-naidan erovnulma sasamarTlom, Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv kanonmdeblobasTan erTad, gamoiyena adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi, mcirea imis albaToba, rom man mimarTos ada-mianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos. Tu mosarCele darwmunda, rom erovnulma sasa-marTlom miiRo samarTliani gadawyvetileba, romelic emyareba ara mxolod Sidasaxelmwi-foebriv samarTals, aramed evropul stan-dartebsac, maSic es saqme erovnul doneze dasruldeba. Tu mosarCelem ver dainaxa pers-peqtiva, rom saqmes moigebs evropul doneze, maSin is aRar mimarTavs evropul sasamarT-los, miT ufro, rom evropul sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvas amJamad Zalian didi dro (4-5 weli) sWirdeba.

Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifosaTvisac momgebiani unda iyos sasamarTlos mier ara mxolod Si-dasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis, aramed evropuli standartebis safuZvelze gadawy-vetilebis miReba, romelic daarwmunebs mo-sarCeles miRebuli gadawyvetilebis samarT-lianobaSi. arc saxelmwifos interesebSi ar unda Sediodes is, rom pirma mimarTos ada-mianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad.

zemoaRniSnulma analizma cxadyo, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebis gamoyeneba yvela mxaris interesebSia da misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia, rom sasamarTlo dava gadawydes samarTlianad, droulad da naklebi resurse-biT rogorc mosarCelisaTvis, ise sasamarT-losaTvis (saxelmwifosaTvis).

21

jeremi makbraidi

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi - Semxebloba da pasuxismgebloba

jeremi makbraidi

advokati, monqtonis palatebi,

greis ini, londoni,

centraluri evropis universitetis mowveuli

profesori da birminghemis universitetis

sapatio ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli.

I. Sesavali1

SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi, Sida areulobe-bi da daZabulobebi seriozul safrTxes uqm-nis adamianis uflebaTa realizacias. safrTxe momdinareobs ara ubralod maTgan, vinc uka-nonod iyenebs Zalas da qmnis konfliqtur si-tuacias da mtrul ganwyobas _ orive maTgani SeuTavsebelia demokratiul sazogadoebas-Tan, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ganuyoflad ukavSirebs2 adamia-nis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciiT3 da misi oqmebiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs – aramed saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi-danac, romlebic Zalis zemoaRniSnuli uka-nono gamoyenebis aRsakveTad aris mimarTuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom es SeiZleba aucilebeli iyos saxelmwifos mier Tavis iurisdiqciaSi4 pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dac-vis valdebulebis konteqstSi5 vinaidan uka-nono Zalis aRkveTisas saxelmwifos SeiZleba mouwios konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxo-vnebis ugulebelyofa.

saerTaSoriso Tu adgilobrivi SeiaraRe-buli konfliqti moicavs samxedro Zalis 1 winamdebare moxsenebis meore nawili adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebisa da Sida areulobebis da daZabulobebis dros Sefardebis mareguli-rebeli principebis Sesaxeb avtoris naSromis redaqtirebul da ganaxlebul variants warmoadgens. (DH-DEV (2003)001, 19 seqtemberi 2003).1 `sasamarTlo.“3 `konvencia.~4 Ibid.5 ix. keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Tebervali 2003 [GC].

gamoyenebas. Sida areuloba da daZabuloba gangrZobiTi xasiaTis mdgomareobaa, vidre erTi calkeuli incidenti (mag., ajanyeba). arc erTi dasaxelebuli mdgomareoba ar SeiZleba iyos iseTi seriozuli, rom safrTxe Seuqmnas eris arsebobas da, amdenad, amarT-lebdes me-15 muxlis safuZvelze konvenciis debulebebisga n gadaxvevas. Tumca SesaZlebe-lia, zogierT Sem TxvevaSi aRniSnuli gamarT-ldes. rogorc saer TaSoriso, ise adgilobriv konfliqts mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis ufle-baTa dacvisTvi s, sul cota, or mkafiod ga-moxatul scenarSi, romlebic SeiZileba ga-daikveTos. erTia faqtobrivi SeiaraRebuli konfliqti an areuloba (roca Zala gamoiye-neba) da meore, roca qveynis SigniT aseT konfliqtebs da areulobas aqvs adgili.

is qmedebebi, romlebic tardeba saer-TaSoriso konfliqtis sapasuxod, pirvel SemTxvevaSi6 SeiZleba ar iyos misaRebi meore viTarebaSi, roca yovlismomcveli midgoma araadekvaturia. misi gacnobiereba Zalze mniS-vnelovania konfliqturi viTarebis warmoSo-bamde, prevenciuli zomebis dagegmvis proces-Si. am dros gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom ganisazRvros vin iqneba pasuxismgebeli ufle-bebis da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvaz e.

statiaSi Semdgom ganxilulia sasamarTlos pozicia aRniSnul mosazrebaTa praqtikul realizaciaze individualuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis konteqstSi. statiis meore nawilis dasasruls SemoTavazebulia, rom gamovlenili principebi gadaiqces rekomen-daciebad an saxelmZRvanelo ganmartebebad7. statiis mesame nawili ikvlevs konfliqtis zo-6 Semdgom moixsenieba rogorc `konfliqtis zona.~7 kvleva ar exeba konvenciis moqmedebis gavrcelebis sakiTxs wevri xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos teritoriis gareT warmoe-bul konfliqtsa Tu areulobaze, magram mdebareoba ganixile-ba mniSvnelovan faqtorad imis gadasawyvetad, eqceva Tu ara esa Tu is qmedeba `iurisdiqciaSi~ pirveli muxlis miznebisT-vis; bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxva saxelmwifoe-bis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi 2001 [GC].

22

jeremi makbraidi

nebSi saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobas konven-ciis mixedviT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogadad aRniSnuli sakiTxi problematuri araa aseT zonebSi war-moSobili situaciebis umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi rogorc mdebareoba, ise SesaZlo Careva erTze meti wevri xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo-si, agreTve arawevri da arasaxelmwifo moq-medi pirebis mxridan, SesaZlebels xdis, rom pasuxismgebloba gaziarebuli, gadacemuli an sulac gamoricxuli iqnes. am SesaZleblo-bebidan pirveli da meore asaxavs im situa-ciis sirTules, romelic SeiZleba warmoiSvas konfliqtis zonaSi, magram mesame SemaSfoTe-belia, vinaidan es niSnavs imas, rom adamianis uflebaTa umniSvnelovanesi meqanizmebi aRar iqneba xelmisawvdomi msgavs situaciebSi.

II. Semxebloba konfliqtis zonebSi a) zogadi mosazrebebi

1. ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic gamoiye-neba nebismier konteqstSi

arsebobs rigi fuZemdebluri principebisa, romlebic ZalaSia konvenciis moqmedebis ne-bismier konteqstSi da konvenciis konfliqtis zonaSi Sefardebisas yovelTvis unda gvaxso-vdes. Tumca, unda xazgasmiT aRniSnos, rom eWvgareSea konvenciis moqmedeba konfliq-tis zonebSi, vinaidan amas pirdapir aRiarebs konvenciis ori norma8 da me-6 da me-13 oqme-bi9. amrigad, konvenciis moTxovnebi ar gamoi-ricxeba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarT-lis normebiT10.

uwinares yovlisa, nebismieri SezRudvisas saWiroa dakmayofildes kanonierebis moTxo-vna, romlis Tanaxmadac, sakmarisi ar aris kanonmdebloba konkretul safuZvels iTva-liswinebdes SezRudvisTvis, saWiroa Sesaba-misi norma iyos xelmisawvdomi da winaswar-ganWvretadi maTTvis, visac Seexeba11. Tu saoma-8 muxli 4 `b~ da muxli 15.9 pirveli nebas rTavs da meore krZalavs saomar mdgomaroe-baSi sikvdiliT dasjas.10 unda aRiniSnos, rom marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sa-samarTlom daadastura adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedeba SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros Ta-vis mosazrebaSi palestinis okupirebul teritoriaze ked-lis mSeneblobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebis Sesaxeb da gadaw-yvetilebaSi kongos teritoriaze saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb saqmeze. igive pozicia daikava gaerTianebuli erebis adamianis uflebaTa komitetma Tavis 31-e zogad komentarSi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-2 muxlis Sesaxeb.11 silveri (Silver) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5947/72; 6205/73; 7052/75; 7061/75; 7107/75; 7113/75; 7136/75, 13 marti 1983.

ri operacia ar emyareba Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTals da man gamoiwvia samoqalaqo pirTa sikvdili, aRniSnuli Seadgens mniSvnelovan elements me-2 muxlis darRvevis dadgenaSi, rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze isaeva ru-seTis winaaRmdeg12.

amasTan, SezRudva unda gamoyenebuli iqnes imdagvarad, rom ar iyos TviTneburi13 da ar iwvevdes iseT gansxvavebul mopyrobas pirTa kategoriebis mimarT, romelsac ar aqvs go-nivruli da obieqturi gamarTleba14. Ronis-Ziebebi, romlebic gatarebulia piris mimarT mxolod iseT faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, rogo-ricaa rasa, eTnikuri warmomavloba, ena, re-ligia, _ dauSvebelia, magram, vinaidan maTi mtkiceba SeiZleba rTuli aRmoCndes15, gan-sakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imis uzrunvelyofas, rom konfliqtisa Tu areu-lobisas gatarebuli RonisZieba ar iqnes Seni-Rbuli pirisTvis zianis misayeneblad, misi pi-rovnuli Tvisebebis Tu SexedulebebisaTvis16.

mesame, yvela SezRudva unda iTvaliswi-nebdes Tanabarzomierebis princips da ar unda iwvevdes uflebebisa Tu Tavisuflebebis srul gauqmebas17.

dabolos, arsebobs garkveuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, romlebisganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia konteqstis miuxedavad da Sesa-bamisad, dauSvebelia maTi SezRudva18. zemoaR-niSnuli principebi unda iyos konfliqtis zonaSi (da qveynis Sesabamis nawilSi) Seqmnili mdgomareobis sapasuxod. RonisZiebebis ga-tarebisas zemoaRniSnuli principebi pirvel rigSi unda gvaxsovdes. da mainc, isini, miuxe-davad aRiarebisa, xSirad praqtikaSi mxedve-lobis aredan qreba. xsenebul principebs gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs im mxriv, rom

12 isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57950/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005.13 vitold litva (Witold Litwa) poloneTis winaaRmdeg, 26629/95, 4 aprili 2000.14 konvenciis me-14 muxlis moTxovna. ix. gaiguzuci (Gaygusuz) avstriis winaaRmdeg, 17371/90, 16 seqtemberi, 1996. es norma qvemoT detalurad aRar ganixileba.15 ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5310/71, 18 ianvari, 1978 da ioileri (Yöyler) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 26973/95, 24 ivlisi 2003.16 ix. Nachova da Others bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, 43577/98 da 43579/98, 6 ivlisi, 2005 [GC], Moldovan da Others rumineTis wi-naaRmdeg (No 2), 41138/98 da 64320/0112 ivlisi 2005 da Bekos da Koutropoulos saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 15250/02, 13 dekemberi, 2005.17 ix. Campbell da Cosans gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 7511/76; 7743/76, 25 Tebervali, 1982, hertel Sveicariis wi-naaRmdeg, 25181/94, 25 agvisto, 1998 da Heaney da McGuinness irlandiis winaaRmdeg, 34720/97, 21 dekemberi, 2000.18 konvenciis me-15 muxlis me-2 punqtis moTxovna.

23


xazs usvamen konfliqtebisa da areulobebis damaregulirebeli RonisZiebebis gatarebis mizanSewonilobas msgavsi garemoebebis warmo-Sobamde da, Sesabamisad, amcireben daugegmavi reagirebis risksac.

2. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone zo-gadi mosazrebebi konfliqtis zonebis kon-teqstSi

zemoT ganxiluli principebis garda, arse-bobs agreTve gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis garkveuli ganvrcobiTi mosazrebebi, romle-bic aseve mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli konfliqtis zonaSi Seqmnil viTarebaSi.

uwinares yovlisa, Tavad viTarebidan da mis sapasuxod SeTavazebuli reagirebidan ga-momdinare, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes sagangebo mdgomareobis formaluri cnoba, romelic gaamarTlebs normalur situaciaSi daculi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisgan gadaxveviT ganxorcielebul RonisZiebebs19. es gansaku-TrebiT moiTxoveba imisTvis, rom RonisZieba CaiTvalos konvenciis Sesabamisad20 da rode-sac igi SemosazRvrulia garkveuli terito-riuli farglebiT, dauSvebelia misi sxvagan gamoyeneba21. miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarT-los ar daudgenia, rom oficialuri gamocxa-deba, romelsac iTvaliswinebs samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis Sesatyvisi muxli22, aseve moiTxoveba

19 saocaria, magram konvenciis maRali xelSemkvreli mxareebis iurisdiqciaSi yvela konfliqtis dros ar gamxdara saWiro uflebebidan gadaxveva. SeiZleba ise Candes, rom saxelmwifo organoTa `Cveulebrivi~ uflebamosilebebi sakmarisi iyos konfliqtebTan gasamklaveblad. Tumca gadawyvetilebebi iseT saqmeebze, rogorebicaa brogani (Brogan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84, 11386/85, 29 noemberi, 1988 da CeCneTTan dakavSirebul saqmeebze miuTiTebs, rom msgavsi varaudi SeiZleba zedmetad optimis-turad JRerdes. Tu saxelmwifo ar gadauxvevs konvenciis de-bulebebs, amiT agreTve SeizRudeba gatarebuli RonisZiebis adreuli koleqtiuri Semowmebis farglebi. sasamarTlos jer kidev gasacemi aqvs pasuxi kiTxvaze, SesaZlebelia Tu ara konvenciis muxlebidan gadaxveva, roca Zala gamoiyeneba wevri saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT. dadebiTi pasuxi ufro savaraudo iqneboda im SemTxvevebSi, roca sax-elmwifo Tavs icavs (am dros safrTxe emuqreba eris arsebo-bas) an moqmedebs gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis me-7 Tavis safuZvelze (safrTxe emuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas, Sesabamisad, rogorc individualur saxelmwi-foebs, ise saxelmwifoebis jgufs). rac Seexeba konvenciis faqtobriv moqmedebas wevri saxelmwifoebis teritoriis ga-reT arsebuli konfliqtis zonebSi, ix. nawili III.20 me-15 muxlis me-3 punqti.21 sakiki (Sakik) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94, 23879/94 da 23880/94, 26 noemberi 1997, sadaki (Sadak) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 25142/94 da 27099/95, 8 aprili, 2004, iurtasi (Yurttas) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25143/94 da 27098/95, 27 maisi, 2004, da iamani (Yaman) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 32446/96, 2 no-emberi, 2004.22 me-4 muxli.

konvenciiTac, kanonierebis principis dasak-mayofileblad da im mosazrebiT, rom konven-cia ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saxelmwifos sxva saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs23, aRniSnu-li mainc unda Sesruldes.

meore rigSi, xsenebuli valdebuleba meore, ufro farTo valdebulebasTan erTobliobaSi (romlis Tanaxmadac, dauSvebelia konvenciis debulebebis gamoyeneba maRali xelSemkvre-li mxareebis sxva uflebebidan gamomdinare valdebulebebisgan gadasaxvevad24, niSnavs, rom ufro mkacri valdebulebebi saerTaSo-riso humanitaruli samarTlis standartebis saxiT SeiZleba gamodges magaliTad, Tu ro-gor unda moqmedebdes konvenciis debulebebi konfliqtebisa da areulobis dros25.

mesame rigSi, Tumca samarTlebrivi dac-vis Sesaxeb me-13 muxliT26 gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis individualuri aspeqtebis Sesruleba yovelTvis sasamarTlo samarTa-lwarmoebiT ar moiTxoveba (gansakuTrebiT ma-Sin, roca erovnuli uSiSroebis interesebi ikveTeba)27, sagamonakliso RonisZiebebze sasa-marTlo zedamxedvelobis arseboba da xelmi-sawvdomoba aucilebelia. es exeba im uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebsac, romlebisgan gadaxvevac daiSveba, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo zedamxedveloba erTaderT garantiad rCeba imis Sesamowmeblad, rom sagangebo da saomar viTarebaSi uflebebis SezRudva aucileblad moiTxoveboda. agreTve sasamarTlo zedamxe-dvelobiT unda Semowmdes, rom ar izRudeba is uflebebi, romlebidanac gadaxveva dauS-vebelia28. Tumca TviTnebobisgan dacvis da-matebiTi garantiebis SemoReba mniSvnelovani faqtori iqneba imis gadasawyvetad, ramdenad marTlzomieri iyo ama Tu im RonisZiebis ga-tareba saomari Tu sagangebo mdgomareobis dros29. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ufle-

23 me-15 muxlis pirveli punqti; ix. branigani (Brannigan) da mak-braidi (McBride) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89, 14554/89, 26 maisi, 1993.24 53-e muxli.25 saerTo jamSi konvencia konfliqtis zonebSi pirTa farTo garantiebs moicavs.26 ganxilulia qvemoT.27 ix. klasi (Klass) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 5029/71, 6 seqtemberi, 1978 da lianderi (Leander) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, 9248/81, 26 marti, 1987.28 lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 iv-lisi, 1961, branigeni (Brannigan) da makbraidi (McBride) gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89 da14554/89, 26 maisi 1993, demiri (Demir) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21380/93, 21381/93 da 21383/93, 23 seqtemberi 1998 da elji (Elci) da sxvebi Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 23145/93 da 25091/94, 13 noemberi 2003.29 Ibid.

24

jeremi makbraidi

badacviTi saSualebebi mravali uflebisa da Tavisuflebis materialuri Sinaarsis Semadge-neli elementia, gansakuTrebiT es exeba ufle-bebs, romlebisganac gadaxveva dauSvebelia. amasTan, konfliqtisa da areulobis viTare-baSi, gansakuTrebulad saWiroa, gatardes RonisZiebebi, raTa ar dairRves evropuli sa-samarTlosTvis mimarTvis uzrunvelyofis30 da droebiTi RonisZiebis Sesrulebis valde-buleba31. yovelive amis miuxedavad, SeiZle-ba ganvasxvaoT saxelmwifos valdebulebebi, uzrunvelyos konfliqtisa da areulobis dros konvenciiT moTxovnili uflebadacviTi RonisZiebebi da Semdgomi periodis valde-bulebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben garkveu-li qmedebis gamoZiebas, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas da kompensaciis gadaxdas.

b) konvenciiTa da sasamarTlos precedentulisamarTliT dadgenili principebi32

1. me-2 muxli da me-6 da me-13 oqmebi _ sico-cxlis ufleba da sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba

konfliqtis zonebSi, cxadia, gansakuTre-biT didi riskia, rom sicocxles safrTxe Seeqmnas an moispos. miuxedavad imisa, rom me-2 muxlSi mocemuli garantia absoluturi ar aris, misgan gadaxvevis dauSvebloba niS-navs imas, rom konfliqtis mdgomareoba ar amarTlebs yvelanair viTarebaSi piris mo-kvdinebas. sasamarTlom daadgina saxelmwi-fos valdebuleba, miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi sicocxlis dasacavad, rogorc me-2 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garantiis pozitiuri ele-menti33. es valdebuleba srulad unda iqnes mxedvelobaSi miRebuli samxedro da samar-30 34-e muxlis safuZvelze; ix. asenovi (Assenov) da sxvebi bul-gareTis winaaRmdeg, 24760/94, 28 oqtomberi, 1998 da makSeini (McShane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 43290/98, 28 maisi, 2002.31 ix. mamaTqulovi (Mamatkulov) da abdurasuloviCi (Abdurasulo-vic) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46827/99 da 46951/99, 4 Tebervali, 2005 [GC].32 globalur doneze standartebis SemuSavebis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. minimaluri humanitaruli standartebis deklaracia (“the Turku Declaration”), 2 dekemberi, 1990. gaer-Tianebuli erebis farglebSi mcdeloba `kacobriobis fuZem-debluri standartebis~ SesamuSaveblad (mag., ix. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis dokumenti `kacobriobis fuZem-debluri standartebis,~ generaluri mdivnis moxseneba, E/CN.4/2006/87, 3 marti, 2006).33 osmani (Osman) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 23452/94, 28 oqtomberi, 1998 [GC], mahmuT kaia (Mahmut Kaya) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 22535/93, 28 marti, 2000, priti (Pretty) gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 2346/02, 29 aprili, 2002 da onerildizi (Öneryildiz) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 no-emberi, 2004 [GC].

Taldamcavi moqmedebebis dagegmvisas. sasa-marTlo eTanxmeba, rom saxelmwifo pasuxs ar agebs, Tu SeuZlebeli iyo safrTxis Sefaseba, an kidev, roca xelisuflebam yvelaferi gaa-keTa da arsebuli resursebi maqsimalurad ga-moiyena. pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba im SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifom ar miiRo is zoma, romelsac SeeZlo Seerbilebina an aeridebina sicocxlisTvis miyenebuli ziani. amasTan, Tumca mocemul konteqstSi ufro me-tad fizikur xelyofasTan gvaqvs saqme, unda gvaxsovdes, rom informaciis droulad miwo-deba gardauvali safrTxis Taobaze mocemuli valdebulebis arsebiTi elementia34. aRniSnu-li faqtori ar unda gadawonos operatiulma mosazrebebma, rac, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovani momentia samxedro da policiis SenaerTebis saqmianobaSi. gafrTxilebis da dacvis valde-buleba SeiZleba gavrceldes samxedro da sa-marTaldamcavi uwyebebis moqmedebebze da Ta-vdacviT RonisZiebebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT samoqalaqo pirTa dacva35.

me-2 muxli aRiarebs im Zalis gamoyenebis po-tenciur legitimurobas, romelsac SeiZleba mohyves piris mokvdineba im SemTxvevaSi, roca Zalis gamoyeneba mimarTulia vinmes dasacavad, piris dasakaveblad an janyisa Tu amboxebis CasaxSobad. aRniSnuli RonisZieba unda iyos `sruliad aucilebeli~ mocemuli miznis mi-saRwevad. amdenad, garemoebebi, romlebic uS-veben Zalis gamoyenebas, SezRudulia. cxadia, rom mkacrad unda gakontroldes operaciis rogorc dagegmva, ise ganxorcieleba. pirvel-Tan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa, rom saTanadod Sefasdes operatiuli informacia, romelsac operacia emyareba, agreTve ganxiluli unda iqnes sxvadasxva alternativa, raTa maqsimalu-rad Semcirdes safrTxe, romelic operaciis Sedegad dasakavebel pirebs emuqrebaT. jgu-fis wevrebi jerovnad unda iqnen gamokiTxuli operaciis detalebis da operatiuli infor-maciis SesaZlo susti mxareebis Sesaxeb36. ope-raciis gansaxorcieleblad SerCeuli pirebi unda iyvnen SeZlebisdagvarad momzadebulni da aRWurvilni. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos sicocxlis ganurCeveli mos-

34 rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze onerildizi (Öneryildiz) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 noemberi, 2004 [GC].35 ix. pasa (Pasa) da erkan eroli (Erkan Erol) TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, 51358/99, 12 dekemberi, 2006.36 makkani (McCann) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRm-deg, 18984/91, 27 seqtemberi, 1995 [GC].

25


pobis safrTxes, rasac garkveuli kategoriis iaraR i iwvevs37.

Zalis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba nebadarTuli iqnes saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis standartebiT akrZaluli garemoebebis arse-bobisas. Zalis gamoyeneba samoqalaqo pirebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze SeiZleba mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi iqnes gamarTlebu-li. igive iTqmis mocemuli saxelmwifosTvis saval debulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis Sesabamisi normebiT akrZaluli iara-Ris gamoyenebaze38.

operaciis dros momakvdinebeli Zalis ga-moyeneba SeiZleba mxolod sicocxlis mospo-bis uSualo safrTxis an mniSvnelovani zia-nis Tavidan asacileblad39. aucileblobis principidan gamomdinare moiTxoveba, rom im pirebis mimarT, vis sawinaaRmdegodac opera-cia legitimurad aris mimarTuli, Tavdapir-velad ara sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi saSuale-bebi iqnes gamoyenebuli40. an am pirebs unda mieceT danebebis SesaZlebloba41. aRniSnuli ar moiTxoveba iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac ms-gavsi SeRavaTebi Tavad Seqmnida sicocxlisa-Tvis safrTxes42. saWiroa Zalis gamoyenebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis saTanado momzadeba, raTa maT SeZlon Sefaseba, ramdenad gamarT-lebulia Zalis gamoyeneba konkretul viTa-rebaSi da Tu aris saWiro Tavdapirvelad ara momakvdinebeli saSualebebis gamoyeneba. uflebamosil pirebs akisriaT valdebuleba, yovelTvis iTvaliswinebdnen Tanabarzomiere-bis princips da minimumamde amcirebdnen si-cocxlisTvis saSiS garemoebebs maSinac, roca Zalis gamoyeneba gamarTlebulia43. piris ga-neitralebis Semdeg misi mokvdineba ar aris gamarTlebuli44. 37 androniku (Andronicou da konstantinu (Constantinou) kviprosis winaaRmdeg, 25052/94, 9 oqtomberi, 1997.38 ix. isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57590/00, 24 Teber-vali, 2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaeva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005.39 ix. kakuli (Kakoulli) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 38595/97, 22 no-emberi, 2005.40 ix. simseki (Simsek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 35072/97 da 37194/97, 26 ivlisi, 2005.41 oguri (Ogur) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21594/93, 20 maisi, 1999.42 ix. ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/9, 3, 6 aprili, 2004, perki (Perk) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 50739/99, 28 marti, 2006 da iuksel erdogani (Yuksel Erdogan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 57049/00, 15 Tebervali, 2007.43 ix. isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57590/00, 24 Teber-vali, 2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaeva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005. 44 kakuli (Kakoulli) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 38595/97, 22 noemberi, 2005

yovelTvis iqneba saWiroeba, rom samxedro operaciis Semdeg dadgindes gardacvlilTa vinaoba45. am gziT, yovelTvis, roca Zalis ga-moyenebas piris mokvdineba mosdevs Sedegad, yovelTvis iqneba srulyofili, qmediTi da damoukidebeli gamoZiebis dauyovnebliv Cata-rebis valdebuleba. is, rom aRniSnuli val-debulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos konfliqtis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifom unda gaiTvaliswinos mSvidobian periodSi da miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi46. igive iTqmis gauCi-narebebis SemTxvevebze, romlebic xSirad sao-mari moqmdebebis Sedegia47.

gamoZieba unda eqvemdebarebodes sazoga-doebis mxridan Semowmebas da masSi agreTve CarTuli unda iyvnen naTesavebi, rogorc es daadgina sasamarTlom. Tumca aRniSnuli val-debulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba rTuli iyos uSiSroebis interesebidan gamomdinare. magram sazogadoebrivi kontrolis mTlianad gamo-ricxva dauSvebelia da unda aRdges situa-ciis normalizaciis Semdeg. yvela SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom SeZlebisdagvarad male iqnes miRebuli zomebi mtkicebulebaTa dasa-magreblad da mowmeTa vinaobis dasadgenad. miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqtis viTare-bas dabneuloba axlavs Tan da gamZafrebulia uSiSroebis interesebi, SesaZlebelia, garkveu-lwilad, gamoZieba dayovndes. magram profe-sionalizmis sruli arqonda da sruli umoqme-doba gaumarTlebelia. ganmarteba unda mieces TiToeul RonisZiebas, rac mkacrad unda iqnes Seswavlili. mtkicebis tvirTi akisria mas, vinc gamoiyena Zala. man unda waradginos dama-jerebeli da damakmayofilebeli ganmarteba48. igive valdebuleba moqmedebs, Tu piri Tavisu-flebis aRkveTis adgilas gardaicvala49 da Tu

45 ix. akumi (Akkum) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21894/93, 24 marti, 2005.46 ix. makkani (McCann) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 18984/91, 27 seqtemberi, 1995 [GC], kaia (Kaya) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 22729/93, 19 Tebervali, 1998, makSeini (Mc-Shane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 43290/98, 28 maisi, 2002, finukeini (Finucane) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 29178/95, 1 ivlisi 2003, isaeva (Isayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57590/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005 da isaeva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yu-supova) da bazaeva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005, perki (Perk) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 50739/99, 28 marti, 2006, bazorkina (Bazorkina) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 69481/01, 27 ivlisi, 2006 da estimirovi (Estamirov) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 60272/00, 12 oqtomberi, 2006.47 ix. ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali, 2004.48 makkeri (McKerr) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 28883/95, 4 maisi, 2001.49 jordani (Jordan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 24746/94, 4 maisi, 2001.

26

jeremi makbraidi

piri xelisuflebis mier dakavebis Semdeg gau-Cinarda50. zogierT SemTxvevaSi Zalis ukanono gamoyenebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi dauyovnebliv micema praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram Tu viTare-bis gamosworebis Semdegac Tu braleuli pi-rebis mimarT gamoZieba ar iqna warmoebuli, sasamarTlo me-2 muxlis darRvevas daadgens Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis arsebobis SemTxve-vaSi. SesaZlebelia, amnistia gamarTlebuli iyos daZabulobis gansamuxtavad51, magram aman ar unda moaxdinos zegavlena naTesavebis samo-qalaqo sarCelze52.

piris sikvdiliT dasja sasamarTlos gadawy-vetilebis gareSe verasodes gamarTldeba53 da sikvdiliT dasja ar SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes me-13 oqmis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoe-bis mier konfliqtis dros. Tumca im saxelm-wifoebSic ki, sadac sikvdiliT dasja SeiZleba Sefardebuli iqnes konfliqtis viTarebaSi54, arsebuli mdgomareobis sirTule xels SeuS-lida pirs misi saqmis samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi, rac aucilebelia msgavsi ganaCenis miRebamde55 da aRniSnuli sicocxlis uflebis darRveva iqneboda.

Tumca konfliqtis zonebSi arsebuli viTa-reba qmnides gakveul problemebs areulobis warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT, mainc arsebobs valdebuleba me-2 muxlis safuZvelze, rom xe-lisuflebis xelT arsebuli pirebi iRebdnen samedicino daxmarebas sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadebaTa Tu dazianebebis gamo56.

2. me-3 muxli _ wamebis akrZalvaaRniSnuli garantiis gansakuTrebuli xa-

siaTi, romelic imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ar SeiZleba misgan gadaxveva, gulisxmobs imas, rom mopyrobis standartze, romelsac igi moiTxovs, ar SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos 50 ix. mahmuT kaia (Mahmut Kaya) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22535/93, 28 marti, 2000, ifran bilgini (Irfan Bilgin) TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, 25659/94, 17 ivlisi 2001 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].51 ix. ganacxadi 16734/90, diuJardani (Dujardin) da sxvebi saf-rangeTis winaaRmdeg, 72 DR 236 (1991).52 ix. Tavi a.1. im SezRudvebis Taobaze, romlebic mTlianad ar gamoricxaven uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.53 ix. bazorkina (Bazorkina) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 69481/01, 27 ivlisi 2006.54 azerbaijani, espaneTi, italia, latvia, portugalia, safr-angeTi, somxeTi arian is saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac jerac ar mouxdeniaT me-13 oqmis ratifikacia.55 ix. ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi, 2005 [GC].56 kenani (Keenan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 27229/95, 3 aprili, 2001 da angelova (Anguelova) bulgareTis winaaRm-deg, 38361/97, 13 ivnisi 2002.

konfliqtis an areulobis arsebobam, miT umetes, mocemuli garantia ganmtkicebulia Jenevis konvenciebisa da misi oqmebis analo-giuri moTxovnebiT.

marTalia, zemoaRniSnuli niSnavs imas, rom fizikuri da moraluri mopyroba, romelic ukve Sefasebulia rogorc arasaTanado57, ar SeiZleba gamarTldes im seriozuli probleme-bisa da daZabulobebis momizezebiT, romleb-sac msgavsi situaciebi gardauvlad warmoSobs an maTSi gareul pirTa qmedebebis savaraudod ukanono xasiaTiT58. gansakuTrebuli yura-dReba unda mieqces saTanado zomebis xelmi-sawvdomobis uzrunvelyofas, raTa arasaTa-nado mopyrobis saCivrebis pasuxad Sesabamisi zomebi iqnes miRebuli. reagirebis valde-buleba gulisxmobs srulfasovani da efeqtia-ni gamoZiebis Catarebas59. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom zemoaRniSnul situaciebs SeiZleba garkveuli dabneuloba axldes Tan da agreTve usafrTxoebis dacvis momizezebiT Sesabamisi zomebi dagviandes.

SesaZloa gamoZieba garkveuli SeyovnebiT iyos warmoebuli, sruli araprofesionalizmi da pasiuroba miuRebelia. gansakuTrebiT mniS-vnelovania, rom miRebuli iqnes zomebi mtki-cebulebis gasamagreblad da mowmeTa vinaobis dasadgenad.

amasTan, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, rom piris dazianebis Taobaze micemuli gan-martebebi umkacres Semowmebas unda eqvemdeba-rebodes60. aseT SemTxvevebSi sisxlis samarT-lis devnis dauyovnebeli aRZvra savaraudo damnaSaveTa mimarT SesaZloa ver moxerxdes, magram situaciis daregulirebis Semdegac Tu ver moxerxda maTi pasuxisgebaSi micema, konven-ciis darRvevas gamoiwvevs61. dauSvebelia ara-57 ix. irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5310/71, 18 ianvari, 1978, aqsoi (Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21987/93, 18 dekemberi, 1996, aidini (Aydin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23178/94, 25 seqtemberi, 1997, [GC] selmuni (Selmouni) safran-geTis winaaRmdeg, 25803/94, 28 ivlisi, 1999 [GC], saTiki (Satik) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31866/96, 10 oqtomberi, 2000, reboki (Rehbock) slovakeTis winaaRmdeg, 29462/95, 28 noem-beri, 2000 da poltoracki (Poltoratskiy) ukrainis winaaRmdeg, 38812/97, 29 aprili, 2003.58 Cahali (Chahal) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 22414/93, 15 noemberi, 1996 [GC].59 ix. aidini (Aydin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23178/94, 25 seqtem-beri, 1997 [GC], selmuni (Selmouni)safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 25803/94, 28 ivlisi, 1999 [GC], labita (Labita) italiis wi-naaRmdeg, 26772/95, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC] da Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.60 tomazi (Tomasi) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 12850/87, 27 agvis-to, 1992 da ribiCi (Ribitsch) avstriis winaaRmdeg, 18896/91, 4 dekemberi, 1995.61 ix. egmezi (Egmez) kviprosis winaaRmdeg, 30873/96, 21 dekem-beri, 2000 da al adsani (Al-Adsani) gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 35763/97, 21 noemberi, 2001.

27


jerovani dayovneba samedicino daxmarebis gawevisas, roca piri, savaraudod, me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdego qmedebas daeqvemdebara.62

konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebam SeiZ-leba uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos tran-spor tis saSualebebze, romlebsac iyeneben patimrebis gadasayvanad. magram aRniSnul-ma ar unda miaRwios garkveul minimalur zRvar s, romlis iqiTac me-3 muxli irRveva63. aseTi viTareba aseve SeiZleba moqmedebdes patimrobis pirobebze, magram saWiroa imis uzrunvelyofa, rom pirobebi, romlebic didi ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba ramdenime dRis ganmav-lobaSi asatani iyos, normad ar gadaiqces da ar gamoiwvios me-3 muxlis darRveva64. amas garda, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieniWos im garemoebas, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi aris mZime pirobebi inva-lidebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad miiRes maT dazianebebi – konfliqtis/areulobis peri-odSi Tu manamde65. usafrTxoebis konteqsti, SesaZloa, amarTlebdes patimrebze mkacr meTvalyureobas, magram dauSvebelia raime formis sensoruli izolacia da ganmeorebiTi Cxreka, vinaidan aRniSnuli me-3 muxlis darR-vevas gamoiwvevs.66

Tu saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs saTanado yu-radReba gamoiCinos im pirTa problemebis mimarT, romelTa naTesavebic gauCinardnen, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac, sa-varaudod, saxelmwifo moxeleebi iyvnen ga-reulebi, me-3 muxli umetes SemTxvevaSi darR-veulad CaiTvleba67.

me-3 muxli agreTve avaldebulebs saxelmwi-fos, gaataros RonisZiebebi mowyvlad pirTa arasaTanado mopyrobisgan dasacavad68. md-

62 ix. kudla (Kudla) poloneTis winaaRmdeg, 30210/96, 26 oqtom-beri, 2000, kenani (Keenan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 27229/95, 3 aprili, 2001 da makglinCi (McGlinchey) gaerTianeb-uli samefos winaaRmdeg, 50390/99, 29 aprili, 2003.63 ix. ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi, 2005 [GC] da ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.64 ix. dugozi (Dougoz) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 40907/98, 6 mar-ti, 2000, pirsi (Peers) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 28524/95, 19 aprili, 2001 da kalaSnikovi (Kalashnikov) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 47095/99, 15 ivlisi, 2002, poltoracki (Poltoratskiy) ukrainis winaaRmdeg, 38812/97, 29 aprili, 2003 da ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.65 praisi (Price) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg` 33394/96, 10 ivlisi, 2001.66 ix. valasinasi (Valasinas) litvis winaaRmdeg, 44558/98, 24 iv-lisi, 2001 da van der veni (Van der Ven) niderlandebis winaaR-mdeg, 50901/99, 4 aprili, 2003.67 ix. ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali, 2004.68 ix. Z. da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 29392/95, 10 maisi, 2001, D.P. da J. C gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,

gomareobis xasiaTma SeiZleba Tavad miuTi-Tos, Tu ra moeTxoveba saxelmwifos moce-mul dros da am valdebulebis ugulebelyofa upatiebeli a.

saxelmwifoebi agreTve valdebuli arian, ar gagzavnon piri meore qveyanaSi, sadac igi me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdego mopyrobis serio-zul safrTxes daeqvemdebareba. Tumca aRniS-nuli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania deporta-ciisa da eqstradiciis konteqstSi69, moTxovna SeiZleba gavrceldes agreTve saomari moqme-debebis SemTxvevebzec.

amas garda, mniSvnelovania, rom konfliqti-sa Tu areulobis dros miRebuli zomebi srul izolacias ar iwvevdnen, vinaidan aRniSnulic me-3 muxlis sawinaaRmdego mopyrobad iTvle-ba.70

3. me-4 muxli monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva

iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalvidan, monobisa da ymobisgan gansxvavebiT, SeiZleba gadaxveva, ma-gram konfliqtisa Tu areulobis mdgomarebam SeiZleba nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlos is faqti, rom samsaxuri, `romelic dakisrebulia sagangebo mdgomareobis an ubeduri SemTxve-vis dros, rac safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebis sicocxles an keTildReobas,~ daiSveba.

zemoaRniSnuli samuSaos saWiroeba mxolod warmoiSoba iseT pirobebSi, roca me-15 muxli-dan gadaxveva daiSveba. yvela SemTxvevaSi sa-muSaos dakisrebas unda hqondes mkafio iuri-diuli safuZveli da nebismier gansxvavebul mopyrobas unda hqondes gonivruli da obieq-turi gamarTleba. pirveli aspeqtis ganxilva sasamarTlos ar mouwia, magram rac Seexeba meores, sasamarTlom imsjela `Cveuli samoqa-laqo valdebulebebis~ konteqstSi71.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlom ganacxada, ymobas _ igi dauSvebelia nebismier viTa-rebaSi _ SeiZleba adgili hqondes samuSaos Sesrulebis moTxovnisas, romelic gamarTle-buli iqneboda, rom ara Tavisuflebis aRkve-Tis umZimesi forma72. sasamarTlom agreTve

38719/97, 10 oqtomberi, 2002 da E da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 33218/96, 26 noemberi, 2002.69 zoeringi (Soering) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14038/88, 7 ivlisi, 1989 da ahmedi (Ahmed) avstriis winaaRm-deg, 25964/94, 17 dekemberi, 1996.70 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].71 karlhainc Smiti (Karlheinz Schmidt) germaniis winaaRmdeg, 13580/88, 8 ivlisi, 1994.72 siliadini (Siliadin) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 73316/01, 26 iv-lisi, 2005.

28

jeremi makbraidi

ar gaiziara mosazreba, rom gaxangrZlivebuli Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SeiZleba ymobas gau-Tanabrdes73. me-4 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar aqvs, roca sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebi asruleben garkveul samuSaos sicocxlis gadasarCenad da sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad, miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavs funqciebs normalur viTa-rebaSi specialuri samsaxurebi asruleben. miuRebeli iqneboda is, rom pirTa jgufi ga-mocalkvebuli yofiliyo msgavsi samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad eTnikuri, enobrivi, erovnu-li, rasobrivi Tu religiuri niSniT. samu-Saoebis Sesrulebas Tan ar unda axldes Tavi-suflebis aRkveTa.

sasamarTlom Riad datova SekiTxva, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba ufleba Sinaga n mrwamsze74. miuxedavad amisa, SeiaraRebul i konfliqtis gamo, gawvevis nebismier Sem-TxvevaS i, samarTlianad unda gadawydes Sinagan mrwamsze dafuZnebuli moTxovnebi (sadac es nebadarTulia) da samsaxurze uaris Tqmis gamo (sadac es nebadarTuli ar aris) dakisrebul i jarimebi ar iyos araTanabarzomieri75. me-13 oqmis moqmedebac rom gamoiricxebodes, SeuZ-le belia aseTi uaris Tqmis dakmayofileb a brZolis velze iqneba Tu sxvagan, misaRebi iyos.

4. me-5 muxli _ Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxe-blobis ufleba

roca saxelmwifos oficialurad ar aqvs ga-mocxadebuli saomari an sagangebo mdgomareo-ba, roca daSvebulia me-15 muxlis safuZvelze adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis debulebebidan gadaxveva, me-5 muxlis moqme-debasTan dakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia usafr-Txoebis mZime pirobebi mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli76, magram es ver gaamarTlebs Tavi-suflebis aRkveTas im safuZvliT, romelic ar aris miTiTebuli me-5 muxlis pirvel punqt-73 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].74 ix. Tilimenosi (Thlimmenos) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 34369/97, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC] da stefanovi (Stefanov) bul-gareTis winaaRmdeg, 32438/96, 3 maisi, 2001. Sdr. komisiis Sexeduleba ganacxadi 10600/83, iohanseni (Johansen) norvegiis winaaRmdeg, 44 DR 155 (1985) me-4 muxlis me-3 punqtis `b~ qve-punqtisa da me-9 muxlis erTobliobaSi wakiTxva gulisxmobs, rom samxedro samsaxuris alternatiuli samsaxuris dakis-reba daiSveba Sinagani mrwamsis mosazrebiT.75 ix. Tilimenosi (Thlimmenos) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 34369/97, 6 aprili, 2000 [GC].76 ix. brogani (Brogan) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84 da 11386/85, 29 noem-beri, 1988 da miurei (Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRm-deg, 14310/88, 28 oqtomberi, 1994 [GC].

Si77, an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas Sesabamisi uf-lebamosilebis gareSe78.

zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom SezRudva vrceldebodes mkacrad SezRu-dul teritoriaze79. agreTve mniSvnelovania, rom miRebuli iqnes zomebi, raTa Tavisufle-bis aRkveTa ganxorcieldes mxolod saxelm-wifo xelisuflebis mier80.

konfliqtisa Tu areulobis pirobebSi Se-saZlebelia iyos gansakuTrebuli saWiroeba, rom piris vinaoba dadgindes me-5 muxlis pir-veli punqtis `b~ qvepunqtis safuZvelze81 an gaeces pasuxi konfliqtisa da areulobis vi-TarebaSi gatarebul RonisZiebebTan dakavSi-rebiT82. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom am uflebamosilebaTa borotad gamoyeneba ar iqnes daSvebuli. aseT SemTxvevebSi TviTnebo-bam SesaZlebelia gaugebroba gamoiwvios da mdgomareoba daZabos, rac Zalis gamoyenebiT mTavrdeba. Tu ar iqneba warmoebuli Sesabami-si Canawerebi piris Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Se-saxeb, SeiZleba dadgindes TviTneboba83. aseTi daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes, roca xelisufalT ar ZaluZT, axsnan, Tu ratom iyo piri Tavisu-flebaaRkveTili84.

rodesac pirebi dakavebulebi arian dana-Saulis CadenasTan dakavSirebiT, eWvis go-nivruloba, romelic aRniSnuli dakavebis marTlzomierebisTvis moiTxoveba, SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iRebdes konfliqtisa da areu-lobis garemoebebs, magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi daSvebulia anonimur informatorTa informaciaze dayrdnoba, sava-raudo danaSaulis CadenaSi konkretulad am piris SesaZlo monawileobas mainc gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes85.

dakavebis mizezebi dauyovnebliv unda iqnes

77 lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 iv-lisi, 1961.78 elji (Elci) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23145/93 da 25091/94, 13 noemberi, 2003.79 ix. amuri (Amuur) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 19776/92, 25 iv-nisi, 1996.80 riera blume (Riera Blume) da sxvebi espaneTis winaaRmdeg, 37680/97, 14 oqtomberi, 1999.81 ganacxadi 16810/90, reientiensi (Reyntjens) belgiis winaaRm-deg, 73 DR 136 (1992).82 ganacxadebi 8022/77, 8025/77 da 8027/77, makvei (McVeigh), o’neli (O’Neill) da evansi (Evans) gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 25 DR 15 (1981).83 ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.84 Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.85 miurei (Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14310/88, 28 oqtomberi, 1994 [GC] da ara gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 37555/97, 16 oqtomberi, 2001.

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ganmartebuli. mocemuli moTxovna ar aris Sesrulebuli, Tu pirs mizezebi ganemarteb a dakavebidan ramdenime saaTis Semdeg86. Tu saxelmwifos ar aqvs gancxadeba gakeTebuli konvenciis me-5 muxlidan gadaxvevis Taobaze, dauSvebelia gaSvebuli iqnes is Cveuli vadebi, romlebic dadgenilia piris sasamarTlos wi-naSe warsadgenad misi patimrobis sakiTxis ga-dasawyvetad87. Tundac iyos gadaxvevis Sesaxeb gancxadeba, Svid dReze metxans dagvianeba konvenciiT ver gamarTldeba. aseTi gaWianure-bis SemTxvevaSi unda iyos raime sxva garantia TviTnebobis sawinaaRmdegod, magaliTad, da-moukidebeli iuridiuli konsultaciis xelmi-sawvdomoba, samedicino momsaxureba da dakave-bis kanonierebis gasaCivrebis calsaxa ufleba88. TiToeuli gadawyvetileba danaSaulis Cade-naSi eWvmitanili piris gaTavisuflebis Tao-baze mainc unda emyarebodes im Sefasebas, Tu ramdenad arsebobs gaqcevis, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi Carevis, Semdgom danaSaulo-baTa Cadenis da sazogadoebriv wesrigze ua-ryofiTi zegavlenis safrTxe da garemoebebi, romlebic, savaraudod, SeiZleba adasturebd-nen romelime am safuZvlis arsebobas, ar SeiZleba amarTlebdnen patimrobis Sewyvetaze avtomatur uaris Tqmas89.

rodesac piri gangrZobiTad imyofeba pa-timrobaSi, saWiroa, patimrobis marTlzo-mierebis Semowmebaze uzrunvelyofili iqnes perioduli sasamarTlo kontroli, piris ga-Tavisuflebis uflebamosilebiT, Tuki gama-marTlebel garemoebebs adgili ar aqvs. ufro metic, Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi unda ganxor-cieldes, raTa aseTi patimroba ar gaWia-nurdes, Tumca konteqsti aseT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba legitimuri garemoeba iyos, rome-lic mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli90.

86 Fox, Campbell da Hartley gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 12244/86, 12245/86 da 12383/86, 30 agvisto, 1990.87 brogani (Brogan) da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaR-mdeg, 11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84 da 11386/85, 29 noemberi, 1988. ix. agreTve (Ahmet Ozkan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004.88 ix. branigani (Brannigan) da makbraidi (McBride) gaerTianeb-uli samefos winaaRmdeg, 14553/89 da14554/89, 26 maisi 1993, aqsoi (Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21987/93, 18 dekemberi, 1996, sakiki (Sakik) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94, 23879/94; da 3880/94, 26 noemberi, 1997, demiri (Demir) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 21380/93, 21381/93 da 21383/93, 23 seqtemberi, 1998, marSali (Marshall) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 41571/98, 10 ivlisi, 2001, nurei seni (Nuray Sen) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 41478/98, 17 ivnisi, 2003 da bileni (Bilen) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 34482/97, 21 Tebervali, 2006.89 kabalero (Caballero) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 32819/96, 8 Tebervali 2000.90 ix. keri (Kerr) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (ganCineba),

konfliqtis konteqstsa da agreTve gadaxve-vis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos gancxadebas SeuZlia gaamarTlos prevenciuli patimrobis Ronis-Zieba. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba im SemTxve-vebs, roca ver xerxdeba piris pasuxisgebaSi micema (dauSvebelia Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis gamJRavneba) an alternatiuli RonisZieba pi-ris qveynidan gaZevebis saxiT ar arsebobs91. aseT SemTxvevebSic aucilebelia warmodgeni-li iqnes seriozuli mtkicebulebebi Sesabamisi pirebis winaaRmdeg da unda arsebobdes Sesaba-misi samarTalwarmoeba, romelic SesaZleblo-bas miscemda pirs, periodulad gaesaCivrebina msgavsi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba da safuZvlianoba. aRniSnuli samarTalwar-moeba ar aris aucilebeli iyos sasamarTlo xasiaTis, magram unda iyos damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli. prevenciul dakavebas daqvem-debarebuli piri, rogorc nebismieri sxva Ta-visuflebaaRkveTili adamiani92, unda inarCu-nebdes uflebas, periodulad gaasaCivros misi dakavebis kanoniereba, amas garda, aucilebe-lia, rom gakeTdes Sesabamisi Canawerebi, raTa xelisufalT yovelTvis SeeZloT Sesabamis pirTa koordinatebis dadgena93.

amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaWianure-ba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos konfliqtis da areulobis pirobebSi, yovelmxrivi da qmediTi gamoZiebis Sedegad, unda SeiZlebodes mtki-ceba, rom pirs Tavisufleba aRekveTa da mas Semdeg gauCinarda94.

saboloo jamSi, Tu pirs Tavisufleba aRekveTa me-5 muxlis darRveviT, mas unda hqondes SesaZlebloba, miiRos kompensacia, Tumca advili warmosadgenia, rom aRniSnuli SeiZleba gadaidos konfliqtis bunebidan ga-momdinare95.

40451/98, 7 dekemberi, 1999, ahmeT ozkani (Ahmet Ozkan) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 21689/93, 6 aprili, 2004 da iurtasi (Yurttas) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25143/94 da 27098/95, 27 maisi, 2004.91 lolesi (Lawless) irlandiis winaaRmdeg (No 3), 332/57, 1 iv-lisi, 1961 da irlandia gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 5310/71, 18 ianvari, 1978.92 ix. sakiki (Sakik) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23878/94, 23879/94; da 3880/94, 26 noemberi, 1997 da bileni (Bilen) TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, 34482/97, 21 Tebervali, 2006.93 kurti (Kurt) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 24276/94, 25 maisi, 1998, kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi 2001 [GC], ipeki (Ipek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25760/94, 17 Tebervali, 2004 da Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.94 Ibid.95 Citaevi (Chitayev) da Citaevi (Chitayev) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 59334/00, 18 ianvari, 2007.

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5. me-6 muxli _ ufleba samarTlian sasa-marTlo ganxilvaze

savaraudod, konfliqtisa da areulobis pe-riodSi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba Tavad konfliq-tis zonebs, sisxlis samarTlis marTlmsa-julebis standartuli sistema mniSvnelovani wnexis qveS eqceva. Tumca eWvgareSea, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi sasamarTloebis zemoganxiluli96 funqcia, imoqmedon garantis saxiT, imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom samarTlian samarTalwar-moebasTan mimarTebiT yovel gvari kompromisi dauSvebelia.

amrigad, Tumca SesaZloa, specialuri sa-samarTloebis funqcionirebas kanonmdebeli uSvebdes, magram maTi damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofa aucilebe-lia97. aRniSnuli moTxovna principulad ver CaiTvleba Sesrulebulad samxedro sasamarT-loebis mier samoqalaqo pirebis gasamarTle-bis SemTxvevaSi98. da mainc, Tu saxelmwifos mier meore qveynis okupaciis kanoniereba eWvs iwvevs, es imas ar niSnavs, rom iq moqmedi sa-samarTloebi am moTxovnas yvela SemTxvevaSi arRveven99.

miuxedavad uSiSroebis konteqstisa, rac axasiaTebs konfliqtis da areulobis zonebs, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs damoukidebeli iuridiuli konsultaciis xelmisawvdomobas dakavebis adreul stadiazeve, gansakuTre-biT maSin, roca dakavebis Tanmxleb dakiTxvas SeiZleba piris sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisge-baSi micema mohyves da roca piri srul izo-laciaSi imyofeba100.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, usafrTxoe-bis mizniT, dabrkoleba ar unda Seeqmnas im advokatebis Semowmebas, romlebic aRniSnul konsultacias da Semdgom warmomadgenlobas gasweven. maTi damoukidebloba unda iyos ga-rantirebuli. aseve dauSvebelia aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi samxedro Zalebis advokatebis mier momsaxurebis gaweva101. informaciis gace-maze uaris TqmisTvis sasjelis dakisreba im 96 ix. Tavi a.2.97 injali (Incal) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22678/93, 9 ivnisi, 1998 [GC], sadaki (Sadak) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 29900/96, 29901/96, 29902/96 da 29903/96, 17 ivlisi, 2001.98 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].99 Ibid. 100 Ibid. ix. jon miurei (John Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos wi-naaRmdeg, 18731/91, 8 Tebervali, 1996 [GC], Magee gaerTianeb-uli samefos winaaRmdeg, 28135/95, 6 ivnisi, 2000 da brenani (Brennan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 39846/98, 16 oq-tomberi, 2001.101 Caxali (Chahal) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 22414/93, 15 noemberi, 1996 [GC].

garemoebebSi, romlebic gardauvlad gamoiwve-vda piris aRiarebas mis mier danaSaulis Cade-naSi monawileobis Taobaze, TviTinkriminaciis akrZalvas ewinaaRmdegeba, roca informacia faqtobrivad gamoiyeneba sisxlissamarTlis devnis dasawyebad102. ufro metic, SeiZleba ga-keTdes garkveuli daskvna im sakiTxebTan da-kavSirebiT, TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqmidan, romlebic cxadad moiTxovs gansasjelisgan maTSi monawileobis Taobaze ganmartebis mi-cemas103, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom sruli angariSi gaewios piris mier kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaze uaris Tqmas104. usafrTxoe-bis konteqsti SesaZloa xels uSlides dac-vis arsebiT mowmeebs procesze daswrebaSi da aseT SemTxvevebSi samarTalwarmoebis gagrZe-leba da piris msjavrdeba SeiZleba usamarT-lod CaiTvalos105. igive konteqstma SeiZleba gamoiwvios mtkicebulebis an sakuTari vinao-bis gansasjelisTvis gamJRavnebis survilis arqona. Tumca orive SemTxveva daiSveba, roca samarTalwarmoebis samarTliani xasiaTi saer-To jamSi ar ziandeba, savaraudod, dauSvebe-li msgavsi mtkicebuleba an mowme iyos piris msjavrdebisTvis arsebiTi safuZveli106. ver vityviT, rom msgavsi ram SeiZleba gamarTldes gardauvali mdgomareobis safuZvelzec ki, vi-naidan aRmkveT patimrobaze naklebad drako-nuli RonisZieba, savaraudod, xelmisawvdomi unda iyos107.

me-8 muxliT uzrunvelyofili piradi cxo-vrebis pativiscemaze uflebis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gamoye-nebuli iqnes sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze im-denad, ramdenac sasamarTlo ganxilva usa-marTlod ar gadaiqceva. es ki SeiZleba moxdes im SemTxvevaSi, roca aRiarebis nebayoflo-biToba108 an Tavad mtkicebulebis namdvilo-102 hini (Heaney) da makginesi (McGuinness) irlandiis winaaRm-deg, 34720/97, 21 dekemberi, 2000.103 jon miurei (John Murray) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRm-deg, 18731/91, 8 Tebervali, 1996 [GC].104 kondroni (Condron) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 35718/97, 2 maisi, 2000.105 Sdr. ver moxerxda mowmis dakiTxva, ramac Seadgina me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva saqmeze AM italiis wi-naaRmdeg, 37019/97, 14 dekemberi, 1999 da luka (Luca) italiis winaaRmdeg, 33354/96, 27 Tebervali, 2001.106 ix. dorsoni (Doorson) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 20524/92, 26 marti, 1996, (Van Mechelen) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 21363/93, 21364/93 da 21427/93, 23 aprili, 1997, roui (Rowe) da deivisi (Davis) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 28901/95, 16 Tebervali, 2000 [GC], P G da J H gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 44787/98, 25 seqtemberi, 2001 da hulki giuneSi (Hulki Günes) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 28490/95, 19 ivnisi, 2003.107 ix. msjeloba me-5 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.108 alani (Allan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 48539/99, 5 noemberi, 2002.

31


ba109 eWvs iwvevs. ufro metic, usafrTxoebis interesebi ver gamodgeba imis gasamarTle-blad, rom sasamarTlo sxdoma sajarod ar gaimarTa, gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswine-biT, rom SesaZlebelia zomebi iqnes miRebuli mowmis vinaobis gansajaroebis Tavidan asaci-leblad110. aRniSnuli ar SeuSlida xels sa-samarTlo procesze damswreTa Semowmebas da sxdomis gamarTva usafrTxo adgilas, magali-Tad cixeSi, savaraudod, srul SesabamisobaSi iqneboda, Tuki, imavdroulad, sazogadoebis dasaswrebad zomebi keTilsindisierad iqne-boda miRebuli111. konfliqti da areuloba pi-ris sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenas arTulebs da es nebismieri winaswari patimrobis xangrZ-livobis gonivrulobis Sefasebisas legiti-mur faqtorad CaiTvleba. da mainc, saWiroa damtkicdes, rom gamudmebuli Zalisxmeva mi-marTuli iyo sasamarTlo sxdomis gasamar-Tad. igive exeba samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoe-bis gamarTvis damabrkolebel garemoebebs112. aRsaniSnavia, rom samoqalaqo samarTalwar-moebaSi samxedro mosamarTlis monawileoba damoukideblobisa da miukerZoeblobisTvis iseT safrTxes ar warmoadgendes, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebSi113. rogorc ukve aRiniSna114, konfliqtisa da areulobis mdgo-mareobis ganmuxtvis saSualebad amnistiis ga-mocema SesaZloa misaRebi iyos115, magram igive mizeziT samoqalaqo sarCelis akrZalva am Tu sxva mizezis (mag., sasamarTloebis xarjebi da gadatvirTuloba) gamo, sasamarTlos xelmi-sawvdomobaze uflebis gaumarTlebel ugule-belyofad ganixileba116.

6. araviTari sasjeli kanonis gareSe konfliqtisa da areulobis dros gansaku-

Trebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos imis uzrunvelyofas, rom danaSaulis Semadgenlo-109 xani (Khan) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 35394/97, 12 maisi, 2000.110 dorsoni (Doorson) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 20524/92, 26 marti, 1996 da van mexeleni (Van Mechelen) niderlandebis wi-naaRmdeg, 21363/93, 23 aprili, 1997.111 Sdr. ripani (Riepan) avstriis winaaRmdeg, 35115/97, 15 iv-nisi, 2000.112 Sdr. aga (Agga) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (no. 1), 37439/97, 25 ianvari, 2000 romelic Seexeboda advokatebis gaficvasTan dakavSirebiT zomebis miuReblobas.113 iavuzi (Yavuz_ TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (dec.), 29870/96, 25 mai-si, 2000.114 ix. msjeloba me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.115 ix. ganacxadi 16734/90, diuJardani (Dujardin) da sxvebi saf-rangeTis winaaRmdeg, 72 DR 236 (1991).116 Stran Greek Refineries da Stratis Andreadis saberZneTis winaaRm-deg, 13427/87, 9 dekemberi, 1994 da al adsani (Al-Adsani) gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 35763/97, 21 noemberi, 2001.

bis retrospeqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebis akrZalva saTanadod aris daculi ara mxolod imitom, rom gadaudeblobis gamo, SesaZlebelia ise gamowvlilviT ver Semowmdes gatarebuli Ro-nisZiebebi, rogorc amas kanonmdebloba norma-lur pirobebSi uzrunvelyofda. Tumca sasa-marTlo aRiarebs, rom kanonebis absoluturi sizuste SeuZlebelia miRweul iqnes117, mainc iTxovs, rom regulirebuli qmedebis fargle-bi sakmarisad zusti iyos, raTa pirma Tavisi qceva Sesabamisad warmarTos. saerTod, sasa-marTlo miiCnevs, rom pirma aRniSnuli SeiZle-ba moaxerxos iuristis daxmarebiTac. vinaidan es ukanaskneli konfliqtisa da areulobis pi-robebSi advilad xelmisawvdomi araa, savarau-dod, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces normatiuli aqtebis sicxades, raTa pirma maTi gageba iuristis daxmarebiTac SeZlos.

Tanabrad mniSvnelovania, rom ukugdebuli iqnes sasjelebis retrospeqtivaSi gazrdis (axali sasjelebis SemoReba, arsebuli sanqcie-bis damZimeba118) cduneba, miuxedavad poten-ciuri prevenciuli efeqtisa, rac amas moma-vali normidan gadaxrili qcevisTvis SeiZleba hqondes. Tumca me-7 muxlis me-2 punqtSi moce-muli gamonaklisiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad rigi qmede-bebis kriminalizacia da dasjadoba daSvebu-lia119. maT Soris igulisxmeba saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTliT akrZaluli qmde-bebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs konfliqtisa da areulobis dros.

7. me-8 muxli _ ufleba piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemaze

konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli viTareba kidev ufro aucilebels xdis komunikaciebze meTva-lyureobasa da mosmenas. Tumca dRes SesaZle-belia, rom SemoRebuli iqnes nebarTvis siste-ma, romelic ar efuZneba sasamarTlos winaswar gadawyvetilebas, TviTnebobis Tavidan acile-

117 kantoni (Cantoni) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 17862/91, 15 no-emberi, 1996.118 rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze uelSi (Welch) gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 17440/90, 9 Tebervali, 1995 da baskaia (Baskaya) da okCuglu (Okçuoglu) TurqeTis winaaRm-deg, 23536/94 da 24408/94, 8 ivlisi, 1999 [GC].119 aRniSnuli safuZvliT ori ganacxadi ar iqna miRebuli ar-sebiTad gansaxilvelad: Kolk da Kislyiy estoneTis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 23052/04 da 24018/04, 17 ianvari, 2006. es aspeqti agreTve wamoiWra, magram ar ganmtkicda saqmeebze Streleci (Streletz), kesleri (Kessler) da krenci (Krenz) germaniis winaaR-mdeg, 34044/96, 35532/97 da 44801/98, 23 marti, 2001 [GC]. ix. agreTve K-H W germaniis winaaRmdeg, 37201/97, 22 marti, 2001 [GC].

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bis mizniT, arsebiTad mniSvnelovania, rom ms-gavsi sistema mainc regulirdebodes obieq-turi kriteriumebiT da eqvemdebarebodes zedamxedvelobis alternatiul formas120.

es imas ar niSnavs, rom am gziT mopovebu-li informacia SeiZleba SemdgomSi gamoyene-buli an gamoqveynebuli iqnes sxva miznebis-Tvis121. ufro metic, piris cxovrebis intimur aspeqtebSi CaZieba uSiSroebis interesebze dayrdnobiT, avtomaturad ver gamarTldeba. saWiro iqneba gansakuTrebiT damajerebeli mizezebis dadgena122.

dauSvebelia pirad cxovrebaSi Careva pi-radobis mowmobis tarebisa da policiisa Tu samxedro SenaerTebisTvis misi wardgenis val-debulebidan gamomdinare imdenad, ramdenadac aRniSnuli ar Seicavs raime pirad informa-cias123 da msgavsi moTxovna, savaraudod, arse-biTia konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi.

zemoaRniSnul konteqstSi SeiZleba rTuli iyos bavSvebisTvis meurveobis miniWebis da-vebis gadawyveta. am dros aucilebelia, ga-tardes yvela SesaZlo RonisZieba, raTa xe-lisuflebis naucbaTevma Tu gaWianurebulma moqmedebebma bavSvebis da mSoblebis interese-bi ar Selaxos124. ufro metic, Tumca konfliq-tisa da areulobis dros dislokaciasa da SezRudul gadaadgilebas aucileblad eqneba uaryofiTi Sedegi ojaxebis erTianobaze, xe-lisufleba mainc valdebulia, moeridos ba-rierebis Seqmnas da miiRos pozitiuri zomebi ojaxebis gaerTianebis uzrunvelsayofad125.

ufro metic, Tumca nebismieri Zalis gamoye-nebis kanonzomieri saWiroeba, romelic saxle-bis dangrevas iwvevs, naCvenebi unda iyos126, usaxlkarod darCenilTaTvis TavSesafris mi-sacemad qonebis rekvizicia SesaZlebelia ga-marTlebul iqnes127 an sulac savaldebulo128. 120 klasi (Klass) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg, 5029/71, 6 seqtemberi 1978 da lianderi (Leander) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, 9248/81, 26 marti, 1987.121 peki (Peck) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 44647/98, 28 ianvari, 2003.122 lustig prini (Lustig-Prean) da beketi (Beckett) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 44647/98, 27 seqtemberi, 1999 da smiti (Smith) da greidi (Grady) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 33985/96 da 33986/96, 27 seqtemberi, 1999.123 ganacxadi 16810/90, reintiensi (Reyntjens) belgiis winaaRm-deg, 73 DR 136 (1992).124 P, C da S gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 56547/00, 16 ivlisi, 2002.125 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].126 ioileri (Yöyler) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 26973/95, 24 ivlisi, 2003.127 ix. msjeloba damatebiTi oqmis pirvel muxlTan dakavSirebi T.128 ix. noaki (Noack) da sxvebi germaniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 46346/99, 25 maisi, 2000.

da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar i saxl-karis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva SeiZ-leba policiisa da saomari moqmedebebis le-gitimuri Sedegi iyos129, maTi gangrZobiTi mo-qmedeba gadasinjvas unda eqvemdebarebodes da Sewydes, rogorc ki maTi saWiroeba aRar iqneba130.

8. me-9 muxli _ azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba

mTel rig saqmeze sasamarTlom aRiara, rom RvTismsaxureba SeiZleba legitimurad SeizRudos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, wesrigisa da janmrTelobis miznebisTvis.

aseTi mosazrebebi, cxadia, Tavs iCens re-ligiuri simboloebis tarebasTan dakavSire-biT, Tundac piri gamomwvevad ar iqceodes. an kidev, SesaZloa garkveul drosa Tu adgilas religiuri msaxurebis aRsrulebam gansaku-TrebiT daZabos mdgomareoba. miuxedavad ami-sa, aseTi riskis Taobaze dasabuTebuli mosa-zreba unda arsebobdes131.

aRniSnuli SezRudvebi, iseve rogorc pi-rze dakisrebuli valdebuleba, mxolod Sin eweodes RvTismsaxurebas im mizezebis gamo, romelic ar ukavSirdeba ama Tu im aRmsare-blobas132, ar unda grZeldebodes imaze metad, rac aucilebeli ar aris da, cxadia, ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli imdagvarad, rom religiu-ri RvTismsaxureba sruliad SeuZlebeli gaxa-dos133. igive SeiZleba iTqvas religiur Rv-Tismsaxurebaze samarTaldamcavi organoebis da samxedro Zalebis wevrebis mier dakisre-bul funqciur moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT134.

9. me-10 muxli _ gamoxatvis Tavisufleba konfliqtisa da areulobisTvis damaxasia-

Tebel daZabul viTarebaSi SesaZloa, gark-veul Temebze msjeloba mizanSewonili ar iyos. magram, Tu ar arsebobs Zaladobisken

129 ix. slivenko (Slivenko) latviis winaaRmdeg, 48321/99, 9 oq-tomberi, 2003 [GC]130 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].131 ix. leila sahini (Leyla Sahin) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 44774/98, 10 noemberi, 2005 [GC], hasani (Hasan) da CauSi (Chaush) bulga-reTis winaaRmdeg, 30985/96, 26 oqtomberi, 2000 [GC], serifi (Serif) saberZneTis winaaRmdeg, 38178/97, 14 dekemberi, 1999 Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia da sxvebi moldovas winaaRmdeg, 45701/99, 13 dekemberi, 2001 da aga (Agga) saberZneTis winaaRm-deg (no.2), 50776/99 da 52912/99, 17 oqtomberi, 2002.132 ix. msjeloba me-4 oqmis me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT.133 ix. Cha’are Shalom ve Tsedek safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 27417/95, 27 ivnisi, 2000 [GC] da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].134 ix. kalaCi (Kalaç) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 20704/92, 1 ivlisi, 1997.

33


pirdapiri mowodeba an pirebs Soris mtru-li damokidebuleba, sasamarTlo mxolod ma-Sin daeTanxmeba msgavsi msjelobisTvis xelis SeSlas, Tu warmodgenili iqneba uwesrigobis safrTxis damadasturebeli mniSvnelovani mt-kicebuleba135. Tumca aseTi waqezeba, SeiZleba Seadgendes warsulSi gakeTebuli gancxadebe-bisTvis dasjis da maTi Semdgomi gavrcelebis-Tvis xelis SeSlis gamamarTlebel safuZvels. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba im SemTxvevebs, roca gancxadebebis ena gamorCeulad gesliania, Te-savs siZulvils da qadagebs Zaladobas136. da mainc, saWiroa, rom mkveTrad formulirebuli kritika ar avurioT waqezebaSi137, gatarebuli RonisZieba calsaxad iyos dasabuTebuli138, dakisrebuli sanqciebi ar iyos zedmetad mka-cri da araTanabarzomieri139, SezRudvebi ganmeorebaze ar iyos zRvargadasuli an dro-Si gawelili140.

konfliqtebisa da areulobis dros media saSualebebi da maTi TanamSromlebi Tavian-Ti siuJetebisa da komentarebis gamo, advi-lad SeiZleba Seiqnen mtrulad ganwyobilTa mxridan Zaladobis da daSinebis msxverpli. aseT SemTxvevebze saxelmwifom Tvali aravi-Tar SemTxvevaSi ar unda daxuWos. piriqiT, igi valdebulia, miiRos adekvaturi dacvisa da sagamoZiebo zomebi141. Tavdacva da usafr-Txoebis mosazrebebi SeiZleba amarTlebdes informaciis gavrcelebaze dawesebul SezRu-dvebsa da akrZalvebs, magram im dromde, vidre aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi namdvilad Sedegis momtania.142

135 piermoni (Piermont) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 15773/89 da 15774/89, 27 aprili, 1995 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].136 ix. ierSildi (Jersild) daniis winaaRmdeg, 15890/89, 23 seqtem-beri, 1994 [GC], zana (Zana) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 18954/91, 25 noemberi, 1997 [GC], sureki (Surek) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (Nos 1 da 3), 26682/95 da 24735/94, 8 ivlisi 1999 [GC] da falakaoglu (Falakaoglu) da seigili (Saygili) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22147/02 da 24972/03, 23 ianvari, 2007. es agreTve SeiZleba moicavdes Sesabamisi pirisTvis intervius CamorTmevis dauSveblo-bas; hogefeldi (Hogefeld) germaniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 35402/97, 20 ianvari, 2000.137 injali (Incal) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 22678/93, 9 ivnisi, 1998 [GC] da ibrahim aqsoi (Ibrahim Aksoy) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 28635/95, 30171/96 da 34535/97, 10 oqtomberi, 2000.138 jetini (Cetin) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 40153/98 da 40160/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003 da Kommersant Moldovy moldovas winaaRmdeg, 41827/02, 9 ianvari, 2007.139 jeilani (Ceylan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23556/94, 8 ivlisi, 1999 [GC] da polati (Polat) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23500/94, 8 ivlisi, 1999 [GC].140 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC] da jetini (Cetin) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 40153/98 da 40160/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003.141 Özgur Gündem TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23144/93, 16 marti, 2000.142 Observer da Guardian gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 13585/88, 26 noemberi, 1991.

ufro metic, msgavsi informaciis gaJonvis aRkveTis aucilebloba SeiZleba gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad daedos Jurnalis-tisTvis moTxovnis wayenebas, gaamJRavnos informaciis wyaro143, mxolod ukiduresad gadaudebeli viTareba unda uZRodes sacxo-vrebeli saxlis Tu samuSao adgilis Crekas, raTa aseTi RonisZiebebi gamarTlebulad Cai-Tvalos144.

10. me-11 muxli _ Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba

sasamarTlom daadgina mosaxleobaSi ara-popularuli demonstrantebis dacvis auci-lebloba maTi mSvidobiani Sekrebis darbevis mosurneTagan145. konfliqtisa Tu areulobis konteqstSi es SeiZleba xelisuflebisTvis praqtikulad ganuxorcielebeli an zedmetad mZime tvirTi iyos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca es sicocxlis dasacavad mimarTuli RonisZie-bebis xarjze xdeba an samarTaldamcavi orga-noebis muSakTa sicocxles seriozuli safr-Txe eqmneba. Tumca dauSvebelia gauazrebeli da swrafi daskvnis gamotana zemoT aRniSnuli erT-erTi SesaZleblobis sasargeblod146. pi-riqiT, daskvna dasabuTebuli unda iyos147. Tu erT-erTi safrTxe mainc dadgindeba, Se-saZloa arapopularul demonstrantebs Sekre-bis naklebad problemur adgilas gadatana moeTxovoT148, demonstracia sulac Sewydes an ar mieces dawyebis saSualeba149. savsebiT legitimuri iqneba demonstraciis mier sakve-bis ganawilebisTvis an samxedro Tu policiis SenaerTebis mier msgavsi sasicocxlo Ro-nisZiebis ganxorcielebisTvis xelis SeSlis aRkveTa150. aseve legitimuria im pirTa mimarT sanqciebis jerovani Sefardeba, vinc Sekre-143 gudvini (Goodwin) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 17488/90, 27 marti, 1996 [GC]. 144 romeni (Roemen) da Smiti ( Schmit) luqsemburgis winaaRmdeg, 51772/99, 25 Tebervali, 2003.145 platforma ”Ärtze Für Das Leben“ avstriis winaaRmdeg, 10126/82, 21 ivnisi, 1980 da olingeri (Ollinger) avstriis wina-aRmdeg, 76900/01, 29 ivnisi, 2006.146 rogorc amas adgili hqonda saqmeze stankovi (Stankov) da gaerTianebuli makedoniuri organizacia ”Ilinden“ bulgareTis winaaRmdeg, 29221/95 da 29225/95, 2 oqtomberi, 2001 da guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005. ix. guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.147 ix. guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005. 148 rogorc es moxda saqmeze sise (Cissé) safrangeTis winaaRm-deg, 51346/99, 9 aprili, 2002.149 ganacxadi 8191/78, Rassemblement Jurassien da Unité Jurassienne Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, 17 DR 93 (1979).150 Sdr. gustafsoni (Gustafsson) SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, 15573/89, 25 aprili, 1996 [GC].

34

jeremi makbraidi

baze sityviT Tu saqcieliT ganzrax gamoiwvia seriozuli areuloba151.

amas garda, gaerTianebis Tavisuflebasa da me-11 muxlis me-2 punqtSi gaTvaliswinebul miznebs Soris wonasworobis dacvisas regla-mentacia, akrZalvis nacvlad, SesaZloa, ufro misaRebi forma iyos. Tumca, roca arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi, rom garkveuli gaerTia-nebisa Tu Sekrebisgan seriozuli uwesrigobis safrTxe momdinareobs, zogadi xasiaTis Ro-nisZieba, rogoricaa saqmianobis SeCereba, sa-varaudod, gamarTlebulia152. igive iTqmis im SemTxvevebze, roca gaerTianebis wevrebs Tu Sekrebis monawileebs Tavad eliT safrTxe153. mtkicebuleba am drosac unda iyos damajere-beli da saqmianobis akrZalva ar unda grZel-debodes imaze metxans, vidre es aucilebelia.

gaerTianebis mier Zaladobis da sxva anti-demokratiuli qmedebebis mxardaWera, garda gaerTianebuli erebis qartiasTan Sesabami-sobaSi arsebuli Zalis gamoyenebisa, asocia-ciis daSlis gamamarTlebeli safuZvelia154, magram, vinaidan aRniSnuli unda emyarebodes sasamarTlos dasabuTebul gadawyvetile-bas155, arasaboloo xasiaTis mqone akrZalva, saqmianobis SeCerebis saxiT, konfliqtis da areulobis viTarebaSi misaRebi iqneboda. am SemTxvevaSic gadawyvetilebis miRebamde xe-lisuflebaze dakisrebuli mtkicebis tvirTis Semsubuqeba dauSvebelia156.

ufro metic, marTalia, saqmianoba, romelic xels uSlis sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxor-cielebas, me-11 muxliT daculi araa, profe-siuli kavSiris mier msgavsi moRvaweoba unda gamorCeulad ZirgamomTxreli iyos, raTa misi SeCereba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos. piris Tanamdebobis xasiaTi ver CaiTvleba sakmaris

151 ix. osmani (Osmani) da sxvebi yofili iugoslaviis respub-lika makedoniis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 50841/99, 11 oqtom-beri, 2001.152 ganacxadi 8440/78, qristianebi rasizmisa da faSizmis wi-naaRmdeg gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 21 DR 138 (1980).153 rogorc es moxda saqmeze sise (Cissé) safrangeTis winaaRm-deg, 51346/99, 9 aprili, 2002.154 keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg, 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Teber-vali, 2003. [GC]155 gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli RonisZieba SeiZleba prevenciuli iyos ise, rom antidemokratiuli miznebis faq-tobrivi ganxorcieleba ar moiTxovebodes; keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98, 13 Tebervali, 2003 [GC].156 faqtis magivrad varaudze dayrdnobam me-11 muxlis dar-Rveva Seadgina Semdeg saqmeebze: gaerTianebuli komunisturi partia da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 19392/92, 30 ianvari, 1998 [GC] da socialisturi partia da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaR-mdeg, 21237/93, 25 maisi 1998 [GC].

safuZvlad, rom mas aekrZalos profesiuli kavSiris wevroba konfliqtisa Tu areulo-bis periodSi157, magram mis valdebulebeb-Tan konfliqtur saqmianobaSi monawileobaze akrZlava ki SeiZleba gamarTldes158. konfliq-tis viTarebam SeiZleba agreTve gaamarTlos dasaregistrirebeli gaerTianebis miznebis legitimurobis garkvevis gaWianureba. Tumca, savaraudod, yovelgvari dasabuTebis gareSe organizaciis registraciaze uaris gamarT-leba ver moxerxdeba159.

11. me-12 muxli _ qorwinebis ufleba konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebam

SeiZleba daabrkolos ganqorwinebisa da xe-laxali daqorwinebis maregulirebeli norme-bis moqmedeba. amas, savaraudod, ar SeiZleba mohyves saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba me-12 muxlis safuZvelze, magram mniSvnelovanma gaWianurebam SesaZloa am periodSi dabade-buli bavSvebis statusze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios. konfliqtis/areulobis damTavrebis Semdeg saWiroa statusis mosawesrigeblad Se-sabamisi RonisZiebebi iqnes gatarebuli160.

12. pirveli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxli _ sakuTrebis ufleba

kerZo sakuTrebis droebiTi rekvizicia konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebis sa-pasuxod161, ramac SeiZleba mesame pirTa wi-naSe nakisri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebe-bis darRveva gamoiwvios, calsaxad Seadgens sakuTrebis kontrols zogadi interesis sa-fuZvelze. aseT viTarebaSi kompensaciis saWi-roeba warmoiSoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samarTalwarmoeba Zalze gaWianurda da piris-Tvis kanonieri interesebi Selaxa162.

aris saqmeebi, romlebic daqiravebuli sac-xovrebeli saxlis dabrunebasTan dakavSire-buli sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli sa-marTalwarmoebis gaWianurebas Seexeba. aseT 157 Sdr. ganacxadi 11603/85, sajaro samsaxuris kavSiris sabWo da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 50 DR 228 (1987).158 ix. rekveni (Rekvényi) ungreTis winaaRmdeg, 25390/94, 20 mai-si, 1999 [GC] politikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT.159 sidiropulosi (Sidiropoulos) da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRm-deg, 26695/95, 10 ivlisi, 1998.160 ix. the Court’s concern in F Sveicariis winaaRmdeg, 11329/85, 18 dekemberi, 1987 about the effect of unreasonable restrictions on remar-riage. Such action may also be needed to secure inheritance rights that could be protected under Article 8.161 aseve saerTaSoriso embargosa da sxva valdebulebebis ganxorcieleba; ix. Islamic Republic of Iran Shipping Line TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 40998/98, 10 aprili, 2003.162 ix. Stran Greek Refineries da Stratis Andreadis saberZneTis winaaR-mdeg, 13427/87, 9 dekemberi, 1994, para 72.

35


SemTxvevebSi saqme gvaqvs sacxovrebeli saxle-bis krizisis Tavidan acilebis kanonier inte-resTan. konfliqtisa da areulobis SemTxveva-Si es problemebi ufro mZafr xasiaTs iRebs. am dros saxelmwifo SeiZleba mimarTavdes saku-TrebiT sargeblobis kontrolis gzas, raTa droebiT uzrunvelyos, magaliTad, iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTaTvis sacxovrebeli, ca-rieli Senobebis dakavebiT an dakavebul Se-nobebSi usaxlkarod darCenilTa SesaxlebiT. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebam unda aCvenos, rom keTilsindisierad ecada proble-mis mogvarebas alternatiuli gzebiT da rom aseTi RonisZiebebiT moculi ojaxebis inte-resebi ar aris Selaxuli. rodesac alterna-tiuli gansaxleba ver xerxdeba, gadaudebeli mdgomareobis daregulirebis Semdeg aucile-belia qonebis mesakuTreebs aunazRaurdeT da-nakargi. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos Sesa-tyvisi meqanizmi, raTa mesakuTreebma SeZlon TavianTi sakuTrebis dabruneba.163

konfliqtisa da areulobis konteqstSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas garemoebebi, roca gark-veuli farTobi kontrolirdeba an gadake-tilia. amis Sedegad, aRniSnul teritoriaze arsebuli sakuTrebis mepatroneebs TavianT qonebaze SeiZleba xeli aRar miuwvdebodeT. aRniSnuli principulad daiSveba, magram unda dadasturdes, rom msgavsi SezRudva aucile-belia Sesabamisi drois ganmavlobaSi. amasTan, SeZlebisdagvarad, unda uzrunvelyofil iqnes piradi nivTebis SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba mainc, roca es SesaZlebelia164.

zogjer qonebis ganadgureba gardauvalia, roca amas moiTxovs samxedro da samarTaldam-cavi uwyebebis moqmedebebi. magram zogjer am ukanasknels marodioroba axlavs Tan. pirveli, cxadia, SeiZleba gamarTldes, Tu dadasturde-ba, rom moqmedebebi aucilebeli iyo da Semd-gom kompensacia gadaxdili iqna165. rac Seexeba 163 ix. gilou (Gillow) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 9063/80, 24 noemberi, 1986, spadea (Spadea) da skalabrino (Scal-abrino) italiis winaaRmdeg, 12868/87, 28 seqtemberi, 1995, Immo-biliare Saffi italiis winaaRmdeg, 22774/93, 28 ivlisi, 1999 [GC] da edoardo palumbo (Edoardo Palumbo) italiis winaaRm-deg, 15919/89, 30 noemberi 2000.164 ix. luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 de-kemberi, 1996 [GC] da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].165 pirveli ar dadginda saqmeebze: akdivari (Akdivar) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 21893/93, 16 seqtemberi, 1996 [GC], sel-Cuki (Selçuk) da askeri (Asker) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 23184/94 da 23185/94, 24 aprili, 1998, bilgini (Bilgin) TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg, 23819/94, 16 noemberi, 2000, ioileri (Yöyler) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg, 26973/95, 24 ivlisi, 2003 da isaieva (Isayeva), iusupova (Yusupova) da bazaieva (Bazayeva) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 57947/00, 57948/00 da 57949/00, 24 Tebervali, 2005.

marodiorobas, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas aRniSnuli moqmedebebi, ar unda Seuwyos maT xeli da pasiuri mimnebeblobiT ar dauSvas za-ralis dadgoma, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi, Tavad agebs pasuxs danakargze.166

roca droebiT CamorTmeuli sakuTreb a ga-moiyeneba an aris eWvi misi gamoyenebis Ta-obaz e, es SeiZleba gamarTldes konfliqtis kon teqstSi,167 magram samudamo CamorTmeva dauSvebelia, Tu ar damtkicda sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeze, rom qoneba danaSaulis Cadenis sagani iyo168 an rom es qoneba ar SeiZleba yo-filiyo samoqalaqo brunvaSi169.

13. pirveli oqmis me-2 muxli _ ufleba ga-naTlebaze

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom swavlebis uzrunvelyofis gaWianurebam me-2 muxlTan Sesabamisobis problema SeiZleba warmoSvas. Tumca man aseve daadgina, rom gaWianureba SeiZleba gamarTldes dazaralebuli bavSvis piraduli garemoebebis gamo170. aseTi daskvna iqna gamotanili piradi travmis konteqstSi. igive gamarTleba SeiZleba hqondes gaWianure-bas konfliqtis an areulobis viTarebaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im SemTxvevebs, roca skolaSi daswrebam SeiZleba bavSvebs safrTxe Seuqmnas da, amdenad, konvenciis me-2 muxli-dan gamomdinare, pozitiur valdebulebebs upiratesoba eniWeba171.

roca ar arsebobs uSualo safrTxe, dauS-vebelia dayovneba da alternatiuli Ronis-Ziebebi saswrafod unda iqnes gatarebuli172. roca saswavlo procesi didi xnis ganmavlo-baSia moSlili, ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba gulisxmobda gacdenili swavle-bis anazRaurebas.

saxelmwifom SeiZleba ganmuxtos sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris daZabuloba saganmanaTle-166 ix. raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 12954/87, 22 Tebervali, 1994 da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].167 rogorc saqmeze raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg.168 filipsi (Phillips) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 41087/98, 5 ivlisi, 2001.169 rogorc saqmeze AGOSI gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 9118/80, 24 oqtomberi, 1986.170 skozari (Scozzari) da giunta (Giunta) italiis winaaRmdeg, 39221/98 da 41963/98, 13 ivlisi, 2000 [GC].171 ix. zemoT.172 ix. pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis darRveva saqmeze kvipro-si TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC]. ara-nairi RonisZieba ar gatarebula ganaTlebis uzrunvel-sayofad CrdiloeT kviprosSi umciresobaSi myofi berZeni kviproselebis enobrivi tradiciebis Sesabamisad. Crdilo-eT kviprosSi ganaTlebis sferos akontrolebda CrdiloeT kviprosis Turquli respublikis xelisufleba.

36

jeremi makbraidi

blo programebis meSveobiT. aseTi RonisZieba Seadgens ekonomikuri, socialuri da kultu-ruli uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-13 muxlidan da rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb saerTaSo-riso konvenciis me-7 muxlidan gamomdinare valdebulebis erT-erT aspeqts. aucilebelia, rom aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi ar isaxavdes miz-nad bavSvebis indoqtrinacias maTi mSoblebis religiuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdegod173.

14. pirveli oqmis me-3 muxli - ufleba Tavi-sufal arCevnebze

eTnikuri, erovnuli, enobrivi Tu reli-giuri niSniT gansxvavebul sxvadasxva jgu-febs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis gamo, sasa-marTlo amarTlebs sakanonmdeblo organos warmomadgenlobiT struqturas. parlamentSi sxvadasxva jgufebis monawileobam SeiZleba maT Soris arsebuli daZabuloba ganmuxtos174. igive SeiZleba iTqvas konfliqtebis da areu-lobis gamomwvevi daZabulobis ganmuxtvazec.

aqtiuri antidemokratiuli saqmianoba Se-saZloa sakanonmdeblo organos garkveul we-vrTaTvis Tanamdebobaze yofnis an sxva saxis politikuri saqmianobis uflebis CamorTme-vis safuZveli gaxdes175. msgavsi RonisZieba SeiZleba gatardes parlamentis nebismieri wevris an deputatis mandatis msurvelis mi-marT, Tu isini mouwodeben xalxs Zaladobis-ken an mxars uWeren sakuTari qveynis winaaRm-deg Zalis gamoyenebas gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis moTxovnebis sawinaaRmdegod.

aseTi akrZalva SeiZleba mxolod piris kon-kretul qmedebas efuZnebodes176. igi mxolod SezRuduli xangrZlivobis unda iyos177. aseT sanqcias ganmsazRvreli Sedegi unda hqondes mxolod maSin, roca Sesabamisi qmedebis Cadena 173 ix. keldseni (Kjeldsen), busk madseni (Busk Madsen) da peder-seni (Pedersen) daniis winaaRmdeg, 5095/71, 5920/72 da 5926/72, 7 dekemberi, 1976 da efstratiu (Efstratiou) saberZneTis wi-naaRmdeg, 24095/94, 18 dekemberi, 1996.174 maTiu mohini (Mathieu-Mohin) da klerfaiti (Clerfayt) belgiis winaaRmdeg, 9267/81, 2 marti, 1987.175 keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi) da sxvebi TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg, 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da 41344/98,13 Teber-vali, 2003 [GC]; ganixila ra saqme me-11 muxliT, sasamarTlom saWirod ar miiCnia emsjela pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlze.176 ix. pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlis darRveva saqmeze selim sa-daki (Selim Sadak) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25144/94, 26149/95-26154/95, 27100/95 da 27101/95, 11 ivnisi, 2002. par-tiis daSlis mizezi ar iyo im pirTa qceva, romlebmac partiis daSliT saparlamento mandati dakarges.177 xuTi wlis periodi ar gaprotestda saqmeze keTildReobis partia (Refah Partisi ) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, magram zusti vada sadavo qmedebis xasiaTs unda ukavSirdebodes.

sasamarTlo ganxilvis Sedegad dadasturda, magram savaraudod uflebamosilebis SeCere-ba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde daiSveba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca konfliq-ti Tu areuloba aferxebs saqmis ganxilvas. konfliqtma an areulobam SeiZleba gaamarT-los arCevnebis dagvianeba, gansakuTrebiT ma-Sin, roca, savaraudod, arsebuli garemoebebi xels SeuSlis amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufal gamoxatvas.

15. me-4 oqmis pirveli muxli - valauvalobis gamo Tavisuflebis aRkveTis akrZalva

mocemul debulebasTan dakavSirebiT pre-cedentuli samarTali ar arsebobs, magram ver dgindeba is mizezebi, ris gamoc konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebas SeiZleba xeli SeeSa-la me-4 oqmis pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswine-buli uflebis realizebisTvis.

16. me-4 oqmis me-2 muxli - gadaadgilebis Ta-visufleba

gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebasa da me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sacxo-vrebeli adgilis arCevis TavisuflebaSi Ca-revis farglebi aucileblad moicavs Seia-raRebuli konfliqtisa da Sinaareulobis SemTxvevebs. precedentuli samarTali aqamde Seexeboda mxolod konkretuli pirebis mimarT dakisrebul akrZalvebs sacxovrebeli adgi-lis datovebasTan dakavSirebiT178, Secvlili sacxovrebeli adgilis registrirebis Tao-baze179, konkretul teritoriaze SesvlasTan180 da sazRvargareT gamgzavrebasTan181 dakavSi-rebiT. msgavsi SezRudvebi gamarTlda, rode-sac naCvenebi iqna dasabuTebuli safrTxe, rom piri momavalSi Caidenda samarTaldarRvevas an saWiro iyo misi qveynis SigniT datoveba. rodesac ar arsebobs SezRudvis iuridiuli safuZveli an roca isini imaze metad grZel-deba, vidre saWiroa, konvenciis moTxovnebi irRveva. agreTve SezRudvebi unda iyos dasa-

178 raimondo (Raimondo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 12954/87, 22 Tebervali, 1994, denici (Denizci) da sxvebi kviprosis winaaRm-deg, 25316-25321/94 da 27207/95, 23 maisi, 2001, botaro (Botta-ro) italiis winaaRmdeg, 56298/00, 17 ivlisi, 2003 da luordo (Luordo) italiis winaaRmdeg, 32190/96, 17 ivlisi, 2003.179 bolati (Bolat) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 14139/03, 5 oqtomberi, 2006.180 landfrogdi (Landvreugd) niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 37331/97, 4 ivnisi, 2002, olivieira (Olivieira) niderlandebis wi-naaRmdeg, 33129/96, 4 ivnisi, 2002 da guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.181 baumani (Baumann) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 33592/96, 22 maisi, 2001.

37


buTebuli182. amas garda, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom Careva ar iyos araTanabarzo-mieri, gansakuTrebiT im gavlenis Tvalsazri-siT, romelic msgavs SezRudvebs aqvs piris SesaZleblobaze, icxovros da imuSaos183.

cxadia, ufro ganzogadebuli SezRudvebi, rogoricaa komendantis saaTi da ama Tu im te-ritoriaze Sesvlis Tu sazRvargareT gasvlis akrZalva, SesaZloa gamarTldes konfliqtisa Tu areulobis gamwvavebis Tavidan acilebisa da Sesabamis pirTa keTildReobis dacvis dasa-buTebiT. da mainc, moiTxoveba Sesabamisi mtki-cebulebebi, romlebic daadasturebda msgavsi Carevis aucileblobas. amasTan dauSvebelia, SezRudvebma xeli SeuSalos sicocxlisaTvis saWiro sagnebis/momsaxurebis xelmisawvdo-mobas an arajerovnad daabrkolos ojaxe-bis gaerTianeba. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs SezRudvebis aRniSnul Sedegebze gamudmebul monitorings.

17. me-4 oqmis me-3 muxli - moqalaqeTa gaZe-vebis akrZalva

evropuli konvenciis teqstSi moqalaqe-Ta gaZevebis akrZalvas ar aqvs makvalifici-rebeli SezRudva, Tumca es xels ar uSlis daskvnis gakeTebas, rom aRniSnul akrZalvas absoluturi xasiaTi ar aqvs. amasTan, moqala-qeTa gaZevebis akrZalvidan SeiZleba gadaxve-va. marTalia, ver dgindeba is mizezebi, ris gamoc konfliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebas SeiZleba xeli SeeSala me-4 oqmis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli akrZalvis Sesrulebis-Tvis (gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom amas SeiZleba konvenciis me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRvevis riskic axldes), zemoT moyvanili msjeloba SeiZleba gamodges mocemul konteqstSic.

18. me-4 oqmis me-4 muxli da me-7 oqmis pir-veli muxli - ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gaZevebis akrZalva da ucxoelTa gaZevebasTan dakavSi-rebuli saproceso garantiebi

dasknva, rom koleqtiur gaZevebas adgili hqonda, SeiZleba mxolod maSin iqnes aci-lebuli, roca aSkaraa, rom gadawyvetileba TiToeuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis gonivrul da obieqtur gamokvlevas emyare-boda. 182 guneri (Guneri) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 42853/98, 43609/98 da 44291/98, 12 ivlisi, 2005.183 pensiisa da fostis miReba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo landfrogdis saqmeze.

zemoaRniSnuli msjelobis mniSvnelobis xa-zgasasmelad sasamarTlom gamoTqva mzadyofna, uaryofiTi daskvnebi gaekeTbina politikuri konteqstidan, daStampuli dasabuTebidan da iuridiuli konsultaciis ararsebobi-dan184. ucxoelTa mimarT mtruli damokide-buleba SeiZleba dasruldes konfliqtiT an iyos areulobis mizezi, magram es ar SeiZleba amarTlebdes ucxoelTa mimarT msgavsi koleq-tiuri RonisZiebebis gatarebas. sajaro wesri-gisa da erovnuli uSiSroebis mosazrebebiT SesaZlebelia naklebad drakonuli RonisZie-bebi, magaliTad, qveynis SigniT gadadgilebis SezRudva gamarTldes.

SesaZlebelia sajaro wesrigisa da erovnu-li uSiSroebis interesebi safuZvlad daedos me-7 oqmis pirveli muxlis saproceso garan-tiebis amoqmedebis dayovnebas gaZevebis Semd-gom momentamde. magram dauSvebelia, davas-kvnaT, rom aman SeiZleba uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos individualuri garemoebebis Se-mowmebaze Tavdapirveli gadawyvetilebis mi-Rebis procesSi. Tumca aRniSnuli SesaZlebe-lia konfliqtisa Tu areulobis konteqstSi. yvela SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes gaZevebis iuridiuli safuZveli185.

19. me-7 oqmi, me-2 muxli, gasaCivrebis ufle-ba sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze

konfliqtisa da areulobis dros Cadenili zogierTi danaSaulis bunebis gamo, piri ga-samarTldeba uzenaesi sasamarTlos pirveli instanciiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs valdebuleba, rom ganaCeni gasaCivrdes zemd-gom instanciaSi. sxvagvarad, ar arsebobs sxva raime mizezi, ris gamoc konfliqtisa Tu areu-lobis viTareba uaryofiT gavlenas axdendes xsenebuli garantiis Sesrulebaze. marTlac, es garantia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, roca pirs asamarTleben in absentia186.

20. me-7 oqmis me-3, me-4 da me-5 muxlebi - kompensacia mcdari msjavrdebisTvis, piris ufleba, ar iqnes gasamarTlebuli an dasjili orjer da meuRleTa Soris Tanasworoba

ar arsebobs Sesatyvisi gadawyvetilebebi aRniSnul muxlebze, magram rTulia mizezis 184 konka (Conka) belgiis winaaRmdeg, 51564/99, 5 Tebervali, 2002.185 bolati (Bolat) ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 14139/03, 5 oqtomberi, 2006.186 ix. krombaxi (Krombach) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 29731/96, 13 Tebervali, 2001 da Papon safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 54210/00, 25 ivlisi, 2002.

38

jeremi makbraidi

dasaxelebac, ris gamoc konfliqtisa da areu-lobis viTareba uaryofiT zegavlenas moax-denda am muxlebiT garantirebuli uflebebis Sesrulebaze.

g) daskvna sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali,

romelic uSualod Seexeba konfliqtebis da areulobis periodSi adamianis uflebaTa realizebas, ricxobrivad didi ar aris. Tumca igi sakmarisze metia arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone standartebis da praqtikis demonstri-rebisTvis, romlebic daculi unda iqnes msgavs rTul viTarebaSi. precedentuli samarTli-dan gamomdinare qvemoT CamoTvlili punqtebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi saWiro midgomis Se-muSavebisTvis:

a) adamianis uflebebi unda iyos rogorc qmedebis mizani, ise am qmedebis safuZvel i;

b) qmedebas unda hqondes mkafio iuridiul i safuZveli da igi unda dadgindes kon-fliqtisa Tu areulobis viTarebis Seqm-namde rac SeiZleba adre;

g) konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi yvelas, visi valdebulebebic SeiZleba adamianis uflebebisTvis saziano iyos, unda CautardeT Sesatyvisi treningi;

d) saWiroa, rom TiToeul qmedebaze yovel-Tvis xelmisawvdomi iyos damoukidebeli, miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo kontroli da sxva Sesatyvisi samarTlebrivi dacvis sa-Sualebebi uflebamosilebis gadaWarbebis safrTxis Sesamcireblad. gansakuTrebu-li aqcenti unda gakeTdes im uflebebis savaraudo darRvevebis srulyofil da qmediT gamoZiebaze, romlebisganac ga-daxveva dauSvebelia da Sesabamis pirTa pasuxisgebaSi micemaze;

e) Sesabamisi zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli si-cocxlis xelyofis Tavidan asarideblad, rogorc Zalis gamoyenebis, ise samoqala-qo pirebis dacvis konteqstSi;

v) wamebis, araadamianuri mopyrobisa da Rir-sebis damamcirebeli mopyrobis akrZalva unda Sesruldes rogorc konfliqtisa da areulobis viTarebaSi gatarebuli Ronis-Ziebis dros, ise Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi;

z) dauSvebelia xelisuflebis TviTnebobis TvalsazrisiT, mowyvlad pirTa dacvis valdebulebis ugulebelyofa;

T) dauSvebelia pirTa iZuleba, monawileoba miiRon konfliqtisa Tu areulobis Sede-gebis aRmofxvraSi, gauTanabrdes ymobas;

i) Tavisuflebis aRkveTa SeiZleba mxolod amomwuravad CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi; wi-naswari patimroba gadaudebel SemTxve-vaSi unda iyos saTanadod dasabuTebuli da ar unda grZeldebodes imaze metxans, vidre es aucilebelia; yvela dakavebuli da dapatimrebuli piri saTanadod unda iyos aRricxuli da maT unda miuwvde-bodeT xeli damoukidebel iuridiul konsultaciaze;

k) yvela sasamarTlo procesi unda Catardes samarTlianad da Tavidan unda iqnes aci-lebuli gaWianureba, xolo Tu es ver xerxdeba, unda gamoiricxos dayovnebis preiudicialuri Sedegebi;

l) TvalTvalsa da mosmenebs unda hqondes obieqturi safuZveli da mopovebuli in-formacia ar unda iqnes gamoyenebuli an gamJRavnebuli sxva miznebisTvis;

m) dauSvebelia, rom sacxovrebeli saxlebi aucileblobis gareSe ganadgurdes; roca saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi Ronis-Ziebebi unda gatardes dazaralebulTa xelaxla gansasaxleblad;

n) religiuri RvTismsaxureba unda ganxor-cieldes minimaluri dabrkolebis piro-bebSi;

o) mZafrad formulirebuli kritika ar unda iqnes aRreuli waqezebaSi;

p) arapopularuli demonstrantebi dacul unda iqnen yvela SesaZlo gziT da gaer-Tianebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli nebismie-ri qmedeba saTanadod iyos dasabuTebuli;

J) qonebiT sargeblobis, dazianebis da ga-nadgurebis Sedegad pirs unda mieces Se-sabamisi kompensacia da nebismieri qoneba, romelic dakavebulia sajaro interesebi-dan gamomdinare, unda daubrundes Tavis mesakuTres SeZlebisdagvarad male;

r) saganmanaTleblo procesisa da arCevne-bis CamSleli qmedebebi minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili;

s) dauSvebelia gadaadgilebis Tavisufle-baze gadametebuli SezRudvebis dakis-reba da ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gaZeveba pirdapir Tu eventualurad.

39


III. pasuxismgebloba konfliqtis zonebSia) Sesavali

iqidan gamomdinare, rom konvenciis de-bulebebi Semxeblobas inarCunebs konfliq-tis zonebSi dominirebul viTarebebSi, maTi moTxovnebis SesaZlo daucvelobis gamo, pa-suxismgeblobis sakiTxi gardauvlad warmoi-Soba. aRniSnuli sakiTxi ase martivic araa. sirTule dakavSirebulia konfliqtis kerebis mdebareobasTan da im sxvadasxva moqmed pire-bTan, romlebic SeiZleba CarTuli iyvnen mo-vlenaTa ganviTarebaSi.

roca vixilavT konvenciis moTxovnebis Sesrulebis saWiroebas, SesaZlebelia qmede-bas adgili hqondes ori saxis teritoriaze: teritoria, romelic Seadgens erTi an ramde-nime wevri saxelmwifos nawils da teritoria, romelic ar ekuTvnis arc erT maRal xelSem-kvrel mxares.

agreTve qmedeba, pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZle-ba moicavdes a) arasaxelmwifo agentebis mo-qmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs; b) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils wevri saxelmwifos mier, romlis teritoriazec es movlenebi vi-Tardeba (`teritoriuli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare“); g) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Ca-denils meore wevri saxelmwifos mier (`ara-teritoriuli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare“); d) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils arawevri saxelmwifos mier; e) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils saeTaSoriso or-ganizaciis mier maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris meSveobiT; v) moqmedebebsa da umoqmedobebs, Cadenils saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier, saxelmwifos meSveobiT, romelic ar aris konvenciis monawile187.

roca konfliqtis zona Zevs ara xelSem-kvreli saxelmwifos teritoriaze, qmedeba, romelic iwvevs pasuxismgeblobas, SeiZleba moicavdes yvela qmedebasa da umoqmedobas, romlebic zemoT iqna CamoTvlili, garda im qmedebebisa, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, romle-bic Cadenili iqna teritoriuli maRali xel-Semkvreli mxaris mier.

sasamarTlom SeimuSava ZiriTadi princi-pebi, romlebic mocemul SemTxvevebSi naTels fens konfliqtis zonebSi saxelmwifoTa pa-

187 g) _ v) kategoriebi axasiaTebs mxolod erT saxelmwifos TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, magram, rogorc wesi, konfliqtebi moicavs ramdenime saxelmwifos.

suxismgeblobis sakiTxs. Tavdapirvelad ga-nixileba aRniSnuli principebi. SemdgomSi statiaSi ganxilulia is mosazrebebi, romle-bic ukavSirdeba principebis moqmedebas ze-moT CamoTvlil scenarebSi. dauSvebelia pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba saxelmwifoze, romelic ar aris konvenciis monawile188, miuxedavad imisa, igi moqmedebs sakuTari Tu saerTaSoriso organizaciis saxeliT. aseTi saxelmwifoebis sakiTxi mainc ganxilulia qve-moT moyvanil msjelobaSi, vinaidan maT moq-medebebsa da umoqmedobebs mniSvneloba aqvs konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebis pasuxismge-blobisTvis.

b) pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTadi principebi yvela SemTxvevaSi, umniSvnelovanesi Seki-

Txva, romelsac pasuxi unda gaeces, aris is, qmedeba, miuxedavad imisa, Cadenilia terito-riis SigniT Tu gareT, ara mxolod Seeracxe-ba wevr saxelmwifos, Tu agreTve Sedis mis iurisdiqciaSic konvenciis pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT, vinaidan mxolod es iqneboda safuZveli imisTvis, rom mocemul saxelmwi-fos pasuxismgebloba dakisreboda. uaryofiTi pasuxi, cxadia, ar SeuSlida xels saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxis gadawyvetas sxva saerTaSoriso valdebulebis safuZvelze189.

konvenciis darRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvrisTvis adgilmdebareobas gansaku-TrebiT mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan Tavi-danve ivaraudeba, rom pirveli muxlis mniS-vnelobiT, iurisdiqcia upiratesad arsebobs im movlenebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mis teritoriaze xdeba190.

imis miuxedavad, rom sasamarTlo gansaku-Trebul aqcents akeTebs konvenciis regio-nul xasiaTze, iurisdiqcia aseve SeiZleba arsebobdes, roca movlenebi viTardeba wevri saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT da zogjer evropis gareTac. aRniSnul yvela saxis movlenasTan dakavSirebiT ar aris aRia-rebuli, Tundac arsebobdes TvalsaCino kavSi-ri konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebis darR-vevasa da wevri saxelmwifos qmedebas Sori s.

188 ganacxadi 262/57, x Cexoslovakiis winaaRmdeg, I Yb 170 (1955-1957).189 mag., samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb saer-TaSoriso paqti.190 bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaR-mdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi 2001 [GC]. genti-lomi (Gentilhomme) da sxvebi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 48205/99;48207/99;48209/99, 14 maisi, 2002.

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jeremi makbraidi

amrigad, igulisxmeba, rom iurisdiqcia arse-bobs garkveul ara teritoriul faqtorebTan mimarTebiT, rogorebicaa: sazRvargareT di-plomatiuri da sakonsulo warmomadgenlobe-bis mier ganxorcielebuli sajaro funqciebi, sazRvargareT individebis danaSaulebrivi sa-qmianoba, mimarTuli saxlmwifos interesebis an moqalaqeTa winaaRmdeg, saxelmwifo droSiT mcurav xomaldebze an Sesabamis saxelmwifoSi daregistrirebul sahaero da kosmosur xo-maldebze Cadenili qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT, mZime saerTaSoriso danaSaulebi (universalu-ri iurisdiqcia).

agreTve, sasamarTlom aRiara, rom saxelm-wifo teritoriis garda, teritoriuli iuris-diqcia agreTve moicavs im farTobs, romelic mocemuli drois monakveTSi okupirebulia da, Sesabamisad, wevri saxelmwifos `sruli kontrolis~ qveS imyofeba191 im teritoriis gamoklebiT, romelic aseTi kontrolis far-glebs gareTaa192. sasamarTlom agreTve daad-gina, rom qmediTi kontroli pirTa mimarT we-vri saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareT aseve SeiZleba sakmarisi faqtori iyos konven-ciis miznebisTvis iurisdiqciis dasadgenad193.

rodesac wevri saxelmwifo moqmedebs saer-TaSoriso organizaciis saxeliT, misi qmede-ba, Sesabamisad, Seeracxeba am organizacias da, amdenad, principulad veRar iqneba sasa-marTlos msjelobis sagani. Tumca am qmede-bis adgili da konteqsti SeiZleba mniSvnelo-vani iyos daskvnisTvis, rom wevri saxelmwifo mainc inarCunebs, garkveulwilad, pasuxismge-blobas konvenciis darRvevisTvis194.

g) pasuxismgeblobis principebis moqmedeba konfliqtis zonebSi

albaT ufro mosaxerxebeli iqneba, rom pa-suxismgeblobis problema ganvixiloT sxva-dasxva moqmed pirebTan mimarTebiT, Tumca gardauvalia, rom msjeloba rig SemTxveveb-Si gadaifareba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierT konfliqtur zonaze saubrisas mainc, vinaidan maTi moqmedeba erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli araa.

191 luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg (winaswari pro-testi), 15318/89, 23 marti, 1995 [GC]192 bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiisa da sxvebis winaaRm-deg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].193 ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 maisi, 2005 [GC].194 ix. g4 zemoT.

1. arasaxelmwifo moqmedi pirebi arasaxelmwifo moqmedi pirebi, iqnebian eseni

individebi, ajanyebulebi, amboxebulebi, kom-batantebi Tu SeiaraRebuli opoziciuri jgu-febi, ar SeiZleba Tavad iyvnen pasuxismgebeli konvecniis darRvevaze, vinaidan pasuxismge-bloba yovelTvis wevr saxelmwifozea. Tumca CamoTvlil pirTa qmedebas SeiZleba sxvagvari saxis saerTaSoriso pasuxismgebloba mohy-ves195. SesaZlebelia, maTi qmedeba Seeracxos wevr saxelmwifos misi iurisdiqciis far-glebSi, roca qmedebas adgili aqvs am saxelm-wifos iurisdiqciis SigniT da CaiTvleba, rom isini nebadarTuli arian xelisuflebis mier an saxelmwifom gamoiCina maT mimarT mimnebe-bloba, roca ar aRkveTa aRniSnuli qmedebe-bi196. rogorc qvemoT gamoCndeba, es SeuZle-belia, roca qmedebas adgili aqvs teritoriis im nawilSi (iqneba es konfliqtis mTliani zona, Tu misi nawili), sadac wevri saxelmwifo kontrols ver axorcielebs.

mainc gasarkvevi rCeba iurisdiqciis saki-Txi, Tuki dadgindeba, rom wevri saxelmwifo, ise rom fizikurad ar imyofeba teritoriaze, magram warmarTavs da mxars uWes arasaxel-mwifo moqmed pirTa197 saqmianobas meore we-vri saxelmwifos teritoriaze198. aseTi das-kvna, cxadia, adekvaturia im SemTxvevaSi, roca meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze warmoebul saqmianobazea saubari. vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqme gveqneboda konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sistemaSi vakuumTan. sasamarTlom ganamtkica aRniSnuli midgoma da iurisdiqciaSi moiazra ara mxolod meore qveynis mxardamWeri saqmianoba separatistu-li reJimisadmi, aramed gamoTqva mzadyofna, rom igive daskvna gaekeTebina Tanxmobisa da mimnebeblobis SemTxvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo mxars uWers saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier araRiarebuli TviTgamocxadebuli xelisu-flebis moqmedebebs199. 195 saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis an saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis safuZvelze.196 ix. A gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 25599/94, 23 se-qtemberi, 1998, paul da odri edvardsi (Audrey Edwards) gaer-Tianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 46477/99, 14 marti, 2002 da onerildizi (Öneryildiz) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 48939/99, 30 no-emberi, 2004 [GC].197 amis Semdgom `SeiaraRebuli opoziciuri dajgufebebi.~198 aRniSnuli ar dadasturda gaerTianebuli erebis mier ni-karaguas saqmeze, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarT-los gadawyvetileba, 27 ivnisi, 1986.199 ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].

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regionuli xedva, romelic sasamarTlos iu-risdiqciasTan dakavSirebiT aqvs, mas xels uS-lis, daadginos konvenciis darRvevisTvis pa-suxismgebloba, roca wevri saxelmwifo mxars uWers an warmarTavs arawevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze warmoebul saqmianobas200.

2. teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifokonvenciis wevri saxelmwifo iurisdiqcias

axorcielebs, roca Tavis teritoriaze ata-rebs an ar atarebs garkveul RonisZiebebs, romlebic moiTxoveba konvenciiT gansazR-vrul SemTxvevebSi. iurisdiqciis ganxorcie-leba agreTve moicavs teritoriis SigniT pirTa mier Zalis gamoyenebaze an garedan Tavdasxmisas reagirebas. cxadia, imisTvis, rom imsjelos iurisdiqciis arsebobaze, sa-samarTlo mxedvelobaSi iRebs uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebze dawesebul SezRudvebs, me-15 muxliT daSvebuli gadaxvevis CaTvliT.

Tumca, roca konfliqtis Sedegad wevri saxelmwifo kargavs misi teritoriis nawilze kontrols meore saxelmwifos mxardaWeriT moqmedi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sasargeblod, igi ar Tavisufldeba pasuxismgeblobisagan konvenciis darRvevisTvis. aseT SemTxvevebSi, wevri saxelmwifo inarCunebs Tavis terito-riaze pozitiur valdebulebebs201.

aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo unda eca-dos, yvela samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli sa-SualebiT, sazRvargareTis qveynebisa da saer-TaSoriso sazogadoebis CareviT, gaagrZelos konvenciiT gansazRvruli uflebebisa da Ta-visuflebebis garantireba mocemul terito-riaze.

aseTi RonisZiebebi mocemul SemTxveva-Si unda iyos adekvaturi da sakmarisi. isini moicaven teritoriaze kontrolis aRdgenis, Tavisi iurisdiqciis gamovlinebis da teri-toriaze myof pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisu-flebebis dacvis RonisZiebebs.

kontrolis aRdgenis valdebuleba gulisx-mobs, rom wevrma saxelmwifom ar unda dauWi-ros mxari separatistul reJims da imoqmedos yvela arsebuli politikuri, sasamarTlo da sxva saSualebiT, raTa awarmoos molaparakebe-bi TviTgamocxadebul reJimTan saerTaSoriso

200 es, cxadia, xels ar SeuSlida pasuxismgeblobis warmoSo-bas adamianis uflebaTa globaluri aqtis an saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelze.201 ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].

organizaciebis daxmarebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi es SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, Tu separas-tul reJims mZlavri samxedro poziciebi uka-via da SeiZleba arsebobdes represaliebis sa-frTxe ama Tu im RonisZiebis sapasuxod.

momxdaris ukanonoba unda dadgindes Sesaba-misi samarTalwarmoebis gziT. imavdroulad, diplomatiuri ZalisxmeviT molaparakebebi unda gagrZeldes. TanamSromloba iseT sfe-roebSi, rogoricaa sahaero gzebis kontroli, satelefono xazebi da sporti, ganixileba ro-gorc Tanxmobis gacxadeba, magram mocemul SemTxvaSi SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes kontrolis aRdgenis survilad.

individebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa ufle-bebi da Tavisuflebebi ilaxeba, miRebuli unda iqnes Sesatyvisi RonisZiebebi, raTa gauqmdes an Zaladakargulad gamocxaddes separatis-tuli teritoriis sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-bebi, aRiZras sisxlis samarTlis saqme ufle-bisdamrRvevTa mimarT, gaewios samedicino daxmareba da finansuri mxardaWera ojaxis wevrebs, warmoebuli unda iqnes molaparake-bebi Tavisuflebis aRkveTaSi myofi pirebis gasaTavisufleblad uSualod an Suamavlebis meSveobiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi unda arsebobdes TvalsaCino mtkicebulebebi dabejiTebuli mcdelobis Taobaze.

savaraudod, wevri saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos, rom me-6 muxlis darRveviT mi-Rebuli sasamarTlos aqtebi ar aRsruldes, iqneba es konfliqtis ganmavlobaSi Tu Semd-gom. winaaRmdeg SemTqvevaSi, me-6 muxlis darRveva Seeracxeba mocemul saxelmwifos. es ufro mkacri moTxovnaa mesame saxelmwifoe-bTan mimarTebiT arsebul valdebulebebTan SedarebiT202, magram igi gansxvavdeba marTlm-sajulebis sruli ignorirebis testisgan. Tumca me-6 muxli darRveulad ar unda iqnes miCneuli mxolod im safuZvliT, rom aqtebis mimRebi sasamarTloebi ukanonoa. es sasamarT-loebi mainc iTvlebian kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnilad, Tu isini akmayofileben damouki-deblobisa da miukerZoeblobis moTxovnebs203.

moldovas SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos ara-friT ar SeeZlo dnestrispireTSi dapati-mrebuli pirebis gaTavisufleba da mainc sa-

202 droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (Janousek) safrangeTisa da espa-neTis winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992.203 ix. kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].

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jeremi makbraidi

samarTlom konvenciis darRveva daadgina204, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulSi moldovas monawileoba ar miuRia.

Tu kontrols wevri saxelmwifo kargavs meore wevri saxelmwifos sasargeblod, es ukanaskneli iqneba upiratesad pasuxismgebeli mocemul teritoriaze uflebebisa da Tavisu-flebebis darRvevaze205. Tumca, Tu kontrolis mimRebi saxelmwifo ar aris konvenciis maRali xelSemkvreli mxare, konvenciiT garantire-buli dacva mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba, vinai-dan mocemuli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba pasuxs agebdes konvenciis darRvevaze, Tumca wevri saxelmwifos SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba Za-laSi rCeba.

SeiZleba ucnauri iyos, magram teritoriu-li wevri qveynis pasuxismgebloba Semoifar-gleba pozitiuri valdebulebebis Sesrule-biT separatistuli reJimebis pirobebSi, roca ar arsebobs Careva meore wevri saxelmwifos mxridan. es midgoma gamarTlebulia imiT, rom ar gaCndes vakuumi konvenciiT gaTvaliswine-buli uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sistemaSi206.

sasamarTlom aRniSnuli SemTxveva ganasxva-va sxva saqmisgan, romelSic adgilobrivi xe-lisuflebis mier centraluri xelisufle-bis Seusruleblobam (aq Zalis gamoyenebas ar hqonia adgili) gamoiwvia konvenciis darRveva, romelic Seeracxa centralur xelisufle-bas207. sasamarTlos SexedulebiT, sirTuleebi, rasac wevri saxelmwifo awydeba, konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebisa da Tavisufle-bebis uzrunvelyofisas, sakmaris safuZvlad ar miiCneva saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisgan gasaTavisufleblad, vinaidan saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian, TavianT daqvemdebarebul struqturebs mosTxovon konvenciis Sesrule-ba208. cxadia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo miCneuli iqna pasuxismgeblad piris ukanono patimrobaSi yofnaze, miuxe-

204 ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].205 ix. Semdgomi qveTavi.206 arganxilul saqmeze asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaR-mdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 [GC]. asaniZe.207 (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 [GC].208 am daskvnis adekvaturobas mocemul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba adasturebdes ganmcxadeblis ganTavisufleba, rac gadaw-yvetilebas maleve mohyva. ix. rezolucia ResDH(2006)53 ev-ropuli sasamarTlos 2004 wlis 8 aprilis gadawyvetilebaze _ saqmeze asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg (miRebu-lia ministrTa komitetis mier, 2 noemberi, 2006, ministrTa moadgileebis 97-e Sexvedraze).

davad imisa, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba ambobda uars piris gaTavisuflebaze. aRniS-nuli xelisufleba ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc arasamTavrobo organizacia an saer-To interesis mqone pirTa jgufi 34-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor axa-siaTebs wevri saxelmwifo kontrolis amReb xelisuflebas, magram gamyofi xazi, romelic unda gaivlos sakonstitucio krizissa da konfliqtebs Soris, yovelTvis naTeli araa. sasamarTlom agreTve mniSvneloba mianiWa im faqts, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba am SemTxvevaSi separatistuli suliskveTebiT ar gamoirCeoda.

mcdeloba, rom gamoiricxos yovelgvari pa-suxismgebloba, roca saxelmwifos kontroli dakarguli aqvs koncenciis ratifikaciisas, usargebloa, vinaidan teritoriuli xasiaTis daTqmebi gamoricxulia, garda 56-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxve-vebisa209.

jer kidev gasarkvevia, wevri saxelmwifos mier kontrolis dakargva teritoriaze Tu iwvevs meore wevri saxelmwifos mier mis dapa-tronebas, Tumca pirincipulad SeuZlebelia, rom teritoriaze uflebis mopoveba ukanono gziT moxdes.

3. arateritoriuli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare

rodesac saomari moqmedebis Sedegad, iqneba es marTlzomieri Tu aramarTlzomieri ope-racia, saxelmwifo efeqtianad akontrolebs meore xelSemkvreli mxaris teritorias, Cai-Tvleba, rom saxelmwifos aqvs iurisdiqcia pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT da amgvarad, valdebulia, uzrunvelyos Sesabamis farTo-bze konvenciiT gansazRvruli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi210.

ar aqvs imas, rom kontrolis faqti sao-mari Zalebis an qvemdgomi adgilobrivi admi-nistraciis moqmedebis pirdapiri Sedegia. ar aris saWiro dadgindes, axorcielebs Tu ara makontrolebeli maRali xelSemkvreli mxare detalur kontrols administraciis politi-kasa da moqmedebebze, rogorc mocemuli te-209 ix. maTiusi (Matthews) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 24833/94, 18 Tebervali, 1999 [GC], asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarT-velos winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 [GC] da ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].210 luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 de-kemberi, 1996 [GC]

43


ritoriis yoveldRiuri xelisufali211. amde-nad, pasuxismgebloba warmoiSoba ara mxolod sakuTari, aramed adgilobrivi administraciis qmedebebis gamoc, romelic gadarCa samxedro Zalebis da zogadad saxelmwifos mxardaWeris gamo212.

aRniSnulma gamoiwvia pirveli oqmis pir-veli muxlis darRveva saqmeebze, romlebSic okupirebul teritoriaze qvemdebare adgi-lobrivi administraciis qmedebebis Sedegad, mesakuTreebs sakuTar qonebaze xeli aRar miuwvdebodaT213. gaerTianebis Tavisufle-baze uflebis darRveva dadginda agreTve im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac pirs uari eTqva sxva-dasxva bikomunalur SexvedrebSi monawileo-baze214. ufro metic, erT saxelmwifoTaSoris saqmeze, romelSic qmediTi kontroli mo-pasuxe saxelmwifos mxridan dadasturda, es ukanaskneli gaikicxa konvenciiT uzrunvelyo-fili mTeli rigi uflebebisa da Tavisufle-bebis darRvevisTvis215.

sasamarTlos azriT, qmediTi kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli arateritorialuri wevri saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ro-gorc negatiuri, ise pozitiuri valdebule-bebis Seusruleblobaze, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli `adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sis-temaSi samwuxaro vakuumi,~216 magram unda ar-sebobdes raRac sazRvrebi pozitiur valde-bulebebTan mimarTebiT, vinaidan sasamarTlo adgens, rom Tavad teritoriuli wevri saxel-mwifo SesaZloa kvlavac rCebodes aRniSnuli movaleobebis subieqti217.

TiToeul konkretul SemTxvevaSi qmediTi kontrolis arseboba faqtebiT dgindeba. igi SeiZleba vrceldebodes mkacrad gansazRvrul teritoriaze, magram savaraudod, am terito-211 luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 de-kemberi, 1996 [GC], kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC], ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ru-seTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC], isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi, 2004.212 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].213 luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 15318/89, 18 de-kemberi, 1996 [GC], kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC], Eugenia Michaelidou Developments Ltd da mixael timviosi (Michael Tymvios) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 16163/90, 31 ivlisi, 2003.214 javiT ani (Djavit An) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 20652/92, 20 Tebervali, 2003.215 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC]; sadac sasamarTlom daadgina TurqeTis mier me-2, me-4, me-5, me-8, me-9, me-10 da me-13 muxlebis darRveva pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevasTan erTad.216 kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC], at para 78.217 rogorc saqmeze ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].

riaze sajariso SenaerTebis sakmao kontin-gentis yofnaa saWiro218. qmediTi kontrolis dadgenisTvis aucilebelia, rom sajariso Se-naerTebi sakmarisi drois ganmavlobaSi mT-lianad mocemul teritorias faravdnen219. yvela mTavar magistralze mudmivi sapatru-lo razmebisa da gamSvebi punqtebis arseboba qmediTi kontrolis dadgenaSi agreTve mniS-vnelovan faqtorad CaiTvleba.

qmediTi kontroli ar CaiTvleba rom saxe-zea, mxolod imitom, rom konvenciiT gaTva-liswinebul uflebebsa da TavisuflebebSi Ca-reva maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris moqmedebis pirdapiri Sedegia. imisTvis, rom dadgindes qmediTi kontrolis arseboba, konvenciis we-vri saxelmwifo, garkveulwilad, unda moqme-debdes mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze220. es imas ar niSnavs, rom konvenciis darRvevis-Tvis pasuxismgebloba ar warmoiSoba iseTi qmedebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Wurvis gasrola meore saxelmwifos terito-riaze. sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom pasuxismge-bloba warmoiSoba, roca wevri saxelmwifos moxeleebis aratertitoriuli moqmedebebi iwvevs Sedegebs meore saxelmwifos terito-riaze, Tumca ufro sasamarTlo, vidre samxe-dro operaciebis konteqstSi221, magram pa-suxismgeblobis safuZveli aseT SemTxvevebSi ufro momdinareobs Sedegidan da ara kontro-lisgan.

qmediTi kontrolis xasiaTi pasuxismge-blobis gansazRvris mniSvnelobiT ar moi-cavs saxelmwifos sahaero sivrcis SezRudul kontrols, rogorc amas adgili hqonda yofi-li iugoslaviis dabombvis SemTxvevaSi, saqmeze bankoviCi (Banković)222. da mainc, SesaZloa amas mniSvneloba hqondes, rom mocemul saqmeSi sa-haero sivrceze kontroli arasodes yofila `SezRudulze~ ufro meti da amis magivrad

218 ix. isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 no-emberi, 2004. aq sasamarTlom yuradReba gaamaxvila Crdilo-eT kviprosSi 30,000-ze met samxedro SenaerTze, gansxvavebiT saqmisgan luazidu (Loizidou) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg da kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saqmeebze.219 amiT iqna gansxvavebuli aRniSnuli saqme gadawyvetilebisa-gan saqmeze isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noemberi, 2004.220 bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].221 ix. droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (Janousek) safrangeTisa da espaneTis winaaRmdeg 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992. aRniSnul saq-meze gamoTqmuli azri ganmtkicda gadawyvetilebiT saqmeze droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (Janousek) safrangeTisa da espane-Tis winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi 1992.222 bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].

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adgili rom hqonoda ufro arsebiT bloka-das, iqneboda es sazRvao Tu sahaero sivrcis meSveobiT, SeiZleba maSin qmediTi kontrolis mdgomareoba dadgeniliyo.

yvela im saqmeze, romlebSic qmediTi kontro-lia dadgenili, es kontroli xorcieldeboda meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze. Tumca sasamarTlos palatam daaskvna, rom aRniS-nuli ar gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas, samxe-dro operaciis meSveobiT wevri saxelmwifo axorcielebdes droebiT qmediT kontrols im saxelmwifos teritoriaze, romelic ar aris konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxare. am SemTxvevaSi, Tu iqneboda sakmarisi faqtobrivi safuZveli, rom gvefiqra, mocemul dros, konvenciiT ga-valiswinebuli uflebebis da Tavisuflebe-bis darRveviT dazaralebulebi imyofebod-nen mocemul teritoriaze, maTi uflebebis darRvevaze pasuxismgebeli iqneboda konven-ciis wevri saxelmwifo da ara is saxelmwifo, romlis teritoriazec Cadenili iqna darRve-va, miuxedavad imisa, rom es teritoria cal-saxad konvenciis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoe-bis iurisdiqciis (espace juridique) gareT iyo223. jer kidev gadasawyvetia, qmediTi kontrolis dadgena aseT SemTxvevebSi moicavs Tu ara ase-Ti kontrolis Sinaarsis dadgenas, radgan Zi-riTadi mosazreba am SemTxvevaSi aris is, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli `adamianis uflebaTa sistemaSi vakuumi.~224 aseve gasarkvevia didi palatis cnobili regionuli aqcenti uars aTqmevinebda Tu ara mas pasuxismgeblobis ar-sebobaze mocemul SemTxvevaSi, roca qmedeba scildeba wevri saxelmwifoebis teritorias, miuxedavad ganxorcielebuli kontrolis xa-risxisa225.

aseve dgeba arateritoriuli wevri saxel-mwifos pasuxismgebloba, romelic axorcie-lebs qmediT kontrols meore wevri saxelmwi-fos teritoriaze, roca pirveli saxelmwifos xelisufleba eTanxmeba an mimnebeblobas iCens kerZo pirTa mier konvenciis darRvevis faqtebis mimarT okupirebul da, Sesabamisad,

223 isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 no-emberi, 2004. Tumca msgavsi kontrolis Sesaxeb mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.224 igiveze gamaxvilda yuradReba saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC] da ganmtkicda saqmeze bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 52207/99, 12 dekemberi, 2001 [GC].225 am mizeziT, lordTa palatis umravlesoba saqmeze al skei-ni (Al-Skeini) Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg [2007] UKHL 26 ganixilavs bankoviCs (Banković) vidre isas (Issa), ro-gorc sasamarTlos upirates midgomas.

misi kontrolis qvem myof teritoriaze226. Sesabamisad, roca okupirebul teritoriaze arsebobs samarTlebrivi dacvis saSuale-bebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes konvenciis damrRvevi kerZo pirebis winaaRm-deg, aRniSnuli saSualebebi unda amowuruli iqnes konvenciis sistemisTvis mimarTvamde227.

roca ar arsebobs qmediTi kontroli, mo-samarTleebiTa da sxva moxeleebiT mocemuli teritoriis uzrunvelyofa ar gulisxmobs iurisdiqciis ganxorcielebas ratione personae, radganac, roca mosamarTleebi da adminis-tracia moqmedebiT an umoqmedebiT arRvevs konvencias, ar moqmedebs arateritoriuli wevri saxlmwifos saxeliT228. zog SemTxvevaSi aseTi mxardaWera ganixileba, rogorc Tanxmo-ba an mimnebebloba ara saxelmwifo agentebis mier konvenciis darRvevaze.

teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifos mier qme-diTi kontrolis dakargva ar niSnvas imas, rom igi pasuxismgebeli aRar iqneba konven-ciis darRvevaze, Tu kontrolis dakargva Ta-vad misi bralia. aseTi mtkicebis mcdeloba, Tumca ara konfliqtis konteqstSi, hqonda gaerTianebul samefos, roca Tavs imarTlebda sakanonmdeblo organos arCevaze uflebis sa-varaudo darRvevaze. gibraltari ar iyo Car-Tuli gaerTianebuli samefos gansazRvrebaSi, im mizniT, rom monawileoba ar mieRo evro-puli parlamentis arCevnebSi, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom evropuli gaerTianebis samarTali mis teritoriaze moqmedebda. aRniSnuli winaaR-mdegobaSi movida ganmcxadeblis - gibralta-ris mcxovrebis uflebasTan Tavisufal arCe-vnebze, romelic pirveli oqmis me-3 muxliTaa garantirebuli.

sasamarTlom gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yu-radReba gaerTianebuli samefos mier gakeTe-bul arCevanze. misi pasuxismgebloba momdi-nareobda iqidan, rom aiRo saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi gibraltaris teritoriaze pirveli oqmis me-3 muxlis moqmedebis gavrce-lebis Semdgom. igulisxmeba maastrixtis xel-Sekruleba, aseve sabWos gadawyvetilebidan da 1976 wlis aqtidan gamomdinare valdebule-

226 es ar dadginda saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].227 sasamarTlom ar miiCnia, rom adgilobrivi xelisufleba mTlianad pasiuri iyo kerZo pirTa im qmedebebTan dakavSire-biT, rac Seadgenda davis sagans saqmeze kviprosi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 25781/94, 10 maisi, 2001 [GC].228 droJdi (Drozd) da ianuSeki (Janousek) safrangeTisa da espa-neTis winaaRmdeg, 12747/87, 26 ivnisi, 1992.

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bebi. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom, roca uer-Tdeboda am xelSekrulebas, gaerTianebulma samefom arCia xelSekrulebis 227(4) muxlis safuZvelze, evropuli gaerTianebis kanonm-deblobis mniSvnelovani nawili gavrcelebu-liyo gibraltarze229. amis Sedegad CaiTvala, rom gaerTianebuli samefo pasuxismgebeli iyo konvenciis pirveli muxlis ZaliT, pirveli oqmis me-3 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle-bebis uzrunvelyofaze gibraltarSi, miuxeda-vad imisa, arCevnebi wminda Sidasaxelmwifoe-brivi sakiTxi iyo Tu mas mTeli evropisTvis hqonda mniSvneloba.

zemoaRniSnul daskvnas SeiZleba garkveu-li mniSvneloba hqondes teritoriuli wevri saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisTvis, romelic nebas rTavs meore saxelmwifos, misi saxeliT awarmoos operaciebi SeiaraRebuli opoziciu-ri dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg an gaakontrolos gansazRvruli teritoria samSvidobo opera-ciebSi monawileobis saxiT. Tu saxelmwifo konvenciis xelSemkvreli mxare iqneboda, pre-cedentuli samarTali, savaradudod, mivi-doda daskvnamde, rom igi iqneboda konvenciis darRvevaze pasuxismgebeli teritoriuli we-vri saxelmwifos nacvlad. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-vaSi, konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sistemaSi vakuumis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, srulebiT SesaZle-belia, rom pasuxismgebloba dakisreboda wevr saxelmwifos. rodesac arateritoriuli wevri saxelmwifo separatistebs exmareba separatis-tuli reJimis daarsebaSi da am mizniT agzavnis Tavis samxedro personals saomar operaciebSi monawileobis misaRebad, Zalze advilia, rom dadgindes iurisdiqcia. am dros aRar aris au-cilebeli arateritoriuli saxelmwifos mier qmediTi kontrolis ganxorcielebis dadgena, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseT viTarebaSi, roca te-ritoriulma wevrma saxelmwifom mocemul te-ritoriaze kontroli dakarga230. amas garda, Tu cecxlis Sewyvetis Semdgomac grZeldeba separatistuli reJimis samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri mxardaWera, ise rom, es uka-naskneli momZlavrdes da moipovos garkveuli doziT avtonomia, aRniSnuli agreTve sakmari-si iqneba iurisdiqciis dasadgenad. amas garda, 229 maTiusi (Matthews) gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 24833/94, 18 Tebervali, 1999.230 Savaraudod, igive igulisxmeboda gadawyvetilebaSi saq-meze asaniZe (Assanidze) saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, 71503/01, 8 aprili, 2004 da ilaSku (Ilascu) da sxvebi moldovasa da ruse-Tis winaaRmdeg, 48787/99, 8 ivlisi, 2004 [GC].

arateritoriuli saxelmwifos TanamSromloba aralegalur reJimTan, rogoricaa pirTa ga-dacema, mocemul saxelmwifos akisrebs moce-muli reJimis qmdebebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas.

ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arate-ritoriuli wevri saxelmwifo SeiZleba mainc iyos garkveulwilad pasuxismgebeli Tavis sa-qmianobaze meore xelSemkvreli mxaris teri-toriaze, Tundac am teritoriis nawilze mas qmediT kontrolze naklebi uflebamosileba gaaCndes. yofili adamianis uflebaTa komisia mzad iyo saxelmwifo ecno pasuxismgeblad sa-zRvargareT (meore wevr saxelmwifoSi) misi agentebis mier warmoebuli iatakqveSa saqmia-nobisTvis231. aRniSnuli SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes faqtobrivi uflebamosilebis ganxor-cielebad.

Semdgomi precedentuli samarTliT dadgin-da, rom maRalma xelSemkvrelma mxarem mainc agos pasuxi konvenciis darRvevisTvis misi moxeleebis mier im teritoriaze Cadenili qmedebisTvis, romelic ar ekuTvnis romelime wevr saxelmwifos. ase rom, vakuumi konvenciis SefardebaSi am SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs. ms-gavsi pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifos daekisra rogorc teroristuli aqtis CadenaSi eWvmi-tanili piris dakavebis232, ise samxedro opera-ciis CatarebisTvis, romlis Sedegadac, pirTa garkveuli raodenoba TavisuflebaaRkveTili da likvidirebuli iqna233. sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs im mosazrebas, rom dazaralebulebi, savarau-dod Tu namdvilad, maRali xelSemkvreli mxa-ris moxeleTa qmediTi kontrolis qveS imyo-febodnen234.231 Stoke (Stocké) germaniis winaaRmdeg, 11755/85, 19 marti, 1991, komisiis mosazreba, gv. 24, § 167232 ojalani (Öcalan) TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 46221/99, 12 marti, 2003 da 12 maisi 2005 [GC].233 isa (Issa) da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg, 31821/96, 16 noem-beri, 2004. am saqmeze msgavsi kontroli ar dadginda. ix. am saqmeze citata ganacxadSi 17392/90, M daniis winaaRmdeg,73 DR 193 (1992); ganacxadSi 28780/95, iliC sanCes ramiresi (Illich Sanchez Ramirez) safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 86 DR 155 (1996); ko-ardi (Coard) da sxvebi SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg, ada-mianis uflebaTa interamerikuli komisiis gadawyvetileba, 29 seqtemberi, 1999, angariSi No. 109/99, saqme No. 10.951, §§ 37, 39, 41 da 43; adamianis uflebaTa komitetis mosazreba, 29 ivlisi, 1981 saqmeze lopes burgosi (Lopez Burgos) urugvais winaaRmdeg da keliberti de kasariego (Celiberti de Casariego) urugvais winaaRmdeg, nos. 52/1979 da 56/1979, §§ 12.3 da 10.3.234 palatis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze ojalani (Öcalan) Turqe-Tis winaaRmdeg (12 marti 2003) sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom `saqmis garemoebebi gansxvavdeba zemoaRniSnuli saqmisgan bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg, kerZod im TvalsazrisiT, rom ganmcxadebeli TurqeTis xe-lisuflebis mier fizikurad iqna iZulebuli, dabrunebuliyo TurqeTSi da daqvemdebarebuliyo maT iurisdiqcias misi da-kavebisa da TurqeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg.~ sasamarTlom didi

46

jeremi makbraidi

igulisxmeba, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi pa-suxismgebloba momdinareobs im faqtidan, rom konvenciis pirveli muxli ar SeiZleba ganmar-tebuli iqnes, rogorc nebarTva, saxelmwifom konvenciis darRveva, romelsac ver Caidenda sakuTar teritoriaze, Caidinos meore xel-Semkvreli mxaris teritoriaze235. Tumca, sa-varaudod, es mosazreba aseve vrceldeba qme-diTi kontrolis midgomaze, romelic davis sagnad rCeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom wevri saxelmwifos eqstrateritoriuli qmedebebi SeiZleba Ta-visTavad ar iwvevdes konvenciis darRvevis-Tvis pasuxismgeblobas, magram samoqalaqo ufleba-movaleobebis gansazRvrasTan dakavSi-rebiT, sasamarTloSi mimdinare samarTalwar-moeba mainc unda Seesabamebodes me-6 muxls. Tumca imas, rom ar arsebobs materialuri ufleba Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis ga-moyenebaze eqstrateritoriul RonisZiebeb-Tan dakavSirebiT, ar aqvs imunitetis efeqti. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ganmcxadebels ar eq-neboda sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba garkveuli kategoriis zianis faqtze236. amas garda, konvenciis Tanaxmad dauSvebelia, rom wevrma saxelmwifom sasamarTloebsa Tu sxva saxelmwifo organoebSi neba darTos wamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis akrZalvis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkice-bulebis gamoyenebas, Tundac wamebas Tu ms-gavs mopyrobas saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis farglebs gareT hqondes adgili237.

4. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi rodesac maRali xelSemkvreli mxare ereva

konvenciiT uzrunvelyofil uflebebsa da TavisuflebebSi, masze, rogorc saerTaSo-

palatis gadawyvetilebaSi ganacxada, rom `dadgenilia, uSua-lod mas Semdgom, rac keniis xelisuflebis mier ganmcxadebe-li gadaeca TurqeTis xelisuflebas, igi aRmoCnda TurqeTis xelisuflebis qmediTi kontrolis qveS da, Sesabamisad, mis `iurisdiqciaSi~ konvenciis pirveli muxlis mniSvnelobiT. Tumca am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, TurqeTi uflebamosilebas axorcielebda Tavisi teritoriis farglebs gareT. agreTve simarTles Seesabameba, rom ganmcxadebeli TurqeTis xelisu-flebis mier fizikurad iqna iZulebuli, dabrunebuliyo TurqeTSi da imyofeboda maT gankargulebsa da kontrols qveS misi dakavebisa da TurqeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg (ix., am TvalsazrisiT zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba saqmeze sanCes ramiresi (Sánchez Ramirez) da freda (Freda), da sawinaaRmdegos mtkicebiT bankoviCi (Banković) da sxvebi belgiis da sxvebis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba) [GC], no. 52207/99, ECHR 2001-XII).~235 punqti 72.236 markoviCi (Markovic) da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg, 1398/03, 14 dekemberi, 2006 [GC].237 A Sinagan saqmeTa departamentis saxelmwifo mdivnis wi-naaRmdeg, (2005) UKHL 71, 8 dekemberi, 2005.

riso organizaciis wevrze dakisrebuli val-debulebebis Sesasruleblad Carevis adgilm-debareoba da valdebulebis xasiaTi aris is faqtorebi, romlebiTac gadawydeba konven-ciis darRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis dadgo-mis sakiTxi.

amrigad, Tu moqmedebas an umoqmedobas ar aqvs adgili arc erTi maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze da ufleba-Tavisufle-bebis SezRudvaSi uSualod CarTuli wevri saxelmwifo moqmedebs uSiSroebis sabWos mier gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis me-7 Tavis sa-fuZvelze miRebuli rezoluciis Sesabamisad, raTa Tavidan aicilos saerTaSoriso mSvi-dobasa da uSiSroebas damuqrebuli safrTxe, evropuli sasamarTlos midgomiT, sadavo mo-qmedeba/umoqmedoba Seeracxeba gaerTianebul erebs da amrigad, Tavad sasamarTlos ar eq-neba uflebamosileba, ganixilos ganacxadi ra-tione personae238.

gasarkvevia, Tu ra zRvramdea mdebareobisa da valdebulebis sakiTxebi Tanabrad mniS-vnelovani. udavoa, rom gaerTianebul erebs, rogorc `koleqtiuri uSiSroebis miznebis Semsrulebel da universaluri iurisdiqciis mqone organizacias,~239 gansakuTrebuli mniS-vneloba mieniWa im erTaderT saqmeze, romlis ganxilvac evropul sasamarTlos aqamde mouwia da romelic aRniSnuli organizaciis mier uSualod dawesebul valdebulebebs Seexeboda.

gaerTianebuli erebis zemoT aRniSnul bu-nebaze evropuli sasamarTlos mosazrebas ganamtkicebs agreTve is faqti, rom maRali xelSemkvreli mxareebis mier qartiis miReba, zogadad, win uswrebda konvenciis ratifika-cias da rom qartiis 103-e muxlis Tanaxmad, qartiis upiratesoba dakavSirebulia gaerTia-nebuli erebis winaSe arsebuli valdebule-bebis upiratesobasTan, saxelmwifoebis mier sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisr valdebulebebTan mimarTebiT240. agreTve re-gionul organizacias, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara imas, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis qartiis safuZvelze moqmedebs, SesaZloa, igive mniS-vneloba ar eniWebodes, gansakuTrebiT im 238 (berami) Behrami da (berami) Behrami safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (ganCineba), 71412/01, 2 maisi, 2007 [GC].239 Ibid, p. 51.240 Ibid, p. 147. aRniSnuli agreTve ganixileba gadamwyvet faq-torad inglisis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze R (Al-Jedda) Tavdacvis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg [2006] EWCA Civ 327.

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SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi konvenciis Semdgom Sevida ZalaSi.

Tumca agreTve mniSvnlovania mdebareobis aspeqti, kerZod SemTxveva, roca RonisZie-ba tardeba saxelmwifos teritoriaze, ro-melic im dros konvenciis monawile ar iyo. xsenebulma aspeqtma saSualeba misca evro-pul sasamarTlos, ganesxvavebina aRniSnuli SemTxveva sxva saqmeebisgan, romlebSic saer-TaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis miz-niT, adamianis uflebebis SemzRudveli Ro-nisZiebebi xorcieldeba maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze da roca sasamarTlo ar eTanxmeba konvenciis darRvevisTvis yovel-gvari pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas. cxadia, saqmeebze, romlebSic valdebuleba Sesrulda wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze, sasamarT-lom daadgina, rom ZalaSi rCeboda konvenciiT uzrunvelyofil uflebebsa da Tavisuflebeb-Si CarevisTvis pasuxismgebloba, roca valde-bulebebis damkisrebeli organizacia ar iTva-liswinebda konvenciiT garantirebuli dacvis msgavs sistemas, risi gadawyvetac evropuli sasamarTlos prerogativa iyo241. ufro metic, Tumca sasamarTlom msgavsi daskvna gamoitana im SemTxvevaSi, roca sadavo qmedeba moicavda maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris mier saerTaSo-riso valdebulebis ganxorcielebas sakuTar teritoriaze, gamoTqmuli SeSfoTeba konven-ciis SefardebaSi warmoSobil vakuumze niS-navs imas, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba meore wevri saxelmwifos teritoriaze SeuZlebelia rom sxvanairad iqnes ganxiluli.

evropulma sasamarTlom upasuxod datova kiTxva, aqvs Tu ara igive Tu naklebi mniSvnelo-ba mdebareobis sakiTxs, rac valdebulebis bu-nebas, rodesac saqme exeba konvenciis darRve-visTvis pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvas. Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im aqcents, romelsac Tavis ganCinebebSi sasamarTlo gaerTianebuli erebis qartiiT dakisrebuli valdebulebebis upiratesobaze akeTebs, mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes imas, rom aRniSnuli valdebulebebis SesrulebiT konvenciis uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis darRvevas adgili aqvs maRali xelmSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze. da mainc, aseTi daskvna SemaSfoTebelia, ramdenadac qartiis sistema calsaxad moklebulia adamia-nis uflebebis dacvis qmediT meqanizmebs im

241 Bosphorus Hava Yollan Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi irlandiis winaaRmdeg, 45036/98, 30 ivnisi, 2005 [GC].

SemTxvevebSi, roca gaerTianebuli erebi Tavi-si wevrebisgan raime qmedebis ganxorcielebas moiTxovs.

d) daskvna amrigad, maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teri-

toriaze konfliqtis zonis arseboba saxelmwi-fos ar aTavisuflebs zonaSi evropuli konven-ciis implementaciaze pasuxismgeblobisgan. da mainc, arsebobs garemoebebi, rodesac msgavs zonaze kontrolis dakargva pasuxismgeblo-bis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas iwvevs. rodesac kontrolis dakargva meore maRali xelSem-kvreli mxaris sasargeblod xdeba, konvenciiT garantirebul dacvaSi yovelgvari vakuumi dauSvebelia, vinaidan implementaciaze pa-suxismgebloba nawildeba or saxelmwifos So-ris. magram konvenciiT garantirebuli dacva Zalian SezRuduli iqneba, roca kontroli ikargeba arawevri saxelmwifos an separatis-tuli reJimis (romelic moqmedebs sxva saxel-mwifos dauxmareblad) sasargeblod. ufro metic, konvenciiT garantirebuli dacva, ro-gorc Cans, SeiZleba mTlianad gamoiricxos im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo moqmedebs gaerTianebuli erebis wevrobidan gamomdi-nare valdebulebebis Sesabamisad. Tumca am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xelSemkvreli mxaris mier Tavis Tu meore wevri saxelmwifos teri-toriaze ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sedegebi mainc bundovania.

rodesac konfliqtis zona ar aris maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze, konven-ciiT garantirebuli dacva, savaraudoa, rom ufro SezRuduli iqneba, magram misi sruliad gamoricxva dauSvebelia.

IV daskvnaaSkaraa, rom konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli

uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mTeli Tavisi si-savsiT vrceldeba konfliqtur zonebSi war-moqmnil situaciebze, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlos aqamde mxolod mwiri SesaZle-bloba hqonda emsjela aRniSnul sakiTxze. Tumca dazustebiT ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom, Tu konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli ufle-bebi da Tavisuflebebi saTanadod, an, Tundac SezRudulad ver ganxorcieldeba, rogorc es moiTxoveba konfliqtis zonebSi arsebul si-tuaciebSi, aRniSnuli aucileblad gamoiwvevs

48

jeremi makbraidi

erTi an meti maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris pa-suxismgeblobas.

msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, ufro metad sa-varaudoa, rom warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac konfliqtis zona mdebareobs maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze da rode-sac maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris CarTuloba naklebad SesaZlebelia, magram ar aris gamo-ricxuli im konfliqtur zonebSi, romlebic mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebs gareTaa. Tumca maSinac ki, roca konfliqturi zona maRali xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos te-ritoriaSi xvdeba, pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi mainc rTulad gadasawyvetia, rodesac zona iyofa ramdenime saxelmwifos Soris da saxel-mwifos, romelsac akisria pozitiuri valde-bulebebi evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe, ar SeuZlia maTi ganxorcieleba.

savaraudod, konvenciis konfliqtur zo-nebSi gamoyenebisas ufro metad problemuri sakiTxia is, rom gaerTianebuli erebis uSiS-roebis sabWos rezoluciis Tanaxmad, saerTa-Soriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis uzrunvel-sayofad gamiznulma RonisZiebebma SesaZloa sruliad gamoricxos konfliqtur zonaSi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyo-fis moTxovna, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ufle-bebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscema unda iyos rogorc mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis ga-rantirebis saboloo mizani, ise aucilebeli moTxovna misi realurad ganxorcielebisTvis.

49

dragolub popoviCi

strasburgis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos mosamarTle

1. debulebis formulireba da struqturaadamianis uflebaTa evropuli konven-

ciis (SemdgomSi moxseniebuli rogorc `konvencia~) merve muxli, inglisur teqstSi, uzrunvelyofs fizikuri piris saxlis xel-Seuxeblobis dacvas, xolo teqstis frangul versiaSi, romelsac identuri iuridiuli Zala aqvs, igive cnebis gamosaxatavad sityva `sacxovrebeli adgilia~ gamoyenebuli. am faq-tis aRniSvna aucileblad mimaCnia mocemuli statiis dasawyisSive, radgan adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli konvenciis swored franguli da ara inglisuri versiis safuZvelze, moxda profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxe-blobis dacvis integrireba adamianis ufle-baTa evropul samarTalSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis inglisuri teqstis me-8(1) muxlis formuli-reba Semdegnairia:

`yvelas aqvs ufleba, pativi sces Tavis pi-rad da ojaxur cxovrebas, Tavis saxls da korespondencias~

frangul versiaSi ki aseTi formulireba gvxvdeba:

yvelas aqvs ufleba, pativi sces Tavis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebas, Tavis sacxovrebel ad-gils da korespondencias~.

me-8 muxlis struqtura konvenciis momdevno sami muxlis struqturas Seesabameba. is, Tu konkretulad ra saerTo aqvs erTmaneTTan am or variants, samarTalwarmoebis da marTlm-sajulebis ganxorcielebisas am debulebebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTebidan unda gamoCndes.

mTavari isaa, rom pativiscemis uflebis darRveva niSnavs konvenciiT garantirebul uflebaSi Carevas. aseT viTarebaSi, gasarkve-via, ramdenad kanonieri iyo darRveva, ramde-nad kanonieri mizani hqonda da bolos, ram-denad saWiro iyo aseTi qmedeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ramdenad proporciuli iyo qmedeba mizanTan mimarTebaSi (Leach, 281-4). Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom realobaSi es sakiTxi yvelaze naklebad dgas xolme dRis wesrigSi, maSin roca adamia-nis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi (Semd-gomSi moxseniebuli rogorc `sasamarTlo~) zemoT aRniSnuli faqtori yovelTvis gaTva-liswinebulia verdiqtis gamotanisas. pro-porciuloba yovelTvis upiratesia danarCen or faqtorTan mimarTebaSi.

pirveli saqme, romlis farglebSic sasa-marTlos unda gadaewyvita profesiuli saq-mianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis problema inglisSi ganixileboda. sasamarTlo marTlmsajuleba 1989 wels ganxorcielda. ga-naCenSi sasamarTlom erTmaneTs Seadara Tavisi da wevri-saxelmwifos, rogorc sasamarTlos kontraqtori mxaris kompetencia, e.i. sasa-marTlom konvenciis me-8 muxlTan mimarTebaSi diskreciuli uflebamosileba ar dautova we-vr-saxelmwifos.

2. diskreciuli uflebamosilebis farglebi zemoT aRniSnuli 1989 wlis saqme pirveli

precedentia, xolo misi erT-erTi momdevno saqme, romelic samarTlebrivi dacvis sa-proceso saSualebebis sakiTxebs ganixilavda Cepelis saqme1 iyo. samarTlebrivi dacvis sa-proceso saSualebis gamoyenebis praqtika wina saukunis samocdaaTiani wlebis inglisSi damkvidrda anton pileris saxeliT. aRniS-1 Chappell v. The United Kingdom (app. No. 10461-83), judgment of 30. March 1989

dragolub popoviCi

profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis farglebSi

50

dragolub popoviCi

nul praqtikas 1976 wlis anton pileris sa-qmis saxeli ewoda, romlis farglebSic saa-pelacio sasamarTlom pirvelad daamtkica samarTlebrivi dacvis saproceso saSualebis gamoyeneb a.

anton pileris brZaneba Sualeduri tipis pi-robiTi RonisZiebaa, romelic samoqalaqo sa-marTalwarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba. misi gamoyeneba sasamarTlo procesze warmodgenil faqtebzea damokidebuli. misi mizani aris braldebulis an potenciuri braldebulis mier mtkice-bulebebis warmodgena gadaitanos faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvis procesisTvis. am midgomis arsia moulodnelobis Seqmna, radgan bral-debulis mimarT gamoiyeneba misTvis winaswari Setyobinebis da misi poziciis mosmenis gare-Se. am meTodis gamoyeneba samarTalwarmoebis dasawyisSive xdeba.

anton pileris brZanebis gamocemamde, in-glisis sasamarTlosTvis damakmayofilebeli iyo, Tu a) mosarCele warmoadgenda gansaku-Trebulad myar mtkicebulebebs dasawyisSive imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sarCeli warmatebuli iq-neboda faqtobrivi masalis ganxilvis SemTxve-vaSi, b) mosarCelis realuri da potenciuri ziani sakmaod niSandoblivi, da g) cxadi iyo, rom braldebuli danaSaulebriv dokumentebs an sagnebs flobda da mosalodneli iyo, rom misi winaswar gafrTxilebis SemTxvevaSi, is gaanadgurebda aseT masalebs.

anton pileris brZaneba gaicema kerZo pi-ris mimarT samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoebaSi. is gansxvavdeba Cxrekis uflebis rwmunebis-gan, romelsac policia moipovebs sisxlis samarTlis saqmis gamoZiebis dros. anton pi-leris brZaneba, Cxrekis uflebisgan gansxva-vebiT, obieqtze Zalismieri Sesvlis ufleba-mosilebas ar gulisxmobs. samarTalwarmoebis procesSi braldebulis mxridan brZanebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqma ki, mas mosarCeles-Tan mimarTebaSi naklebad privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. rogorc wesi, anton pileris brZanebis aRsrulebis dros dasaSve-bia policiis gamocxadeba obieqtis sazRvrebs gareT, mis mimdebare teritoriaze mSvidobis darRvevis incidentebis prevenciis mizniT.

Cepelis saqmis istoria 1981 wlis Teber-vlis bolos iwyeba, maSin, roca anton pile-ris brZaneba gaica. brZaneba imave wlis martSi aRsrulda. b-ni Cepeli video klubs flobda, xolo mosarCeleebi, romelTac moaxerxes Ce-

pelis winaaRmdeg anton pileris brZanebis mopoveba, b-n Cepels adanaSaulebdnen imaSi, rom igi filmebis sam iseT kasetas flobda, romlebzec mosarCelis inteleqtualuri ufleba vrceldeboda.

mosarCeleebma policiasac Seatyobines, rom b-ni Cepeli pornografiuli videofil-mebis flobaSia eWvmitanili. amis gamo, poli-ciam moipova rwmuneba, gaeCxrika b.ni Cepelis obieqti.

Cepelis saqmis Tavisebureba is iyo, rom anton pileris brZaneba da policiisTvis Cxrekis rwmuneba paralelurad iqna gamoye-nebuli. mogvianebiT, inglisis sasamarTlom sasamarTlo procesebze daadastura, rom `an-ton pileris brZanebis aRsruleba arasworad ar ganxorcielebula~. garda amisa, brZanebis aRsruleba Cxrekis rwmunebis paralelurad iqna gamoyenebuli, `ramac procesi ufro me-tad represiuli gaxada, vidre kanoniT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli~. saapelacio sasamarTlom ucvlelad datova pirveli instanciis sa-samarTlos gadawyvetileba da b-ni Cepelis saCivari ar daakmayofila. amave dros, b-n Cepels lordTa palataSi gadawyvetilebis ga-saCivrebis ufleba ar dautova. 1982 wlis oq-tomberSi, b-nma Cepelma saCivari strasburgis sasamarTloSi Seitana, sadac konvenciis me-8 muxlis savaraudo darRvevas amtkicebda.

winamdebare statiaSi mocemuli analizis-Tvis unda aRiniSnos, rom b-ni Cepeli bizness sakuTar teritoriaze awarmoebda, romelic nawilobriv misi sacxovrebeli adgilis fun-qciasac asrulebda(Heringa and Zwaak, in Van Dijk e.a.723).

sasamarTlosTvis naTeli iyo, rom mosar-CelesTan mimarTebaSi konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebi darRveuli iyo, magram evropuli sasamarTlo, erovnul sa-samarTlosTan erTad, im gadawyvetilebamde mivida, rom mosarCelis uflebebSi aseTi Ca-reva inglisuri kanonebis mixedviT, darRvevas ar warmoadgenda (Kastanas, 46). sasamarTlom aseve gamoarkvia, rom brZaneba legitimuri mizniT iyo gacemuli da aRsrulebuli, xolo brZanebis aRsrulebis dros adgilobriv do-neze mosarCelis sakmarisi garantiebi iyo uzrunvelyofili. vinaidan mosarCelis Tavis saCivarSi, ZiriTadad, brZanebisa da Cxrekis Tanadrouli aRsrulebis winaaRmdeg davobda, sasamrTlom daadgina, rom 66-e paragrafis

51


Tanaxmad, mosarCeles ar uTxovia, romelime RonisZiebis gadavadeba, vidre pirveli ar dasruldeboda~. sasamarTlos kidev erTi das-kvna is iyo, rom `b-n Cepels saSualeba hqonda, daecva Tavisi interesebi brZanebis aRsrule-bis periodSi~.

amdenad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Ta-naxmad, konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia. aseTi gadawyvetilebis sa-fuZvlad, sasamarTlom, ZiriTadad, propor-ciulobis principi gamoiyena (Kastanas, 63).

Cepelis saqmidan Cans, rom sasamarTlom wevr-saxelmwifos garkveuli diskreciuli uflebamosileba dautova. ganaCenis 54-e pa-ragrafSi sasamarTlo xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom misi `uflebamosileba, gadaxedos adgi-lobriv kanonebs, SezRudulia~. adgilobrivi ganaCenebi ucvleli darCa, sasamarTlos sa-qmeSi darRveva ar aRmouCenia, xolo profe-siuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacvis sakiTxisadmi sasamarTlom Caurevlo-bis politika airCia (Jacobs & White, 254). Tuki adgilobriv doneze Cxrekis winaaRmdeg dac-vis meqanizmebi saerTod ar iarsebebda, maSin wevri-saxelmwifoebis gafarToebuli diskre-ciuli uflebamosilebis datoveba sasamarT-losTvis problemuri iqneboda, gansakuTre-biT maSin, Tu sasamarTlo daadgenda, rom qveynis sakanonmdeblo sistema uzrunvelyofs sakmaris dacviT meqanizmebs TviTneburi/mike-rZoebuli gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg.

mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg Seicvala sa-samarTlos damokidebuleba. bolo periodSi, SedarebiT samarTalSic aRiniSneba cvlile-bebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.

3. gansxvavebuli midgomebi SedarebiT samarTalSi

zemoT ganxiluli problemisadmi im drois-Tvis arsebuli midgomebidan, roca sasamarT-lom Cepelis saqmeze gamoitana gadawyveti-leba, ori maTgani gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia. pirveli maTgani saerTaSoriso donis, xolo meore erovnuli donis praqtikaa. ero-vnul doneze im qveynis samarTals ganvixi-lavT, romelSic zemoT ganxilul SemTxvevas hqonda adgili. aRniSnulma precedentma sa-marTalwarmoebis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa.

Cepelis saqmeze sasamarTlos mier gana-Cenis gamotanidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg kidev

erTi evropuli instituti dadga profesiu-li saqmianobis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevis problemis winaSe. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT, hoxsti komisiis winaaRmdeg, evropis kavSi-ris marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom uari Tqva dacvis uzrunvelyofaze im motiviT, rom xelSeuxeblobis principi vrceldeboda mxo-lod saxlze da ara profesiuli saqmianobis adgilze. evropuli sazogadoebis marTlmsa-julebis sasamarTlom gamoarkvia, rom evro-puli sazogadoebis wevr-saxelmwifoebSi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli sistemebi iyo damkvidrebuli sakuTrebis dacvis, rogorc xarisxis, ise tipebis mixedviT. garda amisa, evropuli sazogadoebis marTlmsajulebis sa-samarTlom gamoarkvia, rom adamianis ufle-baTa evropul sasamarTloSi msgavsi samar-Talwarmoebis precedents adgili ar hqonia2. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-8 muxlis dacva, romelic pirovnebis saxlis xelSeuxeblobas uzrunvelyofda, piris pro-fesiuli saqmianobis adgilze ver gavrcel-deboda (Sudre, 407). evropuli sazogadoebis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlom evropuli sazogadoebis institutis gadawyvetilebis gadaxedva safuZvelmoklebulad miiCnia (ga-dawyvetilebis gadaxedvis safuZvlebi ixileT Semdeg avtorTan Shaw, 499, 522-3).

aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gavrcelda imave wels evrokavSiris marTlmsajulebis sasa-marTlos mier ganxilul sxva saqmeebze 3.

germanul sasamarTlos ki absoluturad sapirispiro midgoma hqonda. maT ufro far-To interpretacia gaukeTes germaniis Ziri-Tadi kanonis me-13 muxliT gaTvaliswinebul konstituciur garantiebs. kerZod ki, saxlis xelSeuxeblobis dacva profesiuli saqmiano-bis adgilzec vrceldeboda. aseTive pozicia hqonda federalur konstituciur sasamar-Tlos 4.

amavdroulad, germaniis kanonmdeblobac identur princips efuZneboda. sisxlis sa-marTlis saproceso kodeqsiT dadgenili iyo, rom saxlis an pirovnebis sakuTrebaSi arse-buli sxva obieqtebis, romlebic danaSaule-briv saqmeSi ar figurirebs, Cxreka, dasaSvebia mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxveveb-

2 Hoechst v. Commission [1989] ECR 2859, 29243 Dow Benelux v. Commission [1989] ECR 3137, 3157 and DowChemical Iberica and others v. Commission [1989] ECR 3165,31854 judgment of 13 October 1971, Entscheidungssammlung des Bundesver-fassungsgerichts, vol. 32, 54

52

dragolub popoviCi

Si. aseTive iyo federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos damokidebulebac. profesiuli saqmianobis adgilze vrceldeboda xelSeuxe-blobis dacva5.

amdenad, saerTaSoriso instanciebis mid-goma gansxvavdeboda germaniis adgilobrivi kanonisgan im periodSi, roca adamianis ufle-baTa evropul sasamarTloSi, 1992 wels, nimi-ci germaniis winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvis dro dadga6.

4. kanonis damkvidrebanimicis saqme aRiZra praqtikosi iuristis

sarCelis safuZvelze fraiburgidan (brais-gau, germania). mosarCele, qalaqis sabWos we-vri da, amavdroulad, antiklerikaluri jgu-fis aqtivistic iyo. politikurma partiam, romlis siidanac airCies igi qalaqis sabWos wevrad, gamoiyena misi misamarTi safosto yu-Tis nomriT partiuli miznebisTvis da kores-pondenciisTvis.

am misamarTidan ucnobma pirovnebam gag-zavna werili mosamarTlis saxelze, rome-lic Seuracxmyofel elementebs Seicavda. Seuracxyofa mosamarTlis mier ganxilul erT-erT saqmes ukavSirdeboda, romelic im saeklesio gadasaxadebs exeboda, romelTa wi-naaRmdeg anti-klerikaluri jgufebi marTa-vdnen kampanias. am faqtma eWvi aRZra, rom, an Tavad mosarCele, an misi klienti iyo werilis avtori. amdenad, sajaro prokurorma moipova sasamarTlos rwmuneba, gaeCxrikaT mosarCelis iuridiuli ofisi. Cxreka ofisis ori asisten-tis TandaswrebiT, ganxorcielda. mosarCe-lem, vidre strasburgis sasamarTlos mimar-Tavda, adgilobrivi iuridiuli meqanizmebi amowura Cxrekis RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis winaaRmde g.

sasamarTlom am saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg daadgina, rom konvenciis me-8 muxliT ga-Tvaliswinebuli, mosarCelis garantirebuli uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.

sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom zogierT saxelmwifoSi sityva `saxli~, romelic konven-ciis inglisuri teqstis me-8 muxlSia gamoyene-buli, `profesiuli saqmianobis xelSeuxeblo-bazec vrceldeba~ (ganaCenis 30-e paragrafi). sasamarTlos kidev erTi SeniSvna, ganaCenis imave paragrafSi, gaxldaT is, rom `aseTi in-

5 Art. 103 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Federal Republic of Germany6 Niemietz v. Germany, app. No. 13710/88, judgment of 16 December 1992

terpretacia sruliad harmonizebulia fran-gul teqstTan, vinaidan sityvas ̀ sacxovrebeli adgili~ ufro farTo mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre sityvas `saxli~ da, amdenad, masSi pirovnebis profesiuli saqmianobis adgilic SeiZleba mo-viazroT~.

Tumca sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konven-ciiT gaTvaliswinebuli mosarCelis uflebaSi Careva kanonis dacviT moxda da mizezis le-gitimuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar damdgara, vinaidan arc mosarCele moiTxovda amas. meore mxriv, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Careva ar iyo miznis proporciuli da rom demokra-tiul sazogadoebaSi iuristis ofisis Cxreka dacvis specialuri proceduruli garantie-biT uzrunvelyofis gareSe (paragrafi 73). saboloo jamSi, sasamarTlom gamoarkvia, rom konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.

nimicis saqmeze gamotanili ganaCeni ga-damwyveti mniSvnelobis iyo da sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis kursi Secvala. es iyo pirveli precedenti, roca sasamarTlom pro-fesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblo-bis ufleba mianiWa fizikur pirs (Heringa and Zwaak in Van Dijk, 723; Jacobs & White, 255; Renucci, 164). profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis dacva garantirebuli unda yofiliyo TviTneburi Cxrekisgan. am precedentis Semdeg aRniSnuli midgoma kanonad iqca.

5. kanonis Semdgomi ganviTarebanimicis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad Camoyali-

bebul wess, romelic profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacvas iTvaliswi-nebs, sasamarTloebi mas Semdeg icaven (5.1). iyo ganaCenebic, romlebSic sasamarTlom kidev ufro ganavrco misi aRsrulebis sfero (5.2).

5.1. precedentis damkvidrebanimicis saqmis precedenti ganmeorda kre-

miu safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi7. saqmeSi mosarCele iyo Rvinis sabiTumo firmis Ta-vmjdomare da mmarTveli direqtori, romlis saTavo ofisi marselSi mdebareobda. 1976-1980 wlebSi Catarebuli sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebis farglebSi, frangma mebaJeebma ganaxorcieles oTxmocdasami sagamoZiebo operacia, mosar-Celis firmis saTavo ofisis da misi saxlis Cxrekis CaTvliT. 7 Crémieux v. France, ( app. No. 11471/85), judgment of 25 February 1993

53


sisxlis samarTlis warmoeba mosarCelis wi-naaRmdeg misTvis jarimis dakisrebiT dasrul-da. misi firmac dajarimda. man gadawyveti-leba adgilobriv sasamarTlo instanciebSi gaasaCivra konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevis safuZvliT manam, vidre Tavad gamomZiebeli gaasaCivrebda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. zemdgom instanciaSi, saapelacio sasamarT-los raionuli sasamarTlosgan gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba ar gamoutania aRniSnul saq-meze. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebi-Tac aRniSnuli muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia. bolos mosarCelem strasburgis sasa-marTlos mimarTa.

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarT-lom daadgina, rom mosarCelis konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ufleba dairRva. sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebi legitimuri mizeziT ganxorcielda adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, magram sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom msgavsi Careva àr warmoadgenda saWiroebas demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (ganCinebis 36-e paragrafi).

sasamarTlom, praqtikulad, gaimeora Cepelis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis precedenti, romlis arsic imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saxelm-wifoebs rCebaT diskreciuli uflebamosileba Carevis saWiroebis Sefasebis sakiTxSi. Tumca sasamarTlom ganCinebaSi xazi gausva, rom dis-kreciuli uflebamosileba unda Seesabame-bodes èvrupuli zedamxedvelobis principebs~ (paragrafi 38). evropuli zedamxedvelobis ideis xazgasma da, amavdroulad, wevri saxel-mwifoebisTvis diskreciuli uflebamosilebis datoveba Cxrekisa da TviTneburi gadawyveti-lebebis kontrolis mimarT sasamarTlos axle-bur midgomas asaxavda, miuxedavaT imisa, rom sakiTxis mimarT sasamarTlos Zireuli damoki-debuleba ucvleli rCeboda.

sasamarTlos mTavari principi is iyo, rom kanonmdeblobaSi da realobaSi Cxrekis gan-xorcielebisas `daculi unda iqnes adekvatu-ri da efeqturi zomebi uflebebis darRvevis prevenciisTvis~ (39-e paragrafi). unda aRi-niSnos, rom es midgoma sabolood damkvidrda sasamarlo saqmeTa warmoebaSi. ùflebis dac-vis meqanizmebis~ Semowmeba Cepelis saqmidan daiwyo da nimicis saqmeSic ganmeorda. sasa-marTlos SefasebebSi uflebebis darRvevebis winaaRmdeg arsebul dacviT meqanizmebs yo-velTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda (ixi-

leT, iakobi TeTris winaaRmdeg 255, aRniSnul saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas dacul iqna nimicis precedenti).

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda konvenciis merve muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebis darRvevas da amiT daadastura TviTneburi Cxrekis faqtebis mimarT misi wina msjelobebis da midgomis siswore. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela zemoT moxseniebul sa-qmeSi mosarCele fizikuri piri iyo. sasamarT-los winaSe kidev erTi gamowveva idga: moxde-boda Tu ara profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis principis gavrcoba iuri-diul pirebze da kompaniebze.

5.2. precedentis gavrcobanimicis saqmeSi gamoyenebuli principis, fi-

zikuri pirebis sacxovrebeli adgilis xel-Seuxeblobis dacvis kompaniebze gavrcobis sakiTxi, pirvelad 2002 wels wamoiWra safran-geTSi Société Colas Est saqmesTan dakavSirebiT 8.

safrangeTis mTavrobam erovnul sagamoZie-bo ofiss daavala farTomasStabiani gamoZiebis Catareba sajaro samuSaoebis Semsrulebeli kontraqtorebis saqmianobasTan dakavSire-biT. 1985 wlis noemberSi, inspeqtorebma Ta-nadrouli reidi Caatares ormocdaTeqvsmet kompaniaSi menejmentis Tanxmobis gareSe da amoiRes aTasobiT dokumenti. mosarCelis kom-paniebis ofisebic reidis obieqti gaxda.

mosarCele kompaniebma inspeqtorebis mier sasamarTlo rwmunebis gareSe Catarebuli Cxreka da dokumentebis amoReba safrangeTis sasamarTlo instanciebSi 1945 wlis brZane-bulebis mixedviT gaasaCivres. mosarCeleebi aseve daeyrdnen konvenciis me-8 muxls. pari-zis saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia. mosarCele kompaniebi dajarimd-nen, xolo sakasacio saCivris miRebaze uari eTqvaT. mosarCeleebma strasburgis adamia-nis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos mimarTes konvenciis me-8 muxlis savaraudo darRvevis mizeziT.

safrangeTis mTavrobam saWirod ar CaTva-la nimicis precedentis gameoreba. maT ga-nacxades, rom, `miuxedavad imisa, rom sasa-marTlos ganCinebis Tanaxmad, profesiuli da biznes misamarTebis xelSeuxebloba garan-

8 Société Colas Est and Others v. France (app. No. 37971/97), judgment of 16 April 2002

54

dragolub popoviCi

tirebulia konvenciis me-8 muxliT, yvela is saqme, romelzec aRniSnuli precedentis ga-meoreba moxda, exeboda adgils, sadac fiziku-ri piri axorcielebda Tavis saqmianobas~ (mTa-vrobis xedva ganCinebis 30-e paragrafidan).

mTavrobam ar uaryo is faqti, rom iuri-diul pirebs SesaZlebelia esargeblaT imave uflebebiT, rac fizikur pirebs mieniWaT, ma-gram mainc Tvlida, rom iuridiul pirebs àr SeeZloT iseve myarad moeTxovaT profesiuli an biznesis saqmianobis adgilis dacva, ro-gorc es fizikur pirebs SeeZloT~ (30-e para-grafi).

marTalia, mTavroba miiCnevda, rom mosar-Celis kompaniebis Semowmeba konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebul uflebebSi Carevas niS-navda, magram Tvlida, rom sagamoZiebo Ronis-Ziebebis ganxorcielebisas adgili ar hqonia TviTnebur qmedebas, radgan adgilobrivi sa-samarTlo ganxilva, Tund postfaqtum Cata-rebuli, iyo efeqturi da samarTliani. aR-niSnuli gancxadeba, bunebrivia, sasamarTlos mier gamoyenebuli `xelSeuxeblobis gamoc-dis~ dasaZlevad iyo mimarTuli.

sasamarTlom ki daadgina, rom adgilobriv kanonmdeblobaSi, im periodSi, roca aRniSnul movlenebs hqonda adgili, dacvis saTanado me-qanizmebi ar arsebobda. amdenad, sasamarTlom gamoiyena rogorc nimicis precedenti, ise xelSeuxeblobis gamocdac.

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia co-cxali organizmi iyo. amdenad, misi interpre-tacia Tanamedrove pirobebis gaTvaliswine-biT unda momxdariyo. konvenciis dinamikuri interpretaciis Sedegad, sasamarTlom ga-nacxada: `movida dro, roca konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli garantiebi kompa-niis iuridiuli ofisis, filialebis da sxva biznes obieqtebis xelSeuxeblobazec unda ga-vrceldes~ (ganCinebis 41-e paragrafi).

sasamarTlom aseve daadgina, rom Catare-buli RonisZiebebi kanonis Sesabamisi iyo da iseT legitimur miznebs emsaxureboda, ro-gorebicaa qveynis keTildReoba da danaSau-lis prevencia. dabolos, sasamarTlom daad-gina, rom mosarCelis kompaniis uflebebSi Careva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saWiro ar iyo da, amdenad, mosarCelis winaaRmdeg gan-xorcielebuli qmedeba konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevad miiCnia (Barkhuyisen/van Emmerik, 15-

6). sasamarTlom am SemTxvevaSic, saxelmwi-foebs dautova diskreciuli uflebamosile-bis saSualeba uflebebSi Carevis saWiroebis Sefasebis sakiTxSi, Tumca aRniSna, rom Cata-rebuli RonisZiebebi èvropuli zedamxedve-lobis principebs~ unda Seesabamebodes (wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis diskreciuli uflebamo-silebis saSualebis datovebasTan dakavSire-biT evropuli zedamxedvelobis sakiTxi ixi-leT avtorTan, d. popoviCi, 112).

xelSeuxeblobis testis gamoyenebiT, sasa-marTlom xazi gausva ùflebebis xelyofis winaaRmdeg adekvaturi da efeqturi dacvis meqanizmebis~ saWiroebas (48-e paragrafi). sa-samarTlos ganCineba Semdegnairi iyo (49-e pa-ragrafi): `miuxedavad imisa, rom iuridiuli piris profesiul saqmianobaSi Carevis miznebi SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli iyos, sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom mocemul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ganxorcielebuli sagamoZiebo RonisZiebebi legitimuri miznebis proporciuli ar iyo~.

amgvari gadawyvetilebiT, sasamarTlom ni-micis precedenti ganavrco iuridiul pirebze da kompaniebze profesiuli saqmianobis xel-Seuxeblobis dacvis sakiTxSi (Heringa and Zwaak in Van Dijk e.a. 723). es ki sasamarTlo praqtikaSi mniSvnelovani, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo.

6. dacvis limitebibolo drois sasamarTlo praqtikam konven-

ciis me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis, profesiuli saqmianobis dacvasTan dakavSi-rebiT, interpretaciaSi garkveuli limitebis dawesebis saWiroeba moitana. SezRudvebi 2005 wels levi da filoni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvisas dawesda9.

es ukanaskneli saqme ramdenadme Taviseburi iyo da mosarCeleebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi da igive advokati icavdaT, gansxvavebu-li niuansebiT warsdgnen sasamarTlos winaSe. mosarCeleebi fermerebi iyvnen, TiToeul ma-Tgans msgavsi sasoflo-sameurneo biznesi hqonda, konkretulad ki Rorebis ferma. maTi saqmianoba veterinaruli samsaxuris pirdapir inspeqcias eqvemdebareboda.

pirveli mosarCele, b-ni levi mis meuRles-Tan erTad flobs SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-bis kompanias da fermas misi sacxovrebeli adgilis mezobel raionSi. ferma misi binidan

9 Leveau and Fillon v. France (app. Nos. 63512/00 and 63513/00), judg-ment of 6. September 2005

55


ramdenime kilometrSia. 1997 wlis erT dRes inspeqtori ewvia fermas ekologiuri normebis dacvis Sesamowmeblad. mosarCele im dros mi-vida fermaSi, roca revizia mimdinareobda. ins-peqtorma fermaSi myofi Rorebi daTvala, sul 210 suli. raodenobis mixedviT, ferma iseTi meurneobis kategoriaSi Sedioda, romelSic 40-ze met da 450-ze nakleb Rors zrdian. mo-sarCelem inspeqtors ver warmoudgina raime administraciuli aqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, aseTi meurneobis warmoebis ufleba hqonda.

b-nma levim pirveli instanciis sasamarTlo procesze ganacxada, rom inspeqtoris vizitis Sesaxeb mas winaswar ar Seatyobines da, garda amisa, inspeqtoris mier daTvlili Rorebis raodenoba arazusti iyo. amasTan erTad, mo-sarCele misi samyofi adgilis xelSeuxeblo-bis uflebis darRvevaze miuTiTebda. sasa-marTlom ki daadgina, rom darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.

saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-bis Tanaxmad ki, samyofi adgili, principSi, SeiZleba gulisxmobdes piris profesiuli da komerciuli saqmianobis adgils, Tumca mo-sarCelis mtkicebisgan gansxvavebiT `Rore-bis ferma, romelic eqskluziurad mxolod Rorebis mosaSenebladaa Seqmnili, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos piris sa-myof adgilad, romlis xelSeuxebloba konven-ciis me-8 muxliTaa garantirebuli~.

sakasacio sasamarTlom mosarCelis meore saCivari ar miiRo im motiviT, rom inspeqto-ris viziti ekologiuri normebis dacvis Se-samowmeblad kanonieri iyo da winaswar gafr-Txilebas ar saWiroebda. am SemTxvevaSi arc sacxovrebeli adgilis Cxrekas hqonia adgili. sabolood, b-nma levim saCivari adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi, stras-burgSi Seitana. sarCelis safuZveli konven-ciis me-8 muxlis darRveva iyo.

meore mosarCeles, b-n filons, odnav ufro gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba hqonda. misi fer-ma, Senobebis kompleqsis erT nawilSi iyo gan-Tavsebuli. misi piradi sacxovrebeli binac amave kompleqsSi mdebareobda.

inspeqtoris viziti mosarCelis Tandaswre-biT ganxorcielda. inspeqtorma aRmoaCina, rom fermaSi 450 Rorze meti iyo, daaxloebiT 600 suli. aseTi zomis fermisTvis, mosarCeles prefeqtis nebarTva unda hqonoda, romelic am ukanasknelma ver warmoudgina inspeqtors.

vidre is strasburgis sasamarTlos mimarTa-vda, adgilobrivi sasamarTlos gadawyvetile-biT Tavad iqna dajarimebuli.

adgilobriv sasamarTlo procesze b-ni fi-loni amtkicebda, rom misi sacxovrebeli ad-gilis xelSeuxebloba iqna darRveuli. saa-pelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom soflis meurneobis sawarmoo adgili, romelsac ins-peqtori ewvia, b-ni filonis sacxovrebeli ad-gilisgan gamoyofili iyo.

sakasacio sasamarTlom igive pozicia Sei-narCuna b-n livis saqmeze da daadgina, rom inspeqtoris viziti winaswar Setyobinebas ar saWiroebda da arc sacxovrebeli adgilis Cxrekas hqonia adgili.

strasburgis sasamarTloSi pirvelma mosar-Celem Tavdapirveli sarCeli Seucvlelad da-tova, romlis Tanaxmadac _ misi profesiul i samyofi adgilis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da-ir Rva inspeqtoris gaufrTxilebeli vizitiT. meore mosarCele ki amtkicebda, rom vinaidan ferma imave kompleqsSi iyo ganTavsebuli, sa-dac misi saxli, konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli sacxovrebeli adgilis xelSeuxe-blobis uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili.

sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom sacxovrebeli saxlis cneba, nimicis saqmeze miRebuli ga-dawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba Seicavdes ofiss an kabinets pirisa, romelic liberalu-ri profesiuli saqmianobiTaa dakavebuli. sa-samarTlom aseve Cepelis saqmis precedentis arsebobas gausva xazi, romlis farglebSic Cxrekis Catareba piris saxlsa da, amavdrou-lad, ofisSi konvenciis me-8 muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli uflebis darRvevad iqna miCneu-li. am or saqmesTan erTad, sasamarTlom moixsenia Société Colas Est –is saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmad, konvenciis me-8 muxlis interpretacia SesaZlebelia ise, rom biznes obieqtis xelSeuxeblobis garanti-asac gulisxmobdes.

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom inspeqtorebis viziti kanonis Sesabamisad ganxorcielda, ke-rZod ki, garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis Ta-naxmad. inspeqtorebs legitimuri mizezi hqon-daT, xolo, Tu ramdenad proporciuli iyo mizanTan mosarCeleebis uflebebSi Careva da ramdenad saWiro iyo aseTi moqmedeba demo-kratiul sazogadoebaSi an ekuTvnoda Tu ara am konkretul SemTxvevebSi Semowmebuli adgi-lebi sacxovrebel adgils, dasadgeni iyo.

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sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sacxovrebeli ad-gilis cneba konvenciis me-8 muxlis fargleb-Si SesaZloa Seicavdes profesiuli saqmiano-bis adgils. Tumca sasamarTlom gadawyvita, rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebis braldeba usafuZvlo iyo.

pirveli mosarCelis mtkicebiT, mas ori sacxovrebeli adgili hqonda, romlebic erT-maneTisgan ramdenime kilometriT iyo daSore-buli da sxvadasxva raions ekuTvnoda. garda amisa, pirvel SemTxvevaSi mosarCele fizikuri piri iyo, romelic SezRuduli pasuxismge-blobis kompanias flobda. sinamdvileSi, obieqti kompaniis sakuTreba iyo da ara fi-zikuri piris. amdenad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia. sarCeliT b-nma levim mimarTa sasa-marTlos da ara kompaniam, romelic Semowme-buli obieqtis realuri mflobeli iyo.

meore mosarCelis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarT-lom daadgina, rom inspeqtoris mier Semowme-buli obieqti, romelic sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobisTvis gamoiyeneboda da romelic mosarCelis sacxovrebeli saxlis gverdiT mdebareobda, Senobebis imave kompleqsSi, ar warmoadgenda sacxovrebeli adgilis an ofi-sis nawils.

amdenad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, Rorebis ferma ver CaiTvleboda sacxovrebe-li adgilis nawilad da masze profesiuli saq-mianobis adgilis xelSuexeblobis dacvis wesi ver gavrceldeboda konvenciis me-8 muxlis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom meore mosarCelis saqmis ganxilvis Sedegadac pirve-lis identuri ganCineba gamoitana.

am SemTxvevaSi mosarCeleebis mTavari mizani iyo, erTi mxriv, sacxovrebeli adgilis cnebis farTo definiciis gamoyeneba da meore mxriv, inglisuri gagebiT, sityva `saxlis~ viwro mniSvnelobisken dabruneba. aRniSnuli ten-denciebi ramdenadme urTierTsawinaaRmdego iyo da amitom, sasamarTlos mouxda garkveu-li SezRudvebis daweseba sasamarTlo praqti-kaSive damkvidrebuli precedentis samomavlo gamoyenebaze. is, rom xelSeuxeblobis ufleba profesiuli saqmianobis adgilzec gavrcel-da, imas ar niSnavda, rom dacvis ufleba am cnebis axali mniSvnelobiT SeuzRudavi da ukontrolo iqneboda; logikuri msjelobis CarCoebidan gasvla SeuZlebeli iyo.

7. daskvnaprofesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxe-

blobis dacvis garantiebi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos miRwevaa, romelic sa-samarTlo praqtikis Sedegad damkvidrda. misi iuridiuli safuZvelia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis merve muxli.

profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxe-blobis dacvis garantia im saqmeebze vrcel-deba, romlebSic sasamarTlo konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevas daafiqsirebs. wevr saxel-mwifoebs diskreciuli uflebamosileba rCe-baT konvenciiT garantirebul uflebebSi Ca-revis saWiroebis gansazRvraSi. iskreciuli uflebamosilebis areali ki evropuli ze-damxedvelobiT aris SezRuduli, romelsac `xelSeuxeblobis testi~ SegviZlia vuwodoT. sasamarTlo yovelTvis aRiarebs adgilobivi sasamarTlo aRsrulebis RonisZiebebis arse-bobas da efeqturobas, romelTa meSveobiT, Cxrekis SemTxvevaSi, TviTneburi qmedebebis Tavidan acileba xdeba. Tu adgilobriv do-neze xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi efeqturi araa, maSin sasamarTlo Tvlis, rom konvenciis me-8 muxli irRveva.

sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis parale-lurad, profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xel-Seuxeblobis dacvis garantiebi gaizarda fi-zikur pirebTan mimarTebaSi. Tavdapirvelad, mxolod fizikur pirebze vrceldeboda pro-fesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis dacvis garantia, xolo amJamad kompaniebs, anu iuridiul pirebsac, aqvT dacvis garantiis moTxovnis ufleba.

dabolos, sasamarTlo praqtikis winaSe pro-fesiuli saqmianobis adgilis xelSeuxeblobis cnebis gavrcobis sakiTxi dadga. sasamarTlom uari Tqva profesiuli saqmianobis adgilis cnebaSi gaeerTianebina adgili, sadac warmoe-ba mimdinareobda, radgan sacxovrebeli adgi-lis yoveldRiur da logikur interpretacias ar Seesabameboda, franguli profesiuli sa-myofi adgilis gagebiTac ki. profesiuli saq-mianobis adgilad iTvleba mxolod is adgili, saidanac biznesis marTva xdeba.

(Lausanne, July 2008)

57


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Jacobs & White (C.Owey & R.C.A.White), The Euro-pean Convention on Human Rights, Oxford 2002

E.Kastanas, Unité et diversité : notions autonomes et marge d’appréciation des Etats dans la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, Bruxelles 1996

Ph. Leach, Taking a Case to the European Court of Hu-man Rights, Oxford 2005

D.Popović, Evropski sud za ljudska prava / European Court of Human Rights, Beograd 2008

J.F.Renucci, Droit européen des droits de l’homme, Paris 2002

J.Shaw, Law of the European Union, New York 2000F.Sudre, Droit européen et international des droits de

l’homme, Paris 2005

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joni xecuriani

iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondenti.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos am uflebamo-silebam 2005 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciu-ri kanoniT1 mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada. am cvlilebamde sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba am nawilSi Semdegnairad iyo Camoyalibebuli: saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo `ixilavs referendumisa da arCe-vnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxTan dakavSi-rebul davas (saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `d~ qvepunqti)~. am uflebamosilebis farglebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganixilavda uSualo demokratiis ori umniSvnelovanesi formis – referendu-misa da arCevnebis daniSvnis (an ardaniSvnis), sareferendumo sakiTxis, referendumisa da arCevnebis Catarebis konstituciurobis Tao-baze wamoWril davebs.

saqarTvelos konstitucia, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis referendumisa da arCevne-bis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobidan gamomdi-nare, mTel rig moTxovnebs iTvaliswinebs uSualo demokratiis am formebis gamoyenebas-Tan dakavSirebiT. zemoaRniSnul konstitu-ciur cvlilebamde sakonstitucio sasamarT-los amocanas warmoadgenda, daedgina (ra Tqma unda, saTanado subieqtis momarTvis SemTxveva-Si), ramdenad iyo daculi qveynis ZiriTadi ka-nonis moTxovnebi referendumisa da arCevnebis institutebis gamoyenebis dros. rac Seexeba am institutebis momwesrigebeli normebis (iseve, rogorc sxva nebismieri normis Tu norma-tiuli aqtis) konstituciurobis sakiTxs, misi

1 `saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne~, #1, 04.01.06, muxli 2.

gadawyveta sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxva uflebamosilebebis farglebSi iyo SesaZle-beli. maSasadame, subieqts SeeZlo, sadavod ar gaexada (da SesaZlebelia, marTlac ar iyo sa-davo) arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrige-beli normebis konstituciuroba da uSualod moeTxova Casatarebeli an Catarebuli arCev-nebis (referendumis) konstituciurobis Se-mowmeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos plenumma 2001 wels ganixila saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa sami jgufis (TiToeuli jgufi saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erT mexuTeds Seadgenda) sarCelebi saqarTvelos centraluri saarCe-vno komisiis winaaRmdeg2. mosarCeleebi moi-Txovdnen, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sa-qarTvelos konstituciis 49-e muxlis pirvel punqtTan mimarTebiT arakonstituciurad ecno: 1) abaSis saarCevno olqSi saqarTvelos parlamentis 1999 wlis 14 noembris maJorita-ruli sistemiT Catarebuli arCevnebis meore turis daniSvna da Catareba; 2) foTis saar-Cevno olqSi saqarTvelos parlamentis 1999 wlis 14 noembers Catarebuli maJoritaruli arCevnebis meore turis Sedegebi; 3) saqarTve-los centraluri saarCevno komisiis 1999 wlis 19 noembris dadgenileba `walenjixis saarCe-vno olqis #13 saarCevno ubanSi xelaxali xmis micemis Sedegebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb~. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos plenumma 2001 wlis 30 martis gadawyvetile-biT samive sarCeli daakmayofila, radganac dadgenilad miiCnia, rom zemoaRniSnul olqeb-Si arCevnebi Catarda saqarTvelos konstitu-ciis 49-e muxlis pirveli punqtis moTxovnaTa darRveviT, romlis Tanaxmad, parlamentis ar-Cevnebi unda Catardes sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pirdapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, 2 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. gadawyvetilebe-bi, 2000-2001, Tbilisi, 2003w., gv. 73-94.

joni xecuriani

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba referendumisa da arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze

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faruli kenWisyriT. sakonstitucio sasamarT-lom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro garemoebebi daadgina konstituciuri sarCelebis monacemebis, sakonstitucio sa-marTalwarmoebis monawileTa gamosvlebisa da ganmartebebis, mowmeTa Cvenebebisa da sa-qmeSi arsebuli werilobiTi mtkicebulebebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze, e.i. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mocemul saqmeze arCevnebi cno arakonstituciurad faqtobriv garemoebebze dayrdnobiT ise, rom arCevnebis momwesrigebe-li normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi saer-Tod ar dasmula.

meore saqme, romelic ganixila saqarTve-los sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2005 wels `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – guram sanaZe da irakli kotetiSvili saqarTvelos parla-mentis winaaRmdeg~, Seexeboda saqarTvelos organuli kanonis `saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsis~ me-9 muxlis me-12 punqtis konsti-tuciurobas saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis pirvel punqtTan mimarTebiT3.

sadavo normis mixedviT, `akrZalulia amomrCevelTa siebSi cvlilebebis Setana ar-Cevnebis dRemde bolo 10 dRis ganmavloba-Si, xolo arCevnebis dRemde me-19-dan me-10 dRemde cvlileba Seitaneba mxolod sasamarT-los gadawyvetilebiT~. mosarCele aRniSnavda, rom igi swored arCevnebis dRes dabrunda mivlinebidan, mivida saarCevno ubanSi, sadac aRmoCda, rom igi saarCevno siaSi ar iyo Se-tanili da, amis gamo, xmis micemis ufleba ar misces. aqedan gamomdinare, mosarCele miiCnevs, rom saarCevno kodeqsis sadavo nor-ma xelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT aRiarebul da garan-tirebul mis saarCevno uflebas. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 2005 wlis 24 ianvris gadawyvetilebiT, daakmayofila sar-Celi da arakonstituciurad cno saarCevno kodeqsis zemoaRniSnuli norma, radganac igi usafuZvlod zRudavda moqalaqis saarCevno uflebas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom savse-biT marTebulad aRniSna, rom amomrCevelTa siebis formireba Sesabamis saxelmwifo uwye-baTa movaleobaa. roca moqalaqe maTi mizeziT ar iqna Setanili amomrCevelTa saerTo siaSi, es ar unda iyos saarCevno uflebis SezRudvis safuZveli. saarCevno kodeqsi unda iZleodes

3 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. gadawyvetilebe-bi, 2005, Tbilisi, 2006w., gv.5-17.

Sesabamisi konstituciuri uflebis ara for-malurad, aramed realurad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas.

am saqmeze sakonstitucio sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad cno arCevnebis momwes-rigebeli norma, ise, rom Tavad arCevnebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi ar dasmula.

aseTi iyo gansaxilvel sferoSi saqarTve-los sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamo-sileba da misi gamoyenebis praqtika, romelic, Cveni azriT, savsebiT pasuxobda arCevnebisa da referendumis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT konstituciuri kanonierebis sasamarTlo dacvis uzrunvelyofis amocanebs.

2005 wlis miwuruls saqarTvelos konsti-tuciaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Se-degad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos zemoaR-niSnuli ori damoukidebeli uflebamosileba gaerTianda da erT saxeobad Camoyalibda. sa-kanonmdeblo novaciam iseTi saxe miiRo, rom amieridan mxolod arCevnebis an referendumis konstituciurobis Semowmeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar SeeZleba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs arCevenebis an refe-rendumis konstituciurobis sakiTxs, Tu Se-sabamisi subieqti imavdroulad daayenebs arCevnebis (referendumis) momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxsac. maSa-sadame, Tu arCevnebis an referendumis momwes-rigebeli normebis konstituciurobaSi eWvi aravis Seaqvs, magram arCevnebi an referendumi Catarda am normebisa da konstituciis moTxo-vnaTa darRveviT, maSin es sakiTxi sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos gansjadi ver iqneba.

rac Seexeba arCevnebis (referendumis) mom-wesrigebeli normebis arCevnebisagan (referen-dumisagan) damoukideblad, calke ganxilvis SesaZleblobas, Cveni azriT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi am Tvalsazri-siT araferi Secvlila. sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebebis Semdegac uflebamosilia, calke ganixilos arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, misTvis konsti-tuciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli nor-makontrolis farglebSi. magaliTad, sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis `v~ qvepunqtiTa da `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli

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kanonis me-19 muxlis pirveli punqtis `e~ qve-puqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli kompetenciiT, mo-qalaqis sarCelis safuZvelze, ganixilos da gadawyvitos saarCevno kodeqsis ama Tu im nor-mis konstituciurobis sakiTxi saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebul adamia-nis ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan mimarTebiT. es magaliTi imitomac moviyvaneT, rom moqalaqes, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixed-viT, ara aqvs ufleba, idavos arCevnebis (refe-rendumis) konstituciurobaze, magram mas aqvs SesaZlebloba, idavos arCevnebis (referendu-mis) momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciuro-bis Taobaze.

maSasadame, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaSi zemoaRniSnuli cvlilebis ganxorcielebis Semdeg, sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos kompetencia arCevnebisa da referen-dumis konstituciurobis sakiTxis gadawyve-tasTan mimarTebiT Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:

1) sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosi-lia, arCevnebisa da referendumis konsti-tuciurobis sakiTxi ganixilos mxolod maTi momwesrigebeli normebis konstitu-ciurobis sakiTxTan erTad;

2) sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ara aqvs uflebamosileba, ganixilos mxolod ar-Cevnebisa da referendumis konstituciu-robis sakiTxi;

3) sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamo-silia, calke ganixilos arCevnebisa da referendumis momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sruliad da-moukidebeli ori kompetenciis gaerTianebam, maTi erTad ganxilvis davaldebulebam, erTi mxriv, gamoiwvia sakonstitucio sasamarT-los uflebamosilebaTa farglebis SezRudva, xolo meore mxriv, warmoSva gaugebrobebi, romlebic usaTuod iCenen Tavs am uflebamosi-lebis gamoyenebisas sasamarTlos praqtikaS i.

magaliTad, Tu dava Seexeba Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciu-robas, maSin sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebis arakonstituciurad cnoba gamoricxavs maT gamoyenebas Casatarebeli arCevnebisas, rad-ganac saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, aseT samarTlebriv normebs iuridiuli Zala

aRar eqnebaT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Se-sabamisi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis momen-tidan (89-e muxlis me-2 punqti). am SemTxveva-Si sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, praqtikulad, verc imsjelebs Casatarebeli arCevnebis (re-ferendumis) konstituciurobaze. sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba aseT SemTxvevaSi normakontrolis farglebs ver gascdeba.

igive problemebi warmoiSoba ukve Catare-buli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstitu-ciurobasTan dakavSirebuli davis ganxil-visas, radganac kanonmdebelma am sferoSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosi-leba uSualod daukavSira arCevnebis (refe-rendumis) momwesrigebeli normebis konsti-tuciurobis sakiTxis garkvevas, bunebrivia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ar-Cevnebis (referendumis) Catarebisas gamo-vlenili konstituciis normebis moTxovnaTa darRvevis faqtebi gamoikvlios, daadginos da Seafasos. misi amocana ukve sxva ramea. man, uwinares yovlisa, unda gadawyvitos sakiTxi - konstituciuria Tu ara arCevnebis (refe-rendumis) momwesrigebeli sadavod gamxdari normebi. amis Semdeg, magram imave sasamarTlo ganxilvis farglebSi, Tu sakonstitucio sa-samarTlo arakonstituciurad miiCnevs ga-saCivrebul normebs, man unda gadawyvitos meore sakiTxic, kerZod, ramdenad imoqmeda am arakonstituciurma normebma Catarebuli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciuro-baze. TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia. arakonsti-tuciuri normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli arCevnebi (referendumi) arakonstituciurad unda CiTvalos. magram, Cveni azriT, saqme ase martivad ar unda iyos.

saqme isaa, rom sakonstitucio sasamarT-los mier arakonstituciurad cnobili arCe-vnebis momwesrigebeli norma, rogorc es ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, iuridiul Zalas dakargavs mxolod sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaba-misi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis momenti-dan, amitom igi ver gamoiwvevs mis safuZvelze ukve Catarebuli arCevnebis arakonstituciu-rad cnobasa da misi Sedegebis baTilobas. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos am gadawyeti-lebas mxolod momavali arCevnebisTvis eqne-ba mniSvneloba, kerZod, arakonstituciurad cnobili norma ver iqneba gamoyenebuli Semd-gomi arCevnebisas.

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zemoaRniSnuli magaliTebi, Cveni azriT, naT-lad gviCveneben, rom saWiroa, arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis sakiTxebze sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosile-bis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia daubrundes 2005 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciuri kanonis miRebamde arsebul mdgomareobas, e.i. arCevne-bis (referendumis) momwesrigebeli normebis konstituciurobis da arCevnebis (referen-dumis) konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebuli davebis ganxilvis kompetencia Camoyalibdes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos or damoukide-bel uflebamosilebad.

sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom 2005 wlis 27 dekembris konstituciuri kanonis miRebis Semdeg ar yofila Setanili Sesabamisi cvli-lebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi. `saqarTvelos sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos orga-nul kanonSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos es uflebamosileba kvlav Tavdapirveli redaq-ciiT aris gadmocemuli, kerZod, sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos da gadawyvitos `dava referendumis an arCevnebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb~ (me-19 muxlis pir-veli punqtis `d~ qvepunqti).

bunebrivia, sakonstitucio saamarTlos am uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Se-saxeb~ saqarTvelos organul kanonSi gansaxil-veli uflebamosilebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad aris mowesrigebuli _ ise, rom ar aris gaTva-liswinebuli zemoaRniSnuli konstituciuri cvlilebis arsi, arada konstituciuri nova-cia moiTxovda arCevnebTan (referendumTan) dakavSirebuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis axlebur reglamentacias specialur sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi. kanonm-debelma es jer-jerobiT ar an ver gaakeTa. miuxedavad amisa, saWirod migvaCnia, arsebuli sakanonmdeblo normebis mixedviT ganvixiloT am uflebamosilebis Sinaarsi da farglebi.

uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa gairkves, Tu ro-meli organos an Tanamdebobis piris arCevnebis konstituciurobis Semowmebis sakiTxi Sedis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosile-baSi. rogorc cnobilia, arCevnebis sakiTxebs awesrigebs saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `sa-qarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi~4. am kanonis

4 saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne, 2001 wlis 22 agvisto, #25, muxli 107.

Tanaxmad, arCevnebSi moiazreba `sajaro xeli-suflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis da sajaro xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirTa ar-Ceva sayovelTao arCevnebiT~ (me-3 muxlis `a~ punqti). radganac sajaro xelisuflebis cneba moicavs rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis, ise adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-noebs, amitom arCevnebSi ̀ saqarTvelos saarCe-vno kodeqsis~ mixedviT, igulisxmeba saqarTve-los prezidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgen-lobiTi organos – sakrebulos, gamgeblisa da meris arCevnebi (pirveli muxli). `saqar-Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonic swored amis Sesabamisad gansazRvravs sakonstitucio kontrols ar-CevnebTan mimarTebiT, kerZod, am kanonis 37-e muxlis, agreTve sxva normebis Sinaarsidanac Cans, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo uflebamosilia, ganixilos saqarTve-los prezidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmo-madgenlobiTi organos – sakrebulos, gamge-blis, meriis arCevnebis konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebuli davebi.

gansaxilveli uflebamosilebis farglebSi davis sagani SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelos pre-zidentis, saqarTvelos parlamentis, adgilo-brivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos – sakrebulos, gamgeblis da meris arCevnebis daniSvnisa da Catarebis Taobaze saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnaTa sava-raudo darRvevis faqtebi.

arCevnebis konstituciurobis Semowmeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia mxolo d im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi momwesrigebeli norma mocemulia konstituciaSi. bunebrivia, saarCe-vno procesis momwesrigebeli yvela norma ver iqneba konstituciiT dadgenili. konstitu-cia gansazRvravs arCevnebis mxolod ZiriTad, arsebiT sakiTxebs, arCevnebis gamarTvis Ziri-Tad principebs. amitom sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos gansjis sferoSi SeiZleba Sediodes konstituciis mxolod am principebisa da normebis darRvevis konkretuli faqte-bi, rac SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos rogorc samarTleb riv aqtebSi, ise saTanado subieqte-bis qmedobi T.

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, arCevne-bis konstituciurobis Taobaze saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba

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moicavs davebis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetas Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi dai-niSna saqarTvelos konstituciis 70-e muxlis me-7 punqtis, me-10 punqtis an/da 76-e muxlis me-3 punqtis moTxovnaTa darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxovna-Ta miuxedavad;

2. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi gai-marTa saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis an/da 70-e muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT;

3. saqarTvelos parlamentis saerTo an xe-laxali arCevnebi, an arCevnebi parla-mentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis gamo, dainiSna saqarTvelos konstituciis 50-e muxlis me-3 punqtis, me-5 punqtis an/da 73-e muxlis me-2 punq-tis moTxovnaTa darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxovnaTa miuxedavad;

4. saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi gai-marTa saqarTvelos konstituciis 28-e muxlis, 49-e muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebis an/da 50-e muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT;

5. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-noTa arCevnebi dainiSna saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis an/da 73-e muxlis me-2 punqtis moTxovna-Ta darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxo-vnaTa miuxedavad;

6. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-noTa arCevnebi gaimarTa saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 muxlis me-4 punqtis an/da 28-e muxlis moTxovnaTa darRveviT.

rac Seexeba referendumis konstituciuro-bas, amasTan dakavSirebiT sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos gansjadi SeiZleba iyos dava Sem-deg sakiTxebze:

1. referendumi dainiSna saqarTvelos konstituciis 74-e muxlis pirveli punq-tis moTxovnaTa darRveviT an ar dainiSna amave moTxovnaTa miuxedavad;

2. referendumis Catareba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstituciis 74-e muxlis me-2 punqtis moTxovnebs;

3. referendumi Catarebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 74-e muxlis me-3 punqtis moTxovnaTa darRveviT.

Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba am sferoSi mxolod zemoaRniSnuliT ar unda Semoifar-glebodes. saWiroa sasamarTlo xelisufle-bis rolis axleburad gaazreba da misi kidev ufro gaZliereba arCevnebis gziT xelisufle-bis organoTa formirebis procesSi, kerZod, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu mTeli saarCevno procesi sakonstitucio da saerTo sasamarT-loebis mier warimarTeba. am mizniT, uwinares yovlisa, mkafiod unda gaimijnos sasamarTlo xelisuflebis am or institucias Soris saar-Cevno kompenteciebi. saerTo sasamarTloebis amocana unda iyos arCevnebis mimdinareobisas wamoWrili sadavo sakiTxebis operatiulad gadawyveta (magaliTad, amomrCevelTa siaSi uzustobis faqtebis ganxilva-gadawyveta da sxva). sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ufleba-mosilebis farglebSi ki unda moeqces, arCev-nebis daniSvnidan dawyebuli, mTel saarCevno procesze zedamxedveloba, arCevnebis Sede-gebis dadgena da gamocxadeba. saarCevno ad-ministracia unda Sedgebodes sajaro mosam-saxureebisgan da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kontroliT moqmedebdes.

daaxloebiT msgavsi sistemaa safrangeTSi, sadac kvazisasamarTlo organo – sakonsti-tucio sabWo axorcielebs am funqcias5. sxva qveynebSi ki saarCevno administraciebSi uSua-lod monawileoben mosamarTleebi an magis-traturis umaRlesi sabWos mier arCeuli pirebi (dania, albaneTi, estoneTi, latvia, moldova, poloneTi, kosta-rika)6.

amasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa arCevne-bis sakiTxebze veneciis komisiis (evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveo-biT) mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTe-bebi, romlebic sistematizebulia evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis mier 2003 wels damt-kicebul saarCevno kodeqsSi. am kodeqsis 75-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom, rogorc wesi, saarCe-vno komisiis SemadgenlobaSi unda Sediodnen: `mosamarTle an iuristi: iq, sadac arCevnebis administraciaze pasuxismgebloba sasamarT-lo organos akisria, misi damoukidebloba procesis sajaroobiT unda iyos garantire-

5 ix. Конституционный контроль в зарубежных странах. отв. ред. В.В. Маклаков. – М.: Норма, 2007, с. 192-196.6 M. Tomozek. Judicial control of election in Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia-guarantee of stability or demokratik legitimacy? “Конституци-онное правоcудие”, Вестник Конференции органов конституционного контроля стран молодой демократии, Выпуск 2(36) 2007,с.111-120.

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buli. sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli pirebi ar uda imyofebodnen saarCevno subieqtebis daqvemdebarebaSi~7.

sakiTxis gadawyvetis aseTi modelis sasar-geblod SeiZleba movitanoT Semdegi argu-mentebi:

pirveli, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo yve-laze metad aris daculi saxelisuflo da partiuli gavlenisagan, mas aqvs damoukide-blobis didi xarisxi da miukerZoebeli ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebis mometebuli SesaZle-blobebi;

meore, arCevnebis sferoSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebis ganxorcie-leba moxdeba arCevnebis Sedegebis gamocxa-debamde da ara mis Semdeg, rogorc es moq-medi kanonmdeblobiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. amis Sedegad, Tanamdebobis piris arCevnebis legitimurobis sakiTxi aRar xdeba sadavo da igi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dasturiT, Seudgeba Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas;

mesame, sasamarTlo xelisufleba, romelic, rogorc wesi, iqmneba sakanonmdeblo da aR-masrulebeli xelisuflebebisagan, uSualod miiRebs monawileobas am ori xelisuflebis arCevnebis gziT formirebaSi, rac xelisu-flebis StoTa Soris urTierTkontrolisa da gawonasworebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani dama-tebiTi garanti iqneba.

7 ix. evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveo-biT (veneciis komisia). saarCevno kodeqsi. saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi da ganmartebiTi moxseneba. miRebul iqna vene-ciis komisiis 52-e sxdomaze (venecia, 18-19 oqtomberi, 2002). Tbilisi, 2003w., gv. 49.

64

iakob futkaraZe

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio

komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da

ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufis

xelmZRvaneli, iuridiul mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori.

saqarTveloSi mzaddeba qveynis uzenaesi kanonis _ moqmedi konstituciis axali re-daqciis proeqti da am mimarTulebiT inten-siuri muSaoba mimdinareobs. Seiqmna saxelm-wifo sakonstitucio komisia da ganisazRvra misi personaluri Semadgenloba. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2009 wlis 23 ivnisis brZanebule-biT damtkicda komisiis debuleba. Camoyali-bebulia saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis, prezidentis institutis, aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-bis, sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis, teritoriuli mowyobisa da ad-gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, konstituciis gadasinjvis da sxva sakiTxTa samuSao jgufebi.

xsenebuli debulebis mixedviT, sakonsti-tucio komisiis ZiriTadi amocanebia qveynis Tanamedrove, mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTa-rebis, samarTlis uzenaesobis, samoqalaqo sa-zogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris civiluri urTierTobebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Sesaba-misi Sinaarsis konstituciuri kanonis proeq-tis momzadeba. konstituciis gadasinjvis farglebSi moiazreba saxelmwifos boWva Ziri-Tadi uflebebiT, saxelisuflebo ganStoebaTa efeqtiani, gawonasworebuli sistema da sxva konstituciur debulebaTa axleburi xedva.

saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia Sedgeba saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT gan-sazRvruli moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTia-nebebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, afxa-zeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis umaRlesi sabWoebis, yofili samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze droebiTi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis administraciis da saqarTvelos konstitu-ciiT gansazRvruli saxelmwifo organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis mier warmodgenili wevrebis, agreTve saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT gansazRvruli akademiuri per-sonalisa da specialistebisagan.

sakonstitucio komisiis personaluri Se-madgenloba imeds iZleva, rom Seiqmneba kargi, xarisxiani saboloo produqti.

samwuxarod, saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiaSi ar monawileoben arasaparlamento opoziciis warmomadgenlebi _ saqmis mcodne kargi specialistebi, politikuri moRvaweebi. isini sazogadoebriv sakonstitucio komisiaSi gaerTiandnen da calke saqmianoben. cxadia, saukeTeso varianti iqneboda sakonstitucio cvlilebebze erToblivad muSaoba, magram cal-calke muSaobiTac ar iqmneba didi trage-dia: es xalxi mtrebi ki ara, mokeTeebi arian; kargia, rom problemebze isinic fiqroben da muSaoben. maTi muSaobis Sedegadac momzadde-ba sakonstitucio cvlilebaTa proeqti. al-baT, gamoinaxeba gzebi da saSualebebi rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris nafiqralis Sejerebi-saTvis. amaze orive mxarem unda izrunos.

radganac konstitucia aris ZiriTadi kano-ni, uzenaesi kanoni, igi saTanado pativisce-miT mopyrobas moiTxovs. konstitucia rTuli da Zneli koleqtiuri Sromis produqtia. asea Seqmnili umravlesi qveynebis konstituciebi. Tavidanve, msoflioSi pirveli konstituciis proeqtis SemuSavebiTa da miRebiT dadastur-da, rom `didi kompromisebis~ gareSe qveynis srulfasovani ZiriTadi kanonis Seqmnis mcde-loba marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. es saqarTve-losTvisac gasaTvaliswinebelia. aucilebeli kompromisebisaTvis farTo sazogadoebrioba da qveynis politikuri Zalebic mzad unda iyvne n.

iakob futkaraZe

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da ZiriTadi uflebebi saqarTvelos konstituciis axal redaqciaSi

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saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis muSao-bisaTvis gansazRvrul mokle _ xuT-eqvsTvian periodSi SeuZlebeli iqneba mTliani proeq-tis momzadeba. komisiis muSaoba ZiriTadad warmatebulad CaiTvleba, Tu moxdeba xelisu-flebis ganStoebaTa gonivruli dabalanseba da saqarTvelosTvis Sesaferisi modelis Se-muSaveba. amiT gadawydeba saqarTvelos axali saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis yvelaze ufro mtkivneuli Sida problema.

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mar-Tva-gamgebloba droulad dasaxvewia, Torem qveyana SeiZleba damRupvel CixSi Sevides. qvey-nis mmarTveloba uvargisi iqneba, Tu konsti-tucia moergeba ara mTeli sazogadoebis, ara-med calkeuli pirovnebebisa da politikuri gaerTianebebis an gansazRvruli socialuri jgufebis interesebs.

xangrZlivi stabiluri ganviTarebis Tval-sazrisiT, saqarTvelo, qarTuli saxelmwifoe-brioba ar imyofeba sasurvel mdgomareobaSi. kanonieri xelisuflebis iaraRiT damxobam 1991-1992 wlebSi safuZveli daudo Taname-drove qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis daman-grevel tendecias. ager TiTqmis 20 welia da problemad iqca, rom xelisuflebis cvla moxdes legitimur farglebSi da vadebSi, ro-gorc amas moiTxovs normaluri sazogadoe-brivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba. albaT, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu Camoyalibdeba mka-fio konstituciuri danawesi, rom qveynis mx-snel revoluciad ki ara, aramed amboxebad CaiTvalos xalxis saxeliT xelisuflebis Se-sacvlelad mowyobili yvela SeiaraRebuli moqmedeba.

sakonstitucio reforma mravalmxrivi pro-cesia da yvela sakiTxze erTad msjeloba SeuZlebelia. winamdebare statia umTavresad Seexeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonsti-tucio komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufis saq-mianobis sferos, romelsac Seadgens qveynis konstituciis me-2 da me-5 Tavebi. saqarTve-los konstituciis es Tavebi, Sesabamisad, moicaven adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Ta-visuflebebs da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas. amasTan erTad, samuSao jgufis interesebis sferoSi unda moeqces agreTve konstituciis sxva Tavebis is normebi, principebi da de-bulebebi, romlebic sasamarTlo xelisufle-bas an adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs Seexeba da

ukavSirdeba. Temis umTavresi mimarTulebebi statiaSi mxolod zogadad da calkeuli sava-raudo konstituciuri cvlilebebis magaliT-ze ganixileba.

samuSao jgufis mizansa da saqmianobis ganm-sazRvrel mimarTulebas warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, sasamarT-loebisa da mosamarTleebis damoukideblobis a da miukerZoeblobis uzrunvelyofa, xolo, meore mxriv, adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis myari da efeqturi konstituciuri garantiebis Camoyalibeba. Sesa muSavebelia qarTul sinamdvilesTan Sexa-mebuli samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi, romle-bic maqsimalurad SeboWavs, daavaldebulebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebas da uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa praqtikulad ganxorcie-lebas.

jgufi iTvaliswinebs konstituciis Sesaba-mis TavebSi Camoyalibebuli normebis moqmede-bis gamocdilebas. mxedvelobaSi miiReba maTi praqtikulad gamoyenebis Sedegebi, uaryofi-Ti mxareebis gamovlineba. am gziT gamoikve-Teba sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi, deformaciebi da gadaxrebi, gairkveva maTi mizezebi da dai-saxeba saTanado konstituciur-samarTlebri-vi inovaciebi _ xarvezebis aRmosafxvrelad SemuSavdeba axali normebi, xolo arsebuli, magram nawilobriv Tu mTlianad uarsayofi debulebebi saWiroebisamebr, an Sesabamisi re-daqciiT Camoyalibdeba, anda teqstidan amosa-Rebad iqneba rekomendebuli.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da Zi-riTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufma saqmiano-ba mimdinare wlis 8 ivliss daiwyo. statiaSi wamoWrili sxvadasxva sakiTxebi periodulad ganixileboda samuSao jgufis sxdomebze. zo-gierT maTganze msjeloba iyo agreTve saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis saredaqcio jgufis gafarToebul sxdomaze, romelic gaimarTa q. baTumSi 2009 wlis 5-7 agvistos. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sta-tiaSi erTgvarad warmodgenilia samuSao jgu-fis xanmokle _ faqtobrivad samkviriani saq-mianobis ZiriTadi Sedegebi, anu mosazrebani saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis reformi-rebis calkeul sakiTxebze adamianis uflebe-bTan da sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan mimar-TebiT. mTavari mimarTulebebi da savaraudo konkretuli konstituciuri cvlilebebi

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iakob futkaraZe

dasaxulia jer sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, Semdeg ki ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi. um-Tavresad ganixileba sasamarTlo xelisufle-bis konstituciuri safuZvlebis gajansaRebis problemebi. am TvalsazrisiT msjeloba iqneba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis orive ganStoebaze _ ZiriTadad saerTo sasamarTloebze, xolo nawilobriv, agreTve sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos Sesaxeb.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo xeli-suflebis saprezidento, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli sferoebisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, agreTve ZiriTad uflebaTa dRevandel konstituciur mowesri-gebaSi arsebiTad Sesacvleli bevri araferia. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc aq, statiaSi moyva-nili magaliTebiT irkveva, saqme sxvanairadaa da qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis am sferoSi, umeteswilad ki sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis konstituciur mowesrigebaSi arsebu-li realuri viTareba saerTo sakonstitucio reformis aucileblobis erT-erTi angariSga-sawevi argumentia.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSi, pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis am ganStoe-bis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi safuZvle-bi, saxeldobr ki saerTo sasamarTloebis sa-kanonmdeblo bazaa mosagvarebeli. 1995 wlis konstituciis amoqmedebidan dRemde saqar-TveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT sruliad miuRebeli da Zireu-lad Sesacvlelia. igi konstituciisadmi, anu Cveni saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonisadmi upa-tivcemulobis, misi abuCad agdebis, kanonie-rebis principis ugulebelyofis gamoxatule-baa da araTu samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosTvis, aramed saerTod civilizebuli qveynisTvis Seuferebelia.

ganvixiloT garemoebebi, romlebic sa-fuZvlad udevs aseT mkacr, magram samarTlian da arsebuli mdgomareobis gamosworebisaTvis aucileblad saWiro Sefasebas. konkretulad, konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqtTan da 90-e muxlis me-3 punqtTan mimarTebis Tval-sazrisiT SevamowmoT organuli kanonebi sa-qarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb.

konstituciis 90-e muxlis me-3 punqtis mixedviT, ̀ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, organizacia, saqmianobisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrTa uflebamosile-

bis vadamde Sewyvetis wesi ganisazRvreba ka-noniT~.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi termin `kanonis~ xma-reba iseTi msazRvreli sityvis gareSe, rogo-ricaa, saxeldobr, `organuli~, imis pirdapiri maCvenebelia, rom konstituciiT gaTvaliswi-nebulia Cveulebrivi, anu mimdinare kanonis miReba. miuxedavad amisa, 1999 wlis 12 maiss miRebuli iqna organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb.~ es yovlad warmoudgeneli da dauSvebelia _ konstitu-ciiT dadgenilia erTi da keTdeba meore.

gamamarTlebel garemoebad ver gamodgeba konstituciis `gardamavali debulebebis~ 107-e muxlis pirveli punqtis is debuleba, rom `konstituciis Sesabamisad sasamarTlo wyo-bilebis organuli kanonebis miRebamde ZalaSi rCeba sasamarTlo wyobilebis moqmedi kanonm-debloba~. aq naTqvamia is, rom sasamarTlo wyobilebis organuli kanonebi konstituciis Sesabamisad miiReba. konstituciaSi ki aseTi organuli kanonebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris da, maSasadame, maTi miReba marTlzomier mo-vlenad ver CaiTvleba. 107-e muxlis citire-buli punqti mxolod imis maCvenebelia, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis konstituciur-sa-marTlebrivi safuZvlis gansazRvris sakiTxSi konstituciis calkeul debulebebs Soris SeuTanxmebloba da Seusabamobaa.

damatebiT, isic sakiTxavia, Tu ra sa-fuZvliT iqna miRebuli xsenebuli organuli kanoni 1999 wels. konstituciiTac rom yo-filiyo gaTvaliswinebuli, igi, `gardamavali debulebebis~ 106-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Ta-naxmad, ZiriTadi kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi, e.i. 1997 wlis 25 noem-bramde unda mieRoT.

amgvarad, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarT-los Sesaxeb~ organul kanons konstituciuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia. igi, arsebiTad, ukanono kanonia.

konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Ta-vdapirveli redaqciiT, `marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi. maTi sistema da samarTalwarmoebis wesi dadgenilia kanoniT~. cxadia, rom konstitucia am SemTxve-vaSic Cveulebrivi kanonis miRebas iTvaliswi-nebs. aqac, konstituciis sawinaaRmdegod, 1997 wlis 13 ivniss miRebuli iqna organuli kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb.~ igi, `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~

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organuli kanonisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavsdeba konstituciiT dadgenil orwlian vadaSi. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciiT gansazRvru-li Cveulebrivi kanonis nacvlad organuli kanonis miReba TviTnebobaa da, veraviTar SemTxvevaSi, kanonier aqtad ver CaiTvleba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia erTi ga-remoeba: `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ ukanonod miRebuli organuli kano-nis moqmedeba kvlavac _ ager ukve meTerT-mete welia _ grZeldeba. misgan gansxvavebiT, `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ ukanonod miRebuli organuli kanonis moqmedebis ka-nonier farglebSi moqcevis mcdeloba Tum-ca sakmaod gvian, magram 9 wlis Semdeg mainc ganxorcield a.

2006 wlis 27 dekembers konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqti Camoyalibda axali redaq-ciiT: `marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben saer-To sasamarTloebi. maTi sistema dadgenilia organuli kanoniT~.

am cvlilebis miuxedavad, `saerTo sasa-marTloebis Sesaxeb~ ukanonod miRebuli or-ganuli kanoni, misi marTlzomierebis sagange-bod dadasturebis gareSe, legitimurad mainc ver CaiTvleba. mTavari ki is metad uxerxuli Seusabamobaa, rom aRniSnuli cvlilebis Sem-deg, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, konstitu-ciiT gaTvaliswinebulia, erTi mxriv, zoga-dad saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonis, xolo, meore mxriv, konkretulad uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb Cveulebrivi kanonis miReba. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da Zi-riTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufSi gamoTq-muli mosazrebis mixedviT, mizanSewonili da yovelmxriv gamarTlebuli iqneba, Tu konsti-tuciiT amJamad gaTvaliswinebuli ori sxva-dasxva donis normatiuli aqtis _ `saerTo sa-samarTloebis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonisa da `saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ formalurad (konstituciis mixedviT) kano-nis, xolo faqtobrivad miRebuli organuli kanonis nacvlad dadgindeba mxolod erTi _ organuli kanoni `saerTo sasamarTloebis Se-saxeb~. am erTi normatiuli aqtiT ganisazR-vreba yvela donis saerTo sasamarTlos (maT Soris _ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos) samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 83-e muxlis me-2 punqtTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs is

garemoebac, rom misi axali redaqciiT teqs-tidan amovarda `samarTalwarmoebis wesi~: Tavdapirveli teqsti iTvaliswinebda samar-Talwarmoebis wesis kanoniT dadgenis auci-leblobas, rac aRar aris axal redaqciaSi. es dasafiqrebelia im mxriv, rom Teoriulad iqmneba samarTalwarmoebis wesis kanonqvemde-bare aqtiT dadgenis SesaZlebloba. marTalia, konstituciis me-3 muxlis pirveli punqtis ̀ J~ qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebulia `saproceso ka-nonmdebloba~ (`mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamge-blobas miekuTvneba... saproceso kanonmde-bloba~), magram es, albaT, saqmes ver uSvelis, radgan `samarTalwarmoebis wesSi~ da `sapro-ceso kanonmdeblobaSi~ identuri Sinaarsi ar igulisxmeba.

dasazustebelia saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos is statusi, rom igi aris `umaRlesi sakasacio sasamarTlo~ (konstituciis 90.1 muxli). qvemdgomi sakasacio sasamarTlos ararsebobis gamo, msazRvreli sityva ̀ umaRle-si~ konstituciis teqstidan amosaRebia.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebiT TvalsaCinod dasturdeba is, rom konstituciis reformire-bis erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebad sasamarT-lo xelisuflebis konstituciur-samarTle-brivi safuZvlebis erTgvarovnad gansazRvra da warmarTva unda iqnes miCneuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, TviT konstituciis doneze arse-buli xarvezebisa da gaurkvevlobis daZlevis gareSe, srulyofilad ar mogvardeba sasa-marTlo xelisuflebis gamarTuli saqmianoba da amis moTxovnac dausabuTebeli iqneba ro-gorc zneobrivi, ise samarTlebrivi Tvalsaz-risiT.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis konstituciuri safuZvlebis reformirebis metismetad rTul da mravalmxriv mimarTulebas warmoadgens mosamarTlis damoukideblobis garantiebis ganmtkiceba, rac sxvadasxva gzebiTa da saSua-lebebiT miiRweva. ganvixiloT zogierTi maT-gan i.

amJamad, konstituciis 84-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT, 86-e muxlis me-2 punqtiTa da 90-e muxlis me-3 punqtiT, mosamarTleTa SerCevis, daniSvnis, saqmis ganxilvisagan Camocilebis, Tanamdebobidan vadamde ganTavisuflebisa Tu uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis an sxva Tanamdebobaze gadayvanis wesi ganisazRvreba kanoniT. mosamarTlis konstituciur-samarT-

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lebrivi statusis asamaRleblad da misi da-moukideblobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis mizan-Sewonili iqneba zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ara mimdinare, anu Cveulebrivi, aramed organuli kanoniT mowesrigeba.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas saWiroeben raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarT-loebi, vinaidan ZiriTadad swored maTi saq-mianobis Sedegad iqmneba warmodgena qveyanaSi marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis mdgoma-reobis Sesaxeb. amJamad moqmedi (2006 wlis 27 dekembers SemoRebuli) wesis mixedviT, rome-lic ganmtkicebulia konstituciis 861 muxlis pirvel punqtSi, aRniSnuli sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze daniSvna da Ta-namdebobidan ganTavisufleba saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos kompetencias ga-nekuTvneba. aseTi wesis SemoReba marTebulad da mizanSewonilad ver CaiTvleba.

saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos Seqmnidan ukve sakmaod didi dro _ TerTmeti weli ga-vida, magram sazogadoebaSi kvlavac dabalia mosamarTlis avtoriteti, sasamarTlosadmi ndobis xarisxi. faqtia, rom sabWoTa perio-didan tradiciulad momdinare aseTi mdgo-mareobis arsebiTad gamosworebas iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo ver uzrunvelyofs. saqmes ver Svelis am organos reformireba, rasac Tval-saCinod adasturebs 2004-2007 wlebSi Catare-buli cvlilebebi. am oTxi wlis ganmavloba-Si ganxorcielda xuTi cvlileba (2004 wlis ivnisSi, 2005 wlis noemberSi, 2006 wlis maissa da dekemberSi, 2007 wlis ivnisSi), magram maT saWiro Sedegebi ar mohyolia. aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom aucilebelia sxva, ufro qmediTi zomebis miReba.

saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis sasa-marTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi ufle-bebis samuSao jgufSi mimdinareobs msje-loba raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebo-baze daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobidan ganTavi-suflebis arsebuli wesis Secvlis Sesaxeb. amasTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa mosamarT-leTa statusis Sesaxeb evropis qartiis zo-gadi principebi. kerZod, qartia iTvaliswi-nebs iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos statusis mqone organos mxolod monawileobas yvela im gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, rome-lic Seexeba mosamarTleTa SerCevas, kandi-daturebis moZiebas, daniSvnas, samsaxurebriv

winsvlas an samsaxuris vadis Sewyvetas (Tavi 1, punqti 1.3). am principis mxedvelobaSi miRe-biT, konstituciuri cvlileba mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze gamwesebasTan mimarTebiT zo-gadad SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebis mo-samarTleTa kandidaturebs SearCevs iusti-ciis umaRlesi sabWo. SerCeul kandidaturebs saqarTvelos prezidenti warudgens parla-ments dasamtkiceblad. parlamenti, Tavis mxriv, xmaTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobiT (vTqvaT, siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT), daamtkicebs an uaryofs wardgenil kandida-turebs. am cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT gasa-Tvaliswinebelia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs prezidentis wardginebiT ir-Cevs parlamenti. SemoTavazebuli cvlilebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi damkvidrdeba met-naklebi erTgvarovnoba saerTo sasamarT-loebis sistemis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebo-baze gamwesebaSi, mniSvnelovnad ganmtkicdeba mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, gaumjobes-deba kandidaturebis SerCevis xarisxobrivi maCvenebeli, gaizrdeba sajarooba, procesi gamova sasamarTlo xelisuflebis erTgvarad Caketili wridan da CairTveba xelisuflebis ganStoebaTa urTierTTanamSromlobisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmi.

SemoTavazebul wess, saxelmwifos umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier saerTo sa-samarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis TvalsazrisiT, analogebi moepo-veba, magaliTad, latviaSi, serbeTSi, slove-niasa da ukrainaSi: latviaSi, konstituciis 84-e muxlis mixedviT, mosamarTleebs amt-kicebs seimi; serbeTis konstituciis 147-e muxlis Tanaxmad, pirs, romelic mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze pirvelad airCeva, umaRlesi sa-samarTlo sabWos wardginebiT mosamarTled irCevs erovnuli kreba; sloveniis konstitu-ciis 130-e muxlis Sesabamisad, mosamarTleebi airCevian saxelmwifo krebis mier sasamarTlo sabWos wardginebiT; ukrainis konstituciis 128-e muxli awesebs, rom saerTo sasamarT-loebis mosamarTleebi umaRlesi radas mier airCevian (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze pirvel daniSvnas 5 wlis vadiT axorcielebs ukrainis prezidenti). azerbaijanis saapelacio sasa-marTlos mosamarTleebi, uzenaesi sasamarT-los mosamarTleebis msgavsad, iniSnebian mi-nis mejlisis mier respublikis prezidentis

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wardginebiT (azerbaijanis konstituciis 131-132 muxlebi). litvaSi ki, konstituciis 112-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi da maTi Semadgenlobidan Ta-vmjdomare iniSnebian prezidentis mier seimis TanxmobiT. zogan saerTo sasamarTloebis mo-samarTleebs Tanamdebobaze araTu umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organo _ parlamenti, aramed mTavrobac ki ganamwesebs. kerZod, ia-poniis konstituciis 79-e da me-80 muxlebis Tanaxmad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos yvela mosa-marTle (mTavari mosamarTlis garda) iniSneba kabinetis (aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gan-maxorcielebeli organos) mier; qvemdgomi ins-tanciis sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs niSnavs kabineti uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier wardge-nil pirTa siidan.

amgvarad, sazRvargareTis qveynebis konsti-tuciebidan moyvanili magaliTebiT dastur-deba, rom saqarTvelosTvis SemoTavazebuli wesi raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sa-samarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis Sesaxeb gasaTvaliswinebeli da mi-saRebia.

samuSao jgufSi ganixileba saerTo sasa-marTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis axleburad gadawy-veta. erT-erTi variantia impiCmentis wesi. unda aRiniSnos, rom impiCmentis zogierTi procedura (magaliTad, aRZvris wesi) saer-Tod mosamarTleebTan mimarTebiT jer kidev gasaazrebeli da gadasawyvetia (amJamad im-piCmentis wesiT mosamarTleebidan SeiZleba mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris ganTavisufleba konstituciis darRvevisas an/da danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi). cxadia, sazRvargareTis qveynebis Sesabamisi gamocdi-lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoricxuli ar aris saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanam-debobidan ganTavisuflebis sxva qmediTi meqa-nizmis SemuSaveba. mxedvelobaSia, kerZod, par-lamentis mier Cveulebrivi kenWisyris gziT, saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Ta-namdebobidan vadamde ganTavisufleba saqar-Tvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saTanado CarTviT. cvlileba ar unda Seexos saqarTve-los sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, romelic TviTon wyvets Tavisi wevrebis Tanamdebobi-dan vadamde ganTavisuflebis sakiTxs.

sazRvargareTis calkeuli qveynebis konsti-tuciebis mixedviT, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebo-

bidan ganTavisufleba SeiZleba parlamentis mier rogorc impiCmentis wesiT, ise Cveule-brivi kenWisyris meSveobiT.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mosamarTleTa vadamde ganTavisufleba mxolod da mxolod impiCmentis gziT daiSveba. mosamarTleTa Ta-namdebobidan ganTavisufleba mxolod impiC-mentis wesiT erT-erTia im Tormeti ZiriTadi principidan, romelTac emyareba amerikis See-rTebuli Statebis damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema. impiCmenti mosamarTleTa Tanamdebo-bidan gadasayeneblad gamoiyeneba iaponiaSi. am qveynis konstituciis 78-e muxli adgens, rom ar SeiZleba mosamarTle impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli iqnes Tanamdebobidan saqmis sa-jaro ganxilvis gareSe, garda im SemTxvevebi-sa, rodesac igi sasamarTlo wesiT gonebrivad am fizikurad qmeduunarod aris aRiarebuli, raTa Seasrulos Tavisi valdebulebebi.

sainteresoa litvis magaliTi. aq dakanone-bulia orive zemoxsenebuli wesis gamoyeneba. litvis konstituciis 112-e muxlis Tanax-mad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da mosamarTleebi Tavisufldebian seimis mier prezidentis wardginebiT, xolo saapela-cio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da mosamarT-leebi _ prezidentis mier seimis TanxmobiT. konstituciis 116-e muxlis mixedviT ki, uze-naesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da mosamarT-leebi, agreTve saapelacio sasamarTlos Ta-vmjdomare da mosamarTleebi, konstituciis uxeSi darRvevis an ficis darRvevisaTvis, agreTve danaSaulis Cadenis faqtis gamovle-nis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gadayenebuli iqnen Tanamdebobidan seimis mier impiCmentis wesiT.

saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa gan-Tavisufleba parlamentis mier Cveulebrivi kenWisyriT miRebulia, magaliTad, ukrainaSi (ix. konstituciis 126-e da 128-e muxlebi). la-tviis konstituciiTac (mux. 84) dadgenilia, rom mosamarTleTa ganTavisufleba maTi sur-vilis winaaRmdeg seims SeuZlia mxolod kano-niT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi, sasamarT-lo disciplinuri kolegiis gadawyvetilebis an sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze sasamarTlos ganaCenis safuZvelze. avstraliaSi mosamarT-leebi parlamentis orive palatis mimarTvis Sedegad Tavisufldebian (konstituciis 72-e muxlis II punqti). Taviseburi wesia miRebuli argentinaSi, sadac mosamarTleebs parlamen-tis qveda palatis braldebiT aTavisuflebs

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orive palatis mier Seqmnili specialuri Jiu-ri (ix. argentinis konstituciis 115-e muxli).

azerbaijanis mili mejlisi uflebamosilia prezidentis wardginebis safuZvelze Tanam-debobidan gadaayenos sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos, uzenaesi sasamarTlosa da saapela-cio sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi aranakleb 83 xmiT, xolo sxva mosamarTleebi _ aranakleb 63 xmiT (konstituciis 128-e muxlis V punqti).

zemoT warmodgenili monacemebis gaTva-liswinebiT, saqarTvelosTvis, albaT, ufro misaRebi iqneba, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi Tanamdebobidan gaanTavisu-flos parlamentma Cveulebrivi kenWisyriT, iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wardginebis sa-fuZvelze.

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi miRebulia mosa-marTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi. igi miekuTv-neba iseT ZiriTad principebs, romlebic sa-fuZvlad udevs Sesabamisi qveynis sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblobas. mosamarTleTa Ta-namdebobaze uvadod gamweseba SemoRebulia, kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, argen-tinaSi, safrangeTSi, belgiaSi, luqsemburgSi, poloneTSi, CexeTSi, xorvatiaSi, serbeTSi, ukrainaSi, ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi, moldovaSi, somxeTSi, estoneTSi, latviaSi, israelSi, saberZneTSi, makedoniaSi, germania-Si, espaneTSi, TurqeTsa da rumineTSi.

saqarTveloSi mosamarTleTa uflebamosi-lebis vada axla Seadgens 10 wels. ukve dadga imis dro, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis da-moukideblobis interesebidan gamomdinare, sxva qveynebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic Se-moRebuli iqnes saerTo sasamarTloebis mo-samarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi, anu Tanamde-bobaze uvadod gamweseba. Sesabamisad, saWiro iqneba saTanado cvlilebebis Setana konsti-tuciis 86.2 da 90.2 muxlebSi. marTalia, aR-niSnuli muxlebis formula Tanamdebobaze `aranakleb 10 wlis vadiT~ gamwesebis Sesaxeb mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesis dadgena-sac ar gamoricxavs, magram meti garkveulo-bisa da kategoriuli gansazRvrulobis mizniT misi Secvla da teqstis axali redaqciiT Ca-moyalibeba mainc aucilebelia.

mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi ar unda gavrceldes sakonstitucio sasamarTlos we-vrebze, im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom imave Tanamdebobaze maTi meorejer gamweseba dauSvebelia.

aseTi sxvadasxvagvari midgoma saerTo sa-samarTloebis mosamarTleebisa da sakonsti-tucio kontrolisa Tu zedamxedvelobis organos wevrebis Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis vadebisadmi dakanonebulia iseTi qveynebis konstituciebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sa-frangeTi, poloneTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi da ukraina. konkretulad, safrangeTis sakonsti-tucio sabWos wevrTa uflebamosilebis vada 9 welia da dauSvebelia maTi xelaxla daniSvna (mux. 56), xolo saerTo sasamarTloebis mosa-marTleebi Seucvlelni arian (mux. 64); aseve ganusazRvreli vadiT iniSnebian saerTo sasa-marTloebis mosamarTleebi poloneTSi (mux. 179-180), sakonstitucio tribunalis mosa-marTlis uflebamosilebis vada ki Seadgens 9 wels da misi xelaxla arCeva dauSvebelia (mux. 194); CexeTSi sakonstitucio sasamarT-los mosamarTleebi iniSnebian 10 wliT (mux. 84.1), saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi _ ganusazRvreli vadiT (mux. 93.1); slovakeTis respublikaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTle iniSneba 12 wlis vadiT (mux. 134.2), xolo saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTle _ uva-dod (145.1); ukrainaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebis pirveli daniSvna xdeba 5 wlis vadiT, Semdeg ki isini airCevian uvadod (mux. 128). rac Seexeba ukrainis sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos mosamarTleebs, isini iniSnebian 9 wlis vadiT meorejer gamwesebis uflebis gareSe (mux. 148).

maSasadame, saqarTvelosTvis SemoTavazebu-li Sesabamisi wesi dasabuTebuli da misaRebia.

saqarTvelos konstituciis Tavdapirvel redaqciaSi saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarT-lisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis saWiro minimalu-ri asakobrivi zRvari Seadgenda Sesabamisad 30 da 35 wels. 2005 wlis 25 dekembers konstitu-ciaSi Sevida cvlileba, romliTac xsenebuli asakobrivi zRvari Semcirda 28 wlamde saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis, xolo 30 wlamde _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos we-vrebisaTvis.

minimaluri asakobrivi zRvaris Semcirebis gasamarTleblad miuTiTeben, rom es kvalifi-ciuri iuridiuli kadrebis simciris pirobebSi iZleva mosamarTleTa damatebiTi kontingen-tis miRebis SesaZleblobas. magram namdvilad uxerxulia iuridiuli kadrebis naklebobaze laparaki im patara qveyanaSi, romlis mraval-

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Tagan mxolod erTi universitetis iuridiul fakultetze marto erT saswavlo wels ramde-nime aseuli studenti Cairicxeba. aq ueWvelad sxva samkurnalo saSualebaa mosaZebni. dauSve-belia _ marTlmsajulebisa da sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebisaTvis potenciu-rad zianis mimyenebeli faqtoria vakansiebis Sevseba mosamarTleobisaTvis saWiro minima-luri asakobrivi zRvaris Semcirebis saSuale-biT, vinaidan es zRudavs mosamarTlis Tanam-debobis dakavebisaTvis aucilebeli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis SedarebiT ufro srulad Se-Zenis SesaZleblobas.

swored aucilebeli codna-gamocdilebis SeZenisa da samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobis Se-saferisi solidurobiT sasamarTlo proce-sis monawileTa ndoba-pativiscemis mopovebis TvalsazrisiTaa mizanSewonili Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro minimaluri asakobri-vi zRvaris gazrda: 28 wlis nacvlad isev 30 wlamde _ saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarT-leebisaTvis; 30 wlis nacvlad kvlav 35 wlamde _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebisaTvis.

am savaraudo konstituciur cvlilebaSi uCveulo da miuRebeli araferia. amas adas-turebs calkeul qveynebSi dawesebuli Sesa-bamisi minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari. magali-Tad, braziliis konstituciis 101-li muxlis mixedviT, uzenaesi federaluri sasamarTlos mosamarTled SeiZleba gamwesdes 35 wels miRweuli moqalaqe. aRmosavleTis qveynebSi _ tajikeTSi konstituciiT dadgenilia, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos, umaRlesi ekonomikuri sasamarTlos, mTiani badaxSanis avtonomiuri olqis sasamarTlos, saolqo sasamarTloebisa da duSanbes sasamarTlos mosamarTlis Tanam-debobaze airCevian da iniSnebian aranakleb 30 wlis asakis iuristebi (mux. 85). aseve, azer-baijanSic mosamarTled SeiZleba dainiSnos aranakleb 30 wlis asaks miRweuli moqalaqe (azerbaijanis konstitucia, mux. 126.1). sain-teresoa iTqvas, rom igive minimaluri asaki (30 weli) aris dadgenili azerbaijanis respu-blikis premier-ministris Tanamdebobis dasa-kaveblad (mux. 121.1). slovakeTis respubli-kaSic saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTled SeiZleba dainiSnos 30 wlis asaks miRweuli mo-qalaqe (slovakeTis konstitucia, mux. 145.2). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom slovakeTis konstituciiT (mux. 134.3), sakonstitucio sa-samarTlos mosamarTled aranakleb 40 wlis

asaks miRweuli moqalaqe SeiZleba dainiSnos. ukrainaSic, konstituciis 148-e muxlis Tanax-mad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTle SeiZleba iyos moqalaqe, romelmac daniSvnis dRisTvis 40 wlis asaks miaRwia.

samuSao jgufSi gaimarTa msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom gafarTovdes saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosile-ba, riTac kidev ufro gaizrdeba misi roli da mniSvneloba. am mizniT mzaddeba konstituciis 89-e muxlSi Sesatani damatebis proeqti. iva-raudeba, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ga-nixilos da gadawyvitos saerTo sasamarTlos mier konkretul saqmeze miRebuli saboloo aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, rodesac amowurulia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarT-lo dacvis yvela saSualeba. am siaxlis Sede-gad saerTo sasamarTloebis saqmianobac gau-mjobesdeba.

aseTi savaraudo konstituciuri cvlile-bis sasargeblod mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom analogiuri uflebamosileba aqvs germa-niis federaciuli respublikis sakonstitu-cio sasamarTlos.

saqarTvelosTvis saintereso unda iyos Se-sabamisi danawesis sakmaod ganvrcobili saxiT arseboba masaviT yofili mokavSire respu-blikebis _ azerbaijanis, belarusis, ruseTis, somxeTisa da tajikeTis ZiriTad kanonebSi.

azerbaijanis konstitucia (mux. 130) gan-sazRvravs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos sakiTxi uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis respubli-kis konstituciasa da kanonebTan Sesabamiso-bis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze nebismier pirs kano-niT dadgenili wesiT ufleba aqvs mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da gaasaCivros sasamarTlo aqtebi, romlebiTac dairRva misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. aseTive ufle-bamosileba aqvs agreTve adamianis uflebaTa damcvels (ombudsmens).

belarusis konstituciis mixedviT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iZleva daskvnas uzenaesi sasamarTlos, umaRlesi sameurneo sasamarTlosa da generaluri prokuroris aqtebis konstituciasTan, saTanado saerTa-Soriso-samarTlebriv aqtebTan, kanonebTan, dekretebTan da brZanebulebebTan Sesabamiso-bis Sesaxeb (mux. 116).

ruseTis federaciis sakonstitucio sasa-marTlo moqalaqeTa konstituciuri ufle-

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bebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis Taobaze Setanili saCivrebis safuZvelze federaluri kanoniT dadgenili wesiT amowmebs konkretul saqmeSi gamoyenebuli kanonis konstituciu-robas (ix. ruseTis federaciis konstitucia, mux. 125.4).

tajikeTis konstituciis 89-e muxlis Tanax-mad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamo-silebaa konstituciasTan uzenaesi sasamarT-losa da umaRlesi ekonomikuri sasamar Tlos samarTlebrivi aqtebis Sesabamisobis gan saz-Rvr a.

somxeTis konstitucia adgens, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, konstituciiTa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kano-niT dadgenili wesiT, mimarTavs yoveli piri _ konkretul saqmeze, rodesac arsebobs sa-samarTlos saboloo aqti, amowurulia sasa-marTlo dacvis yvela saSualeba da saCivr-deba momCivnis mimarT gamoyenebuli kanonis debulebis konstituciuroba (mux. 101.6).

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom somxeTis konstituciis aRniSnuli norma ar iyo Ziri-Tadi kanonis pirvel (1995 wlis) redaqciaSi. igi konstitucias 2005 wlis 27 noembris re-ferendumze daemata. es garemoeba imis maCve-nebelia, rom analogiuri cvlileba saqar-Tvelos konstituciaSic saWiro da droulad gansaxorcielebelia.

seriozulad, kargad gasaazrebeli da sa-fuZvlianad gansaxilvelia saqarTveloSi nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebas-Tan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxlis me-5 punqti).

amTaviTve SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom principulad miuRebelia nafic msajul-Ta institutis etapobrivad, kerZod ki jer mxolod dedaqalaqSi SemoReba. es iqneba ada-mianebis (saqarTvelos yvela sxva dasaxlebuli punqtis mcxovrebTa) diskriminacia sacxovre-beli adgilis mixedviT, rasac pirdapir krZa-lavs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxli. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqme Seexeba adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs, romlebic sayo-velTaoa da yvelaze Tanabrad vrceldeba. eqs-perimentebi am sferoSi dauSvebelia. saqar-Tvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom swored sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT diskrimina-ciis motiviT cno antikonstituciurad Tbi-lisisa da foTis merebis Tanamdebobaze da-niSvnis wesi (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sxva

qalaqebis merebs irCevda Sesabamisi adgilo-brivi mosaxleoba).

saerTod, nafic msajulTa SerCeva metis-metad rTuli, xangrZlivi da mravalmxrivi procesi a.

nafic msajulebTan mimarTebiT zogadi xa-siaTis sawinaaRmdego argumentebTan erTad, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi agreTve saqarTvelos-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic, speci-fikuri niSan-Tvisebebi, kerZod ki is garemoe-bani, rom saqarTveloSi (a) mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobis gaTvaliswinebiT Zalian gaWirde-ba nafic msajulTa saWiro raodenobis SerCeva, (b) dabalia mosaxleobis samarTlebrivi kul-turis done, (g) praqtikulad ver moxerxdeba miukerZoeblobis principis dacva, vinaidan am patara qveyanaSi TiTqmis yvela yvelas naTesavi Tu nacnobia, erTmaneTis moyvare an naTel-mironia, Tanac saukuneTa siRrmidan momdina-reobs urTierTdaxmarebis xalxuri tradicia da (d) farTodaa gavrcelebuli da Rrmadaa fesvgadgmuli saqmis `CawyobiT~ mogvareba.

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sferoSi arse-bul siZneleebze axali sirTulis damatebis gamoricxvis mizniT, saWiroa nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebul pro-blemebze imsjelos da am Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoxa-tos saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam.

nafic msajulTa institutTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa somxuri gamocdileba. somxe-Tis respublikis konstituciis pirvel (1995 wlis) redaqciaSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis TavSi (mux. 91), miTiTebuli iyo, rom kano-niT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi samarTalwarmoeba xorcieldeba nafic msajulTa monawileobiT. es debuleba gauqmda _ igi aRar aris asaxuli somxeTis konstituciis axla moqmed redaq-ciaSi (konstituciaSi cvlilebebi Setanili iqna 2005 wlis 27 noembris referendumiT). aR-niSnuli garemoeba uTuod dasafiqrebeli da gasaTvaliswinebelia.

rac Seexeba saerTod adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, am sferoSic mosalodnelia sxvadasxvagvari seriozuli konstituciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. amaTgan winamdebare statiaSi mokled ganixile-ba zogierTi savaraudo cvlileba, romlebze-dac sakonstitucio komisiis sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao

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jgufis saqmianobis mocemul etapze SeiZleba met-naklebi damajereblobiT saubar i.

jgufi intensiurad muSaobs socialuri uflebebis problemaze. gansaxilveli da gada-sawyvetia konstituciaSi maTi asaxvis sakiTxi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom socialuri ufle-bebi uaRresad mniSvnelovania, isini adamianis sasicocxlo interesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. socialuri uflebebis sferoSi muSaobis warm-marTveli da ganmsazRvreli debuleba moce-mulia konstituciis preambulaSi. aq gacxade-bulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi neba, rom daamkvidron socialuri saxelmwifo. cxa-dia, aseTi saxelmwifos damkvidreba SeuZlebe-li iqneba socialuri uflebebis aRiarebisa da realizebis gareSe. saxelmwifo sakonstitu-cio komisiis sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufi cdilobs sazogadoebriobis, kerZod ki profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebisa da mowveuli eqspertebis CarTviT, ucxouri gamocdilebis gaTvaliswi-nebiT gaarkvios, Tu saxeldobr romeli so-cialuri uflebebi da ra doziT unda iqnes asaxuli saqarTvelos konstituciaSi.

adamianis uflebebisa da sasamarTlo xeli-suflebis sferoSi mwvaved dgas da sakonsti-tucio komisiis Sesabamisi samuSao jgufis yuradRebis gareSe ver darCeba sakuTrebis dacvis namdvili konstituciuri garantiebis ganmtkicebis sakiTxi. am mizniT ganzraxulia momzaddes winadadebebi konstituciis 21-e muxlis gadamuSavebis, masSi saTanado cvli-lebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.

unda Seicvalos saqarTvelos konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebis urTierTmi-marTeba im nawilSi, romliTac umarTebulodaa Seqmnili saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTvelo-Si Tavisuflad Semosvlis ZiriTadi uflebis SezRudvis SesaZlebloba: saqarTvelos moqa-laqes saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad Semosvlis ufleba Setanilia me-2 punqtSi, romelzedac vrceldeba me-3 punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SezRudvebi. aseTi SezRudva dauSvebelia. sa-qarTvelos moqalaqes sruliad Tavisuflad, yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe unda SeeZlos saqarTveloSi Semosvla. cvlileba unda gan-xorcieldes im mxriv, rom me-2 da me-3 punqte-bis urTierTmimarTebis (me-3 punqtiT dadge-nili SezRudvebis) sferodan gamoiTiSos saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTveloSi Tavisu-flad Semosvlis ufleba. amisTvis gansaxil-

veli norma amoRebuli unda iqnes me-2 punq-tidan. mas sxvagan unda ganesazRvros adgili (kerZod, SeiZleba moTavsdes me-3 punqtis Sem-deg, Tundac calke punqtis saxiT).

Sesacvlelia konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-6 punqtis is norma, romlis mixedviTac braldebulis winaswari patimroba ar unda aRematebodes 9 Tves. aseTi redaqciiT gamo-dis, rom winaswari patimrobis umaRlesi _ cxraTviani vada mxolod braldebulisTvisaa dadgenili. sinamdvileSi ki saqme sxvanaira-daa: braldebulTan erTad cxraTvian vadaSi igulisxmeba gansasjelic, romelic gansxvave-buli samarTlebrivi statusis mqone subieq-tia. amgvarad, konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-6 punqtiT gansazRvruli 9 Tve aris ara marto braldebulis, aramed, masTan erTad, gansas-jelis winaswari patimrobis erToblivi vada. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia konstitu-ciis Sesabamisi teqstis Secvla _ masSi ter-min `gansasjelis~ Camateba da konstituciuri normis iseTnairad Camoyalibeba, rom bralde-bulisa da gansasjelis winaswari patimrobis vada ar unda aRematebodes 9 Tves. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, konstituciiT dadgenil cxra-Tvian vadaSi ar moiazreba gansasjelis wi-naswar patimrobaSi yofnis dro. es ki moaswa-vebs winaswari patimrobis cxraTviani vadis gazrdas da amiT adamianis Tavisuflebis xel-Seuvali ZiriTadi uflebis arsebiT Selaxvas.

kidev ori savaraudo cvlileba ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi Seexeba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqts. samwuxarod, saqar-TveloSi iSviaTi rodia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac moqalaqeebi Tanamdebobis pirTa ka-nonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiTa Tu umoqmedo-biT zaraldebian. konstitucia 42-e muxlis me-9 punqtSi iTvaliswinebs, rom `yvelasTvis garantirebulia saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTve-lobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukano-nod miyenebuli zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli anazRaureba saxelmwifo saxsrebidan~. citirebuli konstituciuri norma saerTod kargia, magram igi araa sakmarisi da dasazus-tebelia.

konstituciis gansaxilveli debuleba pir-vel rigSi unda Seicvalos im mxriv, rom ad-gilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis samarTlebrivi statusidan gamomdinare, TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod miye-nebuli zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli ana-

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zRaureba garantirebuli iyos ara saxelmwifo saxsrebidan, aramed TviTon TviTmmarTvelo-bis saxsrebidan.

amasTan erTad, marTebulad ver CaiTvleba samarTaldamrRvevi Tanamdebobis piris pa-suxismgeblobis ignorireba konstituciaSi da yuradRebis gamaxvileba miyenebuli zaralis marto saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis saxs-rebidan anazRaurebaze. preventiuli mosazre-bidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia konstitu-ciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqts daematos aseTi debuleba: `kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT, aRniSnuli zaralis ana-zRaureba Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirsac dae-kisreba~. es norma samarTliania, Tanac mas eqne-ba gamafrTxilebeli mniSvneloba da dadebiTad imoqmedebs adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis SemTxvevebis Semcirebaze. am sakiTxTan mimar-TebiT sainteresoa saberZneTis konstituciis is norma, rom Tu dakavebis vadebis amowur-vamde gansazRvruli moqmedeba ar Sesrulda, cixis nebismieri zedamxedveli an dakavebuli piris meTvalyureobaze pasuxismgebeli samo-qalaqo Tu samxedro mosamsaxure valdebulia dauyovnebliv gaanTavisuflos igi. damrRvevi daisjeba ukanono dapatimrebisaTvis da kano-niT gansazRvruli wesiT daekisreba dazara-lebulisaTvis miyenebuli yovelgvari zianis anazRaureba, maT Soris miyenebuli moraluri zianisaTvis fuladi kompensacia (saberZneTis konstitucia, mux. 6.3).

dasasrul, daskvnis saxiT Camovayali-boT Temis ganxilvis Sedegebi, gamovkveToT konstituciaSi savaraudod Sesatani calkeu-li cvlileba-damatebebi (I) sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebisa da (II) ZiriTadi uflebebis sfe-roSi.I.1. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb da saqar-

Tvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Sesaxeb cal-calke arsebuli, konstituciis 83.2 da 90.3 muxlebis darRveviT miRebuli organuli kanonebis nacvlad gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes mxolod erTi organuli kanoni `saerTo sa-samarTloebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic ganisazR-vreba yvela donis saerTo sasamarTlos (maT Soris _ saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos) samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba.

I.2. dazustdes saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasa-marTlos statusi, rom igi aris `umaRlesi sakasacio sasamarTlo~ (konstituciis 90.1 muxli): qvemdgomi sakasacio sasamarTlos

ararsebobis gamo sityva `umaRlesi~ amoRe-buli iqnes konstituciis teqstidan.I.3. saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa

SerCevis, Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis, saqmis ganxilvisagan Camocilebis, Tanamdebobi-dan vadamde ganTavisuflebisa Tu ufle-bamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis an sxva Ta-namdebobaze gadayvanis wesi ganisazRvros ara mimdinare anu Cveulebrivi, aramed organuli kanoniT.

I.4. Seicvalos saerTo sasamarTloebis mo-samarTleTa Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis wesi (konstituciis 861 muxlis pirveli punq-ti): raionuli (saqalaqo) da saapelacio sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa kandida-turebi SearCios iusticiis umaRlesma sabWom, SerCeuli kandidaturebi saqar-Tvelos prezidentma warudginos parla-ments dasamtkiceblad, xolo parlament-ma, Tavis mxriv, xmaTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobiT (vTqvaT, siiTi Semadgenlo-bis umravlesobiT), daamtkicos an uaryos wardgenili kandidaturebi.

I.5. Seicvalos raionuli (saqalaqo) da saape-lacio sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Ta-namdebobidan ganTavisuflebis wesi: isini, saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos saTanado CarTulobiT, Tanamdebobidan gaanTavisuflos parlamentma impiCmentis wesiT an Cveulebrivi kenWisyris gziT.

I.6. konstituciis 86.2 da 90.2 muxlebiT pir-dapir dadgindes saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Seucvlelobis wesi, anu Tanamdebobaze maTi uvadod gamweseba.

I.7. gaizardos mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro minimaluri asako-brivi zRvari: 28 wlis nacvlad 30 wlamde _ saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTlee-bisaTvis; 30 wlis nacvlad 35 wlamde _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebisa-Tvis.

I.8. gafarTovdes saqarTvelos sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba: sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganixilos da gadawyvitos saerTo sasamarTlos mier konkretul saqmeze miRebuli saboloo aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, rode-sac amowurulia Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sasamarTlo dacvis yvela saSualeba.

I.9. nafic msajulTa institutis SemoRebas-Tan dakavSirebul problemebze imsjelos

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da am umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxisadmi Ta-visi damokidebuleba gamoxatos saqarTve-los saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam.

II.1. konstituciaSi SedarebiT ufro sru-lad da garantirebulad aisaxos adamianis ZiriTadi socialuri uflebebi.

II.2. sakuTrebis dacvis konstituciuri ga-rantiebis gaZlierebis mizniT momzaddes winadadebebi konstituciis 21-e muxlis gadamuSavebis, masSi saTanado cvlilebe-bisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb.

II.3. gamoiricxos konstituciis 22-e muxlis me-2 da me-3 punqtebiT dakanonebuli Se-saZlebloba, rom SeizRudos saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTveloSi Tavisuflad Se-mosvlis ufleba.

II.4. Seicvalos konstituciis me-18 muxlis me-6 punqtis norma, romlis mixedviTac braldebulis winaswari patimroba ar unda aRematebodes 9 Tves: teqsti Camoya-libdes iseTnairad, rom 9 Tves ar aRe-matebodes braldebulisa da gansasjelis winaswari patimrobis vada.

II.5. saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqti Seicvalos im mxriv, rom yve-lasTvis garantirebuli iyos TviTmmar-Tvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis sasamarT-lo wesiT sruli anazRaureba sakuTriv TviTmmarTvelobis saxsrebidan da ara saxelmwifo saxsrebidan, rogorc es amJa-mad moqmedi teqstiT aris dadgenili.

II.6. konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-9 punqts, romlis axali redaqciis mixedviTac _ yvelasTvis garantirebuli iqneba saxel-mwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis sasamarTlo wesiT sruli ana-zRaureba saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelo-bis saxsrebidan _ daematos aseTi debule-ba: `kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da dadgenili wesiT, aRniSnuli zaralis ana-zRaureba Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirsac daekisreba~.

aseTia calkeuli savaraudo konstituciu-ri cvlilebebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis sferoSi. SemoTavaze-buli cvlileba-damatebebis miRebis SemTxve-vaSi, saWiroebisas, konstituciis `gardamaval debulebebSi~ aRiniSneba, rom sasamarTlo xe-

lisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis sferos esa Tu is cvlileba amoqmeddeba Sesabamisi da-TqmiT (magaliTad, Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro axali minimaluri asakobrivi zRvari ar gavrceldeba ukve daniSnul mosamarTleebze), anda ZalaSi Seva gadavadebiT _ garkveuli pe-riodis Semdeg (saWiro droiT gadavaddeba, vTqvaT, saerTo sasamarTlos saboloo aqte-bis konstituciurobis ganxilva-gadawyvetis wesis amoqmedeba).

samomavlod, cxadia, sxva mosazrebebica da winadadebebic SemuSavdeba. imedia, sasamarT-lo xelisuflebisa da ZiriTadi uflebebis samuSao jgufis, iseve rogorc mTlianad sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komi-siis saqmianobis saboloo Sedegebi damakmayo-filebeli iqneba.

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andraS Saio

adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli sasamarTlos mosamarTle.

samarTlis profesori, centraluri evropuli

universiteti, budapeSti.

winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT im konsti-tuciuri paradigmebis ganxilvas, romlebic kontrteroristuli meTodebidan warmoiSva da im liberaluri da araliberaluri demo-kratiebis mier gamoiyeneba, romlebic saer-TaSoriso islamuri1 terorizmis sirTulis winaSe dganan. usafrTxoebis zomebi inteleq-tualurad gansxvavebuli modelebis garSemo iyris Tavs. usafrTxoebis zomebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxva modelis farglebSi gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs Semdeg sferoebSi: ZalTa gadanawileba, uflebaTa speqtri, fundamen-turi uflebebis SezRudvebis procedurebi da xarisxi. arsebul modelebs warmogidgenT statiis pirvel nawilSi, sadac vamtkiceb, rom, Tuki teroristuli safrTxe gardauvalia, ma-Sin Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis instru-mentebi da prevenciis zomebi erTmaneTs See-rwymeba da warmoSobs konstituciuri wyobis axal formas – kontrteroristul saxelmwi-fos. statiis meore nawilSi ufro detalura-daa aRwerili sxvadasxva konstituciuri re-Jimebi, romelTac politikuri reJimis daSlis safrTxeebTan gamklavebis gamocdileba aqvT. Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis2 da preven-ciuli saxelmwifos elementebis, aseve sagan-gebo situaciis3 maxasiaTeblebis ganxilva, al-1 terminSi `islamuri~ igulisxmeba islamis gadagvarebuli, umci-reseobaSi myofi versia, magaliTad, rogoricaa salafizm i.2 Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis reziume warmodgenilia wina statiaSi, Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da demokratiisken svla, a. Saio, Tavdacvisunariani demokratia, meTerTmete saerTa-Soriso gamocema. 2004 weli.3 statiaSi ganxiluli ar aris konstituciuri gamocdileba `sa-gangebo situaciebTan~ dakavSirebiT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom esaa erT-erTi standartuli iuridiuli reJimi, romelic gamoiyeneboda Sida terorizmTan Tavis gasarTmevad CrdiloeT irlandiasa Tu indoeTSi. zogierTi faqtis gasacnobad ixileT iuristebis saerTaSoriso komisiis masalebi, sagangebo situa-ciebi, maTi gavlena adamianis uflebebze, 1983 weli. Tumca sax-elmwifo iyenebs `sagangebo situaciis~ teqnikas sxvadasxva problemebis dros, maT Soris yvelaze xSirad Sida amboxebebis periodSi. misi gamoyenebis sixSires Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, davrw-mundebiT, rom misi gamoyeneba daniSnulebisamebr mxolod gansa-

baT saintereso iqneba terorizmis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifos reagirebis formebis analizis dros. Tavdacvisunariani demokratia, ro-gorc konstituciurad legitimuri gadaxveva `Cveulebrivi~ konstitucionalizmidan, misa-Rebia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom terorizmi da fundamentalisturi politikuri moZrao-bebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi arian. aqve, aseve ganxilulia Tanamedrove svla `preven-ciuli saxelmwifos~ mimarTulebiT. `preven-ciuli saxelmwifo~ socialuri saxelmwifos paternalizmis erT-erTi specifikuri formaa, romelic mimarTulia usafrTxoebis arapoli-tikuri safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg. `prevenciuli saxelmwifo~ TandaTanobiTi konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegia, romelic konstitu-ciuri principebis sasamarTlo reinterpreta-ciiT iqmneba.

statiis mesame nawilSi ganvixilav funda-menturi uflebebis SezRudvebis potenciur speqtrs kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos farglebSi. aseTi SezRudvebi damokidebulia socialur arCevanze, amitom statiis meoTxe nawilSi vasabuTeb, rom katastrofebis, gaur-kveveli daZabuli situaciebis da panikis dros gadawyvetilebebis miRebis meqanizmi irReveva da gaugebari rCeba, vin miiRebs sazogadoe-briv gadawyvetilebas da gansazRvravs riskis gawevis saTanado xarisxs. riskebTan dakavSi-rebuli gadawyvetilebebi Cveulebriv viTa-rebaSi arsebuli uflebebidan gamomdinare principebs ar efuZneba. seriozuli teroris-tuli safrTxis SemTxvevaSi, rasac SesaZloa masobrivi ganadgureba mohyves, saxelmwifom SesaZloa Secdomebi dauSvas fundamenturi uflebebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, aseve gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi mohyveba. aRniSnuli wina piroba fundamentu-rad gansxvavdeba ̀ normaluri~ viTarebis dros arsebuli pirobebisgan, ra SemTxvevaSic Tavi-sufleba konstituciurad garantirebulia.

kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi ar xdeba. d. o’doneli (gansakuTrebuli situacia, 1978 wlis dekemberi) aRniSnavs, rom im periodisTvis msoflioSi, sul mcire, 30 saxelmwifo mainc arsebobda, sadac raRac tipis sagangebo mdgomareoba iyo.

andraS Saio

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan prevenciul saxelmwifomde?

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konstitucionalizmi, rogorc Tavisuflebis uzrunvelmyofi wyoba, riskis gawevasTan aris gadajaWvuli, Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoaRwerili wina piroba SesaZloa realuri safrTxis SemTxvevaSic ar arsebobdes. das-kvnaSi aRniSnulia, rom formaluri, konsti-tuciuri kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas arsebiTi, principuli da prag-matuli safuZvlebi aqvs, romlebic SesaZloa iyos an ar iyos gasaTvaliswinebeli, radgan yvelaferi damokidebulia met-naklebad imaze, Tu ra tipis demokratiasTan gvaqvs saqme. ase-Ti saxelmwifos legitimurobis wina piroba isaa, rom saxelmwifos formireba sazogadoe-brivi azris gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad unda xdebodes. arada, moqalaqeebs xSirad arTmeven saxelmwifoebriv saqmeSi monawileobis ufle-bas usafrTxoebis dacvis saxeliT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom liberaluri samarT-lebrivi Teoriis farglebSi, katastrofebma SesaZloa demokratiul wyobaSi uflebebis ga-dafasebis saWiroeba moitanos, xolo masobri-vi saerTaSoriso terorizmi ki aseTi tipis ka-tastrofaa, kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis precedenti jer kidev ar ikve-Teba terorizmTan dakavSirebuli bundovane-bis da sifrTxilis zomebis gamo. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, kontrteroristuli saxelmwi-fos Camoyalibeba gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos prevenciul saxelmwifod garda-qmnas, romelSic dapatimrebis praqtika reJi-mis nawilia4. aseTi saxelmwifos SeqmniT, Cven `didi Zmis~ dazvervis sistemas da potenciur gaurkvevlobas veTamaSebiT yoveldRiur yo-faSi da amas verc ki vamCnevT. Tumca amJamad

4 indoeTis konstituciis 22-e muxliT winaswari dakaveba daS-vebulia. Cveulebriv pirobebSi prevenciuli dakaveba kons-tituciurad daSvebulia sami Tvis xangrZlivobiT dakavebis dRidan. ar moqmedebs gasaCivrebis ufleba. sam Tveze meti xangrZlivobiT dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxo-lod parlamenti gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. konstituciis 24-e muxlis me-4 qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, dakaveba sam Tveze meti vadiT dasaSvebia, Tu, a) mrCevelTa sabWo, romelic Sedgeba umaRlesi sasamarTlo uwyebis gadamdgari mosamarTlisgan an umaRles sasamarTlo uwyebaSi mosamarTled muSaobisaTvis sakmarisi kvalifikaciis mqone pirovnebisgan, gadawyvets, rom samTviani periodis amowurvisas, kvlav arsebobs mniSvnelova-ni mizezi dakavebis periodis gagrZelebisTvis an Tu b) parla-menti daadgens, rom arsebuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saWiroa dakavebis periodis gagrZeleba sam Tveze meti vadiT, mrCevelTa sabWos mosazrebis miuxedavad. damoukideblobis periodis gopalanis saqmeze, uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaiTva-liswina konstituciis 22-e muxli 1973 wlis elementebiT, romelic moiTxovs samarTlebriv zedamxedvelobas da daka-vebis reJimi gadaaqvs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos farglebSi. ixileT sambu naT sakaris dasavleT benegalis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg saqme, 1974(1).

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo ar tovebs Tavis poziciebs yvelaze liberalur demokratiebSi da kvlav gvaxsenebs, rom SezRudvebi ar aris norma, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba iyos legitimuri.

1. konstituciuri alternativebi ganadgurebis permanentuli safrTxis fonze

saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmi, ro-gorc fundamentalisturi Zaladobis forma, demokratiis an nebismieri stabiluri, usa-frTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi saxelmwifos wi-naSe mdgar sirTules warmoadgens (romlis winaswar ganWvreta an racionalurad gaTvla SeuZlebelia). cxadia, TviTmkvlelobis ele-menti da mtris sruli ganadgurebis survili, samizneebis ganurCevlad, iqneba es samoqa-laqo Tu samTavrobo samizne, aris is speci-fika, rac saerTaSoriso islamur terorizms gansakuTrebul kategorias aniWebs da misi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi iZulebuls gagvxdis arsebuli konstituciuri modelebi gadavafa-soT. Tumca am etapze aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebas arsebuli konstituciuri modele-bis CarCoebSi mxolod cvlilebebis SetaniT cdiloben. dReisTvis, saerTaSoriso tero-ristuli safrTxeebis winaaRmdeg ramdenime konstituciurad daSvebuli reagireba ukve arsebobs. ramdenimeSi me vgulisxmob kargad identificirebad konstituciur normebs, romlebic im konkretul principebs da iuri-diul normebs efuZneba, romlebic konstitu-ciur uflebebze da wyobaze gavlenas axdens da Tan arsebuli konstituciis teqstis sazR-vrebSi jdeba5.

teqstualuri cvlilebebiT an maT gareSe, savaraudoa, rom axali struqturebi gadaiqce-va konstituciuri wyobis axal modelebad demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi. liberaluri konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT, es modelebi SesaZloa gaumarTavi iyos da, amdenad, gaC-ndes SemoTavazebebi, Tu rogor gavxadoT axali sistema adamianis uflebebze ufro me-tad orientirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom es normatiuli da pragmatuli mcdelobebi axali struqturis formirebis nawilia, Cven `brZolis velze~ axali konstituciuri sce-

5 evropuli dakavevbis garantia, romelic sxvadasxva konte-qstSi gamoiyeneba Zalian mniSvnelovania terorizmis winaaRm-deg saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis saqmeSi, magram aRniSnul-ma praqtikam SesaZloa germanul da polonur konstituciebSi cvlilebebis Setana gaxados saWiro.

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andraS Saio

narebis dasaxvaSi mainc ar unda SegviSalos xeli.

konstituciuri saxelmwifos Tavdacva mxo-lod maSin darCeba konstituciur CarCoebSi, Tu is konceptualurad da institucionalu-rad uflebebis SezRudvis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas gamoricxavs an racionalur zR-vars mainc inarCunebs6. Tavdacvis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro rogorc normatiul, ise praqtikul doneze. bevri konstitucia, tendenciurad, areulo-bis SesaZleblobas ugulebelyofs (ixileT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia). Tumca uaryofis ukan (aRiarebiTi uaryofis CaTvliT) konstitucia araformulirebul, magram fundamentur urTierTobas Seicavs TviT-ganadgurebis SesaZleblobasTan, rac maSin gamodis saaSkaraoze, roca mTavroba da wesrigi eqceva iseTi politikis qveS, romelic emociurobas an permanentul safrTxes efuZ-neba. aseT viTarebaSi saxelmwifo Zaladobis elementebis gamoyenebas Tavs ver aaridebs. ka-noni ver ewinaaRmdegeba aseT Zaladobas, nawi-lobriv, albaT imitom, rom Zaladobis gamoye-nebis SezRudviT, is TviTgadarCenis Sansebs Seamcirebda. mniSvnelovani inteleqtualuri winsva albaT isaa, rom konstituciuri azro-vneba mimarTulia sistemuri Tavdacvis pro-blemisaken7. zemoaRwerili movlenebis da moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelmyofi demokratiis an misi safuZvlebis mimarT Seu-qcevadi gamanadgurebeli efeqtis maRali

6 sagangebo viTarebis da omis Smitiseuli versia am modelSi ar jdeba. es imas ar niSnavs, rom liberaluri da aralibe-raluri saxelmwifoebis omis wesebSi gansxvavebebi ar aris (principuli gansxvavebebi mainc). Tumca aseTi principuli daskvnebis Tanaxmad, liberaluri kultura da xalxi iTavise-bs kulturis humanizms da ar nebdeba omis egzistencialur moTxovnebs.7 tradiciuli konstituciuri azrovneba umeteswilad Seucv-leli darCa da sagangebo mdgomareobis an msgavsma sakiTxebma ver moaxerxes centraluri da gadamwyveti adgilis dakaveba konstituciuri azrovnebis formirebaSi. mimdinare tenden-cia TiTqos am mimarTulebiT midis, Tumca didi siaxleebi mainc mosalodneli ar aris, radgan jer kidev aris imedi, rom teroristebis brZola aTwleulobiT ar gagrZeldeba da `meore Tavdasxma~ aRar ganmeordeba. konstituciuri Teoria gansakuTrebiT efeqturia danawevrebis sakiTxebSi, xolo usa-frTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli Temebi, SesaZloa, kvlav margi-nalizebuli darCes. amis mizezi nawilobriv isaa, rom sajaro samarTali, ZiriTadad, ganixilavs iseT rutinul sakiTxebs, rogoricaa zonebis dayofa an skolis saswavlo gegma. skolis saswavlo gegmis konstituciuri problemebi erTgvari gamo-cdaa: Tu sekularizmi, neitraliteti, religiis Tavisufleba da msgavsi sakiTxebi terorizmis fardis qveS ganixileba, ma-galiTad, roca giwevs argumentis Camoyalibeba imis Taobaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba SevuwyoT xeli terorizms saswavlo geg-mis SerCeviT, an rogor ayalibebs teroristebs gariyulobis grZnoba da a.S., usafrTxoebis problemebi realurad cvlis konstituciur problemebs.

albaTobis mqone politikuri qmedebisken mi-marTuli sxva institucionaluri reagirebis formebis gaTvaliswinebiT, demokratiis meqa-nizmebTan, politikur wyobasTan mimarTebSi, warmoiSva Semdegi paradigmebi:

- arsebuli sistemis farglebSi safrTxes-Tan Tavis garTmeva, samarTlebrivi da administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis mi-saRebad ganxorcielebuli proporcio-nalizmis analizSi cvlilebebis SetaniT (`Cveulebrivi viTareba~8 an `Tu SeiZleba nu ahyvebiT panikas, policia akontrolebs situacias~9);

- `mwuxris zona~10 an `stresuli periodi11: aq kontrteroristuli arsenali kvlav samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos parametrebSi jdeba. modeli iTvaliswinebs terorizmis problemis konstituciurad mogvarebas samarTlebrivi gziT da arsebul standar-tebze dayrdnobiT.

- Tavdacvisunariani demokratia (terorizm-Tan sabrZolvelad);

- prevenciuli saxelmwifo (winaswari daka-vebis reJimis mqone saxelmwifos CaTvliT, romelSic prevenciuli zomebis far-glebSi masobrivi dakaveba (an zogierT SemTxvevaSi misi ekvivalentebi, mag., ga-Zeveba, eqstradiqcia, gadaadgileba, moqa-

8 termini gamoyenebulia Semdeg naSromSi: oren grosi, qaosi da wesebi. reagireba Zaladobriv krizisze yovelTvis kons-tituciuri unda iyos Tu ara? ieli l.j. 1011, 1021, romelic aRwers aRniSnul viTarebas Semdegnairad: `modeli `Cveule-brivi viTareba~ efuZneba konstituciuri absolutizmis da srulyofilebis cnebebs. am modelis mixedviT, Cveulebrivi iuridiuli normebis da kanonebis dacva grZeldeba arsebiTi cvlilebebi gareSe sagangebo viTarebebSi da krizisis dro-sac ki. kanoni omisa da mSvidobis periodSi erTgvarad srul-deba. `igi aseve ganixilavs sagangebo Zalebis sxva modelebs, romelTac erTi kategoriis – `kompromisis modelebis~ qveS aerTianebs. aRniSnuli modelebi hgavs, Cems mier moxseniebul maikl rozenfildis gamoTqmas `stresuli periodi~. oren grosis azriT, `kompromisuli modelebis~ farglebSi arse-bul normatiul struqturasTan, usafrTxoebis zomebTan da saWiroebebTan morgeba xdeba. Tumca sistema, SeZlebisdagva-rad, maqsimalurad ucvleli rCeba. daiSveba mxolod gamo-naklisi cvlilebebi sagangebo viTarebis sapasuxod. aseTi kompromisi, kanonis uzenaesobis da fundamenturi demokra-tiuli Rirebulebebis uryevad dacvas uzrunvelyofs da amave dros, saxelmwifos sTavazobs adekvatur zomebs Tavs datexili krizisis dasaZlevad~. Cem mier ganxiluli sxva modelebi gansxvavdeba (nawilobriv da zogjer ara mizanmi-marTulad) arsebuli modelisgan. sxva modelebSi dasaSvebia cvlileba im motiviT, rom zogjer saWiroa zogierTi Rire-bulebis ugulebelyofa maTive gadasarCenad. 9 miniSneba ungrul romanTan ieno reitos mier (karanti-ni did sastumroSi), sadac policiis Serifi warmoTqvams am frazas sastumroSi atexili panikis dros.10 Peter Margulies, Judging Terror in the “Zone of Twilight”: Exigency, In-stitutional Equity, and Procedure After September 11th. 84 B.U.L. Rev. 383 (2004)11 Michel Rosenfeld, JUDICIAL BALANCING IN TIMES OF STRESS: COMPAR-ING DIVERSE APPROACHES TO THE WAR ON TERROR.

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laqeobis CamorTmeva) gamoiyeneba rogorc upiratesi instrumenti.

- kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo;- sagangebo viTareba: I. zogierTi konstitu-

ciis Tanaxmad, Sida aSliloba sagangebo viTarebis gamocxadebisTvis sakmarisi sa-fuZvelia. aRniSnuli sakiTxi ganxilulia qveTavSi sagangebo viTarebis saTauriT. am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli mdgoma-reobis winaswari gaTvla xdeba, ris Sem-degac es mdgomareoba misaRebia mxolod droebiTi statusiT. konstituciurad dasaSvebi da procedurulad winaswar gansazRvruli gadaxveva Cveulebrivi vi-Tarebidan, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis standartuli reJimidan da adamianis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis sferodan (an specialuri droebiTi modelis ganmavlo-baSi12). II. sagangebo viTarebis alternatiu-li mniSvneloba gulisxmobs aRmasrule-beli Zalauflebis SeuzRudav gamoyenebas (samxedro an uSiSroebis sferoSi) krizi-sis periodSi, xolo am modelis konsti-tuciuri elementi isaa, rom krizisis daZlevis Semdeg saxelmwifo daubrundeba konstituciur Rirebulebebs da krizi-sis dros gadawyvetilebebis mimRebi pi-rebi angariSvaldebulebi iqnebian Tavian qmedebebze13. aseve, unda gaviTvaliswi-noT, rom sagangebo viTarebis Smitiseul versiaSi konstitucionalizmis uaryofa xdeba. aq sagangebo viTarebis gamocxadeba umaRlesi xelisuflis prerogativaa da, amdenad, konstituciuri CarCoebis gareT eqceva. aq erTaderTi SezRudva warmate-bis naklebobaa.

- omi (saomari Zalebis gamoyenebis normebi konstituciaSi dadgenili ar aris, Tumca acxadeben, rom maTi gamoyeneba konstitu-

12 Bruce Ackerman, The Emergency Constitution, 113 Yale L.J. 1029, (2004). The crisis is understood to be acute, the polity is singularly focused on sur-vival and all other political concerns and objectives recede into the back-ground, at 1040.13 `Tumca zRvari normalur viTarebasa da sagangebos Soris xSirad sustia da gansxvavebebi am or kategorias Soris rTu-li xdeba, zogjer SeuZlebelic ki. faqtobrivad gamonaklisi aRar aRiqmeba gamonaklisad~. `zogjer dgeba iseTi garemoe-bebi, roca mZime saSiSroebas an safrTxesTan gamklavebisTvis saWiro meTodebs konstituciuri CarCoebidan gasvla mohyve-ba, zogjer sxva dros misaRebi konstituciuri principebi, wesebi da normebic ki irRveva. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki reagirebis aseTi formebi saTanado dros da saTanado viTa-rebaSi gamoiyeneba, es gaaZlierebs da ar Seasustebs konsti-tuciur erTgulebas da kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscemas~. Gross, op. cit. 1022-23. erTi mxriv, esaa gulwrfeli da raciona-luri mcdeloba karl Smitis xsnis.

ciuria, radgan Tavad konstituciis di-zaini iZleva amis saSualebas)14.

zemoT CamoTvlili variantebi saboloo araa da arc erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli15. piriqiT, warmodgenili jgufebi arastabilu-ria da meryevi, nawilobriv, albaT imitom, rom saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmis buneba, mniSvneloba da politikuri Sexe-dulebebi mudmivad icvleba, arastabiluri da Sereulia, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom al-ternatiuli konstituciuri reagireba, ubra-lod, reaqcia iqneboda da ara qmediTi Ronis-Zieba. garda amisa, msoflio mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila, arada aucilebelia Cveni cxo-vrebisa da konstitucionalizmis sistemuri Secvla. demokratiebi da sxva saxelmwifoebi zogierT meTods, instituciur wyobas da Ta-namSromlobis gzebs ukve sxvagvarad, kontr-teroristuli perspeqtividan uyureben. axali struqturebis elementebi inovaciuri araa, magram safrTxis albaTobaze da panikis daZle-vaze orientirebuli perspeqtivaa, am zomebis gamoyenebis gamo, konstituciuri paradig-mis Secvlis mosalodnelobaze miuTiTebs. es cvlileba ki iqneba Tavisuflebaze damyare-buli reJimidan16 usafrTxoebaze damyarebul reJimze gadasvla.

zemoaRwerili midgomebi imis mixedviT gansxvavdebian Tu ra konkretul situacias-Tan gvaqvs saqme, riskTan (ramdenad mosa-lodnelia ubedureba), Tu riskis gawevasTan. `Cveulebrivi viTarebis~ modelis garda, yve-la danarCeni modeli prevenciuli zomebis ga-tarebis saSualebas met-naklebad realisturi albaTobis safuZvelze iZleva 17. rogorc iu-

14 `sasamarTloebis tradiciuli TavSekaveba, miiRon gadawyve-tilebebi konstituciur sakiTxebze mware magaliTs gvaZle-vs im truizmisa..., romlis mixedviTac, omis dros kanonebi utyvia~. William H. Rehnquist, All the Laws But One: Civil Liberties in Wartime 202 (1998).15 Noah Feldman, Choices of Law, Choices of War, 25 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol’y 457 (2002) acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso terorizmi rogorc `omis~ ise `danaSaulis` modelSi jdeba. saboloo jamSi ki albaT arc erTi maTgani ar aris adekvaturi kategoria.16 L. A. Powe, Jr., Situating Schauer, 72 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1519, 1531-32 (1997): speech is a “good times civil liberty”.17 `duseldorfis saapelacio sasamarTlom daadgina, rom e.w. islamuri teroristuli organizaciebis `sliferebis~ (”sleepers“) ZiebaSi, im pirebis wre, romlebic Ziebis arealSi unda moeqces, unda ganisazRvros. dasaSvebia mxolod saeWvo qveynebis an specifikuri religiuri jgufebis (mag., muslimi pirebi) piradi monacemebis gadacema da ara germaniis moqa-laqeebisa, romlebic arc musulmanebi arian da arc saeWvo qveynis moqalaqeebi.~ Lepsius Liberty, Security, and Terrorism: The Le-gal Position in Germany, 5 German Law Journal No. 5 (1 May 2004) Part Two, referring to decisions of OLG Düsseldorf, Neue Zeitschrift für Verwal-tungsrecht 629 (2002), with different reasoning OLG Frankfurt, op. cit., 626-627. http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=423#_edn11

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ridiul-politikuri strategiebi, maT winaSe ismis Semdegi SekiTxva: rogor ganisazRvreba, ris safuZvelze da ra procedurebiT momava-li movlenebis albaToba? maSinac ki, roca ar arsebobs mkafio teqstobrivi masala, zemoCa-moTvlili modelebi warmogvidgenen iuridiu-li reagirebis saintereso versiebs, romlebic saerTaSoriso terorizmis konteqstSi gaCnda, magram yovelTvis terorizms ar ukavSirdeba.

sxvadasxva polisebis gverdiT Cndeba speci-fikurad, saerTaSoriso terorizmTan dakavSi-rebuli reagirebis zomebi. am zomebis konglo-merats me kontrteroristul saxelmwifos vuwodeb. reagirebis am formebis kombinacia Tanamedrove demokratiebSi Cndeba da yvela maTganis gamoyeneba kontrteroristuli mo-tiviT xdeba. bevri meTodi Tavdacvisunariani demokratiidan an prevenciuli saxelmwifodan iRebs saTaves da am modelebSi warmodgenil legitimacias nawilobriv iziarebs. vvaraudob, rom garemoebebis uclelad darCenis SemTxve-vaSi, demokratiebi konstituciis teqstSi kontrteroristul saxelmwifos misi gansaku-Trebuli uflebamosilebiT ar aRiareben, gar-da im SemTxvevisa, Tu teroristul SemecnebaSi moxdeba Tvisobrivi cvlileba, rac sazogadoe-bas iZulebuls gaxdis, gadaafasos fundamen-turi Sexedulebebi riskebis Sesaxeb. arsebuli tendencia miuTiTebs damatebiTi prevenciuli zomebis da Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis elementebTan kombinaciaSi prevenciuli saxel-mwifos gafarToebis procesis normalizebas.

2. Tavdacvisunarian demokratiasa da prevenciul saxelmwifoSi politikur safrTxeebTan gamklaveba

winamdebare statiaSi mxolod Tavdacvisu-nariani demokratiisa da prevenciuli saxel-mwifos im paradigmebs ganvixilav, romlebic mosalodnelia, rom konstituciurad ratifi-cirebuli iqneba bevri demokratiis konstitu-ciur sistemaSi. am ori modelis elementebis SerCeviT, gamokveTili kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos warmosaxvaa SesaZlebeli. kontr-teroristuli saxelmwifos gamokveTaSi is igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifos mier gatare-buli prevenciuli zomebi mxolod terorizm-zea orientirebuli. Tumca problemuria is sakiTxi, rom kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos iuridiul polisebs aucileblad eqneba gadam-debi efeqti. Sedegi ki is iqneba, rom kontrte-

roristuli saxelmwifo prevenciuli saxelm-wifos legitimacias da integrirebas moaxdens da aseve, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis konstitucionalizaciis elementebs moicavs.

2.1. ra aris Tavdacvisunariani demokratia?umravlesobis mmarTveloba demokratiis

deformaciis SesaZleblobas qmnis, `kargi cxovrebis~ iluzias avrcelebs, rac `kargi cxovrebis~ alternatiuli formebis da da-moukidebeli gansazRvrebis Camoyalibebis saSualebas aRar iZleva. demokratiuli pro-cesis farglebSi, demokratiis meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT (sityvis, Sekrebis da arCevanis Tavisufleba), SesaZlebelia iseTi reJimis Ca-moyalibeba, romelic realurad Zirs uTxris demokratias. `demokratiis Sesaxeb yoveli drois saukeTeso xumroba isaa, rom demokra-tia Tavis momakvdinebel mtrebs Tavad aZlevs misi ganadgurebis saSualebebs18~. toleranto-bas calkeul politikur viTarebaSi SesaZloa TviTmkvleloba mohyves. rogorc lordi eq-Seni ambobs: `zogjer tolerantobam SeiZleba sazogadoeba gaanadguros, zogjer ki devna aris Tavisuflebis momakvdinebeli.~19

dRes Tavdacvisunariani demokratia moia-zreba rogorc brZola radikaluri moZraobe-bis, gansakuTrebiT ki, radikalurad ganwyobi-li partiebis da maTi saqmianobis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli midgomis integrireba srulad de-mokratiuli germaniis konstituciaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganxorcielda20. adamian-

18 “Das wird immer einer der besten Witze der Demokratie bleiben, dass sie ihren Todfeinden die Mittel selber stellte, durch die sie vernichtet wurde,” Joseph Goebbels, quoted in K.D. Bracher et al. (Eds.), Nationalsozialistiche Diktatur, 1933-1945: Ein Bilanz, 16 (1983). termini `Tavdacvisunari-ani demokratia~ cnobili gaxda inglisurenovani literatu-ridan politikuri mecnierebebis dargSi, karl lovenStainis 1937 wlis statiidan _ Loewenstein, Militant Democracy and Funda-mental Rights, 31 American Political Science Review 417 (1937). meore msoflio omamde, bevri konstituciuri reJimi iyenebda sx-vadasxva meTods Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis speqtridan (partiebis gauqmeba formebis akrZalva da a.S.). es xdeboda manam, sanad Tavad termini daibadeboda. Tumca es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneboda naxevrad demokratiuli da av-tokratiuli politikuri sistemebis dasacavad popularuli faSisturi moZraobebisgan, romlebic STambeWdav Sedegebs aRwevdnen arCevnebSi. 19 Lord Acton, Smith’s Irish History, in History of Freedom, edited by Figgis and Lawrence. London. 1907. 252.20 germaniis ZiriTadi kanonmdeblobis ramdenime komponenti emsaxureba demokratiis dacvas Selaxvisgan. es konstituci-uri principebi, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba politikur demokra-tiasTan axlos myof institutebs (umetes SemTxvevaSi, poli-tikur partiebs). ramdenime postkomunisturi konstitucia, romlebic Camoyalibda demokratiisken svlis procesSi, ger-manul modelzea agebuli da Riad krZalavs romelime or-ganizaciis mier saxelmwifos gakontrolebas (magaliTisTvis ixileT Hungary’s Constitution, Art. 2(3); Poland’s Constitu-tion, Art. 13).

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Ta uflebebis dacvis da fundamenturi ufle-bebis evropis konvenciis (1950) me-17 muxli ise aRwers aRniSnul problemas, rom gaamarTlos bevri kontrteroristuli qmedeba:

`am konvenciaSi ar arsebobs aranairi sa-fuZveli imisa, rom romelime saxelmwifos, jgufs an pirs mieniWos amave konvenciaSi gansazRvruli uflebebis da Tavisuflebe-bis xelyofis ufleba, iseT saqmianobaSi an moqmedebaSi monawileoba, rac daazaralebs konvenciiT gansazRvrul uflebebsa da Tavi-suflebebs. amasTanave, arc am uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvaa dasaSvebi konven-ciaSi gansazRvrul SezRudvebze metad.~

totalitarul moZraobebTan dakavSirebu-li safrTxe mxolod imaSi ar mdgomareobda, rom arCevnebSi faSistebi gaimarjvebdnen. lo-venStaini ambobs, rom totalitarul reJimebs ara Zaladoba, aramed emociuroba aerTianebs. ai riT xdeba kanonis uzenaesobis Canacvleba. avtoritaruli reJimebi da faSisturi mo-Zraobebi emociuri mobilizebis meTodebis arsenals floben. nacionaluri Tavdadeba da Zaladoba, fizikuri Zaladobis safrTxis CaTvliT, politikuri emociurobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli elementebia. aseTi politikis erTaderTi realuri mizania, radac ar unda dajdes, Zalaufleba moipovos da SeinarCu-nos. aseTi daxasiaTeba al-qaidas moZraobazec vrceldeba. isini am miznis warmatebiT miRwe-vas mxolod maSin SeZleben, Tu demokratiuli institucionaluri infrastruqturis far-glebSi imoqmedeben.

demokratiebi sakmaod daucvelia emociu-rad manipulirebadi politikis da gamowve-vebis winaSe. amdenad, totalitaruli reli-giuri fundamentalizmis emociuroba sulac ar aris Sors eqstremaluri memarjvene da memarcxene totalitaruli moZraobebis em-ociurobisgan. ufro metic, terorisgan ga-mowveuli safrTxe da SiSi safuZvels uyris emociur an iracionalur politikas. miuxe-davad imisa, rom dResdReobiT, sekularul sazogadoebaSi mainc, imis mosalodneloba, rom demokratiuli reJimi daingreva demo-kratiuli politikuri institutebis da pro-cesebis xelyofiT, sakmaod dabalia. Tumca naTelia, rom demokratiis damcavi meqanizme-bi Zalian sustia. naTeli suraTi saxelmwi-fos SesaZleblobaze, winaaRmdegoba gauwios terorizms ar gvaqvs (nawilobriv imitom,

rom aseT SesaZleblobebze kargi warmodge-na `mters~ ufro daexmareboda). liberalu-ri konstituciuri struqturebis Sesaxeb ki ufro naklebi codna gvaqvs maSin, roca saxelmwifos da xelisuflebaSi myofi po-litikuri Zalebi kontrterorizmis saxeliT SezRudvebis gareSe moqmedeben. amJamindeli institucionaluri wyoba SemzRudveli zome-bis legitimurobis (an Sesabamisobis) mxolod mciredi kontrolis saSualebas iZleva da zrdis saxelmwifo organoebis Zalauflebas moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi.

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso terorizmsa21 da demokratiuli institutebis xelyofas So-ris aSkara gansxvavebebi saxezea da amitomac am ori sxvadasxva movlenis mimarT Tavdacvi-sunariani demokratiis sapasuxo qmedebebic gansxvavebulia. saerTaSoriso teroriste-bis moqmedeba faruli da gasaidumloebulia. is sazogadoebrivi safrTxis Seqmnas isaxavs miznad. iuridiuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, Zaladoba xalxis winaaRmdeg sazogadoebis daSinebas isaxavs miznad, raTa Zalismieri meTodebiT xeli Seuwyos sajaro politikis Secvlas. cvlileba ki, igulisxmeba, rom au-cileblad moxdeba, radgan demokratiuli po-litikuri sazogadoeba movlenebs reagirebis gareSe ar tovebs. teroristuli aqtis meore fundamenturi mizani mTavrobis funqcioni-rebis darRveva an sazogadoebisTvis sasico-cxlo mniSvnelobis servisebis moSlaa da am gziT sajaro pirebis iZuleba, daakmayofilon konkretuli moTxovnebi. totalitaruli mo-Zraobis ukan mdgomi emociuri politika de-mokratiis Ria samarTlebriv instrumentebs iyenebs, raTa Seuqcevadi, antidemokratiuli

21 `zogadad, arsebobs SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom teror-istuli aqti, jgufi an organizacia, pirvel rigSi, irCevs konkretul strategias, miayenos xilvadi, masStaburi ziani arasamxedro mosaxleobas, raTa moaxdinos mtris sistemis da reJimis destabilizacia. terorizmis strategia gamomdin-areobs sxva formis militaristuli moqmedebidan, rogori-caa partizanuli an gorilas omebi, romlebic dampyroblis Zalauflebis da politikuri reJimis moqalaqeTa da infra-struqturis ganadgurebas isaxavs miznad. meore maxasiaTe-beli aris gacxadebuli teroristuli miznebi: teroriste-bi winaaRmdegobas uweven da surT radikalurad Secvalon, socialur-politikuri status-kvo erovnul, regionalur an globalur doneze. es ganasxvavebs terorizms sxva tipis or-ganizebuli danaSaulisgan, romlis mizanicaa piradi mogeba~. Renate Mayntz, Organizational Forms of Terrorism Hierarchy, Network, or a Type sui generis? MPIfG Discussion Paper 04/4. saerTaSoriso ter-orizms aqvs ufro religiuri vidre sekularuli safuZveli, masStabebiT is saerTaSorisoa da xasiaTdeba qseluri struq-turiT, rac masTan brZolas da mis winaaRmdeg arsebuli kanonebis gamoyenebas arTulebs. magaliTisTvis ixileT,. Hirschmann, Kai, 2000: The Changing Face of Terrorism. In: International Politics and Society 7(3), 299–310.

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Zalauflebis sistema daamyaros22. Seuqcevadi cvlileba SesaZloa musulmanur qveynebSi is-lamuri fundamentalistebis mizani iyos, iq, sadac Tavdacvisunariani demokratia mmarTve-lobis Sesaferisi modelia.

arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansxvavebebi terorizmsa da politikur fundamentalizms Soris ufro da ufro naklebia. alJirSi Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis ukiduresi forma iqna gamoyene-buli im periodSi, roca arCevnebi gauqmda, radgan mosalodneli iyo axali islamuri fundamentalistebis (adgilobrivi jgufis) gamarjveba, romlebic msxvilmasStabian tero-ristul aqtebSi monawileobdnen23. calkeul erovnul teroristul organizaciebs namdvi-lad hqondaT samoqalaqo politikuri frTa, xolo erovnul-radikalur, islamur moZrao-bebs da adgilobriv religiur organizaciebs SesaZloa Zlieri kavSirebi hqonodaT saerTa-Soriso teroristul qselebTan24.

kidev erTi potenciuri sxvaoba isaa, rom Tavdacvisunariani demokratia Seiqmna seku-laruli totalitaruli moZraobebis winaaR-mdeg sabrZolvelad, xolo totalitaruli politikuri moZraobebi metwilad teroris-tul meTodebs iyenebdnen da aralegalur qselebs akontrolebdnen. ufro metic, anti-22 istoriuli gamocdileba gvaswavlis, rom totalitarul moZraobaze dafuZnebuli emociuri politika iyenebs Za-ladobas da teroristul meTodebs daSinebis mizniT. 23 kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zlieri da xangrZlivi SezRudvebi moqmedebs im qveynebSi, romlebic arc ki arian momwifebuli demokratiebi. faqtobrivad, antiteroristuli zomebi da mudmivi sagangebo mdgomareoba iwvevs mudmiv represiebs da amdenad, demokratiis damabrkolebeli faqtori xdeba. ter-orizmis masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iseT qveynebSi, ro-goricaa alJiri, romelic esazRvreba mudmiv samoqalaqo oms, cxadia, rTulia demokratiis gavrceleba. aq erT paradoqsTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis para-doqss hgavs: antiteroristuli zomebi, romlebic adamianis uflebebTan da demokratiasTan winaaRmdegobaSi modis le-gitimuri xdeba. am paradoqsis magaliTi saberZneTis uaxles kanonmdeblobaSi gvxvdeba. kanoni 3251/2004 teroristuli aqtisgan gamoyofs qmedebas, romelic demokratiuli reJimis damyarebis mizniT an mis dasacavad, an fundamenturi ufle-bebis gasatareblad xorcieldeba. es midgoma Tavdacvisunar-iani demokratiis cnebas ewinaaRmdegeba (uflebebis Selaxvis akrZalva), romelic adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenci-iT aris garantirebuli (muxli 17 da 18). berZnuli kanonmde-blobis msgavsi SemTxvevebi bevr qveyanaSi gvxvdeba. magali-Tad, samxreT afrikaSi axlaxans dasrulda brZola, romelSic daumorCileblobis moZraoba (da mTavroba) teroristul aqtebSi monawileobda. cxadia, ANC fundamenturi islamuri terorisgan gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda, radgan misi meSveobiT namdvilad damyarda demokratia. berZnul kanonmdeblobaSi warmodgenili pozicia aSkarad uxeSia, radgan prodemokra-tiuli terorizmis daSveba SeuZlebels xdis Sedges saerTa-Soriso SeTanxmeba terorizmze. 24 ixileT Victor Ferreres Comella, The New Regulation of Political Par-ties in Spain, and the Decision to Outlaw Batasuna, in Militant Democracy, supra note 2, at 133.

sekularistuli jgufebi, romlebic musul-manur umravlesobasTan erTad terorizmze akeTeben orientacias, dainteresebuli arian radikaluri islamuri saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT. es igivea, rac Seuqcevadi antidemokratiuli reJimis Seqmnis mcdeloba, rodesac adamians fundamenturi arCevanis gakeTebis ufleba ar aqvs. `tradiciuli~ politikuri terorizmis perspeqtividan, am tipis religiurad moti-virebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmi sruliad gansxvavebulia, radgan terorizmze dafuZ-nebuli bevri moZraoba demokratias, rogorc princips ar ewinaaRmdegeba. inteleqtualurad ki es sazogadoeba saocari TvisebiT gamoirCe-va: politikuri moqmedebis orive forma poli-tikuri fanatizmis msoflmxedvelobis nawilia, romelic liberalizmis sapirispiro cnebaa.

gasakviri araa, rom samarTlebrivi meTo-debi, romlebic totalitaruli politiku-ri moZraobebis sawinaaRmdegod Camoyalibda ufro da ufro gamoiyeneba demokratiebSi im religiuri fundamentalisturi moZraobebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic iTvleba, rom teroris-tuli qselebis mxardaWeras axorcieleben. es religiuri moZraobebi demokratiuli proce-sis da kanonis uzenaesobis upiratesobebis te-rorizmTan kombinirebas isaxaven miznad, raTa xeli Seuwyon im teroristul moZraobebs, romlebic dainteresebuli arian, vesterni-zebuli islamuri da `araerTguli~ reJime-bis destabilizaciiT. zogierTi religiuri fundamentalisturi moZraoba teroristuli daSinebis princips efuZneba, iseve rogorc aratotalitaruli politikuri moZraobebi, mag., baskuri politikuri eqstremizmi da eta. istoriulad, totalitaruli moZraobebi iye-nebdnen rogorc demokratiul saSualebebs, ise teroristuli daSinebis instruments (ixi-leT vaimaris germaniis magaliTi).

2.2. prevenciuli saxelmwifo kontrteroristuli reagirebis speqtri

SeiZleba Zalian farTo iyos, magram imis ga-Tvla ki iolia, rom kontrteroristuli rea-girebis formebma SesaZloa momavalSi ZalTa axlebur ganawilebas da fundamenturi ufle-bebis restruqturizacias Seuwyos xeli. es axali paradigma ki, prevenciuli saxelmwifos saxes iRebs. termini `prevenciuli saxelm-wifo~, pirvelad profesorma kerol Strai-kerma25 gamoiyena. igi aRniSnavda, rom sisxlis 25 Carol S. Steiker, op. cit.

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samarTlis kodeqsi da am kodeqsidan gamomdi-nare aRsulebis RonisZiebebi saSiSi individe-bis neitralizebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gza ar aris. 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtis Semdeg prevenciuli paradigma terorizmis wi-naaRmdeg gatarebul RonisZiebebs Soris yve-laze ufro misaRebi forma gaxda26.

kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebi, gansaku-TrebiT ki saerTaSoriso teroristuli safr-Txis winaSe mimarTuli zomebi, miznad isaxavs prevencias. aseTi RonisZiebebis farglebSi gamoiyeneba saSiS adamianebTan (narkotikebiT movaWreebi, fulis gaTeTrebiT dakavebuli pirebi, bavSvebiT movaWreebi da a.S.) Tavis garTmevisTvis Seqmnili meTodebi, romlebic, erTgvarad, samarTlebrivi normebis kriziss qmnian. es meTodebi istoriul siaxles ar war-moadgens, siaxle isaa, rom dadgenili zRvris gadakveTa ukve Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda. zRvris gadakveTaSi vgulisxmob imas, rom sa-marTlebrivad iolad mopovebadi dazvervis Sedegebi ara mxolod prevenciul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba, aramed kriminalur saqmianobaSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi pa-triotis aqtiT nawilobriv moixsna SezRud-vebi mosasmeni aparatiT mopovebuli infor-maciis kriminalur konteqstSi warmodgenaze. prevenciuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebisTvis, aseve mniSvnelovania is, rom sazRvris gadakve-Tis procedurebi, romlebic dasaSvebia tero-rizmis konteqstSi, SesaZloa misaRebi gaxdes globaluri teroristuli konteqstis miRmac, ara mxolod antikriminaluri, aramed saxel-mwifos zogadi administraciuli procedure-bis farglebSic.

prevenciuli saxelmwifos cneba ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba Tavdapirveli kri-minaluri samarTlis paradigmis miRma im stuqturis asaRwerad, sadac ganadgurebis safrTxis prevenciis axali meTodebi (ramac Caanacvla danaSaulis prevencia) gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben mTliani konstituciuri wes-rigis damyarebaSi. prevencia, rac saSiSi pi-rebis gauvnebelyofisgan iRebs saTaves, Ta-namedrove socialuri saxelmwifos calkeul 26 terminis gamoyeneba antiteroristul konteqstSi ixi-leT Semdeg wyaroSi: Eric S. Janus, The Preventive State, Terrorists and Sexual Predators: Countering the Threat of a New Outsider Juris-prudence Criminal Law Bulletin, Vol. 40, No 6. p. 576, 2004; Robert M. Chesney, THE SLEEPER SCENARIO: TERRORISM-SUPPORT LAWS AND THE DEMANDS OF PREVENTION, 42 HARV. J. LEGIS. 1 (2005). termini warmoiSva germaniaSi - Erhard Denninger, Freiheit durch Si-cherheit. Wie viel Schutz der inneren Sicherheit verlangt und verträgt das deutsche Grundgesetz?, Kritische Justiz 467 (2002).

problematikas emTxveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis paternalistur versiebs mainc, sadac yvela saxis ubedurebis Tavidan acileba da-zvervis27 meTodiT xorcieldeba. kontrte-roristuli samyaros gareT gavrcelebuli dazvervis politika, mag., jandacvis an dana-Saulis identifikaciis mizniT erovnuli dnm-is bankis Seqmna SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mas Sem-deg, rac aseTi monacemTa bankis dafuZndeba terorizmis prevenciis motiviT. garda amisa, prevenciul saxelmwifoSi am mimarTulebebis ganxorcielebis garda SesaZloa inicirebul iqnes fundamenturi uflebebis restruqturi-zacia. winaswari dakavebis reJimi prevenciis gansakuTrebiT problemuri formaa ara mxo-lod imitom, rom safrTxis niSnebis dadgena rTulia da, rom teroristul konteqstSi amis gansazRvris prerogativa yovelTvis aR-masrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSia, aramed imitomac, rom masobrivi dakavebebi ganapiro-beben adamianis uflebebis masobriv xelyofas, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dakavebulebis damoki-debulebas damkaveblebis interesebis mimarT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu prevenciuli saxelmwifo konstituciuri gaxdeba, aucilebelia masSi garantirebuli iyos adamianis dacvis yvela SesaZlo meqanizmi da dakavebulTa pirobebis kontroli. Tumca, praqtikulad, amis garan-tireba rTulia, radgan did xarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli da resursebis gamoyofa im adamianebis uflebebis dasacavad, romlebic faqtobrivad dehumanizebuli arian, aseve problemas warmoadgens. aseTi dehumanizeba kamikaZeebis qmedebebidan kargad Cans. daka-vebulisTvis omis tyvis statusis miniWeba, albaT yvelaze misaRebi minimaluri huma-nitaruli dacvaa. tyveebisgan gansxvavebiT, roca Cveulebrivi dakavebuli saSiS saqmiano-baSia eWvmitanili; esaa adamiani, romelic an monawileobda, an survili aqvs monawileoba miiRos saSinel danaSaulebSi28 da, amdenad, 27 araCveulebrivad aris warmodgenili StaikerTan, gv. 779: `maregulirebeli saxelmwifos ganviTarebam `axali ganviTa-rebis~ programis Semdgomdroindel, meoce saukuneSi saxelm-wifos Sesaxeb axali codna gaavrcela, rac saxelmwifos mier profilaqtikuri moqmedebis saSualebas iZleoda~. msgavsi tendencia da imis mtkicebuleba, rom antiteroristuli brZolis meTodebi mudmivad viTardeboda 11 seqtembris mov-lenebamdec, citirebulia germanul konteqstSi lepsiusTan. 28 Canasaxovani danaSaulebrivi qmedebis interpretaciiT SesaZlebelia teroristuli danaSaulis masStabebis gansaz-Rvra, amdenad, saxelmwifom SesaZloa teroristul qmedebaSi monawileobis ganzraxvis (survilis) kriminalizeba moaxdinos - ganviTareba, romelic sruliad gansxvavebulia ganmanaTle-blobis cnebebze dafuZnebuli sisxlis samarTlis princi-pebisgan.

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imsaxurebs dasjas. tipuri tyve saomari mo-qmedebebis SewyvetisTanave unda gaTavisu-fldes, xolo dakavebuli marTlmsajulebas unda warudges29. meore mxriv, dakavebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos terorizmis potenciur mxar-daWeraSi eWvmitaniloba, am logikiT muSaob-da amerikisa da iaponiis dakavebebis modeli. koremacu SesaZloa axla aRar iyos misaRebi kanoni, magram mTavrobis interesi, daicvas mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba zogierT viTare-baSi, gadawonis erTi pirovnebis Tavisufle-bis uflebas. magaliTad, amboxebebisa da omis dros, roca sazogadoebrivi interesi piks aRwevs, mTavrobas SeuZlia daakavos is indivi-debi, romelTac saSiSad Tvlian~30.

konstituciuri perspeqtividan saintere-soa is, Tu ramdenad moTavsdeba prevenciuli saxelmwifos modeli arsebul konstituciur modelebSi da aris Tu ara damoukidebeli konstituciuri paradigmis Seqmnis saWiroe-ba, romelic prevenciuli saxelmwifos pro-blemebs Seicavs. cxadia, prevenciuli saxel-mwifo, dRevandeli mdgomareobiT, sanam srulmasStabian konstituciur paradigmaSi moeqceva, warmoadgens individualizebul, TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis process imave mi-marTulebiT31. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad saintereso iqneboda Tavdacvisunariani demo-kratiis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba, rome-lic konstituciaSi da konstitucionalizmis cnebaSi `standartuli~ struqturebidan da principebidan garkveuli donis gadaxvevebis integrirebis mcdelobas warmoadgens, rac gaacocxlebda liberalur konstituciur de-mokratiebs.

29 terorizmis potenciuri mxardamWeris alternatiuli sta-tusia gonebrivad daqveiTebuli TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni piri, romelic moTavsdeba fsiqiatriul dawesebulebaSi saboloo samedicino daskvnis gamotanamde. aq samarTalwar-moeba (evrobaSi) an pacientis uflebebi moiTxovs pirovnebis statusis regularul gadamowmebas, maSin roca terorizmSi monawileobis motiviT dakavebisas pirad mdgomareobas mniS-vneloba ar aqvs da gaTavisufleba damokidebulia mxolod saomari mdgomareobis dasrulebaze. 30 aSS salernos winaaRmdeg, 481, aSS 739 (1987). unda daisvas Semdegi SekiTxva: Tu es simarTlea, maSin ra daniSnuleba aqvs amerikis konstituciis kongresis habeas korpusis fun-qcionirebis Sewyvetas? savaraudo danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa konstituciis moqmedebis SeCereba, xolo savaraudo safrTxis moaxloebisas amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs? 31 prevenciuli saxelmwifos konkretuli elementebis war-modgena xdeba konkretuli programebis farglebSi, magali-Tad, roca saqme exeba seqsualur moZaladeebs sazogadoe-baSi, iqmneba konkretuli programa. zogadi saxelmwifoebrivi programa ki ar arsebobs prevenciuli saxelmwifos fargleb-Si. ZiriTadad, struqturulad erTnairi gadawyvetilebebis miReba mainc damoukideblad xdeba.

2.3. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo, rogorc Sereuli reJimi

rogorc Tavdacvisunariani demokaratia, ise prevenciuli saxelmwifo Teoriulad kontr-teroristuli saxelmwifos komponentebia, Tu im konkretuli sistemis zogierT fundamen-tur Rirebulebas yuradRebas ar mivaqcevT, romelTac TiToeuli es reJimi icavs. saku-Tar TavTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosvlis bralde-ba arasworia, paradoqsic iluzia da mxolod varaudia. arsebobs mkafio gansxvaveba maT So-ris, vinc praqtikaSi miRebul demokratiul politikas ar eTanxmeba da vinc, ubralod, demokratiis sandoobas gadawyvetilebebis mi-Rebis procesSi da demokratiuli cxovrebis formebis legitimurobas samoqalaqo sazoga-doebaSi uaryofs32. am ukanasknel kategoriaSi demokratiis mtrebi erTiandebian teroriste-bis CaTvliT. fundamentalisti teroristebi demokratiul sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb xalxs ara mxolod imperialisturi mosazrebiT esx-mian Tavs, aramed imis gamoc, rom demokratia WeSmarit morwmuneebs aRizianebs, romelTac cxvris farasaviT urCevniaT cxovreba. reli-giuri moZraobebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv mxardaWeras iReben teroristebis religiu-rad motivirebuli ideebis wyalobiT, kontr-teroristuli saxelmwifos da Tavdacvisu-nariani demokratiis legitimuri samizneebi arian. religiuri amboxis saSiSroeba SezRu-dvebs da akrZalvebs amarTlebs, romlebic meamboxe moZraobebis politikur aqtivobaze vrceldeba33. jer kidev loki Tavis werilSi religiuri tolerantobis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos Semwynarebluri damokide-buleba religiis miimarT ar gulisxmobs Sem-wynareblobas im pirebis mimarT, romlebic religiis saxeliT moiTxoven samoqalaqo Za-lauflebas, privilegiebs da romlebsac ar surT iyvnen tolerantuli sxvebis mimarT: `maT, vinc aTeizmiT amcireben da anadgureben yvela religias, ver eqnebaT pretenzia reli-

32 aRniSnuli gansxvaveba r. quTeris naSromSi warmodgenili gansxvavebis msgavsia: R. Cooter, Constitutional Consequentialism: Bargain Democracy versus Median Democracy, 3 Theoretical Inquiries in Law 1, at 3 (January 2002). quTeri amtkicebs, rom saziaro Ri-rebulebebis SemTxvevaSi, Rirebulebis Sesabamisi politikis Sesaxeb debatebi Tavad Rirebulebas ki ara, mis mniSvnelobas da interpretacias exeba. saboloo jamSi, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis damkvidrebisas Semdegi dilema warmoiSveba: ra dros aris mTlianad sazogadoeba (Tanaarseboba sazogadoe-bis SigniT) safrTxis qveS, ganurCevlad misi wevrebisa.33 Zalian gansxvavdeba piradi Tavisuflebis xelyofisgan, sa-dac gansxvavebuli standartebia dawesebuli.

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giuri tolerantobis naklebobaze~ 34. libera-luri demokratiis fundamenturi principia, rom is funqcionirebs iq, sadac racionalu-ri diskorsi SesaZlebelia da sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis normatiul sa-fuZvels warmoadgens. Tumca monawileobrivi uflebebis uaryofa diskorsis pirobebis Se-narCunebas isaxavs miznad.

antidemokratiuli uflebebis SemzRudavi zomebis, demokratiis fundamenturi, mtrebis sawinaaRmdego specialuri reJimebis arsebo-bis gamarTleba ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZle-blobas, rom sagangebo situaciebSi miRebuli zomebi, romlebic demokratiul principebs mniSvnelovnad Sordebian, saboloo jamSi Ta-vad demokratias daazaralebs.

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis elemente-bis arseboba kontrteroristul saxelmwi-foSi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, radgan demo-kratiis dacva Tavad demokratiis SezRudviT xdeba (konkretuli jgufebis xarjze), xolo prevenciuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi elementi, konkretulad ki Setevaze gadasvlis strate-gia liberaluri konstitucionalizmis tra-diciul koncefcias ewinaaRmdegeba. brZola terorizmis, iseve rogorc demokratiis wi-naaRmdeg, amboxebis sxva formebis winaaRmdeg, saWiroebs Setevaze gadasvlis teqnikis gamoye-nebas (rogorc teroristul qselebSi, iseve socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi teroris-tuli potencialis gamovlenis mizniT) kanonis uzenaesobis dasacavad. Setevaze gadasvlaSi vgulisxmob iseTi informaciis Segrovebas, romelic gonivruli da informirebuli pre-venciuli moqmedebis safuZvels qmnis.

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo, Tavdac-visunariani demok-ratiis logikiT, miznad isaxavs calkeuli fundamenturi uflebebis da Rirebulebebis dacvas da amasTanave im adamia-nebisTvis uflebebze uaris Tqmas, romlebic eWvmitanili arian sistemis xelyofis mcde-lobaSi. am logikiT, demokratiis da adamianis uflebebis principebis xelmyofi adamianebis jgufebi calke gamoiyofa.

realur strategiebs Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebebi arsebobs. magaliTad, Tu erTni Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis saWiroebe-bis gamo, uflebebis SezRudvas legitimurad miiCneven, Tavisuflebebis SezRudvebi kontr-

34 J. Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration: Latin and English Texts, ( J. Hor-ton & S. Mendus, (eds.)) 47 (1991).

terorizmis farglebSi albaT ufro farToa, vidre Tavdacvisunarian demokratiaSi. Ta-vdacvisunarian demokratiaSi SemzRudveli zomebi konkretulad `mtris~ winaaRmdeg aris mizanmimarTuli. `mtris~ gamovlena SedarebiT iolia da SezRudvebis gavlena mTlianad sa-zogadoebaze pirdapiri ar aris (Teoriulad mainc). sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis Sekrebis, gadaadgilebis ufleba da sityvis Tavisufle-ba SezRuduli ar aris demokratiisTvis saSiS saqmianobaSi eWvmitanili jgufebis an moZrao-bis wevrebisgan gansxvavebiT. zemoT aRniS-nuli praqtika islamur politikur frTazec vrceldeba, romelic ZiriTadad musulmanur sazogadoebaSi moqmedebs.

kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebis logika, romelic gasaidumloebul teroristul qse-lebze vrceldeba, gansxvavebulia. am konte-qstSi, swored imis gamo, rom kontrteroris-tuli RonisZiebebi miznad isaxaven im codnis/informaciis mopovebas, romelic gasaidu-mloebul teroristebs da maT damqiraveblebs exmarebaT, ZiriTad strategiebs Soris ga-moiyeneba masobriv monacemTa Segrovebis da gadaadgilebis, Sekrebis da sxva uflebebis SezRudvis strategia. aseTi RonisZiebebi mTel sazogadoebaze axdens gavlenen, maSin roca, realurad, teroristebis SesaZle-blobebis SezRudvas isaxavs miznad. amdenad, kontrteroristuli politikis WrilSi yvela moqalaqe, garkveuli xarisxiT mainc, miiCneva potenciur teroristad. aseTi RonisZiebebi gavlenas axdens moqalaqeebis gadaadgilebis, piradi Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis (ixileT aqtivebis gayinvis strategia) da sxva ufle-bebze. garda amisa, es RonisZiebebi Zvirad Rirebulia da zogjer akrZalulic ki. maTi ganxorcielebis dros im albaTobiT xelmZR-vaneloben, rom prevenciuli zomebi mxolod calkeul jgufebze iqneba orientirebuli. vinaidan musulmanur sazogadoebasa (misi ga-dagvarebuli umciresoba) da teroristul qselebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebis maRa-li albaToba arsebobs, uflebebis SezRudvis mcdelobebic, Sesabamisad, am sazogadoebaSi arsebul `saeWvo jgufebze~ xdeba, maSinac ki, Tu saeWvo jgufis gamovlena arc ise marti-via musulmanebis ufro didi jgufidan. ufro metic, zogierT qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrivi azris doneze mainc, musulmanebis mimarT Ta-nagrZnoba Cndeba xolme, radgan logikurad

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isini prevenciuli RonisZiebebis samizneebi xdebian. es ki institucionaluri diskrimina-ciis seriozul riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. jgufebis gamoyofa sakmarisad ar aris dasabu-Tebuli da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, dasabuTeba koremacus SemTxvevis msgavsia: Tu samxedro mTavarsardals swams, rom iaponuri warmoSo-bis xalxi aucileblad iTanamSromlebs iapo-nelebTan, Tuki iaponuri jarebi moadgebian dasavleT sanapiros, maSin iaponuri warmoSo-bis xalxi saSiSroebas warmoadgens. dakavebis meTodis gamoyeneba represiebis farglebSi gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba aqtualuri da, Sesabamisad, problemuri, roca `saxelmwifo iwyebs moqmedebas, rogorc wesi, kriminalur konteqstSi, konkretuli da samizne mtris winaaRmdeg~35.

winaswar veravin uaryofs, rom safrTxis saSiSroebis molodinSi, romlis masStabebis winaswar ganWvreta rTulia, magram sazoga-doebis arsebobisTvis potenciurad serio-zuli zianis miyeneba SeuZlia, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobebis da pi-robebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli fundamenturi Sexedulebebi iqmneba, rac konstituciuri reJimis wina pirobaa. Tavdacvisunariani de-mokratiis konstitucionalizmi erT-erTi aseTi arCevania, xolo Tavdacvisunariani de-mokratiis proceduruli dacviTi meqanizmebi, Zalisxmeva samarTlebrivi kontrolis Senar-CunebisTvis, Tundac `standartuli kanonm-deblobisgan gansxvavebuli kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT, miuTiTebs imaze, rom pativis-cema kanonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiisad-mi gulwrfelia. Tavdacvisunariani demokra-tiis institucionaluri dizaini demokratiis standartuli modelidan gadaxvevis saSuale-bas da, amavdroulad, konstituciuri reJimis dacvis garantias gvaZlevs. meore gardasaxvis meqanizmi, romelic konstituciur dizainSi SeiniSneba, sagangebo viTarebis reJimia. Cve-ni miznebisTvis sakmarisi iqneba veberiseuli konstitucionaluri saganegebo mdgomareo-bis36 idealuri tipi moviyvanoT magaliTad, rodesac samarTlebrivi kontroli naklebad 35 Carol S. Steiker, Foreword: The Limits of the Preventive State. 88 The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 3. 771. 806 (1998).36 sagangebo mdgomareoba aris gansakuTrebuli situacia, romelic karl Smitis Tanaxmad, samarTlebriv CarCoebSi ar jdeba. sagangebo mdgomareobis legitimurobas axdens gansa-kuTrebuli, miukerZoebeli politikuri reJimis warmateba. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sagangebo mdgomareobis reJimi SesaZloa gadaizardos tiraniaSi, romlis drosac le-gitimurobis sakiTxebi yvelaze nakleb mniSvnelovania.

mniSvnelovania da ZiriTadi aqcenti gadawy-vetilebebis miRebis procesis sakanonmde-blo xelisuflebidan aRmasrulebeli xeli-suflebis kompetenciaSi gadatanaze keTdeba. aq konstituciuri kontroli Zlieri pro-ceduruli wesebis saxiT arsebobs, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia sagangebo mdgomareobis37 gamocxadebisa da gagrZelebisTvis. garda amisa, fundamenturi uflebebis SezRudve-bis umetesobis winaswar gaTvla SesaZlebelia sagangebo mdgomareobis dadgomamde, Tumca SesaZloa damatebiTi SezRudvebi dawesdes sagangebo mdgomareobis ganmavlobaSi. SezRu-dvebis dawesebis mosalodnelobaze miuTiTebs adamianis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso dokumentebic. Teoriuli SekiTxva isaa, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos RonisZiebebis winaswar ucnobi speqtri sagangebo mdgomareobas. inteleqtua-lurad mimzidvelia, rom kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebi calke, gamonaklisis saxiT, gan-vixiloT. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, moicavs Tavdacvisu-nariani demokratiis da omis kanonebis ele-mentebs, Tumca albaT maT gansakuTrebul formas (gamokveTili mtris gareSe).

ra Tqma unda, kontrteroristuli Ronis-Ziebebis speqtris arsebul demokratiul pa-radigmaSi moqcevis sasargeblod seriozuli argumentebi arsebobs, proporciulobis ana-lizis da axali administraciuli priori-tetebis kombinirebiT, romlis farglebSic erovnuli usafrTxoebis da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba. amJamindeli gaTvlebiT, saerTaSoriso religiuri tero-rizmis safrTxe mudmivad iarsebebs. amdenad, kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo grZelvadian gegmad iqceva.

3. uflebebis SezRudvis sakiTxi kontrtero-ristul saxelmwifoSi

mravali mizezi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom adamianis fundamentur uflebebs yvelaze upiratesi mniSvnelova mieniWos, an dvorkinis cnobili sityvebis Tanaxmad: fundamenturi uflebebi (da mxolod fundamenturi uflebe-bi) aris Cveni koziri. `adamianebs aqvT ufle-bebi, roca koleqtiuri mizani sakmaris sababs 37 magaliTisTvis ixileT, samxreT afrikis konstituciis um-ravlesobasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi, an sagamomcemlo saqmis maregulirebeli rTuli wesebi ungreTsa da polo-neTSi.

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ar warmoadgens maT survilebze uaris Tqmis-Tvis~ 38.

Tumca yovelive zemoTqmuli uflebebis upirobo absolutizms ar niSnavs, utili-taruli TvalTaxedviT, uflebebi daculia, radgan samarTlebrivad awyobil msoflioSi individualuri avtonomiis gamyarebis ukeTe-si forma ar arsebobs. avtonomia niSnavs imas, rom individi Tavad aris pasuxismgebeli saku-Tar bedze an arCevanze. uflebebi ganasaxiere-ben `moralur faqts, roca pirovneba ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs da ara sxvas an mTlianad sazoga-doebas~. Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetri-cians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S., at 777, n. 5 39.

fundamenturi uflebebi (da mxolod fun-damenturi uflebebi, anu uflebebi, romle-bic Seesatyvisebian konkretul moralur funqciebs) Cveni upiratesobaa, magram ufle-bebi absoluturi araa, Sesabamisad garantia, rom maTi darRveva ar moxdeba, ar arsebobs. da mainc ra darRveva SeiZleba moxdes? dvor-kini aRiarebs, rom sityvis Tavisuflebac ki SeiZleba SeizRudos, raTa `dacul iqnes sxve-bis uflebebi, Tavidan iqnes acilebuli katas-trofa an miRebul iqnes didi sazogadoebrivi sargebeli~ 40. Tavisuflebebis analizis Se-degad SesaZlebelia, prevenciuli moqmedebis mizniT, uflebebis darRvevis sakmarisi dasa-buTebis monaxva.

rogorc Cans, dvorkinisTvis misaRebia fun-damenturi uflebebis gansazRvrebiTi SezRud-va, roedsac uflebebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba fundamenturi uflebebis `swori~ gansazRvre-bis miRma xdeba. uflebis Tavdapirveli aRia-reba ar niSnavs maT aRiarebas yvela momdevno konkretul SemTxvevaSi. uflebebis araRiare-38 Dworkin, op. cit. xii. gansxvavebuli kontinenturi tradiciis mixedviT, jin debinma daiWira myari pozicia imis dasamt-kiceblad, rom uflebebi eZlevaT individebs piradi sarge-blobisTvis da ara konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis, romlebic sakmaod bundovania. Jean Dabin, Le droit subjectif, pp289 et seq.39 es SeniSvna gakeTda piradi saidumloebis uflebasTan da-kavSirebiT, roca stiven. j-m (Stevens, J.,) citireba gaukeTa Carlz fridis formulirebas (Charles Fried’s formulation) Corre-spondence, 6 Phil. & Pub. Affairs 288-289 (1977). 40 Ibid. at 191. miuxedavad am martivi poziciisa, cnobilia, rom dvorkini uaryofda sazogadoebrivi sargeblis standartul moTxovnebs. kantis mier STagonebuli sxva memarjvene Teo-retikosebis msgavsad (nociki, Carlz fridi), memarjveneo-baze dafuZnebuli reJimis realuri dasasruli katastrofaa. zogierTi wamyvani Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi kidev ufro damTmobebi arian, roca saqme uflebebis SezRudvas exeba: `koleqtiuri keTildReobisTvis miRebul rezolucias . . . ufro Zlieri mxardaWera unda hqondes, vidre individis uflebebs~. `uflebebis WeSmariti prioritetizacia ar gamo-ricxavs individis uflebebis gauqmebas sxva interesebis sana-cvlod.~ Robert Alexy, Individual Rights and Collective Goods, in (Carlos Niño ed., 1992) Rights at 163, 178-79.

ba konkretul SemTxvevaSi maSin xdeba, roca Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli uflebiT daculi Rirebulebebi safrTxis winaSe ar dganan mxo-lod marginalur SemTxvevebSi an `Tu ufleba ise ganisazRvra, rom sazogadoebisTvis es bu-nebrivad mzard xarjebTan ki ar aris dakav-Sirebuli, aramed, Tavdapirvelad, uflebis mopovebisTvis gaRebul xarjze imdenad metia, rom Rirsebis an Tanasworobis darRvevis gasa-marTlebladac ki sakmarisia~ 41 .

Semdegnairi situacia iqmneba, roca pirov-nebaSi kamikaZes amovicnobT an roca ganmeore-biTi masobrivi teroristuli aqtis maRal mosalodnelobas vxedavT: proceduruli uflebebis ugulebelyofa eWvmitanilebis da `eWvmitanilTa kategoriebis~ gauvnebelyofis mizniT. unda aRiniSnos, rom simarTlis uze-naesoba da fundamenturi uflebebi warmodge-nilia absoluturi formiT (WeSmaritad esaa warmatebis wyaro adamianis uflebebisTvis: is gamoricxavs nebismier diskusias, romelic mis absolutur validurobas kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs). aseTma absolutizma bevr viTa-rebaSi gaamarTla. Tumca dasafiqrebelia is, rom absolutizmi axal garemoebebTan adap-tacias gamoricxavs. uflebebis absolutizmi, cxadia, problemebs iwvevs (romelis gadalaxva SesaZlebelia Tavdacvisunarian demokratiaSi uflebebis relativizmis aRiarebiT), radgan is funqcionirebs mxolod konkretuli wina pirobebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi: mis gareSe ar arsebobs arc gamonaklisi SemTxve-vebi. am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT Sekrebis Tavisuflebis xelyofis dacviTi/prevenciu-li kontrolis germanuli meTodis Sesaxeb magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. kanoni, romelic germanul enaze daiwera, dainerga poloneT-Si. poloneTis konstituciurma tribunalma daadgina, rom 2004 wlis Sekrebebis da gzaze gadaadgilebis kanonSi Setanili cvlilebebis aqti arakonstituciuria, radgan is arRvevs kanonis uzenaesobas42. mxolod opozicia aRia-rebda, rom socialuri komunikaciis axali pi-robebi saWiroebda Sekrebis uflebis gadaxe-dvas. fundamenturi uflebebis gadaxedvisas aucilebelia am uflebis funqciebis da masSi

41 Dworkin, op. cit. at 200. 42 ixileT 2004 wlis 10 noembris sasamarTlo ganxilva, 2004, Kp 1/04. germaniis msgavsad, ori aTwleulis win poloneTSic mZvinvare gamosvlebi tardeboda, gansakuTrebiT daundobeli iyo glexebis demonstraciebi soflis meurneobis politikas-Tan dakavSirebiT. See Judgment of 10th November, 2004, Kp 1/04.

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warmodgenili Rirebulebebis namdvili gada-faseba. liberaluri panika,43 romelic usafr-Txoebis panikidan momdinareobs SezRudvebis daZlevaSi ver dagvexmareba, gansakuTrebiT ki im SezRudvebisa, romlebic tradiciulad gamarTlebulia. gadafasebis saWiroeba imas ar gulisxmobs, rom arsebuli safrTxeebis ugulebelyofa moxdes. gadafaseba niSnavs, rom sasamarTlom an sakanonmdeblo organoeb-ma Seafason, ramdenad emsaxureba konkretuli ufleba mis Tavdapirvel funqcias. funqciu-ri analizis Sedegad, samarTlebrivi da saka-nonmdeblo diskreciis gaaqtiurebam SesaZloa uflebebis Zala gaabaTilos.

zemoT aRwerili garemoebebis gaTvaliswine-biT, radikaluri uflebebis SezRudvis sawi-naaRmdego principuli pocizia ar ikveTeba. katastrofis pirobebSi sazogadoebriv usa-frTxoebas upiratesoba eniWeba. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom kontrteroristul saxelmwi-fos SeuzRudavi uflebebi aqvs, maSinac, roca mosalodneli katastrofa spekulaciaa da ara realoba. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom katastrofis arseboba an moaxloeba Zneli da-sadgenia da radgan katastrofis Zieba mxolod winaswarmetyvelebaa, kanonma ar unda dauSvas panikaze dafuZnebuli piradi winaswarmetyve-lebis faqtebad Seracxva. agreTve, rogorc qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi Cans, uflebebis SezRudvis masStabebi gansxvavdeba uflebe-bis SemzRudav sxvadasxva reJimebs Soris (ix. cxrili 1).

unda aRiniSnos, rom am or reJims Soris aS-kara gansxvavebaa uflebebis SezRudvis mxriv. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo iseT reJimad iqceva, rodesac kanonis uzenaosoba, faqto-brivad, ar vrceldeba uxcoel moqalaqeebze. aseTi ram prevenciul saxelmwifos ar axa-siaTebs. am gansxvavebebs Tu davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom is faqtorebi, romlebic Ta-vdacvisunariani demokratiis da prevenciu-li saxelmwifos konstitucionalizmis erTi paradigmis qveS gaerTianebas ganapirobebda, kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi aRar SeiniSneba.

43 drian vermeule amtkicebs, rom usafrTxoebasTan daka-vSirebul panikas, romelic zedmetad maRal riskebs winas-warmetyvelebs SecdomiT, mohyveba liberalebis panika, rom-lebic amtkiceben, rom fundamentaluri uflebebi udidesi riskis winaSe aRmoCndebian. maTi panika aseve gamowveulia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebze SezRudvebis dawesebiT. ixileT Adrian Vermeule, Libertarian Panics, U of Chicago, Public Law Working Pa-per No. 83. 2005.

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo Tvisobri-vad gansxvavebul safuZvelze imuSavebs mas Sem-deg, rac terorizmi masobrivi fenomeni da yo-veldRiuri cxovrebis problema gaxdeba. aseT viTarebaSi SemzRudveli zomebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT racionalurad gamoiyureba, Tavisuflebebis masobriv SezRudvebSi gadaizrdeba. raciona-lur zomebSi SesaZloa Sediodes gadaadgile-bis da sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva, piradi saidumloebis darRveva, gaZeveba, moqalaqeo-bis uflebis SezRudva da administraciuli zomebis institucionalizacia samarTlebrivi kontrolis gareSe. sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris akrZalvac mosalodnelia, radgan masobrivi Sekrebebi potenciuri samizne SeiZleba iyos. rogorc efeqtianobis sakiTxi, ise samarT-lebrivi da sxva saxis kontrolis nakleboba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom terorizmis mzardi safrTxis fonze, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo-dan prevenciuli reJimisken iwyeba svla44. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samarTlebrivi zedamxed-velobis SenarCuneba moxdeba kontrteroris-tul saxelmwifoSi, mas sruliad mokrZalebu-li formaluri operaciis saxe eqneba, radgan is omis periodSi xorcieldeba da denisis mier warmodgenil riskebzea orientirebuli.

prevenciuli reJimi (administraciuli) da-kavebis reJimiT kontrteroristul saxel-mwifos iseT sistemad ar aqcevs, romelic liberaluri konstitucionalizmis princi-pebs daakmayofilebs, maSinac ki, Tu qveynis konstitucia aseT RonisZiebebs dasaSvebad da kanonierad miiCnevs.

dakavebis zogierTi forma, romelic war-sulSi demokratiul sistemaSi Seiqmna, dRes Tanamedrove adamianis uflebrivi standar-tebiT45 miuRebelia. magram Tanamedrove standartebi xom socialur da kulturul cvlilebebs ganicdian. am cvlilebebs mniS-vnelovnad ganapirobebs riskebis gaTvla. da-kavebis reJimebi arsebobs ukve momwifebul demokratiebSi, magaliTad, indoeTsa da is-raelSi. jer kidev ganxilvis sagania akninebs Tu ara dakavebis reJimi demokratias an am saxelmwifoebis liberalur xasiaTs. am qvey-nebSi demokratiis SenarCuneba gamonaklisebis

44 me ar vamarTleb aseTi zomebis gamoyenebas, magram vvarau-dob, rom es yvelaze ufro mosalodneli tendenciaa. 45 ixileT, iaponuri datyvevebis braldeba, misi damtkiceba korimacuSi an lordTa palataSi, liversijSi, poziciis daka-vebaze uaris Tqma. .

89


uflebebis SezRudva reJimebis mixedviT

fundamenturi ufleba an institutiTavdacvisunariani demokratia

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo

gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba ara mxolod calkeuli jgufebisTvis

eqstradicia ara diax*

sityvis Tavisufleba diax diax **

religiuri arCevanis Tavisufleba ara *** diax

asociaciis Tavisufleba diax diax ****

Sekrebis Tavisufleba diax ara

dazverva (saidumlo)diax, SezRuduli maStabebiT

farTod gavrcelebuli, administraciuli *****

samarTalwarmoebaze uaris Tqma ara diax ******

dakaveba samarTlebrivi kontrolis gareSe

diax, zogierT sistemaSi diax *******

miTqma-moTqmis mtkicebulebad gamoyeneba, gansakuTrebuli ndoba xelisuflebis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis mimarT

araSebrunebuli formiT

emigracia ara diax

wameba araxelSewyoba ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa

sxva saxelmwifosTvis gadacemiT********

informaciis xelmisawvdomoba ara diax

ganmcxadebeli

parlamenti, an politikuri Stoebi erToblivad, samar-Tlebrivi kontroli, Sem-Widroebul droSi

zogadi sakanonmdeblo avtorizacia, sxvadasxva movlenebis Sedegad. SemTxvevebze individualurad reagireba xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Stos mier.

* ixileT dakavebis garantiis evropuli forma, romelic te-rorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis farglebSi ar iyo Seqmnili. aseve ixileT uxcoeli moqalaqeebis eqstradiciis albaToba arausafrTxo qveynebSi (sadac wameba da dasja politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo mosalodnelia). ** sityvis Tavisuflebis arsebuli paradigmis farglebSic ki SegviZlia warmovidginoT denisisTvis SeTavazebuli gamoc-disken dabruneba, sadac teroristuli qmedebis gamarTlebac ki kriminalad iTvleba. *** iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa TurqeTi, sadac antisekularuli Zalebi safrTxes uqmnian ara mxolod demokratias, aramed usafrTxoebasac, gamoiyeneba SezRudvebi. **** magaliTad, germaniis aqti asociaciebis Sesaxeb mTavrobas uflebamosilebas aZlevs, akrZalos iseTi organizaciebis sa-qmianoba, romlebic xels uwyoben ukananobas an ewinaaRmde-gebian konstitucias (es gansxvavdeba procedurisgan, rome-lic totalitarul partiebze vrceldeba germaniis zogadi kanonmdeblobidan). 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtis Semdeg germaniaSi zemoT aRniSnuli aqti Seicvala da `religiuri privilegia~ gauqmda, ris Sedegadac, aTamde religiuri orga-nizaciis muSaoba aikrZala. aseTi jgufis wevroba, jerjero-biT, kriminalad ar iTvleba. ***** ra Tqma unda, bevr qveyanaSi, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos refleqss kvlav aqvs gavlena. norvegiaSi, magaliTad, faruli policielebis farTomasStabiani dazverviTi saqmianoba saWi-roebs sasamarTlo Tanxmobas, romlis mopovebac xdeba daxu-rul sxdomaze usafrTxoebis iuristis TandaswrebiT. aRniS-nuli kanoni ZalaSi Sevida 2005 wlis 5 agvistos. dazverviTi saqmianobebi SesaZloa usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs emsaxurebodes da Sesabamisad, dazverva misaRebi xdeba demo-kratiul saxelmwifoebSi. dazverviT mopovebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia safrTxis gauvnebelyofa (Zalian maRali administraciuli danaxarjebiT), Tumca samarTlebriv saxelmwifos ar gaaCnia terorizmSi eWvmitanilTa gasamarT-leba, radgan dazverviT mopovebuli informaciis gamJRavneba miuRebelia an oficialuri pirebi Tavs ikaveben informaciis wyaros dasaxelebisgan da dakiTxvebSi monawileobis miRebis-gan. mulah krekeris saqme kargi sailustracio magaliTia. mulah krekers, gaeros teroristul dajgufebaTa siaSi Se-

mavali ansar al-islamis yofil xelmZRvanels, misces po-litikuri TavSesafari norvegiaSi 1991 wels. 2002 wels is eraySi dabrunda da, savaraudod, teroristuli saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad. mas Semdeg is kvlav dabrunda norvegiaSi, sadac misi ltolvilis statusi ukve gauqmebuli iyo da is ramdenjerme daiWires terorizmSi monawileobis braldebiT. Tumca, radgan mtkicebulebebis gamJRavneba ar moxerxda, kre-kers braldebac mouxsnes. iordaniaSi eqstradiciaze uari Tqva sasamarTlom, radgan iordaniaSi misi wamebis saSiSroebas xedavda. dasabuTebuli deportaciis brZaneba ki ver Sedga, kanonis uzenaesobis pricnipebis gamo. meore SemTxvevaSi ki SvedeTma uari uTxra ahmed agizas TavSesafarze, romelic da-brunda egvipteSi da moixada sasjeli mis aryofnaSi misi te-rorizmis braldebiT gasamarTlebis gamo. SvedeTis mTavrobam miiRo piroba, rom Svedi diplomatebi SeZlebden teroristis monaxulebas da imis Semowmebas, Tu ramdenad asrulebda eg-viptis xelisufleba pirobebs. miuxedavad amisa, gaeros ko-misiam wamebis winaaRmdeg daadgina, rom SvedeTma daarRvia wamebis winaaRmdeg konvencia. komunikacia # 233/2003, gaeros dokumenti CAT/C/34/D/233/2003 (2005). damatebiT ixileT Calali gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg saqme, sadac 15 noemris ganCinebis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom indoeTis mTa-vrobis mier warmodgenili garantia arasakmarisia adamianis uflebebis darRvevebis sakiTxSi. eqstradiciasTan dakavSire-buli problemebi ixileT human raiTs voCis gamocemaSi `ca-rieli dapirebebi~. diplomatiuri rwmuneba da aranairi dacva wamebisgan. 2004 wlis aprili, me-16 tomi, #4(d). ****** hamdi ramsferldis winaaRmdeg saqmeSi 2633 (2004) SeiniS-neba, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo Tanaxmaa miiRos samarTalwar-moebis ufro dabali standarti, romelic administraciul proceduraze vrceldeba. ******* esaa gamyofi xazi samarTlebriv saxelmwifosa da daka-vebis reJims Soris. indoeTSi moqmedebda ramdenime sistema administraciuli dakavebiT (ixileT zemoT). ******** kanadis uzenaesma sasamarTlomac ki ganacxada, rom ucxoeli moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg gamotanilma gadawyveti-lebam SesaZloa gamoiwvios maTi eqstradicia iseT qveynebSi, sadac wamebis maRali riskebi arsebobs. sureSi kanadis saxelm-wifos winaaRmdeg (moqalaqeobis da emigraciis ministri).

cxrili 1

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daSvebis xarjze xdeba, rac sazogadoebaze ga-vlenas ar axdens. drodadro, sasamarTlo xe-lisufleba cdilobs Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcios gamonaklisebi, Tumca gaurkvevelia, ramdenad sicocxlisunariania es Zalisxmeva.

ironiulia is faqti, rom dakavebis reJimis daweseba kolonializmis memkvidreobis miRe-bas niSnavs. rogorc israelSi, ise indoeTSic, britanuli sagangebo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb brZaneba administraciuli dakavebebis miz-niT gamoiyeneboda, xolo safrangeTi alJi-ris omidan memkvidreobiT darCenil praqtikas dRemde iyenebs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba meore msoflio omis sakanSi mimdinare samxedro sasamarTlo procesebis precedents mimarTavs. israelSi da indoeTSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo reJi-misken svlis mcdelobas hqonda adgili, da-kavebis pirobebze sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier kontrolis daSvebiT46. arc amerikis See-rTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ua-ryo sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier nakisri aseTi roli. ironiulia is faqtic, rom stabi-luri demokratiebis umravlesoba (umetesi ma-

46 germaniaSi, sasamarTlo xelisufleba gansakuTrebiT mtki-ced inarCunebs zedamxedvelobiT rols. jerjerobiT adgili ar hqonia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rolis Secvlas usafr-Txoebis sakiTxebis sasargeblod. hamburgis sasamarTlom Se-cvala mounir motasedeqis mier 3000 adamianis mkvlelobis braldeba. kanonis uzenaesobis Cveulebrivi standartebis gamoyenebiT, hamburgis sasamarTlom ganacxada: `konfliqti usafrTxoebis interesebs, aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasa da eWvmitanilis dacvis uflebas Soris ar unda gadawydes eWvmitanilis sazianod . . Cven ver ugulebelvyofT kano-nis uzenaesobas. es iqneboda sasikvdilo gadawyvetileba da teroristebis saboloo gamarjveba... brZola terorizmis winaaRmdeg ar unda iyos veluri da usamarTlo~. desmond butleri, germaneli mosamarTlis brZaneba 11 seqtembris te-roristul aqtTan dakavSirebuli piris winaaRmdeg xelmeore samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, niu-iork Taimsi, 2004 wlis 5 mar-ti. Tumca saqme imaSi araa, Tu ramdenad samarTliania `omi~, sakiTxavi isaa, Tu ramdenad efeqturia tradiciuli kanonis uzenaesobis principebi. `germaniis sakonstitucio sasamar-Tlom gamoitana verdiqti 2005 wlis 18 ivliss da gamoacxada, rom germaniis evropuli dakavebis garantiebis aqti arakons-tituciuri iyo . . . sakonstitucio sasamarTlom miiCnia, rom es aqti ewinaaRmdegeba konstituciiT garantirebul Tavisu-flebas germanelebis eqstradiciis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. is aseve ewinaaRmdegeba zogadi kanonis 19.4. muxls, radgan eqs-tradiciis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis uflebas ar iZleva . . . msjelobis Sedegi isaa, rom al qaidas teroristul qselSi wevrobaze eWvmitanili germanuli da siriuli erovnebis pirebis espaneTSi eqstradicia dasaSvebi gaxda. http://eulaw.typepad.com/eulawblog/2005/09/european_arrest.html (Tumca aseve ixileT Slaieris gatacebis saqmeze miRebu-li gadawyvetileba, romelSic sasamarTlo mzad iyo funda-menturi uflebebis da mTavrobis politikis ugulebelyofa moexdina terorizmis realuri safrTxis gamo). ixileT gaer-Tianebuli samefo saojaxo ganyofilebis saxelmwifo mdivnis winaaRmdeg (2004) UKHL 56, 2 W.L.R. 87., lord hofmanis pozicia. poloneTis tribunalma daadgina, rom evropis dakavebis aqti konstituciuri iyo im momentisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom poloneTis konstitucia krZalavs poloneTis moqalaqeebis eqstradicias da am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg ganxorcielda poloneTis moqalaqeebis eqstradicia.

Tgani kolonizaciis yofili avtorebi) axli-dan qmnian dakavebis reJimebs, ukan abruneben koloniuri Zalauflebis mier gatarebuli represiebis yvelaze mosaxerxebel meTods. samwuxarod, teroristebi da maTi warmatebis mxardamWerebi mimdevrebs iCenen, radgan isi-ni amtkiceben, rom moRalateebs im formebiT ebrZvian, romlebsac kolonizatorebi iye-nebdnen. axla yofili kolonizatori koloni-zebuli gaxda, radgan kolonizatorebis mier gamoyenebuli represiis meTodebi bunebrivad aiTvises maTma neokolonialisturma STamoma-vlebma. roca momwifebuli demokratiebis sa-samarTloebi uars amboben yofil kolonieb-Si im policiis mier mopovebuli informacia miiRon, romelic yofili kolonizatorebis policiuri meTodebis gamoyenebas agrZele-ben, isini gaucnobiereblad ebrZian yofili koloniuri Zalauflebis binZur warsuls. es pozicia aRmasrulebeli moxeleebis standar-tul reagirebas iwvevs, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTlo standartebi realobisgan Sorsaa; amerikeli, britaneli, italieli da frangi aR-masruleblebi uflebebis ufro metad SemzRu-dveli kanonmdeblobis damtkicebas moiTxoven da mzad arian `naklebad pativsacem~ ucxoel oficialur pirebTan iTanamSromlon47. amave 47 am etapze, saerTaSoriso kontrterorizmis paradoqsi isaa, rom saerTaSoriso islamuri terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politikis warmatebis erTaderTi Sansia saer-TaSoriso TanamSromloba, rac terorizmis Semndob arali-beralur saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobasac gulisxmobs. miuxedvad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ramdenime mtkice gan-cxadebisa, romelTac erovnuli kanonis uzenaesobaze da-fuZnebuli iuridiuli sistemis sazRvrebis dacva surT im saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebSic `wameba~ dasaSvebia, erovnul mTavrobebs uwevT kontrteroristuli politikis integri-reba saerTaSoriso programasTan, romlis farglebSi ada-mianis uflebebis seriozuli darRvevebi xdeba praqtikul doneze. araliberaluri, faqtobrivad arademokratiuli re-Jimebis miReba rTulia ramdenime mizezis gamo. iseT qveyne-bSi, rogorebicaa alJiri da egvipte, xelisufleba Tvlis, rom mkacri RonisZiebebis da uflebebis SezRudvis gareSe (romelTa oficialuri versiac iseTi radikaluri ar aris, rogorsac dasavluri arasamTavrobo organizaciebi amtkice-ben) isini ver SeZlebdnen fundamentalistur ZalebTan Tavis garTmevas. es, calsaxad, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli da misaRebi argumentia, Tumca dasavluri Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis mniSvnelovani elementebi, rogorebicaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier Zlieri zeda-mxedveloba, am SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs. es problema qaTmisa da kvercxis problemas hgavs. erTni amtkiceben, rom reli-giuri fundamentalizmi safrTxes warmoadgens swored imi-tom, rom mTavrobebi axorcieleben Cagvras, avtoritarulebi arian da korumpirebuli. ra Tanmimdevroba da simtkicec ar unda hqondes dasavleTis araliberaluri mokavSireebis mier warmodgenil argumentebs, naTelia, rom islamuri saxel-mwifoebis umravlesoba mniSvnelovan mxardaWeras ucxadebs fundamentalistur politikur islams da es mxardaWera sa-erTaSoriso terorizmis logistikur mxardaWerasac niSnavs. Tumca dasavluri sasamarTloebis da sxva institutebis un-dobloba arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis institutebis mi-marT gamarTlebulia, radgan am saxelmwifoebSi gamoiyeneba wameba, muSaoben moRalate agentebi da maRalia fundamenta-

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dros, adamianis uflebaTa dacvaSi snobizmi, kontrterorizmis WrilSi, akninebs tero-rizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gaerTianebuli frontis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs. an SesaZloa problema imaze migviTiTebdes, rom adamianis universalur uflebebze SeTanxmeba aucilebe-lia, radgan TanamSromloba ver Sedgeba aseTi SeTanxmebis gareSe48.

ra Tqma unda, dakavebis reJimi (sanam arse-bobs droSi SezRuduli an SeuzRudavi zoga-di safrTxe) kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos mxolod erTi komponentia. iseT samarTle-briv saxelmwifoebSic ki, rogoricaa germa-nia, sadac kanonis uzenaesobas pativs scemen, `policiis kanonis doqtrina individualuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb nel-nela gauqmda axali usafrTxoebis kanonebis sasargeblod, romelic policias winaswari eWvmitanis gareSe xalxis kontrolis uflebamosilebas aniWebs~ 49.

amJamindeli administraciuli da kanonis aRsrulebis sferoSi gatarebuli RonisZie-bebi, sisxlis samarTlidan prevenciul samar-Talze gadasvlis mizniT, bevr saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani gaxda. preven-ciuli saxelmwifos gafarToeba kanonmde-blobis meSveobiT sasamarTlo winaaRmdegobis gareSe mimdinareobs, xolo sadac sasamarTlo opozicia arsebobs, yvelgan proporciulobis doqtrinas efuZneba50. proporciulobis stan-darti sxvadasxvagvaria, gansakuTrebiT rao-denobrivad dauTvleli safrTxeebis fonze. garda amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, radgan prevenciuli zomebi `damsjelobiTi Ronis-listebis gavlena. saxelmwifo saagentoebis da fundamenta-listebis siaxlovis gamo, am qveynebidan miRebuli informa-cia arasandoa. ufro metic, am arademokratiuli reJimebis mier mCagvreli sistemebis mimarT kritikulad ganwyobili politikuri moZraobebi teroristebad da fundamentalis-tebad moixsenebian. xSirad winaRmdegobrivia is praqtika, romliTac TavSesafarze uaris da eqstradiciis saqmeebs ga-nixilaven. gadawyvetilebebi miiReba imis safuZvelze, rom pi-rovneba, mesame msoflios qveynebis sajaro moxeleebis mier miiCneva teroristad. arada, pirovneba teroristad SeiZleba iyos miCneuli, Tu mas konfliqti hqonda adgilobriv poli-ciasTan, romelic sistematurad borotad iyenebs Zalau-flebas. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis da sxva sajaro institu-tebis TavSekaveba, daeyrdnon im saxelmwifoebidan miRebul informacias, sadac `wameba~ dasaSvebia, kidev ufro izrdeba dasavleTis aRmasrulebebli organoebis institucionaluri (organizaciuli) interesebidan gamomdinare. 48 Andras Sajo, Human Rights knowledge systems in Chris Eisgruber and Andras Sajo (eds.)49 Oliver Lepsius,. #38.50 prevenciuli samarTlis konteqstSi, proporciuloba upi-ratesi midgomaa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic ki. ixileT ostini aSS-is winaaRmdeg, 509 U.S. 602, 622 (1993) (samoqalaqo danakargi proporciuli unda iyos). ixileT Staikeri, op. cit. 776. erTaderTi sfero, sadac zogierTi mosamarTle mainc iy-enebs kategoriul midgomas, aris wameba.

Ziebis~ kategorias ar ekuTvnis, prevenciul saxelmwifoSi, sasamarTlo xelisufleba kontrolis standartebs an dawevs, an ubra-lod ar miiRebs monawileobas prevenciuli zomebis ganxorcielebaSi. am momentisTvis rTulia balansis dacva. ramdenime dasavlur demokratiaSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis po-ziciam nawilobriv gadainacvla samarTle-brivi saxelmwifos pirvandel mdgomareobaSi (rasac sasamarTlo xelisuflebis uzenaesoba ewodeba). sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi eSeloni, rogorc Cans, mzadyofnas acxadebs gaakontrolos kontrteroristuli politi-kis diqtatoruli RonisZiebebi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba kvlav cdilobs samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos SenarCunebas kontrteroristu-li zomebis paraleluradac ki. es imas niSnavs, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebas surs, damaba-lansebeli da proporciulobis SenarCunebis roli kvlav ikisros da wamebis SemTxvevebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi mainc ar wavides kom-promisze. es midgoma, miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucionalizmsa da demokratias Soris konfliqts warmoSobs da gaurkvevlad tovebs, Tu vin unda miiRos fundamenturi gadawyve-tilebebi sazogadoebriv riskebTan dakavSi-rebiT, saerTaSoriso terorizmTan mebrZoli nebismieri konstituciuri wyobis legitimu-robisTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. aqve au-cilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT socialuri ris-kis gawevis problema (ixileT nawili II.).

ra rolic ar unda hqondes sasamarTlo xe-lisuflebas amJamad, masobrivi terorizmis SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs ucvlelad darCenas. sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegad, sasamarTlo xelisu-flebis roli an ufro mokrZalebuli gaxdeba, an saerTod Sewyvets zedamxedvelobiTi fun-qciebis Sesrulebas. avtomaturad moxdeba ga-dasvla sagangemo mdgomareobaze da Semdeg, kontrteroristul saxelmwifoze. savarau-doa, rom kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi dainergeba axali wesebi iaraRis Senaxvasa da gamoyenebasTan, dakiTxvis formebTan dakav-SirebiT, sadac sasamarTlo da kanoni ver SezRudavs axal politikas.

specialuri konstituciuri reJimebis Seqm-nas Tavisi Tanamdevi problemebi aqvs. Tavdac-visunariani demokratiis gamocdileba gviCve-nebs, rom misi efeqtianoba nakleb sarwmunoa: maSin roca swored efeqtianobis moTxovniT

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andraS Saio

Camoyalibda es reJimi liberaluri konstitu-ciebis farglebSi. Tavdacvisunariani demo-kratiebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi Ti-Tqos efeqturia, magram aRsaniSnavia is, rom qveynebSi, sadac Tavdacvisunariani demokra-tiis institucionalizacia moxda, sruliadac ar arsebobda demokratiis winaSe mdgari se-riozuli safrTxeebi, romlebic totalita-ruli masobrivi moZraobebis emociuri poli-tikiT iqneboda gamowveuli. agreTve naTelia, rom, sadac kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo Seiqmna da, Sesabamisad, demokratia jansaRad ar viTardeba, magaliTad, ruseTSi da pakis-tanSi, iq kontrteroristuli RonisZiebebi demokratiis erozias uwyoben xels.

albaT SemTxveviTia, rom im qveynebSi, sa-dac terorizmis safrTxe amJamad ufro se-riozulia (albaTobis maCveneblis mixedviT), iq ufro saWiroa kontrteroristuli saxel-mwifos konstitucionalizmis Zlieri dacva formalizebuli, konstituciuri meTodebiT. dasavluri demokratiebis umravlesoba, ro-melTa winaSe terorizmis safrTxe naklebad dgas, usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saSurvel mdgomareobaSi arian, radgan gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe SeuZliaT maRali standar-tebis SenarCuneba. paradoqsulia, rom swored am qveynebSi sagangebo mdgomareobis ugule-belyofa demokratiis da adamianis uflebebis interesebis gamo, naklebad mosalodnelia. is ufroa mosalodneli, rom `momwifebul~ de-mokratiebSi avtoritaruli reJimebis Senar-Cuneba ki araa darRveva, aramed xelisuflebis mier sagangebo mdgomareobis gamoyeneba sa-marTlian arCevnebSi gasamarjveblad.

Cemi azriT, dasavleT evropis calkeuli sa-samarTloebis da sxva saagentoebis principi, SenarCunebuli iqnes `Cveulebrivi viTareba~, im naklebad iRbliani saxelmwifoebisken mi-marTuli araswori gzavnilia, romlebic te-rorizms ebrZvian. Teoriul daskvnas imis Se-saxeb, rom SesaZlo konstituciuri modelebis saxesxvaoba arsebobs, potenciur teroristul safrTxesTan Tavis gasarTmevad, Rrmad prag-matuli mniSvneloba aqvs. frontze myof qvey-nebs51, romlebic yoveldRiuri teroris qveS imyofebian, gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri reJimi sWirdebaT, raTa saxelmwifo ar gaxdes sruliad araliberaluri. principi, romlis 51 miaqcieT yuradReba, rom teroristuli aqtebis mxolod umciresoba mimarTulia `moRalateebis~ winaaRmdeg, namdvi-li fronti ki evropis farglebs gareTaa.

Tanaxmadac adamianis uflebebi ganurCevlad unda iqnes daculi yvelasTan mimarTebaSi im maRali standartebiT, romlebsac evropis sa-samarTlo adgens, araa marTebuli zogierT konteqstSi.

Tumca fundamenturi uflebebis samarT-lebrivad an demokratiulad SeTanxmebuli SezRudvis daweseba saCqaro ar aris. sasamarT-lo xelisufleba, adamianis uflebaTa damcve-li aqtivistebi da principuli politikosebi (maSinac ki, roca antiamerikanizmiT motivi-reba, ubralod, opoziciaSi yofnas niSnavs) im idealebisken iltvian, romlebic aucilebelia liberaluri konstitucionalizmis reJimSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca es idealebi Secvlil garemoSi problemebs qmnian, radgan isini arc sruliad WeSmariti da arc martivi gansaxor-cielebeli arian, aucilebelia, rom `erTma eqscesma gamoasworos meore problema, xolo idealma boroteba.~ 52

gacilebiT ufro mimzidvelia didi li-berali moazrovneebis principebis, vidre saidumlo servisebis analitikosebis SiSis gaziareba. magram aq aSkarad igrZnoba dasa-vluri hipokratia da ormagi standarti. gai-xseneT qveynebi, sadac safrTxe SeCerebulia, anu Semoifargleba erTi-ori mcire Tavdasx-miT, xolo damatebiTi teroristuli aqte-bis mowyobisTvis Sida resursebis gamoyofa naklebad savaraudoa. am qveynebis umravleso-baSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba adanaSaulebs oficialur pirebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, mesame msoflios qveynebSi, sadac wameba terorizm-Tan brZolis misaRebi formaa. braldebuli qveynebi namdvili demokratiebi ar arian. mTa-var gansxvavebas is warmoadgens, rom tero-rizmis da misi mxardaWeris masStabebi sakmaod didia. cnobili araa, Tu ramdenad gansxvave-buli iqneba didi demokratiebis reagireba calkeuli islamuri saxelmwifoebis mier mi-Rebuli zomebis mimarT. SesaZloa konstitu-ciuri da samoqalaqo momzadebis gareSe mi-Rebuli reagirebis formebi sakmaod hgavdes erTmaneTs. amasTanave, dasavluri demokra-tiebi daculi arian im qveynebidan momavli safrTxisgan, sadac adamianis wameba Cveule-brivi qmedebaa53. mWidrod dakavSirebul mso-52 Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Action. Routledge, London. 1952. 84.53 ixileT im saxelmwifoTa policiisa da saidumlo samsax-urebis mtkicebulebebis dauSveblobis problema, romelTa `wameba~ dasaSvebia, maT Soris im saxelmwifoebisa, romlebSic civilizebuli dasavleTis standartebisgan gansxvavebuli dakiTxvis sazareli standartebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

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flioSi (romelic masobrivi migraciiT da sakomunikacio qselebiT aris dakavSirebuli) demokratiebi da kontrteroristuli kva-ziavtoritaruli reJimebi aseve erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli. amitom TanamSromlobis gareSe SeuZlebelia riskebis Semcireba. Tum-ca saxelmwifoebis TanamSromloba Tu Sedga, mainc vdgebiT axali problemis winaSe, ram-denad efeqturad SeZlebs sxvadasxva saxelm-wifoebis saerTaSoriso koalicia erTad mu-Saobas da normebis dawesebas; ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli iseTi sistemis Seqmna, rodesac erTi mxriv, saxelmwifoebi, romlebSic `wame-ba~ dasaSvebia da meore mxriv, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifoebi erTad ibrZoleben terorizmis winaaRmdeg. samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, rome-lic uaryofs informaciis miRebas im qveyne-bidan, romlebSic wameba dasaSvebia, siyalbeSi cxovrobs Tu TviTuaryofaSi?

4. konstituciuri riskis Tavidan arideba kontrteroristul saxelmwifoSi

fundamentalisturi terorizmis religiu-ri fanatizmi ewinaaRmdegeba ganmanaTleblo-bis fundamentur Rirebulebebs, romlebic liberaluri konstituciuri wyobis sa-fuZvelT safuZvelia. es principi gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianebis qmedeba sakuTari Tavis pativiscmas unda efuZnebodes. ufro metic, religiuri fanatizmi ewinaaRmdegeba saxelm-wifos monopolias terorze, Tanamedroveobis Zireul maxasiaTebels. konstituciuri de-mokratia zRudavs saxelmwifos monopolias iZulebaze da Zaladobaze, rac politikuri organizaciis arsebiTi elementia. Zaladobis monopolia igive Zaladobaa. konstituciuri wyoba, romelic Zaladobaze monopolias zRu-davs da legitimacias ukeTebs warmatebulia, radgan ZiriTadi socialuri usafrTxoebis garantias gvaZlevs. Tumca Zaladobis monopo-liis Sedegad miRweuli sazogadoebrivi usa-frTxoeba ambivalenturia. konstituciuri reJimis wina piroba politikuri sazogadoe-bis arsebobisTvis saWiro usafrTxoebaa. am kuTxiT, konstituciuri reJimi despotizmis-gan ar gansxvavdeba. amdenad, konstituciuri demokratiebis umetesoba emsgavseba mis anti-pods, despotizms, roca politikuri reJimis dacvaze midgeba saqme. monteskie, despotizmis aRwerisas, qadagebs saxelmwifo Zalaufle-bis usafrTxoebis wina pirobebis bundovane-

baze. politikuri mmarTvelobis yvela formas esaWiroeba simSvide, magram, sadac simSvidea, iq siCumec iqneba, `im qalaqebSi, romlis da-sapyrobad mteri mzadaa~54. radikalurad Ta-vdacvisunariani demokratiis fanjara ixsneba swored am qalaqebSi da igive Sedegi SeiZle-ba mohyves terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis gaWianurebas.

ra formas miiRebs kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo nawilobriv damokidebuli te-roristebis brZanebebze. miuxedavad amisa, am axali konstituciuri konglomeratis forma met-naklebad demokratiuli gansjis sagnad rCeba, xolo sazogadoebis mRelvareba sazoga-doebiv usafrTxoebaze reJimis gansazRvraSi mzard rols TamaSobs.

politikuri sazogadoebis yvelaze bune-brivi maxasiaTebelia Tavdacva. Tavdacva moi-cavs sazogadoebrivi wesrigis SenarCunebasac. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva ki, im riskTan aris dakavSirebuli, rodesac xelisuflebaSi myofni sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacvis mo-tivs zogjer sakuTari Zalauflebis Senar-Cunebis mizniT iyeneben. Zalauflebis piradi miznebisTvis gamoyeneba ki, Tavdacvis princi-pebis aSkara xelyofaa. konstituciuri saxel-mwifos Tavdacva sxva specifikur problemeb-

54 La conservation de l’État n’est que la conservation du prince, ou plutôt du palais où il est enfermé. Tout ce qui ne menace pas directement ce pal-ais ou la ville capitale ne fait point d’impression sur des esprits ignorants, orgueilleux et prévenus; et, quant à l’enchaînement des événements, ils ne peuvent le suivre, le prévoir, y penser même. La politique, ses ressorts et ses lois y doivent être très bornées; et le gouvernement politique y est aussi simple que le gouvernement civil.Tout se réduit à concilier le gouvernement politique et civil avec le gouver-nement domestique, les officiers de l’État avec ceux du sérail.Un pareil État sera dans la meilleure situation, lorsqu’il pourra se regarder comme seul dans le monde; qu’il sera environné de déserts, et séparé des peuples qu’il appel lera barbares. Ne pouvant compter sur la milice, il sera bon qu’il détruise une partie de lui-même.Comme le principe du gouvernement despotique est la crainte, le but en est la tranquillité; mais ce n’est point une paix, c’est le silence de ces villes que l’ennemi est près d’occuper.» C.-L. de S. Montesquieu De L’ Esprit des Lois. Livre V. Ch. XIVaq warmodgenilia monteskies xedvis Cemeuli demokratiuli versia (cvlilebebi warmodgenilia daxrili asoebiT): saxelm-wifos dacva igive moqalaqis dacvaa an im sasaxlisa, romelSic Tavadaa moTavsebuli. is rac pirdapir safrTxes ar uqmnis mis sasaxles an dedaqalaqs STabeWdilebasac ar qmnis ucodinar, amay da crurwmenebiT dakavebul gonebaze. xolo, rac Seexeba movlenebis erTobliobas, maT ar SeuZliaT faqtebis migneba, ganWvreta an aRqma... aseTi saxelmwifo bednieria, roca sa-myaroSi erTaderTi hgonia Tavi, roca mas gars ertymis udab-noebi da gamijnulia im adamianebisgan, romelTac saxelmwifo barbarosebs uwodebs. vinaidan is milicias ver endoba, masSi Semaval zogierT elements Tavadve anadgurebs, maT vinc gan-sxvavebulia da, Sesabamisad, barbarosebis mokavSired miiCne-va... vinaidan usafrTxoeba demokratiis erT-erTi principia, misi momavali simSvidea, Tumca am simSvides mSvidobas ver davarqmevT; ara, es im qalaqebis siCumea, romelTa dasapy-robadac mteri mzadaa. vinaidan Zala adamianebis xelSi ki ara, aramed saidumlo samsaxurebSia, saxelmwifos dasacavad aucilebelia saidumloebis da dazvervis SenarCuneba...

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sac warmoSobs. erT-erTi aseTi problema isaa, rom zogierT realur sagangebo situaciebSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis da sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis winaSe arsebuli safrTxe ar-sebuli wesebidan gadaxvevas da diskreciuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. jer kidev monteskie saubrobda iseT situaciebze (`roca sakanonmdeblo Sto Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos winaRmdeg dagegmili saidumlo SeTqmuleba safrTxes uqmnis mis Zalauflebas~55), roca xe-lisuflebis Stoebs Soris balansis darRvevis daSveba xdeboda.

demokratiis Tavdacvisunarian da preven-ciul variantebSi (anu roca demokratia yve-laze metad Tavdacvaze zrunavs) riski arasa-survelia. (winamdebare statia aRwers mxolod im demokratiebs, romlebic Tavdacvaze arian orientirebuli da amdenad, teqstSi gamoye-nebuli sityva `demokratia~ swored am tipis demokratiebs gulisxmobs). riskis acileba problemuri sakiTxia konstituciur demokra-tiaSi, romelic Tavisuflebis principze dgas. Tavisufleba riskze wasvlas moiTxovs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jastis brendelis Tanaxmad mainc, romelic sityvis Tavisuflebis SeuzRudaobis aseT motivs asaxelebs:

maT, vinc Cveni damoukidebloba moipoves, swamT, rom saxelmwifos dasasruli adamiane-bisTvis sruli Tavisuflebis miniWebaa. ami-tom mTavrobam da misma Zalebma unda imZla-vron individualur preferenciebze. [....] maT swamdaT [...], rom simamace aris Tavisuflebis saidumlo [...da] TavisuflebisTvis yvelaze didi safrTxe inertuli xalxia56.

garda amisa, is aRniSnavda prevenciuli re-presii uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesaxeb: `SiSi asa-zrdoebs represias [...], represia asazrdoebs siZulvils~. es SeniSvna Tavdacvisunariani de-mokratiis im arsebiT problemaze miuTiTebs, romelic riskis Tavidan aridebas mohyveba: rodesac siZulvili farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi, mTavrobas naklebi aqvs dasa-kargi da represiebis meTods mimarTavs. aseT viTarebaSi SemzRudveli zomebis darRveva mosalodnelia, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi darR-

55 C.-L. de S. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, (A. Cohler, B. Miller, & H. Stone, (eds. & trans.)), Book 11, 159 (1989). The conspiracy would entitle the executive to make arrests.56 Whitney v. California, 274 US 357 at 375 (1927). For a similar attitude in the war on terror context see Justice Stevens, dissenting: “For this Nation is to remain true to the ideals symbolised by its flag, it must not wield to the tools of tyrants even to resist an assault by the forces of tyranny.” . Rums-feld v. Padilla No. 03-1027. Argued April 28, 2004--Decided June 28, 2004.

vevebs naklebi winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba Tavisu-flebismoyvare moqalaqeebisgan.

TavisuflebisTvis riskis gawevasTan dakav-SirebiT, brendisi (sityvis Tavisuflebaze mi-TiTebiT) amtkicebs, rom unda gaviTvaliswi-noT, ramdenad mizandasaxulia boroti mxare, rogoria borotebis Cadenis albaToba da ram-denad gonivruladaa gaTvlili es albaToba. jastis holmsis Tanaxmad, sityvis Tavisufle-bis konteqstSi mniSvnelovania is, Tu ram-denad swrafadaa mosalodneli boroti qme-deba. mosalodneloba da albaToba identuri araa. Tumca mosalodneloba zrdis albaTo-bas. mosalodneloba gulisxmobs borotebis moaxloebis drosa da sivrcobriv mxares.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Tu sazogadoeba politikur sakiTxebSi riskis Tavidan acile-bis reJimSi funqcionirebs, maSin zemoT mo-cemuli msjeloba sulac ar aris mimzidveli. socialuri riskis Tavidan acilebis survili izrdeba iq, sadac istoriuli gamocdileba sifrTxilisken mouwodebs politikosebs. aq antidemokratiuli Semotrialebis dabali al-baTobac ki dauSvebelia an did sifrTxiles moiTxovs, rac Tavdacvisunariani demokra-tiis waxalisebas iwvevs. sistema, romelsac moaxloebuli ubedurebis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlia, gansxvavdeba `normaluri~ an `te-rorizmamdeli~ liberaluri saxelmwifos-gan. riskebis Sesaxeb winaswari gaTvlebi war-modgenilia denisTan. es gaTvlebi civi omis periodSi gakeTda uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosa-marTleebis mier. civi omis dros bevri rigiTi amerikeli komunizmTan mimarTebaSi Semdegnai-rad fiqrobda: `Cven ver davavaldebulebT mTavrobas icadon~ manam, sanam moqmedebis saWiroeba ukve Zalian moaxlovdeba57. moaxloe-

57 `mTavrobis gadagdebis SesaZlebloba Zalisa da Zalado-bis gamoyenebiT, sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mTavrobam si-tyvis Tavisufleba SezRudos. ra Tqma unda, sityvis Tavi-sufleba sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa, radgan, Tu sazogadoeba ver SeZlebs Tavisi struqturis dacvas Sei-araRebuli Sida Tavdasxmisgan, maSin verc danarCeni Rireb-ulebebi ver iqneba daculi . . . cxadia, mTavrobis gadatri-alebis mcdeloba Zalis gamoyenebiT, im SeTmxvevaSic ki, Tu is Tavidanve ganwirulia marcxisTvis revolucionerebis arasakmarisi raodenobis da Zalis gamo, sakmarisi mizezia kongresisTvis prevenciuli zomebis misaRebad. fizikuri da politikuri ziani, romelic aseT mcdelobebs moaqvs er-isTvis, SeuZlebels xdis gaizomos warmatebis albaToba an warmatebuli mcdelobis saWiroeba. is faqti, rom 1945-1948 wlebSi peticionerebis aqtivobebi ar gadaizarda mTavrobis Zalismieri gziT gadatrialebis mcdelobaSi, ver mogvcems im faqtis axsnas, rom amavdroulad arsebobda jgufi, romelic mzad iyo mTavrobis Zalismieri gadatrialebis mcdelobisT-vis. peticionerebis mier kargad organizebuli SeTqmulebis mowyoba, iseTi disciplinirebuli wevrebiT, romlebic mzad arian liderebis, peticionerebis mowodebas moqmedebisTvis

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buli moqmedebis koncefciebi sxvadasxvagva-ria. terorizmis winaaRmdeg omis pirobebSi ki es koncefciebi SesaZloa kvlav gonivrul formebs daubrundes, vidre sukis droindeli komunisturi konspiraciebis dros iyo~ 58.

zogierTi konstituciuri sistema im mosa-zrebas eyrdnoba, rom riskze wasvla imdenad araseriozulia, rom misi daSveba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba. Tu Tavisufleba ris-kze wasvlas niSnavs, maSin istoriuli gamocdi-lebis da realobis fonze es zemoT warmodge-nili mosazreba iracionaluri da miuRebelia (ra Tqma unda, mTlianad debatebi teroriz-mis Sesaxeb arsebul realobaze normatiuli Zalis msjelobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa).59 sityvis Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove libera-luri gagebiT, Sexedulebebis (agresiulisac ki) gavrceleba demokratias an konstituciur saxelmwifos im xarisxis safrTxes ar uqmnis, rom am Sexedulebebis kriminalizeba gamarT-lebuli iyos. politikuri sistema demokratia araa, Tu Sexedulebebis gacxadeba politiku-ri mizezebiT ver xerxdeba. da ra SeiZleba iTqvas iseTi mentalitetis sistemur momwife-baze, romelic teroristuli aqtebis Cadenas uwyobs xels (mcire procentuli maCvenebliT) an Sexedulebebze, romlebic adamianis cxo-vrebas banalurad miiCnevs sakuTari sico-cxlis CaTvliT?

mimdinare viTarebaSi, kanonmdeblobas, ro-melic sityvis Tavisuflebas zRudavs brein-voSingis xelis SeSlis mizniT, dauSveblad miviCnev liberaluri sistemisTvis da usarge-blod kontrterostuli saxelmwifosTvis. es sakiTxi gansxvavebul WrilSi unda gaviazroT, Tu organizaciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partie-bi da religiuri erTeulebi arakriminaluri azris gamoxatvis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. de-dauyovnebliv upasuxon, msoflio mdgomareobis feTqebad xasiaTs, sxva qveynebSi msgavs amboxebebs da im qveynebTan delikatur urTierTobebs, romlebTanac peticionerebi yvelaze naklebad axlos iyvnen ideologiurad, Tu gaviTval-iswinebT davrwmundebiT, rom braldebebi am kuTxiT dasab-uTebuli iyo. aRniSnuli analizi gviCvenebs, rom konspira-ciis propaganda, gansxvavebiT ubralod propagandisgan, ver iqneba konstituciurad SezRuduli, vinaidan mxolod momza-debis process Seicavs. Tavad SeTqmuleba ki qmnis safrTxes~ 341 U.S. 494, at 509-511.58 avstraliis uzenaes sasamarTlos riskis kidev ufro san-do gaTvlebi hqonda komunisturi partiis gauqmebis gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis dros. 59 germanis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom bavarieli oficial-uri pirebis gadawyvetileba, aekrZalaT cnobili holokastis specialistis, istorikos devid irvingis gamosvla demon-straciaze, vinaidan misi saTqmeli danaSaulis tolfasi iqneboda. demonstraciis Catareba ki ar akrZalula. gadaw-yvetileba 1994 wlis 13 aprili., 90 BVerfGE, 241-255 (”Auschwitz hoax“).

monstraciebma destabilizaciis SeqmniT da sajaro gamosvlebma xalxis mobilizebiT, Se-saZloa safrTxe Seuqmnan demokratias an sazo-gadoebriv wesrigs. zemoT aRwerili ̀ akrZalu-li~ Temebis propagandaSi gamoCenam SesaZloa SezRudvebis (aucilebeli araa es iyos krimi-naluri SezRudva) saWiroeba moitanos. pro-porciulobis principis Tanaxmad, saWiroa eqstremistuli gamosvlebis SezRudva. movle-nebis kanonis CarCos gareT gatana, partiebis da eklesiebis funqcionirebis SezRudva da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi maTi daSla, religiu-ri propagandis akrZalva, aseve akmayofilebs proporciulobis princips mzardi teroris-tuli safrTxeebis fonze. Tumca amJamad es sakiTxebi ar ganixileba Tanamedrove sazoga-doebis mier.

varaudebi socialuri riskebis Tavidan aci-lebaze, romlebic kontrteroristul saxel-mwifoSi uflebebis SezRudvas gaamarTlebda, Tavad aris Tu ara gamarTlebuli? 60 ra viTa-rebaSi SeiZleba iyos es varaudebi gonivruli? riskis gonivrulad Sefaseba SesaZlebelia ramdenime SemTxvevaSi. riskis ganWvretis go-nivruli safuZveli SeiZleba iyos iseTi mo-vlena, romelic warsulSi xSirad momxdari movlenebis kategorias ganekuTvneba. aseTi movlenebi statistikuri albaTobiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros. movlenebi, romlebic Tavdac-visunariani demokratiis an sityvis Tavisu-flebis konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT, aseTi TvisebebiT ar xasiaTdebian (im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar vaRiarebT, rom istoriuli movle-nebi unikaluria). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca siZulviliT savse gamosvlas rasobrivi sisas-tike gamoewvia an antidemokratiuli Zalebis aqtiurobas Tavisufali arCevnebis dros Seu-qcevadi antidemokratiuli reJimi daemkvi-drebina. situaciebSi, rodesac movlenebi ma-sobriv fenomenad ar iqceva, riskze wasvlam SesaZloa monacemebis gamoyenebiT gamoTvli-li riskis analizi Secvalos (Tumca, erTje-radad momxdar movlenebs ufro xSirad iR-bals miakuTvneben xolme). im situaciebSi ki,

60 Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis scenarisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac istoriuli faqtori mniSvnelovania albaTobis gamo-saTvlelad da sadac Tavdasxmis ganxorcielebas didi dro sWirdeba, teroristul scenarSi istoria gansxvavebul da minimalur rols TamaSobs, ubeduri SemTxvevebi Zalian swrafad viTardeba mas Semdeg, rac operaciis pirveli moq-medeba daiwyeba (TviTmkvlelobis misia). unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia am fazaSi Careva.

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rodesac albaTobis Sefasebis safuZvlebi ar arsebobs, riskis gaweva gansakuTrebul saxes atarebs: is abaTilebs varauds riskis Sesaxeb (albaTobas). aseT SemTxvevebSi, riskis gaweva an riskis Tavidan acileba gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi aRiarebs/uaryofs yvela albaTobas. aseTi midgoma iracionalu-ri SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, radgan monacemebis analizs ar eyrdnoba. magram aseTi midgoma riskis mimarT mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesisTvis, radgan xels uwyobs ga-dawyvetilebebis miRebas im viTarebaSi, rode-sac informacia mwiria an ZviradRirebuli. maSinac ki, roca monacemebi xelmisawvdomia (rac mravali movlenis analizs da ZviradRi-rebul monacemTa Segrovebas moicavs), riskis gawevis SesaZleblobebi mainc arsebobs; cno-bili (identificirebadi) riskebis pirobebSi ar arsebobs marTebuli qmedebis sazomi. sa-kiTxi rom kidev ufro gavarTuloT, ganvixi-loT iseTi katastrofebis albaToba, romle-bic saxelmwifos an demokratiul struqturas aknineben. am dros movlenis da misi Sedegebis winaswar ganWvreta gansakuTrebiT rTuli xde-ba, ara mxolod imitom, rom aseTi movlenebi Zalian iSviaTia da statistikuri (albaTobis) analizisTvis Sesabamisad arasakmarisi, ara-med imitomac, rom movlenebi ar aris izoli-rebuli. albaTobis martivi modeli efuZneba im wina pirobas, rom movlenebi erTmaneTisgan izolirebuli arian. anu sajaro gamosvlebis mravaljeradi CaSla iwvevs komunikaciis sfe-ros dazaralebas, magram eleqtoratis Sede-gebze gavlena ara aqvs da piriqiT.

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos konsti-tucionalizmis specifikuri problemaa ara-formaluri da erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli kavSirebi. erTi movlena meore movlenis mo-salodnelobas zrdis, rasac Semdeg saziano Sedegbi moaqvs. amdenad, kanonis, wesrigisa da demokratiis dangrevas kaskaduri feno-meni ganapirobebs. 61 liberaluri demokratie-bis umravlesoba mzadaa riskze wavides, roca saqme sajaro gamosvlebs exeba. xolo roca terorizmis mxardamWer moZraobebTan an sai-dumlo kavSirebTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin mosa-zrebebi gansxvavdeba. religiur moZraobeb-61 kanonis uzenaesoba SesaZloa dairRves kaskaduri proces-ebis Sedegad, rodesac demokratiis damcvelis, erT SezRud-vas moaqvs meore da maTi kombinirebuli efeqti safrTxes uqmnis kanonis uzenaesobas. brZanebis gauqmeba gansakuTrebiT maSin aris problemuri, roca dakavebis pirobebis kanonis kontrolis qveS ar aris.

Tan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom qmedebas/sityvas gamravlebis Zala aqvs: erTi qmedeba/sityva iwvevs organizebul qmedebas/sityvas da Sesabamisad, gamravlebul riskebs. Tuki sityva da qmedeba mosalodnelia rom ma-sobriv qmedebad iqces, maSin agresiuli da sa-ziano qmedebis gavrcelebis Sansic mniSvnelo-vnad izrdeba.

zemoT visaubreT uflebebis SezRudvis da riskebis mosalodnelobis gamo diskrimina-ciis magaliTebze. dResdReobiT, riskis Tavi-dan acilebis mcdelobebs Cveulebrivi poli-tikis, aRmasrulebeli da kanonSemoqmedebiTi praqtikis farglebSi garkveuli winaaRmde-goba xvdeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxri-dan. politikuri procesi jer kidev ar aris kontrteroristuli reJimis konstituciona-lizmis xarisxSi, fundamenturi formaluri cvlilebebis Setana konstituciis teqstSi ar mimdinareobs, ramac SesaZloa sasamrTlo xelisuflebis roli Secvalos uflebebis da-saSvebi SezRudvebis gansazRvraSi. dRes bevri sasamarTlo amtkicebs, rom isini fundamen-tur uflebebs icaven. sazogadoebaSi, rome-lic farTomasStabiani terorizmis safrTxis winaSe dgas, sasamarTlos Secdomebi kanonis uzenaesobis da Tavisuflebis dacis mizniT teroristuli aqtebis mosalodnelobas gazr-dis62. SesaZloa demagogiurad JRerdes, magram albaT mosamarTleebs ukeTesi TavSesafari aqvT garantirebuli, vidre sazogadoebas, ro-melic teroristuli aqtis msxverpli SeiZle-ba gaxdes, Tu sasamarTlo SecdomiT miscems vinmes politikur TavSesafars. sazogadoebas usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb Tavisi wuxilis da sur-vilebis gamoTqmis SezRuduli SesaZleblobe-bi aqvs. Tuki xalxi, politikosebis meSveobiT, Tavis saTqmels ityvis, sasamarTlo xelisu-flebas, konstituciis uzenaesobis principiT, SeuZlia veto daados yvela gadawyvetilebas. qas sanStaini amtikebs, rom riskis maRali mo-salodnelobis viTarebaSi, sazogadoebis mier panikaSi da gaurkvevlobaSi daSvebuli Secdo-mebis Tavidan asacileblad eqspertebis gadawy-vetilebebs unda daveyrdnoT63. aq aRmasrule-beli xelisuflebis Stoa nagulisxmevi, Tumca

62 realurad, situacia cota ufro rTulia. adamianebi, rom-lebsac aTavisufleben mtkicebulebebis dauSveblobis gamo, xSir SemTxvevaSi mainc winaswari dakavebis qveS rCebian sxva mizezebis gamo. xolo, Tuki dakavebulebi ar arian, maTi aq-tiuri dazverva aucileblad mimdinareobs. 63 Cass Sunstein, Laws of Fear. Cambridge University Press. 2005.

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sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier zedamxedve-lobasac ar gamoricxavs, Tu misi monawileoba eqspertebis SesaZleblobebis mimarT ndobis gazrdas uwyobs xels. sanStaini acxadebs, rom moqalaqeebi riskebis araracionaluri Semfa-seblebi arian, nawilobriv albaT riskis aRq-masTan dakavSirebuli afeqturi mdgomareobis gamo. mecnierulad momzadebuli eqspertebi ki politikuri procesebisgan izolorebuli arian. dan kahanma da misma Tanaavtorebma ki sapirispiro mosazreba warmogvidgines. isini aRniSnaven, rom eqspertebs Soris uzarmazari gansxvavebebia riskis aRqmis sakiTxSi. mTavro-bis regulirebis gazrda, rac demokratiis gverdis avliT xdeba, uaryofiTi mxareebiT xasiaTdeba, rac sazogadoebis demokratiu-li msjelobisgan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba. konkretulad ki, dan kahani da misi kolegebi amtkiceben, rom uTanxmoeba araprofesiona-lebis da eqspertebis mier riskis aRqmaSi maTi gansxvavebuli RirebulebebiT aris gamowveu-li. Rirebulebebi emociebTan aris kavSirSi, emociebi da Rirebulebebi Tavs iyris sazoga-doebaSi, radgan maTi Camoyalibeba kulturu-lad aris ganpirobebuli. dan kahanis midgoma im mosazrebas efuZneba, rom ̀ kultura, Semec-nebiTi kuTxiT, win uswrebs faqtebs, kultu-ruli Rirebulebebi ganapirobeben individis rwmenas politikis potenciuri Sedegebis Se-saxeb~ 64. konstitucionalizmi aris meqanizmi im tendenciis winaaRmdeg brZolisa, romlis farglebSic adamianebi konkretuli movlenis mosalodnelobas msgavsi movlenis warmosax-vis SesaZleblobas ukavSireben. es tenden-cia gansakuTrebiT teroristuli safrTxis konteqstSi gaizarda.

Cveulebriv viTarebaSi sasamarTlo xeli-suflebis politikas amarTelebs is, rom sa-samarTlos mier uflebebis dacva yvela moqa-laqis sasargeblod xdeba. sakiTxi sxvagvarad dgas, roca saqme exeba terorizmSi eWvmitanili pirebis gaTavisuflebas samarTalwarmoebis standartebis dacviT (rogor Segrovda saidu-mlo Canawerebi, sanam aseTi informacia dasaS-vebi gaxdeboda). gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miRebul iqna principebis dacvis motiviT, sa-zogadoebas ufro maRali riskis winaSe ayenebs, vidre im saqmeebs, romelTa farglebSic sapro-

64 Kahan, D. et. al.: Fear and Democracy or Fear of Democracy? A Cultural Evaluation of Sunstein on Risk, Yale Law School Public Law Working Paper No. 100. (2005), 17-18

ceduro normebis dacviT, mkvlelis gaTavisu-fleba moxda. Tumca konstitucionalizmi mi-zanmimarTulad Seqmnili institutia, romelic utilitaruli gaTvlebis ignorirebas axdens. kidev erTxel ismis Semdegi aqtualuri Seki-Txva, cdeba Tu ara saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe konstitucionalizmis wina pirobebs? pasuxi ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven ar varT informirebuli am sakiTxSi nawilobriv imi-tom, rom konstituciuri demokratiis varau-disgan gansxvavebiT, Cven ar vflobT sakmaris informacias imis Taobaze, rom saerTaSoriso terorizmi emuqreba usafrTxoebis garantiebs da iwvevs usafuZvlo panikas.

5. daskvniTi SeniSvnebikonstituciuri saxelmwifos Tavdacva qmnis

samarTlebrivi dacvis reJims potenciuri sa-frTxis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogierT fenomens, qcevas da zogierTi jgufis moqmedebis skepti-cizmiTa da eWviT uyurebs. amdenad, demokra-tiis pozicia SiSis qveS Tu ara, sifrTxiliT mainc unda moqmedebdes. sifrTxilis iuridiu-li da teqnikuri Sedegi isaa, rom Tavisufle-bis Sesaxeb arsebuli prezumfciebi SesaZloa SeizRudos. es gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarT-lis procesSi udanaSaulobis prezumfcia exe-ba. samwuxarod, rogorc prevenciuli saxelm-wifos modeli gviCvenebs, danaSaulis zRvari iolad icvleba. miuxedavad imisa, `Tavisufle-bis xelyofis~ prezumfcia mudmivad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar unda dgebodes, am prezumfciis gavlena maTze, vinc ar xelyofs Tavisufle-bas, mudmivad unda isinjebodes.

principSi, saxelmwifos konstituciuri (de-mokratiuli, liberaluri) wyobis dacvis iseTi meTodebi arsebobs, romlebic dasacav Rire-bulebebs ar akninebs. am meTodebis gamoyeneba nawilobriv istoriul viTarebazea damokide-buli. garda amisa, stresis garkveuli done da ubedurebebis mosalodneloba am meTode-bis gamoyenebas kontrproduqtiuls xdis, Cemi azriT, Tavisufleba maRal riskebs moicavs. garkveulwilad, konstituciebi riskis gawe-vas konstituciurs xdian, gansxvavebiT riskis Tavidan acilebis adamianuri midrekilebisa. aseTi konstituciuri arCevani liberalebis-Tvis SeiZleba mosawoni iyos (radgan is maT Sexedulebebs Seesabameba), Tumca gonivru-lobis problemas ki ver wyvets. tradiciuli konstituciuli struqturebi garkveuli xa-

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risxis riskebis gaTvlas da socialuri (saka-nonmdeblo) riskis analizs Seicavs. konsti-tuciebi riskebis Sesaxeb varauds bundovnad gvkarnaxoben, rac riskebis analizze gavlenas axdens. magram konstituciur-politikuri riskis analizi da misi konstituciuri manda-tiT aRWurvili Sefaseba saboloo daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleva: riskebis da-saZlevi meTodebis Camoyalibebaze fundamen-turi gavlena aqvs winaswar gaTvlebs ama Tu im strategiis gamoyenebis socialur fasze da xarjebis analizis Sedegebs. aseve, Tu ramde-nad misaRebia mocemuli fasi sazogadoebis-Tvis. usafrTxoeba ZviradRirebuli saWiroe-baa (ixileT mzardi danaxarjebi usafrTxoebis servisebze da mgzavrebze dakisrebuli maRa-li xarjebi, aeroportis maRali gadasaxade-bis saxiT). konstituciuri da demokratiuli legitimurobis mxriv, uflebebis SezRudva da darRveva socialur xarjebTan aris dakavSi-rebuli, ramac uflebebis SezRudvis zogier-Ti forma SeiZleba gamoricxos. musulmanuri religiuri sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg radika-luri zomebis miReba ukiduresad ZviradRi-rebulia am zomebis ganxorcielebis da maTi kontrproduqtiulobis gamo. maT aseve mohy-veba musulmanuri sazogadoebis winaaRmdego-ba da izolacia.

demokratiuli politikuri reJimis samarT-lebrivi sazRvrebi ise unda dadgindes, rom Tavisuflebis uflebis xelyofa ar gamoiw-vios. proporciulobis analizi, romelic sa-marTlebriv saxelmwifoSi Seiqmna Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis saWiroebisTvis, moiTxovs, rom SerCeuli meTodi minimalurad zRudavdes uflebebs. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli saTqme-lad bevrad ufro iolia, vidre sakeTeblad. es principi SesaZloa kontrteroristul saxelmwifozec gavrceldes, magram gasarkvevi isaa, vin daadgens saWiro SezRudvebis dones.

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos Teoriu-li mxare samTavrobo organoebisTvis miniWe-buli Zalauflebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis gamowvevis winaSe dgas, Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis problemis CaTvliT. (saWiroa Za-lauflebis borotad gamoyenebis maxasiaTe-blebisa da wyaroebis Seswavla imisaTvis, rom prevenciis zomebi efeqturi iyos. Zalaufle-bis borotad gamoyeneba, xSirad, codnis ara-sakmarisi donis da Tavis motyuebis Sedegia.) CemTvis kargad cnobilia, rom konstituciuri

saxelmwifos prevenciuli TavdacviTi zomebi, romlebic mosalodneli ubedurebis sawinaaR-mdegod gamoiyeneba, gansxvavdeba im meTode-bisgan, romlebic konstituciur saxelmwifo-Si miRebuli zomaa da Cveulebrivi viTarebis dros gamoiyeneba. SezRudvebma, SesaZloa, Tavad konstituciuri saxelmwifos dakni-neba moaxdinos; es ki is Rirebulebaa, rome-lic pirvel rigSi unda iqnes daculi. bolo dros, gansakuTrebiT ki terorizmTan brZo-lis konteqstSi, wesrigis efeqturad dacvis motiviT xSirad xdeba konstituciuri saxel-mwifos erozia. Tumca umjobesia sirTulee-bisTvis maSin movemzadoT, roca gonivruli analizis dro gvaqvs da ar davucadoT im dros, roca Tavs datexili sirTuleebi naC-qarevi gadawyvetilebebis miRebas gvaiZulebs. yovelive zemoTqmuli imaze miuTiTebs, rom a) `rogorc wesi, konstitucionalizmidan~ gadaxveva xdeba saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolis dros; b) umjobesia konstituciu-rad iyos damtkicebuli nebismieri gadaxveva, xolo rac ufro didia cvlileba miT ufro Zlieri unda iyos sasamarTlo da sxva saxis kontroli; Tumca aseTi kontroli SesaZloa postfaqtum ganxorcieldes. yovel SemTxveva-Si, Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis magaliTi-dan Cans, rom gamonaklisebis konstituciuri reJimi konstituciur reJims ganamtkicebs da mdgradobas matebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom SezRudvebi kontrtero-ristul saxelmwifoSi gansxvavdeba Tavdac-visunariani demokratiis SezRudvebisgan, ma-Sin roca bundovaneba safrTxis albaTobis Sesaxeb gacilebiT ufro didia. kontrtero-ristul saxelmwifoSi safrTxis Tavidan asa-cileblad SerCeuli moqmedeba naklebad aris sajaro ganxilvis sagani. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos gadaqceva prevenciul saxelmwi-fod problemebis gareSe ver Caivlis. aseve, problemuria prevenciuli saxelmwifos svla kontrteroristuli reJimisken: es procesi ganamtkicebs wina aTwleulSi arsebul tenden-cias, romlis farglebSic klasikuri konsti-tuciuri sisxlis samarTlis procedurebi Seicvala, romelTa mixedviT, socialuri braldeba, romelsac Tavisuflebis aRkveTa65

65 liberalur samarTalSi garkveuli bundovaneba gaCnda, roca dainerga winaswari dakavebis praqtika rogorc regu-lacia, naklebi moTxovnebiT da standartebiT. arada, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es praqtika dasjaze uaresi iyo da faqtobrivi safuZveli naklebad hqonda.

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mohyveba, moiTxovs specialur samarTlebriv garantiebs. konstituciuri samarTlis tra-diciuli normebis mixedviT, danaSaulis pre-vencia, an ufro marTebulad rom vTqvaT, ris-kis prevencia (yovlismomcveli da seleqciuri dazvervis da agresiis meSveobiT) SezRudve-bzea orientirebuli da ara Tavisuflebebze.

jer kidev 11 seqtembramde, germaniaSi, ro-melic saxelmwifos paradigmul samarTlebriv models warmoadgens, usafrTxoeba konsti-tuciuri Rirebuleba da `obieqturi mizani~ gaxda, SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis ararsebo-bis drosac ki66. rogorc ki usafrTxoeba sa-marTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis faqtobrivi safuZveli gaxdeba, samarTlebriv kontrols mxolod formaluri mxare aqvs da samarTle-brivi saxelmwifo mxolod formalurad arse-bobs. konstituciis Tanaxmad, usafrTxoebis dacvis miznebi normatiuli msjelobis sagani aRar aris; usafrTxoebis dacvis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia konstituciur ZalTa balansis funqcionirebis SenarCuneba. faqtebis daba-lanseba SeuZlebeli xdeba. konstituciuri kontroli, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, unda gardaiqmnas politikur kontrolad, radgan gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas gaTva-liswinebuli kriteriumebi ara kanonis uze-naesobidan, aramed faqtobrivi mdgomareobi-dan gamomdinareobs~67.

kontrteroristuli saxelmwifo funqcio-nirebs prevenciuli saxelmwifos msgavsad. es ki imas niSnavs, rom riskebis gaTvla Ti-Tqmis yvela sferoSi mimdinareobs: safrTxis SegrZneba mZlavrdeba (teroristebis gegmis mixedviT). mas Semdeg, rac saSiSroebis gaTvla standartad iqceva, Tavisuflebis moTxovna68 mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu damt-kicdeba, rom saSiSroeba ar arsebobs. es ki im reJimis principebidan gansxvavdeba, romelTa Tavisufleba garantirebulia.

cxadia, demokratiis dacva umTavresad so-cialuri da politikuri sakiTxia69. samarTle-66 100 BVerfGE 313 (1999), at 382 (faruli eleqtronuli dazvervis sistema saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg).67 Lepsius, op. cit. #56.68 Denninger, op. cit. 471.69 Tavdacvis unaris mqone konstituciurma saxelmwifom sa-samarTlos damoukideblobis garantirebisTvis sakmarisi materialuri resursebi unda gamoyos. Tumca yvelaze da-moukidebeli da Zlieri samarTlis administrirebac ki ver SeZlebs demokratiis dacvas da konstituciuri saxelmwifo wyobis SenarCunebas, Tu masSi sakmarisi konstituciuri su-liskveTeba ar aris, anu, Tu sasamarTloSi dasaqmebuli pire-bi konstituciuri saxelmwifos mtkice da aqtiuri mxardam-Werebi ar arian.

brivi zomebi warumatebelia demokratiis dam-cavi samTavrobo politikis gareSe. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saerTaSoriso terorizmma SeiZleba Seqmnas viTareba, rodesac funda-menturi uflebebis praqtikulobis gadaxedva gaxdeba saWiro. uflebebis Sesaxeb msjelo-baTa umravlesoba ar gamoricxavs uflebebis gadafasebas. fundamenturi uflebebi mxo-lod droebiTia, rac uflebebze dafuZnebu-li reJimis Sedegebis ganxilvas gamoricxavs. mosalodnelia, rom gamudmebulma teroriz-mis masobrivma safrTxem iseTi reJimis Seqmna gvaiZulos, romlis drosac uflebebi gacile-biT ufro mcire rols TamaSobs, vidre dRes. da mainc, es axali reJimic liberaluri de-mokratia iqneba – saukeTeso arCevani moce-mul pirobebSi. es reJimi saukeTeso libera-luri reJimi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xalxi mixvdeba da gaiziarebs SezRudvebis mizno-briobas. sazogadoebrivi cnobadoba ki saWi-roebis demonstrirebas mohyveba. mniSvnelo-vania, rom aseT viTarebaSi sazogadoebaSi ar dainergos panika arCevnebis momlodine poli-tikosebis da angariSvaldebulebis amcile-beli mTavrobis mier. SezRudvebis saWiroebis demonstrireba da dasabuTeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan uflebebis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg seriozuli, frTxili mosazrebebi arsebobs, romlebic kontrteroristuli re-Jimis mxardamWerebisTvis sakmaod Zvirfasia. aris ramdenime sakiTxi, ramac fundamenturi uflebebisken (adamianis uflebebi) svla gaa-cocxla: samarTalwarmoebis gareSe an wame-bis pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad izrdeba yalbi aRiarebebis raodenoba; xelisuflebis orga-noebi organizaciuli mikerZoebis msxverpli xdebian; sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva War-bobs WeSmaritebasa da inovacias; religiuri da eTnikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva preven-ciul reJimSi agresias warmoSobs da saxelmwi-fos axal mtrebs uCens. uflebebis SezRudva usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis pirdapirpro-porciulia. zogjer, sazogadoebrivi xarje-bis zrdam SesaZloa gazardos usafrTxoebis xarisxi ise, rom Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovnad SezRudva saWiro ar gaxdes. magaliTad, Zvira-dRirebuli usafrTxoebis danadgarebi aero-portSi Seamcirebs mgzavrebis uxeS da agre-siuli fizikur Semowmebas.

Tu kontrteroristuli saxelmwifosTvis specialuri konstituciuri reJimis Seqmna

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gaxdeba saWiro, pirvel rigSi, unda dawesdes SezRudvis saWiroebis dasabuTebis savalde-bulooba. am kuTxiT, Tavdacvisunariani de-mokratiis gamocdileba relevanturi rCeba. amJamad, sifrTxilis motiviT, bevri infor-macia sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi araa da amdenad, maTi monawileoba gadawyvetile-bis miRebSi uxilavis SiSis zegavleniT xdeba. davalebam, yvelaferi unda ganadgurdes, unda daadginos prevenciuli samarTlebrivi me-Todebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Cven hegelis mier aRwerili mdgomareobis safrTxis winaSe aRmovCndebiT.

`iyo eWvmitanili, niSnavs, iyo damnaSave. am realobis winaaRmdeg garegnuli reagire-ba, romelic Sinagani ganzraxvidan modis, am konkretuli identobis dangrevas moaswavebs, romlisganac verafers waiReb, garda, ubra-lod, arsebobisa~70.

racionaluri msjelobis pirveli moTxo-vnis Tanaxmad, romelmac SesaZloa demokra-tiuli legitimuroba SesZinos paradgimis gadawevas konstitucionalizmidan prevenciu-li, dakavebis reJimze dafuZnebuli an kontr-teroristuli usafrTxoebis saxelmwifosken, xalxma unda gaiazros, rom kontrterorizmis sisxlis samarTlebrivi modelisgan gansxvave-biT, rodesac saubaria cvlilebebze sisxlis samarTlis konkretul nawilebSi, kontrtero-ristuli RonisZiebebi mimarTulia ara mxo-lod terorizmis wyarosken, aramed gavlenas axdens mTel sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, pa-triotis aqtiT dasaSvebi gaxda `udanaSaulo amerikelebis~ piradi monacemebis gacnoba, maT monacemebsa da eWvmitanil teroristebs an teroristul organizaciebs Soris kavSirebis demonstrirebis gareSe. kontrteroristuli saxelmwifos Zlier variantSi, prevencia moi-Txovs yvela moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone ganvixiloT rogorc riskfaqtori, Tumca ara Tanabarzomierad. socialuri jgufebis mi-marT gansxvavebuli SezRudvebis gamoyeneba, religiuri da eTnikuri warmoSobis mixedviT, 70 gonebis filosofia #591. bailius Targmani. hegeli gu-lisxmobda frangul terors. iakobianuri teroris logi-kas hegeli axasiaTebs rogorc erTi fraqciis mier sxva fraqciebis marTvas saxelmwifos kontrolis gziT, rac safrTxis mosalodnelobaze dafuZnebuli reJimis arqeti-pia demokratiaSi warmodgenili. rogorc franguli magali-Tidan Cans, SeTqmulebis arsebobis mtkiceba sazogadoebaSi sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis safuZveli iyo, rac iakobianuri xelmZRvanelobisTvis brwyinvale SesaZlebloba (nawilobriv gayalbebuli) iyo oponentebis mosaSoreblad, sakmarisi sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad da Si-Sis dasanergad.

diskriminaciis fundamentur problemas war-moSobs. msubuq religiur diskriminacias ga-nekuTvneba, magaliTad, sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlis gansxvavebuli Cxreka aero-portSi. prevenciis mizniT danergili SezRu-dvebi sazogadoebis yvela sferos SeiZleba moicavdes da ara mxolod sisxlis samarTals. sazogadoebis gadasawyveti unda iyos, Tu ram-denad mzad varT, miviRoT iseTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba, romelic danaSaulis prevenciazea orientirebuli. bolos da bolos, saerTaSo-riso terorizmi xom swored Tanamedroveobis Cveulebrivi instrumentebiT gaxda SesaZle-beli - im saSualebebiT, romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovania globalizebuli samyarosTvis. esenia: interneti, SeuzRudavi mogzauroba da urTierTkavSiris sxva formebi. SezRudvebi, romlebic am saSualebebze teroristebis xel-misawvdomobis limitirebas isaxavs miznad sxva momxmareblebsac zRudavs (ixileT telefonis nomrebis Senaxva, samoc milionamde winaswar gadaxdili sakredito baraTebis SezRudva, radgan isini fulis gaTeTrebis saukeTeso sa-Sualebebia da a.S.).

sajaro ganxilvebSi moqalaqeobis funda-menturi sakiTxebi da kacobriobis sazRvrebi, romlebic adamianebs aerTianebs ubedure-bis Jams, unda gairkves: aris Tu ara sazoga-doeba mzad, daTmos Tanasworobaze dafuZne-buli erTianoba, Tu moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs imas, rom mTelma sazogadoebam unda itvir-Tos Tanabari riski rasobriv an religiur sa-fuZvelze eqstradiqciis dauSveblobis gamo? bolos da bolos, aseTi solidaroba moqala-qeobis da erovnulobis safuZvelia. ers urCe-vnia, Caebas omSi (normatiuli Teoriis mixed-viT) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mSvidobis SenarCuneba moiTxovs konkretuli pirovnebis an jgufis (an teritoriis nawilis, romelze mcxovreb adamianebs ar surT qveynis datoveba) sxva qveynisTvis gadacemas an qveynidan gaZevebas. aseTi iyo misaRebi standarti saberZneTSi. konstitucionalizmis funqcia, konkretulad ki umciresobebis dacva, sakmaod Zlier argu-mentebs gvTavazobs sazogadoebrivi emociebis da crurwmenebis Sedegad efeqturobis gazr-dis mizniT gamoyenebuli diskriminatoruli, prevenciuli zomebis sawinaaRmdegod. maTi gamoyeneba, administraciul procedurebTan erTad, udanaSaulo adamianebis did jgufebs daazaralebs, romelTac Tavis dacva Cveule-

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briv demokratiul procesSi ar ZaluZT71. bu-nebrivia, rogorc ki SemzRudveli zomebi ze-moqmedebs mxolod sxva adamianebis jgufebze, maSin am zomebis aRiareba da miReba uproble-mod xdeba Cven mier, Tu isini Cven ar gvexeba, maTi uxeSobis xarisxis miuxedavadac ki.

qyeynebSi, sadac teroristuli Tavdasxmebi yoveldRiuri rutina gaxdeba da qveynebSi, sa-dac Tavdasxmebi ukve iqca rutinad, Tu sazo-gadoebas SiSis qveS uwevs brZanebebis miReba, maSin maT erTaderTi fundamentaluri arCe-vani rCebaT, romelic rTuli moraluri arCe-vani iqneba. teroristi ar aRiarebs msxverpls adamianad: da sazogadoebaSi, romlis winaSec masobrivi terorizmis safrTxeebi dgas (ka-mikaZeebis yoveldRiuri TviTmkvlelobebiT da masobrivi ganadgurebis potenciuri safr-TxiT), teroristebi da maTi mxardamWerebi TiToeuli moqalaqis mimarT minimalur pati-viscemasac ki ar iCenen. aseT viTarebaSi, ur-Tulesi iqneba, miiCnio teroristi adamianad, arsebad, romelsac Rirseba gaaCnia. cxadia, kantiseuli problemebi (pragmatuli proble-mebi teroristis vinaobis amocnobisas Secdo-mis daSvebasTan dakavSirebiT72) gvkarnaxoben, rom arasodes unda moveqceT meore adamians araadmianurad. Tumca kanti Zalze abstraq-tul moralur arsebas gulisxmobda. odesme Tu ufiqria mas iseT sirTuleze, rogoricaa pirovnebis degradireba, romelic SemdgomSi mTeli sazogadoebis degradirebasa da damci-rebaSi monawileobs.

71 am mosazrebas bevri avtori aJRerebs, citirebulia grosTan, 1035 SeniSvna 105.72 rogorc Cans, terorizmis prevenciis treiningi ar moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa identobis SecdomiT dadgena, am-denad, gonebrivad moSlili moqalaqeebi mosalodnelia, rom iyvnen fataluri prevenciuli intervenciis samizne.

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ufrosi leqtori, adamianis uflebaTa centri,

samarTlis skola,

belfastis qvins universiteti.

Sesavali1

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo drodadro iyenebs terminebs `Tavdacvisuna-riani demokratia~ an `demokratia, romelsac SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari Tavi~, mkvlevarebi ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneben am termins stras-burgis precedentuli samarTlis ganxilve-bisas2. es namuSevari mkiTxvels sTavazobs, rom ufro mizanSewonili iqneba, fokusireba moxdes pirdapiri da warmomadgenlobiTi de-mokratiebis moTxovnebze, vidre Tavdacvi-sunariani demokratiis Temaze. winamdebare naSromi, saTauris Sesabamisad, ganixilavs strasburgis precedentul samarTals da sruldeba im sakiTxebis xazgasmiT, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom msgavs saqmeebze muSaobisas pirvel planze unda wamoswios.

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiatermini `Tavdacvisunariani demokratia,~

eWvgareSe, yurismomWrelia. termini ingli-surSi germanelma filosofosma karl lo-venStainma daamkvidra, romelic germanii-dan gadasaxlebul iqna 1930 wels da ielSi muSaobda. iseve rogorc akademiuri wreebis 1 madlobas vuxdi Cems kolegebs qvinsis adamianis uflebebis centrSi, samarTlis magistraturis studentebs, romlebic gadiodnen moduls adamianis uflebebi da mmarTveloba da aseve 2008 -09 akademiuri wlis ivlisSi antverpenSi Cat-arebuli utrextis qselis sazafxulo skolis monawileebs, romlebTanac me mqonda saSualeba, ganmexila es sasamarTlo saqmeebi da sakiTxebi. Secdomebze mxolod me var pasuxismge-beli.2 yvelaze mniSvnelovani namuSevari am mxriv aris P. Harvey, ”Mili-tant democracy and the European Convention on Human Rights“ (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407-420. TviTon sasamarTlos arasdros gamouyenebia termini `Tavdacvisunariani demokratia~, gar-da im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac palata ganixilavda TurqeTis mTavrobis saqmes keTildReobis partiis Sesaxeb: Refah Paritsi v Tureky (2002) 35 EHRR 56, abzaci 62. ECHR-is sasamarTlo saqmeebi xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze: www.echr.coe.int

sxva evropelma warmomadgenlebma, manac yu-radReba miapyro 1930 wlis travmisa da fa-Sizmis, nacizmis saSiSroebisaken3. 1937 wels is ganixilavs SesaZleblobas, `Tavdacvisu-nariani~ demokratiebi SeiaraRdnen faSizmis aRzevebis winaaRmdeg. ufro konkretulad ki, imis winaaRmdeg, rom faSistebs ar gamoeye-nebinaT Tavisufali Sekrebis, gaerTianebis, azris Tavisufali gamoxatvis demokratiuli da politikuri uflebebi demokratiis gasa-nadgureblad4.

lovenStainis Tavdacvisunariani demokra-tiebi karl Smidtis mier warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiebis kritikaze pasuxi iyo: Tavdacvi-sunariani demokratia ar aris dausruleblad gansaxilveli Tema5 da mas SeuZlia moaxdinos Tavisi politikuri mtris identificireba6. demokratiis mtrebs ar unda mieceT imis saSua-leba, rom gamoiyenon demokratiiT miniWebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi misTvis safrTxis Sesaqmnelad, es SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes vaima-ris dacemiT naswavl gakveTilad. cnebam Ta-vdacvisunariani demokratia SeiZleba moicvas rigi qmedebebisa, es statia ganixilavs poli-tikur uflebebze (xmis micemis, arCevnebSi mo-nawileobis, gamoxatvis, Sekrebis, da a.S) arse-bul SezRudvaTa tipebs, romlebic vrceldeba politikur partiebze, moZraobebze, anda maT 3 frankfurtis skolis wvlilma brZolaSi faSizmis winaaRm-deg didi yuradReba miipyro: William E. Scheuerman, Between the norm and the exception: the Frankfurt school and the rule of law (Cam-bridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994) and William E.Scheurman, The rule of Law under siege: selected essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). 4 Loewenstein. K. ”Millitant Democracy and Fundamental Rights,“ (1937) 31 (3) American Political Science Review 417;Loewenstein, K. ”Militant Democracy and Fundamental Rights, II“ (1937) 31 (4) American Politi-cal Science Revew 638-658; ”Legislative Control of Political Extremism in Europena Democracies I“ (1938) 38 Columbia Law Review 591. Tav-dacvisunariani demokratiis sxva ufro adreuli periodis damcvelTa Soris aris nacizmis morigi ltolvili karl manhaimi. karl manhaimi ambobda, rom `demokratiuli tol-erantoba ar niSnavs aratolerantulobis atanas~; Manhaim, Karl Diagnosis of our time (London; K. Paul, Trenchm, Truber & co., 1943), 49. See also Lerner, Max It is later than you think: the need for a militant democracy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publications, 1980, [1943]. mosamarTle zupanCiCi aqebs karl popers Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis Sesaxeb mimoxilvis gamo saqmeSi: Zdanoka v. Latvia App. (2006) 45 EHRR 17 5 Carl Schmitt, The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988, 1923).6 Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political (New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 1976).

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Tavdacvisunariani demokratia da adamianis uflebaTa principebi

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mimdevrebze, rodesac arsebobs eWvi, rom es partiebi, moZraobebi Tu calkeuli pirovne-bebi iyeneben politikur uflebebs demokra-tiisaTvis safrTxis Sesaqmnela d.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg, erovnuli Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebi iTva-liswinebdnen vaimaris gakveTils. 1949 wlis germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni aris amis naTeli magaliTi7. federalur sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos uflebebis CamorTmeva SeuZlia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am uflebaTa borotad ga-moyenebas aqvs adgili da amiT safrTxe eqm-neba Tavisufal demokratiul wyobas (muxli 18). germanel xalxs aqvs ufleba, winaaRmde-goba gauwios yvelas, visac konstituciuri wyobis ganadgureba surs (muxli 20(4)). fede-ralur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia gamoitanos gadawyvetileba arakonstituciu-ri partiis daSlis Sesaxeb (muxli 21(2)). Ziri-Tadi kanoni adgens, rom garkveuli fundamen-turi principebi, rogorebicaa federalizmi da ZiriTadi uflebebi, ucvlelia (muxli 79)8. amis garda, wamyvani politikuri Zalebis pa-ralizebis Tavidan asacileblad, ZiriTadi ka-noni iTvaliswinebs, rom bundestags SeuZlia undobloba gamoucxados germaniis kanclers mxolod maSin, Tu bundestags arCeuli hyavs memkvidre (muxli 67). ZiriTadi kanoni moicavs ramdenime debulebas romlebic exeba gauTva-liswinebel, saswrafo sakiTxebs (muxli 80a, 91, 115a_l), maT Soris sakanonmdeblo pro-cesSi Cavardnebs (muxli 81). miuxedavad imi-sa, rom germaniis ZiriTadi kanoni, am mxriv, yvelaze ufro daxvewilia, italiis 1947 wlis konstituciac Seicavs relevantur debule-bebs, romlebic krZalaven faSisturi partiis reorganizacias da zRudaven faSisti lide-rebis politikur uflebebs9. es sakiTxebi ar gamorCeniaT adamianis uflebaTa universa-luri deklaraciis avtorebs. muxli 29 (2)-is mixedviT, uflebebi ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gaerTianebuli erebis miznebis sawinaaR-mdegod, muxli 30-e ufro mkacrad krZalavs uflebaTa borotad gamoyenebas:7 oficialuri Targmani xelmisawvdomia Semdeg misamarTze:<http://www.bundestag.de/interakt/infomat/fremdsprachiges_material/downloads/ggEn_download.pdf> bolo naxvis TariRi 2009 wlis 21 marti.8 G.J. Jacobsohn, ”An unconstitutional constitution? A comparative per-spective“ (2006) 4 (3) International Journal of Constitutional Law 460; Rory O’Connell, ”Guardians of the Constitution: Unconstitutional Constitutional Norms“ (1994) 4 Journal of Civil Liberties 48-75. 9 muxli 12, gardamavali debulebebi. xelmisawvdomia ital-iur enaze Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.quirinale.it/costituzione/costituzione.htm> bolo naxvis TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti.

deklaraciis arc erTi nawili ar unda iqnes gagebuli ise, rom, TiTqos romelime saxelm-wifo, jgufi an adamiani sargeblobs uflebiT, Caebas qmedebaSi an ganaxorcielos raime mo-qmedeba, romelic gamoiwvevs am deklaraciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa da Tavisufleba-Ta destruqcias.

sabWoTa delegatebs, romlebic CarTuli iy-vnen deklaraciis proeqtis SeqmnaSi, surdaT, ufro Sors wasuliyvnen da aSkarad daefiqsi-rebinaT, rom faSistTa uflebebi SezRuduli iqneboda10.

1950 wlis adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me- 17muxli iTvaliswinebs ufle-baTa borotad gamoyenebis msgavs doqtrinas:

am konvenciis arc erTi nawili ar unda iqnes interprirebuli ise, TiTqos romelime saxelmwifos, jgufs Tu adamians miniWebuli hqondes ufleba, Caebas an ganaxorcielos raime iseTi qmedeba, romelic gamiznuli iqne-ba am konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa destruqciisaken, an maTi mkveTri SezRudvisaken.

evropuli konvencia, ra Tqma unda, iTva-liswinebs, saWiroebisamebr, uflebaTa zo-mier SezRudvebs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (muxli 8(2), 10(2), 11(2)) da maT Sesustebas gan-sakuTrebuli mdgomareobis dros, rodesac eris bedi safrTxeSia (muxli 15).

civi omis dros, ramdenime saxelmwifom miiRo zomebi moZraobaTa politikuri ufle-bebis SesazRudad, vinaidan safrTxe eqmneboda konstituciur wyobas. germaniis federaluri respublikis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom akr-Zala nacisturi partiis memkvidre komunistu-ri partia11, rodesac germaniam miiRo sajaro mosamsaxureTa loialobis maregulirebeli kanonebi. civi omis dros, evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom uari Tqva loialobis kanonebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebze12.10 Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: origins, drafting and intent (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000) 23, 68-69. 11 Socialist Reich Party case [1952] BVerGE 2, 1, found in Kommers, Consti-tutional Jurisprudence of the FRG, Communist Party case [1956] BvedfGE 5, 85, found in Kommers, Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany. 12 SeadareT Kosiek v. Germany (1986) 9 EHRR 328 with Vogt v. Germany (1996) 21 EHRR 205. See Harvey, ”Militant democracy and the European Convention on Human Rights“ (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407, 413-414. Conor Gearty aRniSnavs, rom strasburgis sasamarT-los SexedulebebSi cvlileba emTxveva civi omis dasas-ruls: Conor Gearty, ”Airy-Fairy: Human Rights and the End of Empire: Britain and the Genesis of the European Convention by A.W. B. Simpson.“ (2001) 23 London Review of Books, xelmisawvdomia: <http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n23/gear01_.html> bolos Semowmebulia 2009 wlis 22 marts.

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avstraliis parlamentma moiTxova komunis-turi partiis akrZalva. akrZalva gauqmebul iqna avstraliis uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier federalizmis argumentiT13. SeerTebulma Statebma SezRuda komunistTa Tavisufleba14. gaerTianebuli samefos erT kuTxeSi gan-sakuTrebuli Zalaufleba iqna gamoyenebuli respublikelTa klubebis asakrZalad15. 1990-iani wlebi iyo Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis Teoriis mimarT interesis gaRvivebis momswre, magaliTad 1992 wels samxedro gadatrialebam alJirSi gamoiwvia `aratolerantuli demo-kratiebis~ Sesaxeb seriozuli ganxilvebi aka-demiur doneze16. evropis sabWos veneciis ko-misiam gamoaqveyna saxelmZRvanelo, partiebis daSlis SemTxvevaSi, sanqciebis Sesaxeb17.

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis magaliTebi Tanamedrove evropaSi

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos didi xania rac uwevs Tavdacvisunariani demo-kratiis sakiTxebTan Sexeba, es iqneba rasistu-li Tu faSisturi partiebis SeupovrobasTan, germaniis loialobis Sesaxeb kanonebTan Tu gaerTianebul samefosa da irlandiaSi poli-tikuri Zaladobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT18. Tema ufro aqtualuri gaxda bolo TxuTmeti wlis manZilze. rkinis fardis kolafsma da evropis sabWos gafarToebam aRmosavleTisa-ken win wamoswia gardamavali marTlmsajule-bis bevri sakiTxi. 11 seqtembris19 movlenebma gaamZafres religiuri fundamentalizmiT gamowveuli safrTxeebi. TurqeTis gadawyve-tileba, daeSva individualuri ganacxadiT mimarTva strasburgis sasamarTlosadmi, mniS-vnelovani nabiji iyo, qveyanaSi politikuri partiebis dasaSlelad Zalauflebis xSiri ga-moyenebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 13 Australian Communist Party v. Commonwealth [1951] 83 Common-wealth Law Reports 1. David Dyzenhaus ganixilavs saqmes, rogorc magaliTs imisa, Tu rogor eyrdnoba sasamarTlo `saerTo samarTlis konstitucionalizms:~ David Dyzenhaus, ”Constituting the Enemy: A response to Carl Schmitt“ in A. Sajo (ed.) Militant Democracy (Utrecht: Elevan International Publishing, 2004). 14 Dennis v. U.S. 341 U.S. 494 (1951).15 akrZalvas miemxro lordTa palata McEldowney v. Ford [1971] Appeal Cases 632, 16 Gregory Fox and Georg Nolte, ”Intolerant Democracies“ (1995) 36 Har-vard International Law Journal 1, reprinted in Gregory Fox and Brad Roth, Democratic Governance and International Law (Cambridge: CUP, 2000).17 European Commission for Democracy through Law, Guidelines on Prohi-bition and Dissolution of Political Parties and Analogous Measures (Stras-bourg: Council of Europe Pub., 2000). 18 P. Harvey, ”Militant democracy and the European Convention on Human Rights“ (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407-420. 19 Sadak and others v. Tureky Applications Nos. 26149/95 to 26154/95, 25144/94, 27100/95 da 27101/95, 11 ivnisi 2002 (ECtHR).

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis xerxe-bis nairsaxeoba warmoCinda strasburgis sa-qmeebSi. yvelaze saintereso iyo magaliTad, iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saxelmwifo cdi-lobda CamoeSorebina parlamentisaTvis ar-Ceuli politikosebi, rodesac maTi partiebi arakonstituciurad gamocxaddeboda20, an, rodesac maT uars etyodnen registraciaze21. lustraciis SemTxvevaSi, individebs SeiZle-ba aekrZaloT, kenWi iyaron an dasaqmebul iqnen sxvadasxva adgilebze sajaro samsaxur-Si, anda, Tundac kerZo seqtorSi22. naklebad saSineli xerxebia Tavisufali azris gamoxa-tvis uflebis SezRudva23, Sekrebis uflebis SezRudva24, konkretuli simboloebis gamoye-nebis akrZalva25, anda uaris Tqma partiebis saxelmwifo dafinansebaze26. saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba gadadgan nabijebi neitraluri da xelSeuxebeli sajaro samsaxuris arsebobis uzrunvelsayofa d.

Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis msgavsi xerxebis gamoyenebis asaxsnelad bevri sxva-dasxva mizezi mohyavT xolme27, Cveulebriv, es moicavs brZolas politikuri Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg, rasistul da ultramemarjvene partiebze kontrols, adamianis fundamen-turi konstituciuri uflebebis principebis dacva, demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadas-vlis uzrunvelyofa, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva.

mizezebi martivad SeiZleba warmovidgi-noT: zogierTi saxelmwifo ukanonod acxa-debs eTnikurobasa da religiaze fokusire-bul partiebs28, erTi mkvlevari gvTavazobs Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis gamoyenebas im

20 Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1. 21 Partidul Comunistilor (Nepeceristi) v. Romania Application no. 46626/99, 5 February 2005 (ECtHR) (ECtHR); Linkov v. Czech Republic Application no. 10504/03, 7 December 2006 (ECtHR). 22 Sidabras v. Lithuania (2006) 42 EHRR 6. 23 Brind v. United Kingdom (1994) 77 D&R 262. isaSarofi iZleva in-doeTSi saarCevno sityvebis dadgenili formis magaliTs: S. Issacharoff, ”Fragile Democracies“ (2007) 120 Harward Law Review 1405, 1423. 24 Christian Democratic People’s Party v. Moldova (2006) 45 EHRR 13. 25 ungreTSi kanoni krZalavs `totalitarul~ simboloebs, rac aisaxeba saqmeSi: Vajnaj v. Hungary application no. 33629/06, 8 ivlisi 2008. (ECtHR). 26 Parti Nationaliste Basque v. France Application no 71251/01, 7 June 2007 (ECtHR). dafinansebaze uari eTqva baskuri nacionalisturi partiis frangul Stos imis gamo, rom is aralegalurad iRebda finansebs sazRvargareTidan, magaliTad, espaneTis baskuri partiidan. 27 isaSarofi saubrobs meamboxe, separatistuli da antide-mokratiuli partiebis mier Seqmnil safrTxeebze: S. Issacharoff, ”Fragile Democracies“ (2007) 120 Harvard Law Review 1405, 1433-1447. 28 M. Basedau, M. Bogaards, C. Hartmann and P. Niesen, ”Ethnic Party Bans in Africa: A Research Agenda“ (2007) 8 (6) German Law Journal 617-634.

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partiebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa Sida struq-tura arademokratiulia29.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo mkacri iyo am xerxebis Seswavlisas. is daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom uflebaTa SezRudva gamarT-lebulia Tu: es xdeba legitimuri miznebisa-Tvis, kanoniT aris gaTvaliswinebuli, da auci-lebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. TumcaRa iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlom naklebi simkacre gamoavlina da miemxro Tavdacvisuna-riani demokratiis msgavs saSualebebs.

politikuri Zaladobapolitikur moZraobebs, romlebic CarTu-

li arian, icaven an kavSirSi arian politikur ZaladobasTan, garkveuli SezRudvebi uwes-debaT evropul qveynebSi. gaerTianebulma sa-mefom da irlandiam SemoiRes SezRudvebi im partiaTaTvis, romlebic asocirdebodnen pa-ramilitaristul dajgufebebTan CrdiloeT irlandiaSi. SezRudvebi erovnuli da stras-burgis sasamarTlos mierac dakmayofilebul iqna. 2003 wels, espaneTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni politikuri partiebis Sesaxeb, raTa `etas~ ZaladobasTan asocirebuli partia ba-tasunas akrZalva SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo. es-paneTis sakonstitucio tribunalma aRiara ka-nonis validuroba30, maSin rodesac 2003 wels batasuna daiSala31. braldebebi imisa, rom po-litikuri partiebi Zaladobis mxardamWerad gamodiodnen, xSirad figurirebda partiaTa daSlis TurqeTis saqmeebSi32.

wina mowvevis komisia ZiriTadad cnobda SezRudvebs politikur partiebze im sababiT, rom isini, viTom CarTuli iyvnen politikur 29 Yigal Mersel, ”The dissolution of political parties: The problem of internal democracy“ (2006) 4 International Journal of Constitutional Law 84. aseve ixileT E.Brems, ”Freedom of Political Association and the Question of Party Closures“ in Wojciech Sadurski (ed.) Political rights under stress in 21st century Europe (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 161. 30 Basque Regional Government challenge to the Law on Political Parties STC 48/2003, 12 marti 2003. gadawyvetileba xelmisawvdomia es-panur enaze Semdeg misamarTze: <http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/jurisprudencia/Stc2003/STC2003-048.html> bolo naxvis TariRi 2009wlis 22 marti. 31 batasunas saqmes ganixilavs Ian Cram, ”Constitutional response to extremist political associations – ETA, Batasuna and democratic norms“ (2008) 28 (1) Legal Studies – Society of Public Teachers of Law 68-95; Victor Ferreres Comella, ”The New Regulation of Political Parties in Spain and the Decision to Outlaw Batasuna“ in A. Sajo (ed.) Militant Democracy (Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, 2004); L.Turano, ”Spain: Banning political parties as a response to Basque terrorism“ (2003) 1(4) International Jour-nal of Constitutional Law 730-740; K.A. Sawyer, ”Rejection of Weimarian Politics or Betrayal of Democracy?: Spain’s Proscription of Batasuna under te European Convention on Human Rights“ (2003) 52 (6) American Univer-sity Law Review 1531-1581. 32 es iyo erT-erTi mizezi keTildReobis partiis saqmeSi: Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1.

ZaladobaSi. komisiam miuReblad cno sarCele-bi, dakavSirebuli gaerTianebul samefosa da irlandiaSi CrdiloeT irlandiis zogierTi partiis SezRuduli daSvebisa radio an sate-levizio mauwyeblobasTan33. Ucnobia, ramdenad daeTanxmeba amaSi komisias dRes moqmedi sasa-marTlo. bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom dasZina, rom unda arsebobdes realuri dasturi imisa, rom ama Tu im organizaciisaTvis misaRebia Zaladoba, sanam misi konvenciiT aRiarebuli uflebebi SezRuduli iqneba; ar aris sakma-risi mxolod imaze dayrdnoba, rom organi-zaciis saxelidan gamomdinare, is midrekilia Zaladobisaken34, arc is, rom is warmoadgens sakuTar Tavs rogorc revolucioners35.

sasamarTlom gaakritika TurqeTi Jurnalis-tis dasjis faqtis gamo, Jurnalistisa, ro-melmac gamoaqveyna arakanonieri organizaciis wevrisagan aRebuli interviuebi: es, TavisTa-vad, Zaladobisa da siZulvilisaken mowodebis dadasturebis gareSe, arasakmarisi iyo gamoxa-tvis Tavisuflebis SesazRudad36.

simkacre im SezRudvaTa gadaxedvisas, romlebic saxelmwifoTa mier dawesebulia viTomda erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazo-gadoebrivi wesrigis gamo, misasalmebelia. magram strasburgis sasamarTlo aRiarebs po-litikuri uflebebis SezRudvas mxolod im partiebisaTvis, romlebic asocirdebian po-litikur ZaladobasTan. es naTlad Cans sa-qmeSi Herri Batasna and Batasuna v. Spain37. poli-tikuri partiebis Sesaxeb 2002 wlis kanonze dayrdnobiT, espaneTis uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, unda momxdariyo ori par-tiis daSla maTi kavSirebis gamo baskur se-paratistul dajgufeba etasTan. espaneTis kanoni mxolod im partiebis daSlis nebas

33 Purcell v. Ireland Application no. 15404/89. 16 aprili, 1991 (ECmHR); Brand v. United Kingdom (1994) 77 D&R 262. 34 Association of Citizens Radko and Paunkovski v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Application no. 74651/01, 20 January 2009 (ECtHR). `rad-ko~ iyo ivan mihailovis fsevdonimi, romelic makedoniis sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos mixedviT, uaryofda makedonuri eTnosis arsebobas. 35 Tsonev v. Bulgaria (2008) 46 EHRR 8. magram sasamarTlom uari Tqva franguli kanonis gamowvevaze, romliTac SeiZleboda das-jiliyvnen terorizmis mimtevebeli adamianebi: Leroy v. France application no. 36109/03, 2 oqtomberi 2008 (ECtHR). aplikantma ga-moaqveyna karikatura, romelic asaxavda 11 seqtembers tyup caTambjenebze Tavdasxmas, warweriT `Cven yvela vocnebob-diT amaze... hamasma ki gaakeTa es~. sasamarTlom ar gaiziara aplikantis Sexeduleba imaze, rom misi namuSevari iyo satira amerikuli imperializmis gasakritikeblad(43-46 abzacebi). 36 Kanat and Bozan v. Tureky no. 13799/04, 21 oqtomberi 2008 (ECtHR) abzaci 19. 37 Herri Batasuna v Spain application nos. 25803/04 and 25817/04, 30 June 2009.

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iZleoda, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen demokra-tiasTan SeuTavsebel qmedebebSi38. sakonsti-tucio tribunalma calkeul saqmeebSi xazi gausva kanonis am elements imis aRniSvniT, rom es ar iyo Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis msgavsi kanoni, romelic kanongareSed acxa-debda garkveul miznebs39. sasamarTlom naxa, rom sakiTxi ewinaaRmdegeboda 11.1 muxls da ganagrZo muSaoba, raTa daedgina SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara 11.2 muxliT moqmedebis gamarT-leba. sasamarTlom maleve daadgina, rom Care-vas kanoni iTvaliswinebda legitimuri mizni-saTvis. mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo mxolod is, Tu ramdenad arsebobda amgvari xerxis saWi-roeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. sasamarT-lom xazi gausva pluralizmis aucileblobas, rac moiTxovs im ideebis dacvasac ki, romle-bic SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeli iyos, Soks iwve-vdes an SemaSfoTebeli iyos40. winaaRmdegobaSi yofna me-11 muxlTan moiTxovda seriozul ga-marTlebas da mxolod ukiduresad seriozul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda partiis daSla41. sasa-marTlom xelaxla daafiqsira Tavisi pozicia, rom partiebi Tavisufali arian, misdion ne-bismier mizans imdenad, ramdenadac es mizani Tavsebadia demokratiasTan, xolo am miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli saSualebebi kano-nieri da demokratiuli42. magram saxelmwifos unda SeeZlos moqmedeba, mxolod drouli mo-qmedeba. es aris Tavsebadi pozitiur valde-bulebebTan, rasac iTvaliswinebs konvencia43.

am principebis xazgasmiT, sasamarTlom ga-nixila specifikuri saqme. man dasZina rom iyo rigi faqtebisa, romlebic miuTiTebdnen imaze, rom partiebi aRvivebdnen `socialuri konfrontaciis klimats~ da etas farulad mxardaWeras sTavazobdnen44. sasamarTlo aseve Seexo im mosazrebas, rom dumili politikos-Ta mxridan SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes par-tiis ganzraxvaTa gamosacnobad45. sasamarTlom espaneTis gadawyvetileba ganixila evropis sabWosa da evropis kavSirSi moqmedi saSuale-bebis konteqstSi, romelic kicxavs teroriz-mis gamarTlebas46.38 Ibid abzaci 12.39 abzaci 20.40 abzaci 76.41 abzaci 78.42 abzaci 79.43 abzaci 82.44 abzaci 85.45 abzaci 88.46 abzaci 90. ufro meti informacisaTvis terorizmze ixileT Leroy v. France application no. 36109/03, 2 oqtomberi, 2008.

ultramemarjvene da rasistuli moZraobebi

evropulma saxelmwifoebma aseve SezRudes rasistul da ultramemarjvene partiaTa uflebebi. flamandiuri partia _ Vlaams Blok iZulebuli iyo sakuTari reorganizacia moexdina mas Semdeg, rac is marTlmsajule-bam rasizmSi damnaSaved Seracxa47. strasbur-gis institutebisaTvis Cveulebriv misaRebi iyo SezRudvebi, dawesebuli TviTaRiarebul rasistebze48. wina komisiam gamoiyena muxli 17, raTa ar mieRo rasistuli partiis49 da SS-is50 yofili wevris saCivrebi, maSin rodesac axlandelma sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila ho-lokostis uarmyofelis saCivari isev da isev me-17 muxlze dayrdnobiT51. sasamarTlom aseve moiSvelia muxli 17, rodesac radikalur, me-marjvene partiis wevri damnaSaved cnes gan-gaSis atexis gamo. damamZimebel garemoebad miCneul iqna is, rom is moqmedebda rasistuli miznebisaTvis: mosarCelis mier ganTavsebuli posteri asaxavda, rom yvela musulmani dam-naSave iyo amerikaSi 11 seqtembers ganviTare-buli movlenebis gamo. sasamarTlom sarCeli miuReblad cno52. maSinac ki, rodesac gamoxa-tvis saSualebebi ar iyo iseTi ukiduresi, rom moqceuliyo me-17 muxlis qveS, sasamarTlom neba darTo saxelmwifos, SeezRuda gamoxatvis ufleba muxliT 10 (2), raTa rogorRac aRd-gomoda siZulvilis gamowvevis faqtebs53. seve, sasamarTlom aRiara profesiuli kavSirebis ufleba, gaericxa wevrebi, Tu isini miekuTv-47 gentis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba daicva Cour de Cassation: Vlaams Concentratie v. Centre for Equal Opportunity and the fight Against Racism, 2008 wlis 9 noembris gadawyvetileba xelmi-sawvdomia frangul enaze Semdeg misamarTze: <http://jure.juridat.just.fgov.be/pdfapp/download_blob?idpdf=F-20041109-13> bolo nax-vis TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti. 48 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis kritikuli analizisaTvis ixileT Eric Heinze, ”View-point Absolutism and Hate Speech“ (2006) 69 (4) Modern Law Review 543-582. 49 komisia daeyrdno me-17 muxls rasistuli partiis winaaR-mdeg, romelsac surda gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis uflebis gamoyeneba da arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba: Glimmerveen v. Netherlands 8348/78 & 8406/78, 11 Oct 1979 (ECmHR). es ar niSnavs rom eqstremisti politikosebi, isinic ki, romlebsac brali edebaT rasistuli siZulvilis gaRvivebaSi, ar arian daculi ciliswamebis SEsaxeb kanonebiT: Lindon and others v France applica-tion nos. 21279/02 and 36448/02, 22 October 2007 (ECtHR GC). 50 Van Wambeke v. Belgium Application no. 16692/90, 12 April 1991.51 Garaudy v. France Application no. 65831/01, 24 June 2003 (ECtHR).es aris samarTlis is sfero, rodesac sasamarTlom Zalze de-likaturi gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRos, es Cans safrangeTis sxva saqmidanac sadac didma palatam, miuxedavad 6 sawinaaRm-dego xmisa, daadgina, rom devna ̀ samxedro danaSaulis sazoga-doebrivi dacvis~ gamo iyo me-10 muxlis darRveva. Lehideux v. France (1998) 30 EHRR 665.52 Norwood v United Kingdom [2005] 40 European Human Rights Reports SE 11.53 Soulas v France Application no. 15948/03, October 7 2008 (ECtHR).

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nebodnen radikalur memarjvene partias54. am bolo xanebSi saqmeSi Feret v Belgium55 sasamarT-lo miemxro sasjels Sefardebuls belgiis sasamarTlos mier parlamentis wevrisaTvis. parlamentis wevri avrcelebda rasobrivi si-Zulvilis gamaRvivebel masalebs. sasamarT-lom Seufarda mas gamasworebeli samuSaoebi, simboluri kompensaciis gadaxda da 10 wliT aukrZala arCevnebSi monawileoba. adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom, 4-3 umravlesobiT daadgina, rom am SemTxvevaSi adgili ar hqonda konvenciis darRvevas.

es saqmeebi miuTiTeben sasamarTlos tole-rantobaze radikal memarjveneTa da rasistu-li moZraobebisaTvis politikuri uflebebis SezRudvebTan dakavSirebiT. TumcaRa sasa-marTlo aseve miiswrafoda imis uzrunvel-sayofad, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvebi siZulvilis damaregulirebeli kanonebis gamo, ar zRudavs Jurnalisturi ga-moZiebis legitimur uflebas56 an monawileo-bas politikur57 an religiur debatebSi58.

fundamenturi konstituciuri an adamianis uflebaTa principebi

is, rom politikuri moZraoba fundamen-turi konstituciuri an adamianis uflebaTa principebis winaaRmdegia, zogjer gamoiye-neba politikuri uflebebis SezRudvis asax-snelad59. ase moxda TurqeTis keTildReobis partiis saqmeSic: keTildReobis partiis mier SariaTis savaraudo dacva da personaluri kanonebis SemoReba sekularizmis principis sawinaaRmdegod, gamoyenebul iqna misi daSlis asaxsnelad60. ra warmoadgens fundamentur konstituciur princips uTanxmoebis sakiTxia: erTi bulgaruli saqme Seexeboda monarqiis momxre asociacias61, maSin rodesac CexeTma uari ganucxada registraciaze politikur 54 Associated Society of Locomotive engineers and Firemen (Aslef) v. United Kingdom Application no. 11002/05, 27 February 2007 (ECtHR).55 Feret v Belgium application no. 15615/07, 16 July 2009.56 Jersild v. Denmark (1994) 19 EHRR 1.57 Ergin v. Turkey 49566/99 applications nos. 48944/99, 50691/99, 63733/00 and 63925/00, 16 June 2005 (ECtHR); Falakaoglu v. Turkey no. 11840/02, October 10 2006 (ECtHR). 58 Giniewski v. France Application no. 64016/00, 31 January 2006 (ECtHR).59teritoriuli mTlianobis principis dacvis idea aris erTi aseTi konstituciuri principi. es idea wamoweul iqna Turqe-Tis saqmeSi (United Communist Party of Turkey v. Turkey (1998) 26 EHRR 121.), Russia (Vatan v. Russia Application no. 47978/99, 7 October 2004 (ECtHR).) and Bulgaria (United Macedonian Organisation Ilinden – Pirin and others v. Bulgaria Application no. 59489/00, 20 October 2005 (EC-tHR)). 60 Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 161 Zhechev v. Bulgaria Application no. 57045/00, 21 June 2007 (ECtHR).

partias im sababiT, rom is, TiTqosda gamowve-vis winaSe ayenebda sisxlis samarTlis kano-nis araretrospeqtulobas (wina reJimebidan adamianis uflebaTa damrRvevebis marTlmsa-julebis winaSe wardgenis konteqstSi)62.

yvelaze dramatuli da sadavo Tavdacvisuna-riani demokratiis Temaze adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos saqmeebidan iyo Tur-qeTis keTildReobis partiis saqme63. TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoitana ga-dawyvetileba keTildReobis partiis daSlaze im sababiT, rom is ewinaaRmdegeboda sekula-rizms. marTlac, im droisaTvis keTildReobis partia iyo koaliciur mTavrobaSi da is iyo yvelaze mravalricxovani partia warmodge-nili TurqeTis parlamentSi. adamianis ufle-baTa evropuli sasamarTlos didma palatam daadgina, rom aRniSnul saqmeSi adgili ar hqonia konvenciis darRvevas da partiis daSla aixsneboda sami mizeziT. partia ver akmayofi-lebda im moTxovnas, rom Tavi Sors daeWira Zaladobrivi qmedebebis dacvisagan, partias surda, SemoeRo personaluri kanoni Turqe-Tis moqalaqeTaTvis (anu sxvadasxva samarT-lebrivi sistemebi religiis gaTvaliswinebiT); dabolos, partia SariaTis kanonis SemoRebis momxre iyo. es iyo erTaderTi partiis daSlis saqme TurqeTidan, rodesac adamianis ufle-baTa sasamarTlo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas miemxro. amis miuxedavad, ga-dawyvetilebam, Sesabamisad argumentaciam da sasamarTlos enam didi uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. didi palata daeyrdno stereotipur Sexe-dulebas personalur kanonsa da SariaTTan mi-marTebaSi gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas64. imis SegrZnebis gamo, rom igive SeiZleba ganmeordes keTildReobis partiis memkvidre saTnoebis partiis SemTxvevaSi, partiam ukan gamoitana sarCeli strasburgis sasamarTlodan: saTnoe-bis partia gaauqma TurqeTis sakonstitucio sasamarTlomac65. keTildReobis partiis saq-

62 Linkov v. Czech Republic Application no. 10504/03, 7 December 2006 (EC-tHR).63 Refah Paritisi (Welfare Party) v. Turkey (2003) 37 EHRR 1.64 C. Moe “Refah Revisited: Strasbourg’s Construction of Islam” Con-ference paper for Emerging Legal Issues for Islam in Europe; Central European University, Budapest, Hungary; 3-4 June 2005. Available at <http://www.strasbourgconference.org/papers/Refah%20Revisited-%20Strasbourg%27s%20Construction%20of%20Islam.pdf> bolo naxvis TariRi 2009 wlis 22 marti. 65 Fazilet Partisi et Kutan v. Turkey Application no. 1444/02, 27 April 2006. me eva bremsis madlobeli var am citatisaTvis: Eva Brems “Hu-man Rights as a Framework for Negotiating/Protecting Cultural Differ-ences? An Exploration in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights” Seminar on 24 January 2008 at QUB Law School.

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mis da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi pir-badis tarebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis ci-tirebiT66, saTnoebis partiam ganacxada, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo midrekili iyo musulmanebis winaaRmdeg da ar ZaluZda miukerZoebeli gadawyvetilebebis mi-Reba67.

demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadasvlis uzrunvelyofa

demokratizaciis procesma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganapiroba politikuri uflebebis SezRudva: moiTxova wina arademokratiul reJimebTan asocirebulTaTvis politiku-ri uflebebis SezRudva. lustraciis kanoni awesebs SezRudvas im adamianTa politikur da/an dasaqmebis uflebaze, romlebic muSaobd-nen an TanamSromlobdnen komunizmis periodis uSiSroebis samsaxurebTan68.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli sa-samarTlo iziarebda Tavdacvisunariani de-mokratiis msgavs argumentebs aRmosavleT evropis zogierT saqmeebSi. adreul saqmeSi Rekvenyi adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom xazi gausva imas, rom gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo is istoriuli konteqsti, romlidanac aRmosa-vleT evropis saxelmwifoebi momdinareobd-nen, anu 4 aTwleulze metxans iq erTpartiuli wyoba iyo69. adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo miemxro konstituciur akrZalvas, ar mieRoT monawileoba politikaSi policiis oficrebs. Istoriul konteqstze miniSnebis miuxedavad, amgvari maregulirebeli normebi mxolod aRmosavleT evropasTan rodi asocirdeba: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo miemxro gaerTianebuli samefos SezRudvas zo-gierT sajaro mosamsaxureebze, wina saarCevno kampaniaSi monawileoba mieRoT an kenWi eyaraT arCevnebSi70. adamianis uflebaTa evropul sa-samarTlos aRmosavleT evropasTan dakavSire-buli yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba aris albaT didi palatis gadawyvetileba sa-qmeze Zdanoka v Latvia71. 1991 wlis ianvarSi, la-

66 gansakuTrebiT, Leyla Sahin v. Turkey Application no. 44774/98.67 Fazilet Partisi et Kutan v Turkey Application no. 1444/02, 27 April 2006.68 ixileT poloneTis kanoni saqmeSi Matyjek v. Poland Application no. 38184/03, 29 June 2006, (ECtHR); Luboch v. Poland Application no. 37469/05, 15 January 2008 (ECtHR); Jałowiecki v Poland Application no.69 Rekvenyi v. Hungary (1999) 30 EHRR 519 at paragraphs 48-49.70 Ahmed v. United Kingdom (1998) 29 EHRR 1.71 Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17, reversing the earlier decision of a Chamber in Zdanoka v. Latvia (2005) 41 EHRR 659.

tviis komunistur partias hqonda mcdeloba, daemxo aRmocenebis procesSi myofi latviuri demokratia, TiTqosda isini apirebdnen sabWo-Ta armiis SeSvebas qveyanaSi. mcdeloba, marTa-lia, male dasrulda, magram amas xuTi adamia-nis sicocxle Seewira. latviis komunisturma partiam mogvianebiT mxari dauWira gorba-Covis CamoSorebas moskovSi. 1991 wels la-tviis komunisturi partia gamocxadebul iqna arakonstituciurad. 1995 wlis kanoniT, pi-rebi aqtiurad CarTulni latviis komunistur partiaSi, 1991 wlis 13 ianvris Semdeg Seufe-rebeli iyvnen saparlamento arCevnebSi mo-nawileobisTvis. didma palatam daadgina, rom saxelmwifos hqonda ufleba, mieRo zomebi, raTa daecva sakuTari Tavi da demokratiuli wyoba72. didma palatam aRniSna, rom arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebaze SeiZleba gavrceldes garkveuli SezRudvebi da rom amgvari SezRu-dvebi ar aris aucilebeli, dafuZnebuli iyos individTa qmedebebis calkeul ganxilvaze. imdenad, ramdenadac zogadi normebi ar iyo despoturi da TviTneburi, es sakmarisi iyo SezRudvis gasamarTleblad73. latviis kanoni nebas iZleoda, rom individs sarCeli Seetana sasamarTloSi imis gamo, rom is miekuTvnebo-da akrZalul kategorias, rac gulisxmobda mniSvnelovani usafrTxoebis zomebis arsebo-bas74, imis mtkicebisas, rom darRvevas adgi-li ar hqonda, adamianis uflebaTa evropul-ma sasamarTlom yuradReba miapyro latviis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, rom SezRudvebi mxolod gark-veuli vadiT unda moqmedebdes. rac niSnavda imas, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasa-marTlos mogvianebiT Tavisi daskvnisaTvis unda gadaexeda75.

daskvnaZiriTadad adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlo abalansebda adamianis uflebebs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, rodesac ga-nixilavda problemebs, gamowveuls, TiTqos-da antidemokratiuli politikuri moZrao-bebiT. miuxedavad sakamaTo argumentaciisa keTildReobis partiis saqmeSi da `Tavdac-visunariani demokratiis~ msgavsi tipis enis 72 Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 100.73 Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 115.74 Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 127.75 Zdanoka v. Latvia (2006) 45 EHRR 17 at paragraph 135.

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sxva saqmeebSi. sasamarTlos bolo periodis saqme mianiSnebs zogadad keTilsindisiere-bis mcdelobaze adamianis uflebebis princi-pebis gamoyenebisas. sasamarTlo ganixilavs SezRudvebs, raTa darwmundes, rom maT kanoni iTvaliswinebs, legitimuri mizani arsebobs da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi (proporciulia).

es bolo sakiTxi yvelaze mniSvnelovania, gansakuTrebiT ki proporciulobis testis `naklebad amkrZalveli saSualebebiis~ ele-menti76. politikur uflebebze SeiZleba ga-vrceldes bevri sxvadasxva saxis SezRudva da saxelmwifoebma unda axsnan/gamarTleba mouZebnon konkretuli saSualebebis gamoye-nebas. keTildReobis partiis saqmidan yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli partiis daSlis saSineli sa-Sualebis arCevis aspeqtia. sxva saqmeebidan da aseve erovnul doneze magaliTebidan Cans, rom arsebobs ufro naklebad saSineli xerxebi partiis daSlisa: aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-bidan CamoSoreba aris CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli xerxi, maSin rodesac israeli gvTa-vazobs partiis diskvalificirebas arCevnebSi monawileobisagan realurad misi daSlis gare-Se77. saxelmwifo dafinansebis formebze uaris Tqmac erT-erTi xerxia.

proporciulobis testis mniSvneloba aRia-rebul iqna TviT starsburgis sasamarTlos mier TurqeTis momdevno saqmeebSi parla-mentarebis parlamentidan gaZevebis Sesaxeb, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier im partiis daSlis gamo, romelsac isini miekuTvnebodnen. adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom es iyo Zalze saSineli nabiji, rac gaacamtve-rebda arss imisa, rom partiebs monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi da warmoedginaT xalxi mas Semdeg, rac arCeul iqnebodnen78. strasburgis

76 es sakiTxi xazgasmulia orive avtoris mier, Eva Brems and Samual Isaacharoff: E. Brems, “Freedom of Political Association and the Question of Party Closures” in Wojciech Sadurski (ed.) Political rights under stress in 21st century Europe (Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006) 141-151; S. Issacharoff, “Fragile Democracies” (2007) 120 Harvard Law Review 1405, 1457. krami aseve xazs usvams proporciulo-bis princips, imis mtkicebiT, rom espaneTis mier batasunas akrZalva ar iyo aucilebeli da ufro naklebad SemzRudveli saSualebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul yofiliyo: Ian Cram, “Consti-tutional responses to extremist political associations -ETA, Batasuna and democratic norms” (2008) 28 (1) Legal Studies- Society of Public Teachers of Law 68, 94.77 ganixilavs S. Issacharoff, “Fragile Democracies” (2007) 120 Harvard Law Review 1405, 1447; Mordechai Kremnitzer, “Disqualification of Lists and Parties: The Israeli Case” in A. Sajó (ed.) Militant Democracy (Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing, 2004).78 Sadak and others v. Turkey Applications nos. 25144/94, 26149/95 to 26154/95, 27100/95 and 27101/95), 11 June 2002 (ECtHR) at paragraph 40.

sasamarTloze imoqmeda im faqtma, rom Tur-qeTma SemoiRo ufro proporciuli sistema (parlamentis wevrTa parlamentidan gaZeveba moxdeboda mxolod maSin, Tu am parlamen-tarTa sityvebi an saqcieli partiis daSlis safuZveli gaxdeboda)79. ufro naTlad ki, sa-qmeebSi, romlebic exeboda saTnoebis partiis wevrTa daTxovnas parlamentidan (sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos mier partiis daSlis Sem-deg), adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo miesal-ma TurqeTis sakonstitucio cvlilebebs. es reformebi partiaTa daSlisaTvis aucilebli moTxovnebis ufro gamkacrebis saSualebas iZleoda, nebas rTavda sakonstitucio sasa-marTlos Seefardebina naklebad mkacri sanq-cia (saxelmwifo dafinansebis Sewyveta)80.

politikuri uflebebis garkveuli SezRu-dvebi saWiroa demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. Tavdacvisunariani demokratiis Teoria md-gomareobs imaSi, rom demokratiul saxelmwi-fos SeeZlos akrZalviTi zomebis miReba po-litikuri moZraobis sawinaaRmdegod, Tu is mimarTavs arademokratiul saSualebebs (Za-ladobas) da misdevs antidemokratiul miz-nebs. mgvari zomebis legitimuroba saTuoa, Tu TviT saxelmwifo ar aris demokratiuli saSualebebis da miznebis erTguli. rogorc harvi aRniSnavs, sakiTxi ar unda daisvas ise - warmoadgenen Tu ara evropis sabWos wevri saxelmwifoebi idealur liberalur demokra-tiebs81, vinaidan myari demokratiebic ki zo-gjer Sors arian idealurobisgan. umTavresia, rom sasamarTloebma zedmiwevniT gamoiyenon adamianis uflebaTa principebi.

79 Ibid at paragraph 37.80 Silay v. Turkey Application no. 8691/02, 5 April 2007, (ECtHR) at paragraph 35.81 P. Harvey, “Militant democracy and the European Convention on Human Rights” (2004) 29 (3) European Law Review 407, 419.

110

aleqsandre oraxelaSvili

saerTaSoriso samarTlis magistri (laideni),

saerTaSoriso samarTlis doqtori (kembrij i),

birminghemis universiteti s iuridiuli

fakultetis leqtor i

I. Sesavali1

2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovoSi damoukide-blobis calmxrivma gamocxadebam saerTaSo-riso samarTlis mTeli rigi Zireuli sakiTxe-bis ganxilvis aucilebloba daayena. es aris separatistuli teritoriuli erTeulebis sa-marTlebriv statusTan, aseve garkveuli aqte-bisa da qcevis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romelTa wamoweva gaeros uSiSroe-bis sabWos mier VII TavSi aRniSnuli saerTaSo-riso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisa da aRdgenis principiT xelmZRvanelobis konte-qstSi moxda.

saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac kosovos damou-kideblobas mxari dauWires da aRiares, namd-vilad ar acxadeben, rom sakiTxi, misi aSkarad politikuri xasiaTis gamo, saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis sferoSi ar Sedis. Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, aRniSnul saxelmwifoebs arc saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi poziciis raime Tanmimdevruli ganmarteba gaukeTebiaT, riTac kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebas dauWerdnen mxars. kosovos saxelmwifoebrioba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi wamoWrili uamravi sadavo sakiTxis safuZvlad iqca. es is saki-Txebia, romlebic saerTaSoriso da erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda ganixilon kosovos qme-debebisa da garigebebis aspeqtebis gansjis mizniT. udavoa, rom sasamarTloebi sakiTxs Sesabamisad ganixilaven, amitom am etapze Cven mier masze msjeloba SeiZleba naadrevi iyos.

nacvlad amisa, statiaSi ganvixilavT Ziri-Tad sakiTxebs, romlebiTac kosovoSi damou-1 inglisurenovani originalis qarTuli Targmani Sesrulda redaqciis SekveTiT.

kideblobis gamocxadebis procesi iyo ganpi-robebuli da romelic aqtiurad ganixileba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso forumze. aseve gan-vixilavT ramdenime qveynis mier kosovos da-moukideblobis aRiarebis sakiTxs. aRniSnul procesSi wamoyenebuli argumentebi statiis ZiriTadi masalaa. SevexebiT aseve saxelmwi-foebriobis gamocxadebis ufro konkretul sakiTxebs, romlebic SeiZleba momdevno wleb-Si erovnuli da saerTaSoriso organoebis mier iqnes ganxiluli. statiaSi aRniSnulia sxvadasxva mosazrebebic kosovos saxelmwi-foebriobis gamocxadebisa da aRiarebis Se-saxeb. gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT ganvixilavT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, kosovos ar-seboba axla ukve faqtia da realobis nawili.

zemoaRniSnulis Sesabamisad, II TavSi gan-xilulia kosovoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis faqtebi da istoria; III Tavi Seexeba saxelmwi-foebriobisa da gamoyofis moTxovnebs. garda amisa, kosovos magaliTze naCvenebia rogor xdeba aRniSnuli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba saer-TaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi; IV nawilSi mi-movixilavT arguments, romlis mixedviTac, ko-sovos damoukidebloba unikaluri SemTxvevaa da precedents ver Seqmnis. V nawilSi ganxilu-lia damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxade-bis gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciasTan Sesabamisobis da kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis ganTavsebis sakiTxebi; VII nawilSi visaubebT kosovoSo arsebuli mdgomareobis mogvarebis samomavlo perspeqtivebze. bolos ki, VIII TavSi warmodgenilia garkveuli daskvnebi, maT So-ris politikuri sakiTxebis Sejameba.

II. kosovoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis faqtebi da istoria

istoriulad, kosovo serbeTis avtonomiuri provincia iyo da iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublikis farglebSi Sedio-


saxelmwifoebrioba, aRiareba da gaeros sistema — damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovoSi

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da 1989 wlamde misi avtonomiis gauqmebamde. 1991 _ 1992 wlebSi, iugoslaviis socialistu-ri federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg kosovo kvlavac serbeTis nawilad rCeboda iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis far-glebSi. 2003 wels iugoslaviis federaluri respublika or nawilad gaiyo: serbeTis fe-deracia da Cernogoria. mas Semdeg, rac 2006 wels Cernogoriam referendumis safuZvelze da centralur xelisuflebasTan SeTanxebiT damoukidebloba gamoacxada, iugoslaviis sa-marTalmemkvidre serbeTi gaxda.

80-iani wlebis Semdgomi periodidan kosovo-Si albanuri warmoSobis mosaxleobis separa-tistuli da damoukideblobisaken mimarTuli moZraoba ukve saerTaSoriso yuradRebas ipy-robs. 1998 wlidan situaciis marTvaSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo CaerTo, ramdenadac ukve igrZnoboda, rom VII TavSi gaTvaliswinebul sayovelTao mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas safr-Txe emuqreboda. 1998 wlis 31 marts miRebul iqna rezolucia /1160 (1998), romelic gmobda iugoslaviis federaluri Zalebis moqmedebas kosovos mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. dokumenti aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda `kosovos ganmaTavi-suflebeli armiis~ teroristul Tavdasxmebs. 1998 wlis 24 oqtombers miRebuli rezolucia 1203 (1998) ki uSiSroebis sabWos mier euTosa da iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis Se-Tanxmebis gakontrolebas isaxavda miznad. aR-niSnuli SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebda adamianis uflebebis darRvevis Sewyvetas da euTosTvis mdgomareobis adgilze gakontrolebis saSua-lebis micemas.

kosovoSi iugoslaviis federaluri respu-blikis uSiSroebis Zalebis albanelebisadmi damokidebulebam araerTi adamiani daazarala. es ki gavlenas ara marto adgilobriv doneze axdenda, aramed mTeli msoflios masStabiT. daZabulobam piks 1999 wels miaRwia, rac natos mier iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sahaero kampa-niiT dasrulda. amas mohyva kosovodan iugos-laviis jarebis gayvana da kosovoSi gaeros misiis (UNMIK) daweseba 1999 wlis 10 ivnisis 1244-e (1999) rezoluciiT. misias teritoriisa da kosovos Zalebis marTva evaleboda, qveya-naSi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyo-fis mizniT. natos intervenciis dasasruls kosovoel albanelebs Soris msxverpli gaci-lebiT didi iyo, vidre natos intervenciamde.

2007 wels kosovos saboloo statusis sakiTxi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos wared-gina gansaxilvelad. sakiTxis ganxilva gae-ros reportioris, marti ahTiazaris2 mier wardgenili gegmis mixedviT unda ganxor-cielebuliyo. gegma iTvaliswinebda kosovos damoukideblobas, saerTaSoriso kontrolis pirobiT. amaze serbeTma uari ganacxada, ko-sovos xelisuflebisTvis ki sakiTxis ganxil-va misaRebi iyo. ahTiazaris gegmis prezenta-ciam kosovos statusTan dakavSirebiT mwvave debatebi gamoiwvia rogorc iuridiuli, ise politikuri aspeqtebis TvalsazrisiT. ro-gorc mosalodneli iyo, kosovos damouki-deblobis ideas mxari dauWira SeerTebulma Statebma da evrokavSiris ramdenime wevrma saxelmwifom. winaaRmdegobas gamoTqvamdnen ruseTi, CineTi, indoeTi3 da evrokavSiris ramdenime wevri saxelmwifoc. winaaRmdego-bis mizezad belgradsa da priStinas Soris kosovos statusis Sesaxeb ormxrivad misa-Rebi SeTanxmebis misaRwevad Semdgomi mo-laparakebis saWiroeba saxeldeboda4. sabo-lood, uSiSroebis sabWom mxari ar dauWira kosovos kontrolirebul damoukideblobas, romelsac ahTiazaris gegma iTvaliswinebda. gegma sabWoSi mxolod umciresobam moiwona. molaparakebebi grZeldeboda SeerTebuli Statebis, evrokavSiris, ruseTis triumvi-ratis CarCos farglebSi, magram ramdenime Sexvedris ganmavlobaSi serbeTisa da Kko-sovos albanurma mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver miaRwies. pirveli kosovos damoukideblobas ewinaaRmdegeboda, meore ki daJinebiT moi-Txovda saerTaSoriso doneze kontrolire-bul damoukideblobas, romelic ahTiazaris

2 2007 wlis 26 martiT daTariRebuli werili, romliTac gen-eraluri mdivani mimarTavs uSiSroebis sabWos prezidents; dok S/2007/168.3 p. reinoldsi, `kosovo: aRiareba Tu araRiareba,~ BBC infor-macia, 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <www.news.bbc.co.uk> (aRniSnuli informacia, iseve rogorc presisa da vebgverdis informacia failis saxiT inaxeba av-torTan); ix. agreTve informacia `ruseTi, indoeTi, CineTi solidarobas aZliereben,~ The Hindu, 2008 wlis 16 maisi. ix. misamarTze <www.hindu.com>, indoeTi pirvelad SeuerTda ruseTsa da CineTs da maTTan erTad RIC (ruseTi, CineTi, in-doeTi) oficialur gancxadebaSi daadastura, rom `kosovos damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba gaeros uSiSroe-bis sabWos 1244-e rezolucias ewinaaRmdegeba.~ gancxade-baSi aRniSnuli qveynebi moiTxovdnen sakiTxi `saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad gadawyvetiliyo~ belgradsa da pristinas Soris molaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis safuZ-velze. RIC-is 2008 wlis 15 maisis erToblivi oficialuri gancxadebis teqsti SegiZliaT ixiloT indoeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros vebgverdze <www.meain dia.nic.in>.4 ix. mag., gaeroSi ruseTis warmomadgenlis, batoni Curkinis 2007 wlis 14 dekembris gancxadeba.

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gegmaSi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli5. am fonze ko-sovoSi mmarTvelma organoebma serbeTisagan damoukidebloba gamoacxades da 2008 wlis 17 Tebervals saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas mimarTes aRiarebisaTvis.

serbeTma calmxrivad gamocxadebuli da-moukidebloba ukanonod miiCnia da ganacxada, rom Seecdeboda am damoukideblobis gauqme-bisaTvis mieRwia6. kosovos damoukidebloba umetesad dasavlurma qveynebma aRiares. da-narCeni msoflio ki uaryofiTad iyo ganwyo-bili. amJamad qveynebi, romlebmac kosovo da-moukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares, acxadeben, rom kosovos statusis gansazRvris sakiTxi dasrulebulia, TumcaRa serbeTi da mTeli rigi sxva saxelmwifoebi mxars uWeren Semdgo-mi molaparakebebis ideas, raTa miRweul iqnes SeTanxmeba kosovos mmarTvel organebsa da serbeTis mTavrobas Soris. damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis Semdgom periodSi, iseve rogorc uwin, serbeTis mTavroba evro-kavSiris zewolas ganicdis. evrokavSiri mis-gan kosovos damoukideblbis aRiarebas evro-kavSirSi gaerTianebis procesis daCqarebis sanacvlod iTxovs7. serbeTis premier-minis-tris gancxadeba adasturebs, rom evrokavSiri

`daJinebiT moiTxovda evrokavSirsa da ser-beTs Soris stabilizaciisa da TanamSromlo-bis xelSekrulebis gaformebas da arwmunebda serbeTs, rom valdebuli iyo, keTilmezoblu-ri urTierToba hqonoda kosovosTan.~

premier-ministrma ki upasuxa: `radganac evrokavSiris komisari evrokavSi-

ris pozicias Riad gamoxatavs, Cvenc iZule-buli varT, daufaravadve gipasuxoT, rom ka-tegoriulad vewinaRmdegebiT (evrokavSiris komisris) renis moTxovnas, serbeTis mier saku-Tar TavTan, anu misive teritoriis nawilTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebas~8.

serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma erT-erT gancxadebaSi aRniSna:

àseTi xelSekrulebis gafomeba aranairad ar iTvaliswinebs serbeTis pozicias kosovosa 5 triumviratis presgancxadeba: badenis konferencia, badeni, avstria, 2007 wlis 28 noemberi; triumviratis pres gancxade-ba: briuselis konferencia, briuseli, 2007 wlis 20 noemberi.6 `kosovo _ iaraRi separatistebisTvis,~ BBC informacia, 2008 wlis Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <news.bbc.co.uk>.7 èvrokavSiri serbeTs kosovosTan dakavSirebiT garigebas sTavazobs,~ BBC informacia, 2007 wlis 14 dekemberi. SegiZli-aT ixiloT misamarTze <news.bbc.co.uk>.8 serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008 wlis 25 aprili. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <www.mfa.gov.yu/Pressframe14.htm>.

da metohiJas mimarT. Cven arasodes vaRiarebT samxreT serbeTis provinciis calmxrivad ga-mocxadebul damoukideblobas~9.

2008 wlis aprilSi kosovos serbi mosaxleob a 2008 wlis maisis serbeTis municipaluri da saparlamento arCevnebis amomrCevelTa siaSi Seiyvanes. serbeTSi, maT Soris kosovos ser-bebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi arCevnebi 11 maiss Catarda. arCevnebi organizebuli iyo serbeTis saarCevno komisiis mier10. aRniSnu-li regionebi, romlebic umetesad kosovos CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareoben, priStinas mmarTveli organoebis kontrols ar eqvemde-barebian.

III. kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis samarTlebrivi arsi: saxelmwifoebriobisa da gamoyofis aspeqtebi

aSkaraa, rom kosovoSi damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba kosovos serbeTisgan gamoyofis gancxadebas emyareboda. am gancxa-debis kanoniereba damokidebulia gamoyofis sakiTxis saerTaSoriso samarlis mixedviT re-gulirebis meTodze. ar ganvixilavT, SeeZlo Tu ara gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos kosovos da-moukideblobis mxardaWera, radganac es abs-traqtuli sakiTxia11. magram secesiis Tval-sazrisiT, saxelmwifoTa praqtika ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi ga-moyofis ramdenime warmatebuli an warumate-beli mcdeloba arsebobda. bangladeSi (yofi-li dasavleT pakistani) pakistans gamoeyo mas Semdeg, rac pakistanSi adamianis uflebaTa masiuri darRveva daiwyo, zogjer es movlena genocidis saxesac ki iRebda. amas mohyva in-doeTis samxedro intervencia, mesame saxel-mwifoTa mier farTo aRiareba da sabolood

9 serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008 wlis 24 aprili. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <www.mfa.gov.yu/Pressframe1.htm>.10 informacia SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <www.balkaninsight.com>; <www.msnbc.com>; <news.bbc.co.uk>, 2008 wlis 11 maisi.11 zusti analizisaTvis ix. k. virTi, ”Kosovo am Vorab end der Statusentscheidung: Uberlegungen zur rechtlichen Begrundung und Durchsetzung der Unabhangigkeit,“ ZaoRV 67 (2007), 1065 da Semdgom; uSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosilebis SezRudvebis Sesaxeb ix. a oraxelaSvili, ùSiSroebis sabWos aqtebi: Sinaarsis mniS-vneloba da gadamowmebis standartebi;~ maqs plankis UNYB 11 (2007), 143 da Semdgom; `dogmaturi normebis gavlena gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpretaciasa da gam-oyenebaze,~ EJIL 16 (2005), 59 da Semdgom; `dogmaturi normebi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi,~ 2006, me-12-14 Tavebi.

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gaeroSi Sesvla 1974 wels12. biafra nigerias gamoeyo 1960-ian wlebSi da aRiarebul iqna ramdenime qveynis mier. samoqalaqo omis Se-degad biafra kvlav nigerias SeuerTda 1970 wels.13

aravin icis, 1990-ian wlebSi iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula `gamoyofam~ balkaneTis dasaxleba-Si. badinteris komisiam Tavisi `mosazrebebis~ 1-l da me-8 punqtSi xazi gausva, rom iugos-laviis socialisturi federaluri respubli-kis samarTalmemkvidreebis aRiareba, am uka-nasknelis daSlis konteqstSi, ewinaaRmdegeba individualuri iogoslavuri respublikebis gamoyofis uflebas14. xorvatiis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli iyo, rom iugoslaviis socialis-turi federaluri respublikidan gamoyofis mcdeloba iugoslaviis umaRles federalur organoebSi xorvatiis warmomadgenlobis da-blokvis Semdeg daiwyo. situacia gansaku-TrebiT maSin gamwvavda, rodesac sxva respu-blikebis warmomadgenlebma ganacxades, rom gadawyvetilebas xorvatiis monawileobis gareSe miiRebdnen15. aRniSnul movlenebs xor-vatiis gamoyofa rom gamoewvia, maT federa-lur mTavrobaSi xorvatiisaTvis warmomadgen-lobaze uaris TqmiT da 1970 wlis megobruli urTierTobis deklaraciis teritoriuli mT-lanobis dacvis muxlis gamonaklisis SesaZlo amoqmedebiT16 axsnidnen. ase iyo Tu ise, yo-fili iugoslaviis saarbitraJo komisiam mka-crad daicva megobruli urTierTobis dekla-racia da daamtkica yofili iogoslaviis yvela respublikis xelSeuxebloba àrsebuli samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebis~ (uti possidetis juris) principiT17. 12 j. kroufordi, `saxelmwfoebis Seqmna saerTaSoriso samar-TalSi,~ 2006, 142 da Semdgom; j. dugardi/ d. raiCi, àRi-arebis roli secesiis samarTalsa da praqtikaSi;~ m. koeni, `secesia: saerTaSoriso samarTlis perspeqtivebi,~ 2006, 94 da Semdgom (122 da Semdgom); T. musgreivi, `TviTgamorkveva da erovnuli umciresobebi,~ 1997, 189 da Semdgom.13 biafras ganviTarebisa da moTxovnebis Sesaxeb informaci-isaTvis ix, musgreivi, SeniSvna 11, 196 da Semdgom.14 1991 wlis 29 noembris mosazreba #1-Si komisiam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom ìugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri re-spublika daSlis procesSia.~ 1992 wlis 4 ivlisis mosazreba #8-Si komisiam ganacxada, rom `1991 wlis 29 noembris mosaz-reba #1-Si aRniSnuli iugoslaviis socialisturi federal-uri respublikis daSlis procesi axla ukve dasrulebulia da rom iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublika aRar arsebobs.~15 dugardi/raiki, ix. SeniSvna 11, 125 da Sedgom.16 ix. qvemoT, SeniSvna 35 da Tanmxlebi teqsti.17 1991 wlis 20 noembris mosazreba # 3-Si, `komitetma mx-ari dauWira Semdeg mosazrebas: ramdenadac iugoslaviis socialistur federalur respublikaSi mimdinare procesi

iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg, darCenil saxel-mwifoTa damoukideblobis procesis Sesa-bamisad, individualuri respublikebis ga-moyofis sapirispirod, yofili iugoslaviis arc erTi qveyana ar miiRes gaeroSi manam, sanam iugoslaviis federalurma respubli-kam (serbeTi _ Cernogoria) axali konstitu-cia ar miiRo 1992 wels. axali konstituciiT moxda misi rekonstuqcia da gaTvaliswine-bul iqna aRniSnuli respublikebis terito-riebTan dakavSirebuli yvelanairi uflebis uaryofa da mzadyofna maTi aRiarebisa-Tvis18. arc gaeros da arc evrogaerTianebas xmamaRla ar gamouxatavT mxardaWera Ziri-Tadi saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe gamoyo-

erTi an meti saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisken aris mimarTuli, sazRvrebis sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT ki im respublikebis saz-Rvrebis sakiTxi, romlebic damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad yalibdeba, Semdegi principebis Sesabamisad unda gadaiWras:pirveli _ yvela gare sazRvari aRiarebul unda iqnes im principebis Sesabamisad, romelic Semdeg dokumentebSia Cam-oyalibebuli: gaeros wesdeba, megobrul urTierTobebTan da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis deklaracia gaeros wesdebis mixdviT (generaluri asambleis dadgenileba 2625 (XXV)) da helsinkis saboloo aqti _ principi, romelic aseve xazs usvams xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa uflebamonacvleobis Sesaxeb 1978 wlis 23 agvistos venis konvencis me-11 muxls.meore _ sazRvrebi xorvatiasa da serbeTs, bosnia-hercogov-inasa da serbeTs, aseve sxva mosazRvre damoukidebel saxelm-wifoebs Soris ar SeiZleba Seicvalos nebayoflobiT miRe-buli SeTaxmebis gareSe. mesame _ Tu sxvagvarad ar aris SeTanxmebuli, Zveli sazRvre-bi saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, dacul sazRvrebad unda iqces. aseTi daskvna gamomdinareobs teritoriuli sta-tus-kvos principidan, gansakuTrebiT ki arsebuli mdgomare-obis SenarCunebis principidan. es ukanaskneli Tavdapirve-lad dekolonizaciis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros gamoiyenes amerikasa da afrikaSi, Tumca dRes igi aRiarebulia rogorc zogadi principi. es sasamarTlo organomac aRniSna Tavis 1986 wlis 22 dekembris ganaCenSi burkina fasosa da malis Soris saqmis ganxilvis dros (burkina fasos da malis So-ris sasazRvro dava, (1986) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi 554; 565): `saerTod, principi ar aris specialuri wesi, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTlis mxolod erT konkretul sistemas exeba. magram es aris zogadi principi, romelic logikurad damoukideblobis miRebis fenomenTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi mizania axalgazrda saxelmwifoebis damoukideblobisa da stabilurobis dacva da ZmaTa sisxlisRvris acileba.~ principi ZirTadad exeba respublikas, ramdenadac iugosla-viis socialisturi federaluri respublikis konstituciis me-5 muxlis meore da meoTxe punqtebSi miTiTebulia, rom dauSvebelia respublikebis teritoriebisa da sazRvrebis Secvla maTi Tanxmobis gareSe. meoTxe _ saerTaSoriso samarTlis saTanadod dasabuTebuli principis mixedviT, arsebuli sazRvrebis Zalismierad Secv-las aranairi kanonieri Zala ar gaaCnia. aRniSnuli principi miTiTebulia, magaliTad, Semdeg dokumentebSi: (generaluri asambleis dadgenileba 2625 (XXV)) megobrul urTierTo-bebTan da saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobasTan dakav-Sirebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis deklaracia (generaluri asambleis dadgenileba 2625 (XXV) da helsinkis saboloo aqti. igi naxsenebi iyo aseve 1991 wlis 7 seqtembris haagis konferenciaze da gaTvaliswinebulia iugoslaviis konferenciis mier 1991 wlis 4 noembers Sedgenili konven-ciis proeqtSi.~18 kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 399 da Semdgom.

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fis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli erTeulis da-moukideblobisadmi19.

dRemde bangladeSi warmoadgens erTaderT damoukidebel teritorias, romelic Ziri-Tad saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe gamoeyo da romlis saxelmwifoebriobac gaeroSi gawe-vrianebazea damokidebuli. sxva separatis-tuli mTavrobebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi faqtori arasodes dafiqsirebula. kroufordi xazs usvams im faqts, rom 1989 wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac ocdaerTi damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fo Camoyalibda, kvlavac ZalaSi rCeba prin-cipi, romlis mixedviTac, teritoriul er-Teuls ufleba ara aqvs, ZiriTad saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe gamoeyos20. amdenad, terito-riuli mTlianobis principma, 1989 wlis Semd-gom, damoukideblobis deklaraciaTa aRlums gauZlo; saerTaSoriso samarTali terito-riis saxelmwifosgan calmxrivad gamoyofas ar aRiarebs.

am fonze, kosovos damoukideblobis kano-niereba ara mxolod misi arsebobis faqtobri-vi efeqturobiT unda ganisazRvros, aramed saxelmwifoebriobis iuridiuli kriteriume-biTac. montevideos konvenciis saxiT ganxor-cielebuli saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi kriteriumebi _ teritoria, mosaxleoba, mmar-Tveloba da sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTo-bebis damyarebis SesaZlebloba _ saerTaSori-so samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis nawilad aris aRiarebuli21.

rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi kriteriumebis nawili, ̀ efeqturi~ gulisxmobs saxelmwifo Zalauflebis efeqturad gamoye-nebas Sesabamis teritoriaze. am argumentis mixedviT, efeqturi saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis kosovos unda gaaCndes mTavroba, romelic efeqturad akontrolebs Tavis teritorias da efeqtur Zalauflebas iyenebs am terito-riaze.

faqtobrivi efeqturobis Seswavlas mniS-vnelovani adgili ukavia saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis doqtrinaSi. magram es saerTaSoriso iuridiuli procesis axsnis erTaderTi an Zi-riTad saSualeba rodia. sakmarisia gavixsenoT ser herS lauterpaxtis reaqcia Sarl de vi-19 kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 416 da Semdgom; igive midgoma yofili sabWoTa respublikebis Sesaxeb ix. t. frankis sta-tiaSi `samarTlianoba saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da daweseb-ulebebSi,~ 1995, 157 da Semdgom. 20 kroufordi, ix. SeniSnva 11, 415 da Semdgom.21 aRniSnuli kriteriumebis analizisaTvis ix.: kroufordi, SeniSvna 11, 37 da Semdgom.

Seris monografiaze `sajaro saerTaSriso sa-marTlis Teoria da sinamdvile,~ rodesac man naSroms ZirgamomTxreli naSromi uwoda22.

`faqtobrivis normatiuli Zala~ (die norma-tive Kraft des Faktischen) urTierTsawinaaRmdego sityvaTa Sexamebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, Tu saqme saerTaSoriso samarTals exeba. saer-TaSoriso samarTalSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs sfero, romelSic faqti, rogorc aseTi, sa-marTlebriv regulirebas an statuss ede-ba safuZvlad. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos iurispudenciaSi faqtobrivi efeqturobis koncefcia uamravi SemTxvevis magaliTze iqna ganxiluli, ZiriTadad teritoriuli dave-bis TvalsazrisiT. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar dadgenila, rom ubralo faqtobrivi mdgoma-reoba TavisTavad axdens gavlenas, Semdgomi samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis gareSe, Sesabamis mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebis gauTvaliswi-neblad. faqtobrivi efeqturoba TavisTavad verasodes qmnis kanonier mdgomareobas. ami-saTvis saWiroa misi kombinireba saxelmwifo-Ta Soris SeTanxmebasa da TanxmobasTan. amave dros, faqtobrivi efeqturobis wina pirobaze damyarebuli doqtrinaluri naSromebi dazus-tebiT ver xsnis, ra rols asrulebs faqto-brivi elementi saerTaSoriso uflebebisa da movaleobebis ganawilebis procesSi23.

aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoxatulia doqtri-naSi, romlis mixedviTac, teritoriuli er-Teulis saxelmwifoebriobis Sefasebis um-niSvnelovanesi kriteriumia (teritoriuli erTeulis SigniT, iseve rogorc saerTa-Soriso doneze) misi samTavrobo aparatis efeqturoba~24. doqtrinaSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom teritoriuli erTeulis gamoyofis efeq-turoba naklebad sarwmunoa, vidre ZiriTadi saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis efeq-turoba25. miTiTebulia isic, rom efeqturoba SeiZleba erTaderTi safuZveli iyos terito-riuli erTeulis saxelmwifoTaSorisi marT-lwesrigis dacviT gamoyofisaTvis26.22 r.i. jeningsi, `herS lauterpaxti, piradi mogonebebi,~ EJIL ( 1997), 301 da Semdgom.23 detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. a. oraxelaSvili `sajaro saerTaSoriso samarTlis aqtebisa da normebis ganmarteba,~ 2008, me-5 Tavi.24 j. d.’aspermonti, `saxelmwifoebriobis regulireba: koso-vos statusis gadawyveta,~ LJIL 20 (2007), 649 da Semdgom (654 da Semdgom).25 T. kristakisi, “L’etat en tant q ue ”fait primaire“: reflexions sur la porteed principe d’effectivite”, in: M. Cohen (ed.), secesia: saerTaSor-iso samarTlis perspeqtivebi, 2006, 138 da Semdgom (149).26 kristakisi, ix. zemoT, 153, aseve aRniSnulia, rom efeq-turoba ewinaaRmdegeba princips ”uti possidetis.“

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aRniSnuli gancxadeba efeqturad uaryofs kanonis rols teritoriuli erTeulis mier saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnis SefasebaSi da mTeli problema faqtobriv efeqturobamde dahyavs. es midgoma saerTaSoriso samarTle-brivi poziciis amsaxvelad ar unda miviCnioT. TurqeTis CrdiloeT kviprosis respublikas efeqturoba namdvilad gaaCnia; igive mdgo-mareobaa taivanSi, manCuokoSi, biafrasa da CrdiloeT vietnamSi, magram saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis mixedviT, arc erTi maTgani ar aris saxelmwifo, radganac isini saxelmwifoebrio-bis samarTlebriv kritriumebs ver akmayofi-leben. imis mtkiceba, rom kosovos damoukide-bloba kanonieria misi faqtobrivi arsebobis efeqturobis gamo, saxelmwifos saerTaSo-riso samarTlis mixedviT, misi Seqmnis krite-riumebis arasworad gagebas niSnavs.

efeqturobis udidesi mniSvnelobis mtki-cebas kosovos SemTxvevaSi kidev ufro mniS-vnelovani konceptualuri arasrulfasovneba axasiaTebs, rac ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom kosovos damoukidebloba gaTvaliswine-bulia rogorc kontrolirebuli damoukide-bloba, romlis kontrolsac ZiriTadad evro-kavSiri itvirTavs. SeuZlebelia obieqturad ganisazRvros, SeZlebs Tu ara Kkosovo damou-kideblad arsebobas da Tu SeZlebs, ramden xans gastans misi damoukidebloba evrokav-Siris/natos kontrolis gareSe. sxva sityve-biT rom vTqvaT, efeqturoba arasodes aravis Seumowmebia. kosovos SemTxvevaSi, efeqturoba abstraqtuli spekulirebis sagania, romelic faqtobriv realobas upirispirdeba. garda amisa, gaurkvevelia, efeqturoba mxolod kon-kretul momentSia saWiro Tu samudamod. is, rac dRes efeqturia, SeiZleba erT an or we-liwadSi arastabiluri gaxdes saxelmwifos daSlis an Tundac misi teritoriis samxedro gziT dakavebis gamo. ramdenadac efeqturoba Tavisi arsiT ganusazRvrelia, Teoriasa da praqtikaSi misi zusti parametrebi ar arse-bobs. ar arsebobs aseve saxelmwifoebrioba-Si misi rolis samarTlebrivi formulireba. aseTi gaurkvevloba ganapirobebs im faqts, rom, Tu saxelmwifoebriobis safuZveli ar-sebobs, magaliTad, TviTgamorkvevis princi-pis SemTxvevaSi, efeqturobis ararsebobas ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba daabrko-los. aseTi iyo 1960-ian wlebSi kongos demo-kratiuli respublikis SemTxveva.

Tu CavTvliT, rom zemoaRniSnuli zoga-dad saelmwifoebriobasa da, Sesabamisad, ko-sovozec vrceldeba, maSin gamodis, rom am teritoriul erTeuls efeqturobis krite-riumebiT saxelmwifos kvalifikacias ver mi-vaniWebT. kosovos SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi efeqturoba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes imas, rom saxelmwifoebriobis faqtobrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg, kosovo potenciurad SeiZleba saxelmwifo iyos saxelmwifoebriobi-saTvis dawesebuli samarTlebrivi moTxovne-bis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebriobis samarTlebrivi faqtore-bis arseboba `arasaxelmwifos~ saxelmwifod gardaqmnis.

praqtikaSi ar yofila SemTxveva, rom teri-toriuli erTeulis saxelmwifoebrioba saer-TaSoriso sazogadoebas ubralo faqtobrivi damoukideblobis safuZvelze mieRo. midgoma, romlis Tanaxmadac gamoyofis procesis uki-dures warmatebas Sesabamisi teritoriuli erTeulis saxelmwifoebriobis dasabuTeba SeuZlia, winaaRmdegobrivia. ser hers lau-terpaxti faqtobriv warmatebas arasakmarisad miiCndevda. igi Tvlida, rom saWiroa, Ziri-Tadma saxelmwifom faqtiurad Sewyvitos Za-lauflebis aRdgenis mcdeloba27. sxva sity-vebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu ZiriTadi saxelmwifo winaaRmdegobas ar Sewyvets, efeqturobis faq-toris Sedegi damoukidebloba ar iqneba. didi xania amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebis warmoqm-na faqtobrivi procesia da kanonis farglebSi ar jdeba, TumcaRa dResdReobiT arsebobs farTo doqtrinaluri aRiareba, rom saxelm-wifoebrioba ubralod faqtobrivi fenomeni ki ar aris, aramed samarTlebrivi kriteriumebiT marTuli fenomenia28. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifoebrioba imdenad aris samarTle-brivi sakiTxi, ramdenadac faqtobrivi. Tu amosaval wertilad aRniSnuls miviCnevT, ama Tu im konkretuli saxelmwifos potenciur Ca-moyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis dadgena damokidebuli iqneba sa-marTlebriv konteqstze, romelSic saxelmwi-foebriobis moTxovnaa wamoyenebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi SeiZleba SeTanxmebis gziT gadawydes. SesaZlebelia asave SedarebiT mniS-vnelovani saxelmwifo politikis gaTvaliswi-nebac.

27 h. lauterpaxti, cnoba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier, 1948,8.28 kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 96 da Semdgom.

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romelime konkretuli saxelmwifos Camoya-libebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi moxovnebis diapazoni farToa; es moTxovnebi SeiZleba iyos Cveulebrivi saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis moTxovnebi, iseve rogorc absolu-turi normebis safuZvelze miRebuli moTxo-vnebi (jus cogens). konkretuli samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi aseve sxvadasxvagvaria imisda mixe-dviT, ra saxiT iTxovs Sesabamisi teritoriu-li erTeuli saxelmwifoebriobas: Tanxmobis safuZvelze gamoyofis gziT, ZiriTadi saxel-mwifos daSlis Sedegad, mSvidobiani an Zala-dobrivi saSualebebiT; mosaxleobis sayovel-Tao mxardaWeriT Tu mis gareSe; kolonialur konteqstSi Tu mis farglebs gareT. saxelmwi-foebriobasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi kriteriumebi iseT teritoriul erTeuleb-Tan mimarTebaSi, rogoric kosovoa, gulisx-mobs teritoriul erTeuls, romelic saxel-mwifoebriobas kolonialur konteqsts gareT iTxovs, ZiriTadi saxelmwifos Tanxmobis gareSe. aseTi konteqsti amtkicebs imas, rom kosovo ar aris is teritoriuli erTeuli, romelsac TviTgamorkvevis uflebamosileba gaaCnia29.

gamoyofis procesis samarTlebrivad axsnis araerTi doqtrinaluri mcdeloba arsebobs. e.w. `Sinagani Teoria~ iTvaliswinebs gamoyo-fas rogorc mxolod saSinao sakiTxs da ara rogorc sakiTxs, romlis marTvac saerTaSo-riso samarTals eqvemdebareba.

amdenad, aRniSnul mosazrebas Tu daveyrd-nobiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, secesia arc kanonieria da arc ukanono. mus-greivi amtkicebs, rom secesia SeiZleba neba-darTuli iyos `Sida Teoriis~ safuZvelze da amatebs, rom es aris ubralod politikuri aqti, Tumca misi saSualebiT axali saxelmwi-fos warmoqmna aucileblad gamoiRebs Sedegs saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi. Tumca secesia kvlavac saSinao sakiTxad da saer-TaSoriso samarTlis fargleSi, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, neitralur aqtad rCeba30.

arsebobs doqtrinaluri argumenti, rom ga-moyofa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar regulirdeba, rogorc amas Teodor kristia-kisi aRniSnavda prosper veilze dayrdnobiT 31. franki acxadebs, rom saerTaSoriso samar-29 dawvrilebiTi informacia ixileT gaeros generaluri asam-bleis Sesabamis rezoluciebSi, qvemoT.30 musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 192 da Semdgom, 209 da Semdgom.31 kristakisi, ix. SeniSvna 24, 155 da Semdgom.

Tali secesias arc mxars uWers da arc ewinaaR-mdegeba. misi azriT, saerTaSoriso samarTali secesiis zogad uflebas ar aRiarebs. Tumca mogvianebiT igi werda, rom saerTaSoriso sa-marTali aRniSnul uflebas ar krZalavs. ise-Ti STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos franki ga-moyofis uflebis sayovelTao miRebis sakiTxs Tavidan icilebs, Tumca mainc aRiarebs Ziri-Tadi saxelmwifosgan teritoriuli erTeulis Tanxmobis gareSe gamoyofis SesaZleblobas32.

saerTod, saerTaSoriso samarTali aRia-rebs, rom garkveuli RonisZiebebi da prero-gativebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifos Sida samarT-lisa da iurisdiqciis sakiTxebia. Nottebohm-is SemTxvevaSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom ga-dawyvita, rom moqalaqeobis uflebis miniWeba saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis sakiTxi iyo. `anglo-norvegiuli meTevzeobis~ saqmesTan dakavSirebiT ki sasamarTlom msgavsi gadawyve-tileba miiRo teritoriuli wylebis sazRvre-bis dawesebis Sesaxeb33. orive SemTxvevaSi, sasa-marTlo ganixilavda `saSinao~ warmomavlobis RonisZiebebs, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos sxva saxelmwifoebis iurisdiqciasa da kompetenciaze. amdenad, orive SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli `saSi-nao~ warmomavlobis RonisZiebebis kanoniereba saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ganisazR-vreba. es yvelaferi konceptualurad sworia, radgan saSinao SeiZleba iyos mxolod iseTi RonisZiebebi da procesebi, romlebic gavle-nas ar axdenen saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv urTierTobebze. teritoriis gamoyofa ZiriTadi saxelmwifosgan, ra Tqma unda, gavlenas axdens ara marto ZiriTadi saxelmwifos teritoriul suverenitetze, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebTan mis samarTle-briv urTierTobebzec. amrigad, teritoriis gamoyofa ar SeiZleba iyos saSinao aqti, ro-melic saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar regulirdeba.

igive exeba gamoyofis `Sinagan Teoriasac,~ romelic arsebiTad imeorebs Teziss, ro-melSic efeqturoba upirvelesad miCneulia faqtad an politikur sakiTxad, romelic saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar imarTeba. konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, es igivea, rom

32 franki, ix. SeniSvna 18, 159 da Semdgom.33 TevzWeris saqme. gaerTianebuli samefo norvegiis winaaRm-deg, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi 1951, 116 da Sem-dgom. (132); Nottebomis saqme, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an-gariSebi 1855, 4 da a.S. (22).

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gamoyofa aRvweroT rogorc sakiTxi, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebs gareT ga-nixileba faqtobrivi analizis, politikuri argumentis an saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis safuZvelze. praqtikaSi yvela aRniSnuli faq-tori mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSire-buli. amave dros, gamoyofis aseTi Teoriuli an konceptualuri kvalifikaciisda miuxeda-vad, misi Sedegebi mainc saxeze iqneba da misi kanoniereba mainc saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi Sefasdeba. Tu SesaZlebelia, rom gamoyofis kanoniereba saerTaSoriso doneze Sefasdes, yvela Teoriuli aspeqti logikuro-bas moklebuli da konceptualurad dausabu-Tebeli xdeba. secesiis ama Tu im konkretuli SemTxvevis kanonierebaze realuri pasuxis miReba SesaZlebelia ara sxvadasxva Teoriis gadasinjviT, aramed saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebisaTvis misaRebi saerTaSoriso samarT-lebrivi poziciis Sefasebis safuZvelze.

Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac secesia saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ar regulir-deba, ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlebrivi reguli-rebis efeqturobis Teziss, rogorc es ser herS lauterpaxtis ZiriTad naSromSia aRniS-nuli. am Tezisis mixedviT, Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi raime mniSvnelovani moxdeba, yovelTvis arsebobs aseTi SemTxvevis regulirebis Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso norma. mocemul konkretul sakiTxTan dakavSirebu-li specialuri wesebi romc ar arsebobdes, SesaZlebelia ufro zogadi samarTlebrivi regulirebis wesebis efeqturad gamoyene-bac34. ser herS lauterpaxti amtkicebda, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi arsebu-li arc erTi sakiTxi saerTaSoriso samarT-lebrivi regulirebis farglebs ar scdeba da rom samarTlebriv regulirebaSi xarvezebi ar arsebobs. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, secesiis saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT regulireba arsebiTad igulisxmeba TezisSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifoebis Seqmna ara marto faqtia, aramed samarTlis sakiTxic. ramdenadac gamoyofa saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis meTodia, igi saerTaSoriso samarTlis norme-biT imarTeba. frankis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom secesia regulirebas saerTod ar eqvem-debareba da rom igi saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier arc nebadarTulia da arc akrZaluli,

34 h. lauterpaxti, `samarTlis funqcia saerTaSoriso sazoga-doebaSi,~ 1933, 77.

arazustia, radganac secesiis kanoniereba ar SeiZleba imis mixedviT ganvsajoT arsebobs Tu ara misi daSvebis Tu ardaSvebis specia-luri wesi.

ramdenadac saqme teritoriul mTlianobas exeba, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, ra Tqma unda, dauSvebelia teritoriuli erTeu-lis ZiriTadi saxelmwifosgan gamoyofa Tan-xmobis gareSe. aseTi midgoma Tavidan agvaci-lebs sistematur aralogikurobas, romlis Tanaxmadac, saerTaSoriso samarTalis norme-biT garantirebuli unda iyos teritoriuli mTlianoba, magram amave dros ar unda ikrZa-lebodes teritoriuli erTeulis gamoyofa.

teritoriuli erTeulis gamoyofis kanonie-rebis sasargeblod Camoyalibebuli doqtrina zogjer Seviwroebis (an samarTlebrivi dac-vis) Teorias emyareba. Seviwroebis Teorias-Tan dakavSirebuli problema is gaxlavT, rom mkafiod ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu ras gu-lisxmobs Seviwroeba35. Seviwroebis Teorias individualuri samarTlebrivi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. igi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos mxo-lod imdenad, ramdenadac gamoxatavs samarT-lebriv pozicias da gaTvaliswinebulia gaeros generaluri asambleis 1970 wlis 24 oqtombris 2625-e rezoluciaSi (XXV) - e.w. megobruli ur-TierTobis deklaraciaSi da 1993 wlis venis deklaraciasa da samoqmedo programaSi, rome-lic miRebul iqna adamanis uflebebis Taobaze gamarTul msoflio konferenciaze. e.w. `sa-marTlebrivi dacviT ganpirobebuli gamoyo-fa~ SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes mxolod 1970 wlis megobruli urTierTobis deklara-ciaSi miTiTebul pirobebSi. aRniSnuli dekla-raciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba kvalificirebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos gaaCnia mTavroba, romelic Tanabrad warmoadgens mTel mosaxleobas. megobruli urTierTobis deklaracia saxel-mwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis sxva faq-torebs ar ganixilavs. dokumentSi mkafiod aris aRniSnuli, rom misi arc erTi nawili ar gulisxmobs

`iseTi moqmedebis stimulirebas an mxar-daWeras, romelic ganapirobebs teritoriuli mTlianobis an suverenuli da damoukidebe-li saxelmwifoebis politikuri erTianobis srul an nawilobriv darRvevas an Semcirebas; igulisxmeba iseTi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic 35 musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 191 da Semdgom.

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adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis da TviTga-morkvevis principis Sesabamisad moqmedeben, rogorc es zemoT iyo aRwerili da romleb-sac gaaCniaT mTavroba, romelic saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleobas warmoadgens miuxedavad rasisa, rwmenisa an ferisa.~

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxars uWers xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, 1993 wlis venis deklaracia xazs usvams, rom:

`gaeros wesdebis mixedviT, saxlmwifoTa Soris megobrul urTierTobebTan da TanamS-romlobasTan dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis deklaraciis Sesabami-sad, dokumenti ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos igi uzrunvelyofs iseTi moqmedebis stimuli-rebas an mxardaWeras, romelic ganapirobebs teritoriuli mTlianobis an suverenuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis politikuri erTianobis srul an nawilobriv darRvevas an Semcirebas. igulisxmeba iseTi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis da TviTgamorkvevis principis Sesabamisad mo-qmedeben, rogorc es zemoT iyo aRwerili da romlebsac gaaCnia mTavroba, romelic saxelm-wifos mTel teritoriaze mcxovreb mosaxleo-bas warmoadgens yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe36.~

aRniSnuli deklaraciebi savaldebulo ar aris, magram A/RES/2625 rezolucia namdvilad gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarT-lis principebs37. garda amisa, CveulebiTi sa-marTlis statusis gareSec aSkaraa, rom, Tu mTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba garkveul damokidebulebas - am SemTxvevaSi teritoriu-li erTeulis gamoyofis sawinaaRmodego mid-gomas Camoayalibebs arasavaldebulo dekla-raciis saxiT, es sruliad sakmarisia imis gasagebad, rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar SeiZleba am damokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego samarTlebrivi regulireba arsebobdes. Tum-caRa aRniSnuli faqti TavisTavad sakmarisi ar aris Sesabamisi midgomisaTvis normatiuli statusis misaniWeblad. generaluri asambleis rezoluciaSi gamoxatuli midgoma, romelic saxelmwifoTa absoluturi umravlesobis mxardaWeras iTvaliswinebs, unda ganvixiloT

36 venis deklaracia da moqmedebis programa, 1993 wlis 12 iv-lisi, dok. A/CONF.157/23, m2-2 abzaci.37 ix. samxedro da naxevrad samxedro saqmianoba nikaraguaSi da nikaraguas winaaRmdeg, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an-gariSebi, 1986, 14 da Semdgom (100-101).

rogorc saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis Zireuli politikis gamoxatuleba. Sedegad vaskvniT, rom, ramdenadac pirdapiri sawinaaRmdego mt-kicebulebebi ar arsebobs, saerTaSoriso sa-marTali sawinaaRmdego samarTlebriv reguli-rebas ar moicavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arasavaldebulo rezoluciis normatiuli Zalis uaryofis SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu danamd-vilebiT ar damtkicdeba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi misaRebia iseTi teritoriuli erTeulebis gamoyofis ufleba, rogoric ko-sovoa, unda vigulisxmoT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, gamoyofis ufleba aRia-rebuli ar aris.

am fonze, namdvilad sworad aris aRniS-nuli, rom teritoriuli erTeulis cal-mxrivi gamoyofa teritoriuli mTlianobis antiTezaa. eTnikuri TviTgamorkveva saxel-mwifoTa samudamo arsebobisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgens da, amdenad, uaryofilia saerTa-Soriso sazogadoebis mier38. Tu saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianoba raimes niSnavs, misi gamoyofa mxolod ZiriTadi saxelmwifos ne-barTviT unda iyos dasaSvebi.

aSS-is mTavrobam kosovos zogierTi `gan-sakuTrebuli garemoeba gansazRvra rogorc `uprecedento~ xasiaTis garemoeba, romelic kosovos `gansakTrebul SemTxevad~ ganxilvas ganapirobebs.`(1) iugoslaviis saxelmwifo iSviaTi Zalado-

brivi formiT daiSala, rac safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso mSvidobas da usafrTxoebas da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos ganmeorebiTi RonisZiebebis Sesrulebas avaldebulebs.

(2) 1993 - 1999 wlebSi gaeros uSiSroebis sabWom kosovosTan dakavSirebiT Svidi rezolucia gamosca.

(3) admianis uflebaTa masiuri darRvevebis fonze miloSeviCis mTavrobam araerTxel datova uyuradRebod gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebi, romlebSic sabrZolo moqmedebebis SeCerebas moiTxovda.

(4) miloSeviCis reJimis moqmedebebi kosovoSi da mTel regionSi Zirs uTxrida saerTaSo-riso stabilurobas da ltolvilTa maso-briv areulobas uwyobda xels.

(5) 1999 wels natos 19-ma mokavSirem SeTanxme-bas miaRwia erToblivi moqmedebis da koso-vodan miloSeviCis policiisa da samxedro Zalebis mocilebis Sesaxeb.

38 musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 181 da Semdgom.

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(6) kosovos marTavs gaero, gaeros uSiSroe-bis sabWos 1244-e rezoluciis safuZvelze, romelic miloSeviCis qmedebebTan dakavSi-rebiT erTsulovnad (CineTma Tavi Seikava) iqna miRebuli 1999 wlis 10 ivniss. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244-e rezolucia iTva-liswinebs Semdegs: serbeTis mier kosovos marTvaze uaris Tqma; gaeros droebiTi ad-ministraciis Seqmna; adgilobrivi TviTm-marTvelobis Camoyalibeba da gaeros mier marTuli politikuri procesis gaTvaliswi-neba kosovos momavali statusis gansazR-vris dros~ 39.Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxelmwifoe-

briobis TviTmyofadobis sasargeblod sa-marTlebrivi argumentebi araerTma mxarem, maT Soris aSS-is saxelmwifo departament-mac wamoayena, kargi iqneba, aRniSnuli mtki-cebulebebis Rirebulebas Tu ganvixilavT. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo departamen-tis mier aRniSnuli eqvsive garemoeba da faq-tori faqtobrivad sworia, arc erTi maTgani ar exeba kosovos teritoriul statuss. ufro konkretulad ki: iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublikis xuT respublikad daSlis Semdeg, romelTagan erT-erTi iugos-laviis federaluri respublika iyo, Seiqmna viTareba, romlSic aRniSnuli respublike-bis sazRvrebi xeluxleblad da ucvlelad iTvleboda, ramdenadac es sakiTxi ”uti possidetis juri”-is principiT imarTeboda. yofili iugos-laviis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnilma saarbitraJo komisiam aSkarad dauWira mxari xuTi respublikis, maT Soris iugoslaviis fe-deraluri respublikis sazRvrebis xelSeuxe-blobas.

kosovos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 1993 wli-dan 1999 wlamde miRebul uSiSroebis sabWos arc erT rezoluciaSi ar yofila wamoweuli, arc iugoslaviisa da serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmula mosazreba.

ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesi an principi, romelic moiTxovs an dasaSvebad miiCnevs iseTi regionis gamoyofas, romlis mosaxlebis winaaRmdegac adamianis uflebaTa seriozuli darRvevebi xorcieldeba. araferi icvleba im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu adamianis ufle-baTa seriozul da masiur darRvevas ltol-vilTa masobrivi areuloba mohyveba Sedega d.

39 aSS-is saxlmwifo departamenti, `ratom aris kosovo gansx-vavebuli,~ ix. misamarTze www.state.gov.

rogorc Sesabamisi mxareebi irwmunebian, na-tos mier Zalis gamoyeneba arasodes yofila mimarTuli iugoslaviis federaluri respu-blikis winaaRmdeg, iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobis rRve-visaken an teritoriuli dasaxlebis miRwevis-ken. unda gavixsenoT, rom rezolucia 1244-is miRebis dros da dokumentis miRebamde gamar-Tuli diskusiis procesSi moTxovna, romelic kosovos mosaxleobis mier kosovos statusis sam weliwadSi, referendumis safuZvelze gan-sazRvras iTvaliswinebda, Cavarda.

rezolucia 1244-is proeqti, romelic koso-vos damoukideblobis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna, arazusti da winaaRmdegobrivia. aRniSnul rezoluciaSi uaryofilia serbebis droebi-Ti yofna kosovoSi da rogorc saxelmwifoe-bis, ise gaerosgan iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas moi-Txovs. ufro metic, rezolucia iTvaliswi-nebs, rom iugoslaviis federaluri respubli-kis da a fortiori serbeTis jarebma unda daicvan kosovos provinciis gare sazRvari.

yovelive zemoTqmuli imaze metyvelebs, rom kosovos damoukideblobis momxreebs, arc erT etapze ar gamouxatavT Tanmimdevruli da kar-gad dasabuTebuli pozicia imis Taobaze, Tu ratom aqvs kosovos ufleba, iyos damoukide-beli. saxelmwifo departamentis argumenteb-Tan dakavSirebuli problema is gaxlavT, rom argumentebi Cveulebrivi msjelobiT aris STagonebuli da miznad ar isaxavs mtkice-bulebebis warmodgenas maTi saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis farglebSi dasabuTebis mizni T.

unda gaviTvaliswinoT kosovos mier saxel-mwifoebriobis moTxovnisadmi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis damokidebuleba 1999 wlidan natos intervenciis da rezolucia 1244-is mi-Rebis Semdeg. rezoluciaSi kvlavac gamoxatu-li iyo mxardaWera iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi. iugoslaviis socialisturi federaluri respublikis da SemdgomSi iugoslaviis fe-deraluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg, ara-vin uWerda mxars kosovosTvis damoukidebeli saxelmwifos statusis miRebis uflebis mi-niWebas, 1999 wels iugoslaviis federalur respublikaze natos Tavdasxmidan ahTiaza-ris gegmamde gasuli periodis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebis an gaeros praqtikaSi araferi momxdara iseTi, rac gamoamJRavnebda iugos-

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laviis federaluri respublikis da Semdgom-Si serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis rR-vevisken mimarTul damokidebulebas. gaeros misias kosovoSi igive mosazreba gaaCnda iu-goslaviis federaluri respublikis da ser-beTis mier teritoriuli mTlianobis Senar-Cunebis Sesaxeb40. mogvianebiT, 2007 wlis 21 noembers miRebuli rezoluciiT 1785 (2007) gaeros sabWom `daadastura Tavisi mxardaWera yofil iugoslaviaSi konfliqtebis politiku-ri gziT mogvarebis, yvela saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul sazRvrebSi suverenitetis da teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebisadmi.~ ahTiazaris gegmaSic ki, ro-gorc qvemoT vnaxavT, SeerTebuli Statebi da kosovos damoukideblobis sxva mxardamWerebi, maT Soris serbeTis parlamenti priStinaSi41, miiCnevdnen, rom kosovos damoukidebloba re-komendebuli iyo rezolucia 1244-is gadaxed-vis gziT. amdenad, kosovoSi damoukideblobis calmxriv gamocxadebamde ar arsebobda nor-matiuli dokumenti, instituciuri winadade-bac ki, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda kosovos damoukidebloba 1244-e rezoluciis gadaxedvis gareSe. doqtrinaluri Tvalsazri-siT, yovelTvis xazgasmiT aRiniSneboda, rom kosovos damoukidebloba da gamoyofa kano-nierad an dasaSvebad ar iTvleboda iugosla-viis federaluri respublikis daSlis Semdeg. kosovo gamoyofis warumatebeli mcdelobis magaliTad aris dasaxelebuli42.

uSiSroebis sabWosaTvis ahTiazaris gegmis wardgenis Semdeg, rogorc damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, ise mis Semdgom, saxelmwifo-Ta mosazrebebi orad gaiyo. SeerTebuli Sta-tebi miiCnevda, rom ahTiazaris gegma kosovos damoukideblobis safuZveli unda yofiliyo43. 40 kosovoSi gaeros misiis da iugoslaviis federaluri re-spublikis saerTo dokumenti, miRebuli belgradSi 2001 wlis 5 noembers `gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244 rezoluciaSi da droebiTi TviTmmarTvelobis konstituciuri CarCos farg-lebSi Camoyalibebuli principebis safuZvelze. xels uwyobs kosovoeli serbebis da kosovos sxva sazogadoebebis ufle-bebisa da interesebis dacvas, maT Sois iugoslaviis feder-aluri respublikis suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTliano-bas.~ garda amisa, dokumenti `kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom kosovos momaval statusTan dakavSirebuli pozicia gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244 rezoluciaSi gansazRvrul mdgo-mareobas inarCunebs da misi Secvla SeuZlebelia TviTmmarT-velobis droebiTi institutebis mier gatarebuli RonisZie-bebis saSualebiT.~41 kosovos damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb ix. teqsti misamarTze <news.bbc.co.uk>, 2008 wlis 19 Teber-vali.42 kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 400. 407 da Semdgom.43 saxelmwifo departametis dokumenti `kosovos saboloo statusi: stabilurobisa da keTildReobis mTavari gasaRebi balkaneTSi;~ SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze <www.state.gov>,

ruseTis gancxadebis mixedviT ki, kosovoSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT irRveoda

`serbeTis respublikis suvereniteti, gae-ros wesdeba, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos 1244-e rezolucia, helsinkis saboloo aqtis prin-cipebi, kosovos konstituciuri CarCo da ma-Rali donis sakontaqto jgufis SeTanxmeba.~

ruseTi acxadebda, rom igi`srulad uWers mxars serbeTis xelmZRva-

nelobis reaqcias kosovoSi mimdinare movle-nebze da mis samarTlian moTxonebs qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenasTan dakav-SirebiT.~

mosalodneli iyo, rom `gaeros misia ko-sovoSi da natos mier marTuli kosovos Za-lebi dauyovnebliv imoqmedebdnen uSiSroebis sabWos mier miniWebuli mandatebis gansaxor-cieleblad, maT Soris priStinas TviTm-marTveli institutebis gadawyvetilebis gasauqmeblad da maT winaaRmdeg mkacri admi-nistraciuli RonisZiebebis misaRebad~44.

faqti, rom uSiSroebis sabWom aranair Ro-nisZiebas ar mimarTa kosovos damoukideblo-bis gasauqmeblad, ar niSnavs imas, rom igi mxars uWers kosovos damoukideblobas. nami-biis sakonsultacio daskvnaSi, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom xazgasmiT aRniSna Semdegi: `is faqti, rom saerTaSoriso organos konkretu-li winadadeba ar miuRia, aucileblad imas ar niSnavs, rom igi am winadadebis winaaRmdegia.~45

arsebobs aseve gamoyofis kanonierebaze racionalurobis argumentebiT msjelobis tendenciac. magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gamoyofis kanonierebas aRiarebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sxva alternativa ar aqvs, rogorc es kosovos SemTxvevaSi iyo46. TumcaRa racionalurobis kriteriumebi Tavisi arsiT subieqturia da am kriteriumebiT SeuZlebelia kanonierebis gan-sazRvra ise, rom igi yvela dainteresebuli mxarisaTvis misaRebi iyos. saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis normebiT, SesaZlebelia gamoyofis damtkiceba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sa-2008wlis 23 ivnisi.44 ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba kosovos Ses-axeb, 2008 wlis 17 Tebervali; SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.mid.ru (inglisurad).45 uSiSroebis sabWos 276-e rezoluciis (1970) miuxedavad namib-iaSi (samxreT dasavleT afrika) samxreT afrikis mudmivi ar-sebobis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi saxelmwifoebisaTvis, saer-TaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi 1971, 16 da Semdgom (36, paragrafi 69).46 q. borgeni, `kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba: TviT-gamorkveva, gamoyofa da aRiareba,~ ASIL Insight, 2008 wlis 29 Tebervali, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.asil.org.

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marTlebrivi kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia da ara mxolod imitom, rom erT-erTi mxaris azriT sxva alternativa ar arsebobs.

garda amisa, alternativebis arsebobis sa-kiTxi SeiZleba sadavo iyos. rogorc serbiam, ise sxva ramdenime saxelmwifom damoukide-blobis calmxrivad gamocxadebamde mkafiod ganacxades, rom molaparakebebis SesaZleblo-ba amowuruli ar iyo da jer kidev SeiZleboda SeTanxmeba kosovos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. mizezi, ris gamoc SeTanxmeba ar moxda da-moukideblobis calmxrivad gamocxadebamde, aranair kavSirSi ar aris realur mdgomareo-basTan an gamosavlis povnis sirTulesTan. igi ufro kosovos albanuri xelmZRvanelobis da damoukideblobis miRebis momxre dasavluri qveynebis arakompromisuli poziciaa. rogorc kosovos albanel xelmZRvanelTa, ise dasa-vleTis politikur liderTa mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebi adreuli etapebidanve mtkice pozicias gamoxatavda kosovos damoukide-blobis gardauvalobasTan dakavSrebiT47. am-denad, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom kosovos albanurma xelmZRvanelobam ver moaxerxa ser-beTTan realuri molaparakebebis dawyeba da ormxrivad misaRebi gamosavlis povna. molapa-rakebis Sedegebis prognozirebam molaparake-bebs realuri safuZveli gamoacala. amdenad, usafuZvloa imis mtkiceba, rom damoukide-blobis calmxrivad gamocxadebis aranairi alternativa ar arsebobda. ufro swori iqne-boda imis aRiareba, rom arsebuli alterna-tivebi Segnebulad gamoiricxa molaparakebis erTi mxaris mier sasurveli Sedegebis pro-gnozirebis gziT.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kosovos saxelm-wifoebrioba Sesabamis saerTaSoriso samarT-lis kriteriumebs ar emyareba, misi statusi da mdgomareoba de faqto reJimebTan dakav-Sirebuli standartebis mixedviT unda gan-vixiloT. de faqto reJimi SegviZlia ganvsa-zRvroT rogorc saxelmwifos msgavsi organo, romelic saxelmwifos faqtobrivi efeqtu-robis kriteriumebs akmayofilebs, magram ar jdeba samarTlebrivi moTxovnebis zRvrebSi.

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi de faqto reJime-bis kvleva iseTi intensiuri ar aris, Tavad es fenomeni ki Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba saerTaSo-

47 mag., safrangeTis prezidentis nikola sarkozis gancxadeba, 2007 wlis 14 dekemberi, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.nytimes.com.

riso samarTlis sistemaSi. ase rom, frauvai-nis mier aRniSnuli Temis inovaciuri kvlevis Semdeg am sakiTxze bevri aRaraferi Tqmula. frovainma de faqto reJimi gansazRvra ro-gorc teritoriuli erTeuli, romelic Zi-riTadi saxelmwifosgan gamoyofas cdilobs da faqtobrivi TvalsazrisiT aRwevs kidec amas, magram ver povebs saerTaSoriso aRiare-bas. de faqto reJimis samarTlebrivi anali-zis ZiriTadi sakiTxia aqcentis gakeTeba ur-TierTobaze, romelic aRniSnul reJimsa da im saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebobs, romlebic ar aRiareben mas, rogorc saxelmwifos48.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos serbi mosaxleoba provinciis damoukideblobis wi-naaRmdegia, SeiZleba arsebobdes kosovosgan serbebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebis gamoyo-fis SesaZleblobac. sadavoa sakiTxi, SeuZlia Tu ara kosovos serbebiT dasaxlebul teri-toriebs kosovosgan gamoyofa. is azri, rom teritorias kosovosgan gamoyofa SeuZlia, em-yareba mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, koso-vo damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT. bolo dros kosovos da-nawevrebis azri politikur wreebSic gaCnda, Tumca es azri sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arse-bul saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv poziciasTan SesabamisobaSi ar modis.

realurad ufro mniSvnelovania kiTxva - SeuZliaT Tu ara kosovos serbebiT dasaxle-bul teritoriebs arseboba serbeTis mmar-Tvelobis qveS ganagrZon? am kiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom kosovos da-nawevrebis safrTxe ar emuqreba, Tu igi serbe-Tisgan aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tan-xmobas miiRebs. meore mxriv, igulisxmeba, rom kosovos garkveul teritoriebze serbeTma SeiZleba faqtobrivad gamoiyenos mmarTvelo-biTi funqciebi, magaliTad, am teritoriebze serbeTis arCevnebis Catarebis gziT.

IV. kosovoSi damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba rogorc precedenti

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos damou-kideblobis samarTlebrivi safuZveli saerTa-Soriso samarTlis normebiT ver damtkicdeba, hipoTeturia sakiTxi - SeuZlia Tu ara mas precedenti Seqmnas sxva separatistuli te-48 i.a. frovaini, Das de facto- Regime im Volkerrecht, 1968, 6-7.

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ritoriuli erTeulebisaTvis. xSirad keTdeba politikuri gancxadebebi, sadac xazgasmulia kosovos SemTxvevis Tavisebureba. amitomac, albaT marTebulia ganvixiloT Semdegi saki-Txi: Tu kosovos kanonierad mieca saxelmwi-foebriobis miRebis ufleba, SeiZleba Tu ara misi mdgomareoba unikaluri iyos da rogorc precdentma, gavlena ar moaxdinos sxva msgavs situaciebze.

ramdenadac kosovos damoukideblobis iu-ridiuli Zala mis kanonierebazea damokide-buli, kosovos mdgomareobis unikalurobis arguments konceptualuri problema gaaCnia, ramdenadac igi winaaRmdegobaSi modis kano-nis Tanabrad gamoyenebis mosazrebasTan. ar-guments praqtikuli problemac gaaCnia, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas mxolod kosovos damoukideblobis momxreebi iziareben.

Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT ko-sovos SemTxvevis gansakuTrebuloba misaRe-bad CaiTvleba, es teritoriuli erTeulis gamoyofis uflebis gansakuTrebul gare-moebebSi aRiarebis, magram mainc aRiarebis tolfasi iqneba. upirvles yovlisa, jer mt-kicebulebebiT unda dadasturdes, rom ase-Ti ufleba arsebobs, rac, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, SeuZlebelia. magram, es SesaZlebelic rom iyos, misi gansakuTrebulobis damtki-ceba kidev erTi problematuri sakiTxi iqneba im TvalsazrisiT, rom moiTxovs damtkicdes - ratom eniWeba erT teritoriul erTeuls mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso kanonieri ufle-ba, meores ki - ara. frenkis mosazrebiT, Tu saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebSi gamoyofis ufleba gaTvaliswinebulia, saeWvoa rom am uflebis eqskluziurad msoflios erTi nawi-lisTvis miniWeba samarTliani iyos49.

`kosovos mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebis uCveulo erToblioba - maT So-ris iugoslaviis daSlis konteqsti, eTnikuri wmendis istoria da kosovos moqalaqeTa wi-naaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebi, gaeros ad-ministraciis xangrZlivi periodi mxolod kosovoSi arsebobda da, amdenad, mas gansaku-Trebuli SemTxvevis statuss aniWebs. kosovo ar SeiZleba dResdReobiT msoflioSi arsebu-li sxva romelime mdgomareobis precedentad CavTvaloT.~50

49 franki, ix. SeniSvna 18, 160.50 saxelmwifo mdivnis, kondoliza raisis gancxadeba, `aSS kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebs,~ 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.state.gov;

Tumca es sakiTxisadmi arsebuli erTaderTi midgoma rodia. ruseTma aSkarad gamoxata wi-naaRmdegoba SeerTebuli Statebis mier koso-vos gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad gamocxadebas-Tan dakavSirebiT da iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amas jaWvuri reaqcia mohyveboda51.

ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri eWvs ga-moTqvamda, rom

`amerikuli Tezisi kosovos SemTxvevis uni-kalurobis Sesaxeb

namdvilad moraluria, ramdenadac igi gu-lisxmobs, rom zogierT

teritoriul erTeuls SeiZleba mivaniWoT saxelmwifoebrioba,

zogs ki _ ara~52.saerTod, Taviseburebis (sui generi) Sesaxeb

gancxadebis gakeTeba did sifrTxiles moi-Txovs. aseTi argumenti dasaSvebia mxolod materialuri mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze, rac Sesabamisi mdgomareobis gansakuTrebul xasiaTs amtkicebs. praqtikulad, mecnierTa, iuriskonsulTa an politikosTa mier aRniS-nuli frazis gamoyeneba xSirad motivirebu-lia sakuTari poziciis dasasabuTeblad sxva saSualebis ararsebobis dros. samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis, gamWvirvalobisa da progno-zirebadobis ganxilva upiratesad dawesebuli samarTlebrivi kategoriebis mniSvnelobis ganxilvas moiTxovs. igulisxmeba kategoriebi,

igive midgoma daadastura italiis mTavrobamac, rac sagareo saqmeTa ministris, masimo dalemas gancxadebam daadastura, 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali; gaerTianebuli samefos, safrange-Tis, germaniisa da italiis msgavsi poziciebi warmodgenilia reinoldsTan, ix. SeniSvna 2; gaerTianebuli samefos sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis, devid milibendis msgavsi gancxadeba war-modgenilia statiaSi `gaeroSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa kosovos sakiTxis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT,~ 2008 wlis 18 Teberva-li. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze news.bbc.co.uk. 51 ruseTis prezidentis presmdivnis moadgilis gancxadeba, 2008 wlis 20 Tebervali; ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma jaWvuri reaqciis gardauvaloba iwinaswarmetyvela. re-inoldsi, ix. SeniSvna 2; manamde ki ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ganacxada, rom Tu SerTebul Statebs an gaer-Tianebul samefos surT kosovos damoukidebloba ixilon da sxva separatistul teritoriul erTeulebs uTxran, rom es maTTvis precedents ar qmnis, es ubralod ar gaamarTlebs. RIAN-is informacia, 2007 wlis 13 dekemberi, ix. misamarTze www.rian.ru; premier-ministris moadgile ivanovi darwmunebu-li iyo, rom kosovo precedenti iyo da mas jaWvuri reaq-cia aucileblad mohyveboda, sxva separatistebi, ra Tqma unda, ikiTxavdnen, ra upiratesoba hqonda kosovos maTTan SedarebiT; 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali; ix. misamarTze www.rian.ru; agreTve ix. `ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros ofi-cialuri warmomadgenlis dakvirvebis Sedegebi,~ 2008 wlis 20 Tebervali, sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, ix. misamarTze www.mid.ru.52 ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informaciisa da pre-sis departamenti, `saxelmwifo mdivnis, nikolas bernsis mier kosovosTan dakavSirebiT aSS-is SeniSvnebis Sesaxeb dasmul mediakiTxvebze gakeTebuli komentari,~ 2008 wlis 24 Teber-vali, ix. misamarTze www.mid.ru.

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romlebzec saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri saxelmwifoebi amyareben imeds.

kosovos SemTxvevis gansakuTrebulobis ar-gumenti am TvalsazrisiT wamoyenebul nebis-mier sxva argumentze ufro araTanmimdevruli da problematuria, radganac gansakuTrebu-lobis argumenti aucileblad gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis gansxvavebuli saxiT gamoyenebas kosovos mimarT. es ki diskrimi-naciaa im teritoriul erTeulebs Soris, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobisken miiswraf-vian. amdenad, mosazreba kosovos SemTxvevis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb ara marto arsebul mt-kicebulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed saerTa-Soriso samarTlis aradiskriminaciul gamoye-nebasac.

ase rom, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi verc samarTlebrivi da verc politikuri Tvalsa-zrisiT ver SeTanxmdnen, kosovos damoukide-blobis kanonier Sedegad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi, iqneba Tu ara kosovos SemTxveva unikaluri da Seqmnis Tu ara igi precedents. Sedegad, saxelmwifoTa TiToeulma jgufma momavalSi politikur doneze ise unda ganixilos esa Tu is sakiTxi, rogorc Tavad CaTvlis saWi-rod da ar unda gaiTvaliswinos saxelmwi-foTa sxva jgufis mosazrebebi. ar SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebma - gansaku-TrebiT ki iseTma saxelmwifoebma, romlebic miznad isaxaven kosovos SemTxvevis preceden-tad miCnevas - sxva teritoriul erTeulebTan dakavSirebiT igivenairad imoqmedon imis gamo, rom ar arsebobs SeTanxmebuli saerTo pozi-cia kosovos SemTxvevis unikulorobasTan mi-marTebaSi.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, mizezi, ris gamoc ar SeiZleba kosovom pre-cedenti Seqmnas separatistuli regionebi-saTvis, is aris, rom saxelmwifoebriobasTan dakavSirebiT misi moTxovna damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso doneze moTxovnasa da gamo-cxadebas ar emyareba. ase rom ar iyos da sa-marTlebrivi mdgomareoba sxva saxelmwifosa-gan Tanxmobis gareSe gamoyofili teritoriis saxelmwifoebriobis aRiarebis saSualebas iZleodes, maSin ver gamovricxavdiT, rom ko-sovo, rogorc precedenti, gavlenas moaxdenda sxva separatistul regionebze. saerTaSoriso samarTalis normebiT rom saxelmwifosgan te-ritoriis calmxrivad gamoyofa dasaSvebad iyos miCneuli, maSin es SesaZlebeli iqneboda

yvela im teritoriuli erTeulisaTvis, ro-melic gamoyofisken miiswrafvis. TumcaRa sa-marTlebrivi argumentis logikuroba yovel-Tvis naTlad gasagebi ar aris separatistuli erTeulebis elitaruli wreebisaTvis. maT-Tvis faqtobrivad yvelaze mniSvnelovania ko-sovo imarTebodes rogorc serbeTisagan da-moukidebeli erTeuli, romelsac mxars uWers uamravi saxelmwifo da evrokavSiri. amrigad, kosovos `Taviseburi xasiaTis~ strategia SeiZleba bumerangiviT moutrialdes maT, vinc es strategia Seqmna. imisda miuxedavad, ko-sovo damoukideblobas miaRwevs Tu ara saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad, sxva separatistuli regionebi SeiZleba gaer-Tiandnen TavianTi de faqto damoukideblo-bis Sesacvlelad. es ki namdvilad ar Sedis im saxelmwifoTa interesebSi, romlebic kosovos damukideblobas uWeren mxars. aSkaraa, rom isini, vinc kosovos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT did enTuziazms avlenen, mxars ar dauWeren movlenebis amgvar ganviTrebas, magram movle-naTa msvlelobis Secvlas ramdenad SeZleben, es kidev sxva sakiTxia.

aRniSnuli problemis arsi Zalian kargad gamoxata serbeTis sagareo ministrma Tavis uimedo, magram zust gancxadebaSi, romelic evrokavSiris xelmZRvanelTa mier kosovos unikalur SemTxvevad ganxilvis sapasuxod gaakeTa: `nuTu romelime Tqvengani namdvilad fiqrobs, rom, Tu ityvis, Kkosovo gansaku-Trebuli SemTxvevaao, es asec iqneba? nuTu ggoniaT, rom es yvelaferi saerTaSoriso sis-temis stabilurobasa da usafrToxebaze ar imoqmedebs mxolod imitom, rom Tqven ambobT ase~53?

jerjerobiT am kiTxvaze aravis gaucia pa-suxi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ar arsebobs saerTo mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratom aris kosovos SemTxveva unikaluri, rasac dasavleTis qveynebi mtkiced uWeren mxars, unda daisvas kiTxva: ra faqtorebi da argumentebi ganapirobeben maT mier ko-sovos SemTxvevis unikalurobis mtkicebas? gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ra faqtorebis safuZvelze uWeren isini mxars kosovos da-moukideblobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebi am damoukideblobas mkve-53 l. kubosova, `serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri acxadebs, rom evrokaviSiri samarcxvinod moqmedebs kosovosTan daka-vSirebiT,~ 2008 wlis 21 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze www.euob-server.com.

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Trad ewinaaRmdegebian da ar arsebobs SeTan-xmeba am sakiTxze; ramdenad Seesabameba maTi mosazreba kosovos damoukideblobis kanonie-rebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso samarTlis nor-mebs; kosovos damoukideblobis mxardamWerTa poziciis erT-erTi motivacia SeiZleba saer-TaSoriso samarTlis evrocentristul gage-basTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

evropis saerTaSoriso samarTali me-18 da me-19 saukuneSi warmoadgenda mosazrebas, romelic gulisxmobda evropis upiratesobas danarCen msofliosTan SedarebiT. es yovel-Tvis midgoma iyo da ara realoba. am mosazre-bis mixedviT, evropuli/dasavluri midgomebi logikurad ufro ukeTesia saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis gansazRvrisa da gamoxatvis Tvalsa-zrisiT, vidre danarCeni msoflios midgomebi. amitomac evropul/dasavlur erebs SeeZloT danarCeni msofliosTvis daewesebinaT saerTa-Soriso samarTlebrivi normebi, aseve SeeZloT araevropuli erebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sferoSi arc ki gaeTvaliswinebinaT54. bolo ramdenime aTwleulis ganamvlobaSi evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis ideas bevri momxre hyavda, Tumca es sajarod aravis gamouxatavs.

rac Seexeba kosovos, Tu msoflioSi miRweul ar iqna SeTanxmeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom SesaZlebelia suverenuli saxelmwifodan te-ritoriis gamoyofa, misi damoukideblad ga-mocxadeba da Tu garkveuli qveynebi mainc da-JinebiT ganagrZoben mtkicebas, rom aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT maTi dadebiTi pozi-cia saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs Seesaba-meba, maSin aSkara iqneba, rom maTi midgoma ga-moxatavs mcdelobasa da ambicias - moaxdinon saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvlebis reor-ganizacia an xelaxali interpretacia, miuxe-davad imisa, rom am sakiTxze saerTaSoriso sa-zogadoebaSi erTiani mosazreba ar arsebobs. es imas niSnavs, rom evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis ideologia SeiZleba erT-erTi faqtori iyos imaTgan, romlebic aZliereben `kosovos enTuziazistebis~ midgomas kosovos irgvliv samarTlebrivi poziciis konsolida-ciisadmi, imisda miuxedavad, danarCeni mso-flio eTanxmeba amas Tu ara. saqme is ki ar aris, rom arsebobs pirdapiri mtkicebuleba, rom kosovos magaliTze dasavluri saxelm-wifoebi evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis

54 ix. analizi: a. oraxelaSvili, `evropuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis idea~, EJIL17 (2006), 315 da Semdgom.

ideologiis aRdgenas cdiloben (gansaku-TrebiT evokavSiris mier kosovos aRiarebis ararsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT), aramed rTu-lia mixvde, Tu ara es, sxva ra motivacia an ideologia SeiZleba amoZravebdes dasavlur qveynebs.

kosovos Semdgom jaWvuri reaqciis SesaZle-bloba SeiZleba ramdenime konteqstSi ganxor-cieldes. bosnia da hercogovinisgan bosniis mTavrobasTan erTad, 1995 wlis deitonis samS-vidobo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, umaRle-si warmomadgenlobis mier marTuli srpskas respublikis gamoyofa amJamad politikuri dRis wesrigis centralur sakiTxs ar war-moadgens. TumcaRa Semdgomi xuTi wlis ganma-vlobaSi politkuri garemoebebis SedarebiTi cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, sprskas respubli-kam SeiZleba kosovos precedenti gamoiyenos da damoukidebloba gamoacxados saraevoSi. amgvarad, gamoyofis faqtobrivi warmateba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad iq-neba EUFOR mzad, ibrZolos bosniasa da her-cogovinis erTianobis SesanarCuneblad da ra donis mxardaWeras moipovebs separatistuli srpskas respublika saerTaSoriso doneze.

sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva adas-turebs, rom kosovosSi damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba udavod gamoiwvevs SemdgomSi separatistTa gaaqtiurebas da Se-saZloa, aseTi saxis qmedebebma ufro Zlieri saerTaSoriso mxardaWera povon. gamokiTx-vis Sedegebi aseve cxadyofs, rom evropelTa umetesobis azriT, tibeti CineTis mmarTvelo-bis qveS didxans aRar gaCerdeba55. aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebrivi damokidebuleba pirdapir ar aisaxeba samTavrobo politikaSi, rac Ci-neTSi kidev ufro nakleb savaraudoa saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebSi CineTis statusisa da Zalauflebis gaTvaliswinebiT. SesaZloa prognozireba sasargeblo praqtika ar aris, magram is faqti, rom Sesabamis qveynebSi mo-saxleobis umetesoba mxars uWers separatizms, zrdis albaTobas, rom ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba mzad iyvnen mxari dauWiron gamoyofis SemTxvevebs.

V. kosovos aRiareba da misi

55 britaneTSi am mosazrebas iziarebs mosaxleobis 53 procen-ti, germaniasa da italiaSi _ mosaxleobis ori mesamedi; ix. Financial Times, 2008 wlis 17 maisi/18 maisi.

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Sedegebiramdenime qveynis mier kosovos aRiarebas

Zalian male mohyva damoukideblobis cal-mxrivi gamocxadeba priStinaSi. 2008 wlis 18 Tebervals SeerTebulma Statebma formalu-rad aRiara kosovo rogorc `suverenuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo~56. manamde da Sem-degSic kosovos aRiarebaze Tanxmoba ganacxada evrokavSiris ramdenime wevrma saxelmwifomac, maT Soris gaerTianebulma samefom, germa-niam da italiam. saerTod, kosovo daaxloe-biT ocdaaTma saxelmwifom aRiara. serbeTma elCebi gamoixmo ramdenime qveynidan, romle-bmac kosovo aRiares57. kosovos aRiarebisgan Tavi Seikava ramdenime saxelmwifom, maT Soris evrokavSiris werma saxelmwifoebma, rogoric aris espaneTi, kviprosi, portugalia, rumi-neTi, slovakeTi da saberZneTi. evrokavSirs, rogorc mTlianad organizacias, ar SeeZlo gamoexata Tavisi midgoma kosovos damouki-deblobisadmi58. zogierTma sxva saxelmwifom, rogoric aris israeli, gadawyvita ar damd-gariyo maTTan, vinc kosovos damoukidebloba aRiara59. mTavaria ganisazRvros, mesame saxel-mwifoTa mier aRiareba gavlenas moaxdens Tu ara separatistTa mier damoukideblobis cal-mxrivi aRiarebis kanonierebaze.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom kosovos damouki-deblobis gamocxadebas `koordinacias uwevs da mxars uWers saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawili. es ki mocemul SemTxve-vas gamoyofis `uflebis~ sxva moTxovnebisa-gan ganasxvavebs~60. aRniSuli argumenti gu-lisxmobs, rom aRiarebas SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos teritoriuli erTeulis mier saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnis kanonie-rebis gansazRvraSi. am mosazrebasTan dakav-Sirebuli konceptualuri problema is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifoebrio-basTan dakavSirebul moTxovnebs, Tuki mesame saxelmwifoebi mainc aRiareben teritoriul erTeuls, romelic am moTxovnebs ver akmayo-filebs. amave dros, mosazreba, rom ramdenime saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli teritoriuli

56 `aSS kosovos damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiarebs,~ 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze www.pristina.usmission.gov.57 `serbeTma aSS-dan elCi gamoixmo,~ BBC informacia, 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali, ix. misamarTze news.bbc.co.uk. 58 e. vuCeva, `kosovos damoukideblobis aRiarebasTan da-kavSirebiT evrokavSiri patiosnad ar iqceva,~ 2008 wlis 18 Tebervali, SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.euobserver.com. 59 RIAN-is informacia, 2008 wlis 19 Tebervali.60 borgeni, ix. SeniSvna 45.

erTeulis damoukidebloba SeiZleba unika-luri SemTxveva iyos da precedentis saxiT gavlena ar moaxdinos sxva saxelmwifoebze, konceptualurad dausabuTebelia. sxva sepa-ratisti teritoriuli erTeulebic SeiZleba mogvianebiT mesame saxelmwifoebma aRiaron; zemoaRniSnuli Tezisis Tanaxmad, es SemTxve-vebic unikaluri iqneba da sabolood miviRe-bT unikalur movlenaTa jaWvs.

is faqti, rom kosovos damoukidebloba ramdenime saxelmwifom aRiara, udavod erT-erTi argumentia damoukideblobis momxreTa arsenalSi. ra mniSvnelobac ar unda gaaCndes kosovos damoukideblobas, ubralod faq-tia, rom kosovo saerTaSoriso sazogadoe-bis udidesma nawilma ar aRiara. uSiSroebis sabWom uari ganacxada kosovos damoukide-blobis mxardaWeraze da sakiTxTan dakavSire-biT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi mosazrebebi mkveTrad gaiyo.

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebis konce-fcia da mniSvneloba winaaRmdegobrivia. aRia-reba dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva sakiTxTan, rogoric aris iuridiul pirTa statusi, uflebebi da upiratesobebi saerTaSoriso sa-marTlebriv sistemaSi. meore mxriv, aRiarebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba im faqtis gamo, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv siste-maSi ar arsebobs centralizebuli mmarTve-loba, romelic gamoaqveynebda Sesabamis te-ritoriul erTeulTa statussa da uflebebs. meore mxriv, zogierTi mesame mxaris msjeloba aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba Sesabamis statussa da poziciaze miuTiTebdes. saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobis ararsebobis gamo, aRiarebis mniSvneloba SezRudulad unda CaiTvalos Sesabamisi teritoriuli er-Teulis statusisa da uflebebis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT. igive mdgomareobaa im SemTxve-vaSic ki, rodesac arsebobs saxelmwifoebrio-bis faqtobrivi da iuridiuli kriteriumebi imisaTvis, rom ganvsajoT, miaRwia Tu ara saxelmwifoebriobas Sesabamisma teritoriul-ma erTeulma.

netav damoukideblobis aRiareba jados-nuri saSualeba xom ar aris saxelmwifos Se-saqmnelad an iseTi teritoriuli erTeulis saxelmwifoebriobis konsolidaciisaTvis, ro-melsac saxelmwifoebriobis ufleba ar aqvs? aRiareba ubralod saxelmwifoebriobis kano-nierad dawesebas mohyveba. igi saxelmwifoe-

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briobis kriteriumi ar aris da, amdenad, mis safuZvelze ar ganisazRvreba Sesabamis teri-toriul erTeuls namdvilad gaaCnia Tu ara saxelmwifoebriobis miRebis ufleba. krou-fordis dasabuTeba cxadyofs, rom aRiarebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia,

`Tu saxelmwifos aRiarebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin Zalian Znelia imis mixvedra, Tu romeli aRiarebaa arakanonieri da SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu romeli aRiarebaa Zaladakarguli. aRiarebis garkveu-li aqtebis gauqmeba praqtikaSi miRebulia da es sworic aris. winaaRdeg SemTxvevaSi, aRia-reba iqneboda intervenciis alternatiuli forma, potenciurad yovelTvis SesaZlebeli da aSkarad udavo~.

garda amisa, ̀ saxelmwifoebriobis Semowmebas aRiarebis aqtTan araviTari kavSiri ar unda hqondes.~ kroufordi miiCnevs, rom calkeuli saxelmwifos mier damoukideblobis gamocxa-deba saxelmwifoebriobis kanonierebas ar ga-napirobebs61.

aRiarebis arsebobas arc Sesabamisi teri-toriuli erTeulis statusis SenarCuneba SeuZlia. amis naTeli magaliTia vietnami, romelmac aTeulobiT aRiareba moipova, iyo gaeros specialuri saagentoebis wevri da daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gae-ros generaluri asambleis mxardaWeriT sar-geblobda rogorc wevri, romelsac gaeroSi Sesvlis ufleba gaaCnda62. magram, daaxloebiT, oci wlis Semdeg samxreT vietnami ise gaqra, TiTqos misi aRiarebebi arc arsebula, cota gansxvavebul, magram mainc msgavs konteqstSi, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom aRmosavleT timo-ri TviTgamorkvevis nawilad gamoacxada indo-neziis mier misi aneqsiis da ramdenime saxelm-wifos mier misi aRiarebis fonze. aRmosavleT timori ramdenime saxelmwifom aRiara63.

argumenti, rom mesame saxelmwifoTa mier kosovos aRiareba ZiriTadi komponentia, ro-melic misi damoukideblobis samarTlebriv safuZvls Seadgens, emyareba Teziss, romlis Tanaxmadac, aRiareba dafuZnebiTi xasiaTi-saa. aRiarebisadmi deklaratoruli midgoma gulisxmobs imas, rom upirvelesad gamoyo-fa unda iyos kanonieri da mxolod mas Sem-deg unda moxdes mesame saxelmwifoTa mier 61 kroufordi, SeniSvna 11,21.62 j.n. muri, `vietnamis respublikisadmi samxedro mxardaWer-is kanoniereba~, AJIL 61 (1967), da Semdgom (24 da Semdgom).63 saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos angariSebi, 1995, paragrafi 36.

misi aRiareba. aRniSnuli midgomis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia im teritoriuli erTeulis ka-nonierad aRiareba, romlis damoukidebloba saerTaSoriso samarTals ar Seesabameba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aRiarebis safuZvelze damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ver Seiqmneba64.

dafuZnebiTi Teoria didi xania moZvele-bulad CaTvales da saxelmwifo praqtikaSi mas aSkarad aRaravin uWers mxars65. 1991 wels bosnia-hercogovinasa da xorvatiis aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT, evrokavSiri Seecada dafuZne-biTi Teoria gamoeyenebina imis gaTvaliswine-biT, rom es ori teritoriuli erTeuli jer saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnebs ver akmayofi-lebda66. Tumca badintaris komisiam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom mocemulTagan arc erTi SemTxve-va ar warmoadgenda separatistuli regionis aRiarebas. meore mxriv, rogorc frauvaini marTebulad aRniSnavs, aRiarebis deklarato-ruli Teoria gamosadegi ar aris, radgan mas ar SeuZlia de faqto reJimis kanoniereba67 ax-snas. Tuki vinme sakuTar Tavs kanonmdeblad ar CaTvlis, maSin mesame saxelmwifoTa mier saxelmwifoebriobis aRiareba upirvelesad ka-nonierebasTan aris dakavSirebuli68.

dugardi da raiki amtkiceben, rom, maSin rodesac gamoyofa gamarTlebuli ar aris teritoriuli mTlianobis TviTgamorkvevaze maRla dayenebis tendenciis gamo, evrokavSirs SeuZlia separatist teritoriul erTeuls koleqtiuri aRiareba mianiWos69. Tumca indi-vidualuri saxelmwifos mier aRiarebas gan-sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia da mas saxelmwifos dafuZneba ar SeuZlia, magram es SesaZlebelia koleqtiuri aRiarebiT. amde-nad, koleqtiuri aRiareba eswrafvis sakanonm-deblo gavlenis mopovebas, rac antiTeturi pretenziaa saerTaSoriso marTlwesrigis Zi-riTad TvisebebTan mimarTebaSi. realurad, koleqtiuri aRiarebis kanoniereba imave kri-teriumebiT imarTeba, riTac individualuri 64 marTalia, musgreivi amtkicebs, rom deklaratoruli Teoriis miReba aucileblad gulisxmobs gamoyofis `Sida Teoriis~ miRebas (musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 195), es ar aris deklaratoruli Teoriis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, rac aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT im teritoriuli er-Teulebis SemTxvevaSic, romlebic kanonierad gamoeyofian ZiriTad saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad.65 kroufordi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 24 da Semdgom.66 musgreivi, ix. SeniSvna 11, 206.67 frovaini, ix. SeniSvna 47, 36.68 sruliad sxva sakiTxia, rom ZiriTad saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tavad aRiaros separatistuli erTeulis damoukidebloba, uari Tqvas sakuTar suverenitetze da daakanonos is, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi arakanonieria.69 dugardi/raiCi, ix.SeniSvna 11, 124.

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saxelmwifoebi. sapirispiro Sedegi aucile-blad ganpirobebuli iqneba regionaluri Ro-nisZiebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoric aris, magaliTad, evrokavSiris miCneva ararsebuli saerTaSoriso mmarTvelobis nawilad.

es sakiTxi mainc sadavoa kosovos konteqst-Si. evrokavSirs kosovo Tavad ar uRiarebia damoukidebel saxelmwifod. gaurkvevelia, SeiZleba Tu ara evrokaSiris misiis kosovoSi ganTavseba aRiarebas niSnavdes, ramdenadac misiam unda imuSaos institutebTan, romel-Tac kosovoelebi damoukidebel saxelmwifo institutebs uwodeben. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gaurkvevelia, evrokavSiri exmareba Tu ara kosovos suverenuli Zalauflebis gamoyenebaSi. am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebu-lia evrokavSiris misiis mandatze da misTvis miniWebul uflebamosilebasa da kompeten-ciaze70.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom kosovos aRi-arebas ar SeuZlia, misi, rogorc saxelmwifos dafuZneba da saxelmwifosaTvis saWiro saer-TaSoriso iuridiuli safuZvlis Seqmna, gamo-dis, rom kosovos aRiareba ukanonoa. aseTi ukanonobis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos ukanono teritoriuli erTeulebis araRiarebasTan da-kavSirebuli valdebuleba an ZiriTadi saxel-mwifos mier kosovosTvis damoukideblobis micemis uaryofa.

dugardma zogadi imperatiuli normebis (jus cogens) safuZvelze, Camoayaliba araRiarebis Tanamedrove doqtrina da masSi gaaerTiana araRiarebis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoric aris rodizia, namibia, samxreT afrikis saxelm-wifoebi, palestina da TurqeTis CrdiloeT kvip rosis respublika. rodesac saxelmwifo-ebisa da organizaciebis praqtikaSi garkveul teritoriul erTeulebsa an situaciasTan mi-marTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi ùkanonoba~ an `gauqmeba~, es amtkicebs, rom teritoriuli erTeulis aRiareba ar xdeba ara saxelmwifo-ebriobisTvis aucilebeli komponentebis arasebobis, aramed saxelmwifoebriobis uka-nonod moTxovnis gamo71. samxreT afrkis saxelmwifoebi namdvilad akmayofilebd-nen montevideos konvenciis mier dadgenil saxelmwifoebriobis moTxovnebs, magram isini samxreT afrikis garda aravin aRiara.

msgavsad amisa,

70 ix. qvemoT VI.2.71 j. dugardi, àRiareba da gaero~, 1987, 130 da Semdgom.

`Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvisa da TviTga-morkvevis uflebis or ZiriTad normaSi gaTva-liswinebuli mTavari pincipebi warmoadgenen samarTlebriv safuZvels, ris gamoc gaerom uari Tqva israelis aRmosavleT ierusalimi-sagan damoukideblobis aRiarebaze~72.

imperatiuli normebi axleburad asabuTeben araRiarebis

doqtrinas da Semdeg formulirebas gvaZlev s:

èsa Tu is aqti normis darRvevaa, Tu igi zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT arakanonieria. amdenad, igi gauqmebulad da Zaladakargulad unda CaiTvalos. es exeba saxelmwifos Seqmnas, teritoriis miRebas da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebs, rogoric aris namibiis SemTxveva. saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian, aseTi aqtebi ar aRiaron~.

radganac,ìmperatiuli normebi araRiarebis Taname-

drove doqtrinis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia, ramdenadac zogadi saerTaSoriso samarT-lis normis darRveva arakanonierebis wina pi-robaa da mas Sedegad mohyveba anulireba da araRiareba~73.

araRiareba exeba iseT mdgomareobas, ro-melic zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis nor-mebTan Seusabamobis gamo gauqmebas iTva-liswinebs74. aseT SemTxvevebSi gaeros mier damtkicebuli statusis ukanonoba saerTaSo-riso samarTalTan SeusabamobiT aris ganpi-robebuli da ara ubralod diskreciuli qmedebiT75. imperatiul normebsa da ukanono teritoriuli erTeulebis araRiarebas Soris kavSirs saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb Sedgenili saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis dokumentis me-40 da 41-e muxlebi umagreben safuZvels76.

araRiarebis valdebuleba kosovos cal-mxrivad gamocxadebuli damoukideblobis SemTxvevasac exeba Tu ara, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad aris aRniSnuli procesi samarTlebrivi normis darRvevis Sedegi. es sakiTxi pirobiTia da ganisazRvreba imis mixe-72 dugardi, ix. zemoT, 100, 115.73 dugardi, ix. SeniSvna 70, 132, 135, 137.74 j. dugardi, `koleqtiuri araRiareba: samxreT afrikis ban-tustanis saxelmwifoTa warumatebloba~; “Boutros Boutros-Ghali – Amicorum Discipulorumqu Liber – Peace, Development, Democracy”, tomi I (1998), 383 da Semdgom (402).75 dugardi, ix. zemoT, 400 da Semdgom.76 saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis angariSi ormocdameca-mete sesiis muSaobis Sesaxeb (2001), GAOR 56-e sesia; damateba #10, dok. A/56/10.

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dviT, Tu ramdenad CavTvliT iugoslaviis fe-deralur republikaze 1999 wels natoSi Se-mavali saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Tavdasx-mas zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevad; igi aseve damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gaxda aRniSnuli SeiaraRebuli Ta-vdasxma sabolood kosovos damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis uSualo mizezi.

rac Seexeba sakiTxis pirvel nawils, aSkaraa, rom `humanitaruli intervenciis~ kanonie-rebis mtkicebas saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba arasodes dauWers mxars. gancxadebebze, rom natos wevr saxelmwifoebs ufleba hqondaT, humanitarul safuZvelze Tavs dasxmodnen iu-goslaviis federalur respublikas albaneli mosaxleobis dasacavad, saerTaSoriso sazo-gadoebis reagireba humanitaruli interven-ciis kanonierebis mtkice uaryofa unda iyos77. amrigad, natos Tavdasxma warmoadgens gaeros wesdebis me-2 (4) muxlis, Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli CveulebiTi sa-marTlis normebis da zogadi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis darRvevas.

Seexeba sakiTxis meore nawils, principSi, Zalian Znelia imis warmodgena, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda movlenebi 1999 wels iugos-laviis federalur respublikaze natos wevr saxelmwifoTa Tavdasxmis gareSe. magram natos wevr saxelmwifoebs 1999 wlis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi xmamaRla arasodes ga-nucxadebia, rom kosovos serbeTisgan gamoyo-fis ufleba unda mieces. 1999 wlis Tavdasxmis ZiriTadma avtorebma mxari dauWires rezo-lucia 1244-is miRebas. am rezoluciiT mt-kicdeboda iugoslaviis federaluri respu-blikis da miT ufro serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianoba. ahTiazaris gegmis warmodgenamde aRniSnulTagan arc erT saxelmwifos ar ga-mouxatavs kosovos damoukideblobisadmi mxardaWera.

rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi sakiTxi mxolod faqtebis Sefasebaa. Tu CavTvliT, rom natos Tavdasxma dasawyisSi miznad ar isaxavda iu-goslaviis federaluri respublikis terito-riul mTlianobaze gavlenis moxdenas da Sede-gad kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, maSin araRiarebis valdebulebis sawyisi ver-sia, romelic savaldebulo normebis Sedegs

77ix. a. oraxelaSvili, `samarTlebrivi stabiluroba da cvli-lebis moTxovna: saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier Jus ad Bellum da Jus in Bello-s gamoyeneba~, Nord J. Int’l L75 (2006), 371 da Semdgom.

iTvaliswinebs, mocemul SemTxvevas ar exeba. am mosazrebas safuZvels umagrebs is faq-ti, rom 1999 wels iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli in-tervenciis monawile saxelmwifoebma Semdgom-Si teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi mxardaWera rezoluciisaTvis -1244, xmis micemiT daamt-kices. aseT SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi faqtori, romelic kosovos damoukideblobis kanonier aRiarebas abrkolebs, serbeTis winaaRmdego-baa. maram Tu CavTvliT, rom 1999 wels natos Tavdasxma, gaeros wesdebiT, Sesabamisi Cveule-biTi saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc impe-ratiuli normebis darRveviT ganxorcielda, rac sabolood kosovos mier damoukideblo-bis calmxrivi gamocxadebis uSualo mizezad iqca, maSin kosovos calmxrivad gamocxade-buli damoukidebloba pirdapir eqvemdebareba araRiarebis valdebulebas, romelic saxel-mwifos pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb Sedgenili saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis dokumen-tis me-40 da 41-e muxlebSia gaTvaliswinebu-li. praqtikulad, didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, aRniSnul or mosazrebaTagan romelia swori. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom serbeTi mudmivad ewinaaRmdegeba kosovos damoukideblobas, aRiarebis kanoniereba nebismier SemTxvevaSi mainc SeuZlebelia. am fonze kosovos damo-kudeblobis aRiareba saerTaSoriso doneze araswori aqtia da saWiroa misi gauqmeba. Zi-reuli ukanonobis dadgena yovelTvis aRiare-bis gauqmebas moitxovs78.

VI. kosovoSi da mis irgvliv mimdinare procesebis Sesabamisoba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebTan1. kosovos damoukideblobis Sesabamisoba rezoluciasTan #1244

kosovos damoukideblobis 1999 wlis 10 ivni-sis rezoluciasTan #1244 Sesabamisobis argu-menti aRniSnuli rezoluciis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis dasaSvebobas iTvaliswinebs. uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpre-taciis principebi TiTqmis igivea, rac saer-TaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa Sesaxeb venis 1969 wlis konvenciis 31-e da 32-e muxlebiT gaTva-78 i. braunli, saerTaSoriso samarTali da Zalis gamoyeneba, 1963, 421 da Semdgom; f.a. mani, saerTaSoriso samarTaldar-Rvevis Sedegebi Sidasaxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso samarTal-Si, BYIL 48 (1976-77), 1 da Semdgom (41).

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liswinebul xelSekrulebebTan dakavSirebuli principebi79. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu uSiSroe-bis sabWos rezoluciebi formalurad xel-Sekrulebebs ar warmoadgenen, isini mainc Se-Tanxmebebia saxelmwifoebs Soris. garda amisa, uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis savalde-bulo xasiaTi gamomdinareobs xelSekrulebis muxlidan _ gaeros wesdebis 25-e muxli.

rezoluciebsa da 25-e muxlze damyarebul valdebulebas Soris kavSiri aucileblad moi-Txovs valdebulebis ganxilvas rezolucieb-Tan Sesabamisobis dacvisa da saxlSekrulebo valdebulebebis keTilsindisierad gaTva-liswinebis mizniT (pacta sunt servanda).

Sedegad, uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpretaciaTa sxvadasxvagvaroba iseTive sistematuri winaaRmdegobriobiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc xelSekrulebis ori sxvadasxvagvari ormxrivad urTierTgamomricxavi interpre-tacia. argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes rezoluciis ori sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia, arsebiTad imas niSnavs, rom 25-e muxli or ormxrivad gamomricxav samarT-lebriv Sedegs iTvaliswinebs, rac TavisTavad absurdia. imisTvis, rom 25-e muxliT gaTva-liswinebuli uSiSroebis sabWos rezolucie-bis ganxorcielebis valdebuleba Sesruldes, saWiroa aRniSnuli rezoluciebis keTilsin-disieri interpretacia teqstSi gamoyenebuli sityvebis pirdapiri mniSvnelobebis Sesabami-sad.

rezolucia 1244 pirdapir da garkveviT uWerda mxars iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas. priS-tinaSi damoukideblobis calmxrivad gamo-cxadebamde karga xniT adre wamoyenebul iqna sakiTxi 1244-e rezoluciasTan misi Sesabami-sobis Sesaxeb. sakiTxi, sxvaTa Soris, ruseTis mTavrobamac wamoswia im fonze, rom gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo ar apirebda mxari daeWira kosovos damoukideblobisaTvis. yuradRe-bis centrSi moeqca mcdeloba, moexdinaT uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis imgvari in-terpretacia, TiTqos rezoluciebi kosovos damoukideblobas uWerda mxars. ruseTis mTa-vrobam winaaRmdegoba gauwia rezoluciebis calmxrivi interpretaciis mcdelobas80.79 rezoluciebis interpretaciis Sesaxeb informaciisaTvis ix. oraxelaSvili, SeniSnva 10, Max Planck.80 sagareo saqmeTa ministris, s. lavrovis gancxadeba, 2007 wlis 10 dekemberi. SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze www.rian.ru. msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa triumviratSi ruseTis warmo-madgenelma, romelmac xazi gausva, rom damoukideblobis ga-

aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwem, roz-mari di karlom ganacxada, rom SesaZloa, See-rTebul Statebsa da ruseTs 1244-e rezolu-ciis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia gaaCndeT,

`veTanxmebiT im azrs, rom 1244-e rezolu-cia ZalaSi rCeba, magram

Cven, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, 1244 rezolu-cia politikuri procesebisken mowodebad migvaCnia. Cveni azriT, kosovos statusis sa-kiTxi sruliad Riad rCeboda, magram Cven ar migviTiTebia, rom kosovo damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo an ar unda yofiliyo. rezo-lucia moqmedebisaken _ saerTaSoriso moqme-debisaken mogviwodebs, raTa kosovos daxma-reba gavuwioT ganviTarebis gzaze~81.

aseTi gancxadeba gverds uvlis rezoluciis safuZvelze serbeTis teritoriuli mTliano-bis SenarCunebis sakiTxs.

gaerTianebuli samefos sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis, devid milibendis gancxadebiT, 1244-e rezoluciam

`Seqmna politikuri procesi da aseve ko-sovos dauwesa saerTaSoriso reJimi serbeTis teritoriis farglebSi. es yvelaferi mSvido-bisa da usafrTxoebis aRdgenas isaxavda miz-nad. 1244-e rezolucia ar gansazRvravs da ar awesebs procesis saboloo statuss. igi arc raime Sedegs gamoricxavs. rezolucia iTva-liswinebs saboloo statusis process da mas saTanado daskvnis gakeTeba esaWiroeba.

devid milibendma aseve ganacxada, rom `1244-e rezoluciaSi iugoslaviis federa-

luri respublkis (amJamad serbeTis) teri-toriuli mTlianobisa da damoukideblobis moxseniebam ar unda dagvabnios. es aris pream-bulis saxiT gakeTebuli miTiTeba, romelic mocemul konteqstSi aSkarad kosovos mmar-Tvelobis mxolod droebiT etaps exeba~82.

sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis gancxadeba iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos igi cdilobs daasabuTos, rom, maSin rodesac uSiSroebis sabWo iugoslaviisa da serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas cdilobda, Riad dar-mocxadeba winaaRmdegobaSi iqneboda 1244 rezoluciasTan da am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi mis anulirebas moiTxovda; 2007 wlis 10 dekemberi. uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis calmxrivi interpretaciis mcdelobis Sesaxeb informaciisTvis ix. i.a. frovaini, `uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis calmxri-vi interpretacia _ safrTxe saerTo usafrTxoebisaTvis?~ b.gotci /p. selmeri/ r. volfrumi, Liber Amicorum Gunther Jae-nicke – Zum 85. Geburtstag, 1999, 97 da Semdgom.81 SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze: <http://www.interfax.com/17/375120/Interview.aspx>.82 d. milibendi, `kosovo: es kanonieria?~; SegiZliaT ixiloT misamarTze: www.fco.gov.uk, 2008 wlis 17 Tebervali.

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Ca momavalSi teritoriuli mTlianobis rRve-vis sakiTxi. amave dros, logikuria, sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis gancxadebaSi ar iyo konkretu-lad miTiTebuli vin da rodis unda gadawyvi-tos saWiroa Tu ara teritoriuli mTlianobis aseTi rRveva, es gadayvetileba Tavad uSiS-roebis sabWom unda miiRos Tu sxva vinmem.

aseTi interpretaciebis daujerebloba rom gverdze gadavdoT imisda miuxedavad, rom aRniSnul Temaze uSiSroebis sabWos wevrTa mosazrebebi orad gaiyo, isic daujerebelia, rom sabWo miznebs im mimarTulebiT dasaxa-vda, rac sagareo saqmeTa mdivanma Camoayaliba Tavis gancxadebaSi. uSiSroebis sabWos mizani mxolod serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCuneba rom yofiliyo, maSinac ki, Tavad aRiarebis faqti, rom teritoria Tundac mcire daukon-kretebeli periodis ganmavlobaSi serbeTis nawilia, gulisxmobs imis damtkicebas, rom Tu aRniSnuli teritoria rodesme kanonierad gamova serbeTis Semadgenlobidan, am ukanas-knelis Tanxmoba aucilebeli iqneba imis gamo, rom amJamad serbeTi teritoriul mTlianobas inarCunebs.

magram yovelive zemoaRniSnuli mxolod spekulaciis sagania. simarTle is aris, rom 1244 rezoluciaSi kosovos serbeTisgan pi-robiTi damoukideblobis Sesaxeb araferia na-Tqvami. rezolucia ubralod amtkicebs imas, rac saerTaSoriso samarTliT aris gaTva-liswinebuli. uSiSroebis sabWos mier gamoye-nebuli sityvebi araviTar droebiT SezRud-vas ar gulisxmobs da amgvari interpretacia dauSvebelia.

aseve unda ganvixiloT, ra mniSvneloba mia-niWes wevrma saxelmwifoebma serbeTis teri-toriul mTlianobas, rodesac miRebul iqna 1244-e rezolucia. rezoluciis miRebis dros individualuri wevri saxelmwifoebis mosa-zrebebi, Tu isini rezoluciis teqsts See-sabameba da Tu sxva wevri saxelmwifoebi ar ewinaaRmdegebian maT, SeiZleba kanonieri faq-tori iyos uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis interpretaciis dros. ruseTis mosazrebiT, rezolucia

`aSkarad amtkcebs yvela saxelmwifos mxar-daWeras iugoslaviis federaluri respu-blikis damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobisadmi~83. 83 dok. S/PV/40111999 wlis 10 ivnisi, 7.

CineTma mxari dauWira `kosovos sakiTxis mSvidobian gadwyvetas, radgan pativs scems iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis damou-kideblobasa da teritoriul mTlianobas~84. garda amisa, CineTma rezoluciaze vetos da-debisgan Tavis Sekaveba Semdegnairad axsna:

`Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom iugos-laviis federalurma respublikam ukve miiRo mSvidobis gegma, aseve imas, rom natom Sewy-vita iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis dabombva da rezoluciis proeqtma kidev er-Txel daamtkica gaeros wesdebis miznebi da principebi, uSiSroebis sabWos upirveles pa-suxismgeblobas saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebis TvalsazirisiT, aseve yvela wevri saxelmwifos mier iugosla-viis federaluri respublikis damoukideblo-bisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWe-ras, CineTis delegacia rezoluciis proeqtis miRebas ar dablokavs~85.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 1244-e rezolu-cia miRebul iqna ubralod imitom, rom igi iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis, Semd-gomSi ki serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas iTvaliswinebda. rezoluciiT serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis mxolod garkveuli periodiT damtkiceba rom yofi-liyo gaTvaliswinebuli, CineTi mas ar gaata-rebda, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom es Seqmnida gamoyofis precedents, CineTs ki amis Zalian eSinia. Tu sagareo saqmeTa mdivnis midgoma sworia, maSin CineTma faqtobrivad kosovos saboloo gamoyofas dauWira mxari, rac wi-naaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia.

msgavsad amisa, argentinam 1244-e rezolu-cias xma misca imitom, rom darwmunebuli iyo,

`rezolucia Seqmnida safuZvels kosovos krizisis politikuri gziT gadawyvetisaTvis, iugoslaviis federaluri respublikis suve-renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis Se-narCunebis gaTvaliswinebiT~86.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rezolucia miznad ar isaxavda odesme iugoslaviis teritoriuli erTianobisaTvis zianis miyenebas. aseT fonze, uSiSroebis sabWos arc erT saxelmwifos, maT Soris gaerTianebul samefos, winaaRmdegoba ar gamouTqvamT am mosazrebisadmi, ramdena-dac yvelam kargad icoda, rom iugoslaviis

84 iqve, 8.85 iqve, 9.86 iqve, 19.

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federaluri respublikis teritoriuli mT-lianobis SenarCuneba kardinaluri piroba iyo rezoluciis misaRebad.

rac Seexeba mtkicebulebas, romelic doku-mentSive ar aris warmodgenili, 2007 wlis 21 noembris 1785-e rezolucia miRebul iqna ko-sovos damoukideblobis mowodebebis gaZlie-rebis periodSi. am rezoluciiT damtkicda, rom uSiSroebis sabWo mxars uWerda

`iugoslaviaSi konfliqtebis politikuri gziT gadawyvetas, yvela saxelmwifos suve-renitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis Se-narCunebas saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul sazRvrebSi~.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, uSiSroebis sabWo miznad isaxavda yvela saxelmwifos, maT Soris serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCunebas balkaneTSi arsebuli terito-riuli davebis gadawyvetis konteqstSi. Tavis mxriv, es ganzraxva asaxavda samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis SenarCunebis (uti possidetis juris) principis damtkicebas iugoslaviis federa-luri respublikis damtkicebis Semdeg.

evrokavSiris farglebSic ki, garkveulwi-lad, misaRebia faqti, rom damoukideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba 1244-e rezolucias ar Seesabameba. rogorc evrokavSiris slovakma prezidentma dmitri rupelma gancxada,

`1244-e rezoluciis kosovos mier damouki-deblobisgamocxadebasTan Sexameba problema-turi sakiTxia~87.

Sizofreniis kulminacias warmoadgens priS-tinas parlamentis mier miRebuli damoukide-blobis calmxrivi gamocxadebis dokumentis me-12 paragrafi, sadac aRniSnulia:

`Cven vimoqmedebT saerTaSoriso samarT-lis principebis da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebis, maT Soris 1244-e rezoluciis (1999) Sesabamisad~.

2. kosovoSi evrokavSiris arsebobis kanoniereba

evrokavSirma, sabWos erToblivi moqmede-bis dokumnetze dayrdnobiT aRiara, rom gae-ros uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciis miRebis Semdeg, saWiroa `kosovoSi gaeros droebiTi misiidan (UNMIK) evrokavSiris mier kosovoSi krizisis marTvis procesebze dauyovnebliv

87 serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, 2008 wlis 26 aprili, SegiZliaT ix. misamarTze: http://www.mfa.gov.yu/Pressframe15.htm .

gadasvlis uzrunvelyofa, aseve kosovoSi gae-ros droebiTi misiis mier dasaxuli amocane-bidan evrokavSiris krizisis marTvis opera-ciebze gadasvla~88.

amas mohyva kosovoSi evrokavSiris samarT-lebrivi normebis misiis (EULEX) ganTavseba. es misia, sxva misiebTan erTad, Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom

a) awarmoos monitoringi, konsultaciebi gauwios kosovos mTel regionSi arse-bul samarTlebriv normebTan dakavSire-bul kompetentur institutebs (sabaJo samsaxuris CaTvliT) da amave dros Sei-narCunos aRmasruleblis garkveuli pa-suxismgebloba;

b) uzrunvelyos samarTlebrivi normebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoe-bis SenarCuneba da xelSewyoba, kosovoSi Sesabamis saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo xeli-suflebasTan konsultaciebiT da moaxdi-nos kosovos kompetenturi xelisuflebis mier miRebuli operatiuli gadawyveti-lebebis Secvla an anulireba;

g) xeli Seuwyos kosovoSi samarTlebriv normebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxurebis, maT Soris sabaJo samsaxuris, politikuri zegavlenisagan gaTavisuflebas;

d) uzrunvelyos samxedro danaSaulebebis, terorizmis, organizebuli danaSaulebe-bis, korufciis, Sida eTnikuri danaSaule-bebis, finansur/ekonomikuri da sxva se-riozuli saxis danaSaulebebis Sesabamisi Seswavla, gamoZieba, ganxilva da samarT-lebrivi devna moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Se-sabamisad; am procedurebis saerTaSoriso gamomZieblebis, prokurorebisa da mosa-marTleebis mier kosovos gamomZiebleb-Tan, prokurorebTan da mosamarTleebTan erTad an damoukideblad warmoeba da Se-sabamisi RonisZiebebis gatareba, romelic gulisxmobs policiasa da samarTaldam-cav organoebs Soris TanamSromlobisa da sakoordinacio struqturebis Seqmnas;

e) xeli Seuwyos sasamarTlo proceseb-Tan dakavSirebuli TanamSromlobisa da koordinaciis gaZlierebas, gansakuTre-biT ki organizebuli danaSaulebebis aR-mofxvris sferoSi;

88 sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2007/334/CFSP, 14 maisi, 2007, evrokavSiris oficialuri biuleteni, 15 maisi, 2007, L 125/29, preambulis paragrafi (4).

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v) xeli Seuwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolas, TaRliTobisa da finansuri da-naSaulebebis aRmofxvras~89.

zemoT aRniSnuli funqciebi da uflebamosi-lebebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic punqt b-Sia mocemuli, rogorc Cans, kosovos e.w. `kontrolirebad~ da `regulirebad~ damou-kideblobas asaxaven. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am modeliT kosovos ar gaaCnia sruli suve-reniteti. evrokavSiris komisiis prezidentma, jozef manuel barosom aRniSna, rom kosovoSi evrosabWos misiis gagzavna, zogadad, ar ewi-naaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobas da praqtikulad rezolucia 1244-s, radgan `Se-sabamis saerTaSoriso organizaciebs~ ufleba aqvT, kosovoSi Seqmnan saerTaSoriso sazoga-doeba da misias iq yofna SeeZleba manam, sanam uSiSroebis sabWo gansxvavebul gadawyveti-lebas ar miiRebs90. serbeTis pozicia ucvle-li rCeba. am poziciis mixedviT, uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvis gareSe, evrokavSiris sa-marTlebrivi normebis misias (EULEX) kosovoSi kanonierad ganTavseba ar SeuZlia. damoukide-blobis calmxrivad gamocxadebamde da evro-kavSiris samarTlebrivi normebis misiis gan-Tavsebamde, kviprosis mTavrobam xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis ganTavseba ar ewinaaRmdegeboda rezolucia 1244-s91. igive pozicia daafiqsira ruseTma, `evrokavSiri calmxrivad, gaeros uSiSroe-bis sabWos gadawyvetilebis gareSe agzavnis samarTlebrivi normebis misias kosovoSi. msubuqad rom vTqvaT, es mware ironiaa, rad-gan samarTlebrivi normebis misia gagzavnilia uzenaesi samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso samarT-lis darRveviT. rogorc CvenTvisaa cnobili, evrokavSiris misiis gagzavnas safuZvlad udevs 1244-e rezolucia da kosovos damou-kideblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba am rezo-lucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba, radgan masSi sauba-ria gardamaval periodze da, savaraudod, es gardamavali periodi dasrulebulia. es ar aris simarTle. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1244-e rezoluciaSi marTlac saubaria gardamaval periodze, rezoluciis Tanaxmad, es garda-

89 muxli 3, sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2008/124/CFSP, 4 Teber-vali 2008, evrokavSiris oficialuri biuleteni, 16 Teber-vali 2008, L 42/92.90 baroso kosovoSi evrokavSiris misias uwodebs kanoniers, 21 Tebervali 2008, Sinhuas mier mowodebuli informacia, ixi-leT: www.xinhuanet.com.91 kviprosis sagareo saqmeTa ministris gancxadeba, 14 dekem-beri 2007.

mavali periodi unda gagrZeldes manam, sanam mxareebi miaRweven, citirebas movaxden, `sabo-loo politikur daregulirebas~. yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom am politikuri daregulirebis miRwevisaTvis warmoebuli saubrebi xelovnu-rad iqna CaSlili gare movlenebiT. serbeTis teritoriuli mTlianoba dadasturebuli iqna ara marto 1999 wels miRebuli 1244-e rezo-luciiT, aramed axlaxan, 2007 wlis noembris bolos miRebuli UNSC rezoluciiT~92.

serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministroc aR-niSnavs, `miuxedavad imisa, rom briuselma miiRo gadawyvetileba Tebervlis dasawyisSi provinciaSi misi misiis ganTavsebis Sesaxeb, gaeros generaluri mdivnisgan mas oficialu-ri dasturi ar miuRia am movlenasTan dakavSi-rebiT, rac 1244-e rezoluciis Tanaxmad, au-cilebelia; aRniSnuli rezolucia 1999 wlis Semdeg, kosovoSi nebismieri saxis saerTaSo-riso organizaciis arsebobas aregulirebs~93.

2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis sabWos erToblivi moqmedebis dokumenti aregulirebs evro-kavSiris samarTlebrivi normebis misias da rezolucia 1244-s ganixilavs rogorc mis sa-fuZvels94. evrokavSiris sabWo gasakuTrebu-lad rezoluciis im punqts exeba (paragrafi 10), romelSic uSiSroebis sabWo `generalur mdivans, Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebis daxmarebiT, uflebamosilebas aniWebs, Seqmnas saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba kosovo-Si...~ magram es fraza gavrcobilia, igi exeba gaeros generaluri mdivnis mier warmoebul saqmianobas, romelic xarisxobrivad gaeros mier warmoebuli operaciebia da ewinaaRmde-geba sxva organizaciebis gaeros mier damowme-bul operaciebs. rezolucia 1244 evrokavSi-ris mier samoqalaqo mSvidobis operaciebis CatarebasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. Tu gae-ros uSiSroebis sabWo, me-7 TavSi mocemuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyvets evrokavSirs operaciebis ganxorcielebis neba darTos, es aucilebeli uflebamosilebis Riad gadacema iqneba, rogoric iyo bosniaSi EUFOR -is Seqmna natos stabilizaciis Zalebis

92 `kosovos Tool Kit for Separatists~, BBC-is informacia, ixileT in-ews.bbc.co.uk, 20 Tebervali 2008; TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan, ali babajanTan erToblivi preskonferenciis dros mediis SekiTxvebze ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris sergei lavrovis SeniSvnebi da pasuxebi. moskovi, 20 Teber-vali, 2008. ixileT www.mid.ru.93 serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros informacia, ixileT SeniSvna 86.94 sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba, ixileT SeniSvna 88.

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an kongos demokratiul respublikaSi evro-kavSiris misiis Casanacvleblad95. sinamdvile ki is aris, rom kosovoSi evrokavSiris misiis ganTavseba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe moxda. es qmedeba ar Seesabameba saer-TaSoriso samarTlis normebs, sanam serbeTi Tanxmobas ar gascems an uSiSroebis sabWo uSualod ar daamtkicebs mas.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, evrokavSiris rezo-lucia 1244-Tan damokidebuleba, rac evrokav-Siris misiis safuZvels warmoadgens, sworia. es evrokavSiris mxridan aRiarebaa, rom am ope-raciisaTvis ar arsebobs sxva samarTlebrivi safuZveli. arc saerTaSoriso samarTali da arc samarTlebrivi struqtura da evrokavSi-ris kompetencia iZleva EULEX-is msgavsad ope-raciebis warmoebis SesaZleblobas, rogorc es kosovos SemTxvevaSia.

EULEX-is Seqmnis procesma gamoaaSkarava sxva problemebic ara mxolod kosovos statusTan, aramed evrokavSiris poziciasTan dakavSire-biT. 2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis erToblivi moq-medebis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, `EULEX kosovos da misi personalis statusi privilegiebis, imunitetis da EULEX kosovos dasrulebisa da srulyofili funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro Semdgomi garantiebis CaTvliT, Sesabamisad unda iqnes SeTanxmebuli~.

gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor da visTan unda `SeTanxmdes~ es privilegiebi da imunitetis sakiTxi. evrokavSirs, rogorc saerTaSoriso organizacias, imuniteti ar gaaCnia manam, sa-nam sakiTxi Sesabamisi teritoriuli saxelm-wifos xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ar iqneba ganxiluli. saerTaSoriso organizacias ar gaaCnia ufleba, sakuTar Tavs mianiWos imuni-teti. Tu, meore mxriv, evrokavSiri am miznis miRwevisaTvis xelSekrulebas gaaformebs ko-sovos xelisuflebasTan, es evrokavSiris mier kosovos aRiarebis tolfasi iqneba. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, evrokavSirs ar hqonda SesaZlebloba, raime gadawyvetileba mieRo kosovos aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT da koso-vos xelisuflebasTan nebismieri saxis SeTan-xmeba iqneba imisi imitacia, risi miniWebac ver moxda. amgvarad, 2008 wlis 4 Tebervlis sabWos erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb dokumentis Ta-

95 amasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT a. oraxelaSvilis `regional-uri organizaciebis samSvidobo operaciebis samarTlebrivi struqtura~, saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba: saerTa-Soriso samSvidobo operaciebis weliwdeuli. 11 (2006), 111 da momdevno.

naxmad, EULEX privilegiebi da imuniteti unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili, magram aq ar aris na-Tqvami, Tu rogor unda moxdes amisi miRweva. faqtobivad, es sakanonmdeblo pirobebSi ver moxerxdeba

3. kosovoSi gaeros misiis iuridiuli statusi

evrokavSiris mier EULEX misiis ganTavsebisa da priStinaSi calmxrivad gamocxadebuli da-moukideblobis arsebobis miuxedavad, gaeros droebiTi administracia kosovoSi (UNMIK) kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis saqmianobas, radgan mas es valdebuleba rezolucia 1244-s Tanax-mad ekisreba. evrokavSirma ganacxada, rom S/RES/1244 -is dasrulebamde gaero mTlianad Cabmuli iqneba kosovos sakiTxebSi96.

UNMIK ar axdens sakuTari valdebulebebis srulad aRsrulebas da Tavis damokidebule-bebs gansazRvravs mTavrobis mier warmoebuli politikuri zewoliT, romelic mxars uWers kosovos damoukideblobas. es cxadi gaxda UNMIK-is negatiuri damokidebulebiT 2008 wlis maisSi kosovoSi serbeTis arCevnebis ga-marTvasTan dakavSirebiT. rezolucia 1244 -is me-11 paragrafis Tanaxmad, UNMIK-is ZiriTadi valdebulebebi moicavs

`demokratiuli da avtonomiuri TviTmmar-TvelobisaTvis droebiTi institutebis or-ganizebas da kontrols arCevnebis Catarebis CaTvliT~.

UNMIK-is xelmZRvanelma da kosovoSi ge-neraluri mdivnis specialurma warmomadge-nelma joakim raqerma uari ganacxada am ar-Cevnebis organizebaze. misi mtkicebiT, UNMIK aris erTaderTi organizacia, romelic iZleva arCevnebis Catarebis uflebas. es gamomdina-reobs UNMIK-is amJamindeli xelmZRvanelis damokidebulebidan, romelic kosovos damou-kideblobas emxroba97. Tumca zemoT mocemuli rezoluciis paragrafi aranair monopolias ar aniWebs UNMIK-s arCevnebis Catarebis Tu arCatarebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. man mxo-

96 sabWos erToblivi moqmedeba 2006/302/ CFSP, 10 aprili, 2006, evrokavSiris oficialuri biuleteni, 26 aprili, 2006, L 112/19.97 ixileT raqeri, `adgilobrivi arCevnebis Sedegebs iuridi-uli Zala ar eqneba~, serbeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministro, 8 maisi, 2008, www.mfa.gov.yu; ixileT qvemoT mocemuli me-7 nawili, aseve serbi ministris slobodan samardzikis werili riuqerisadmi, romelSic serbeTis ministri aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad riuqeris Ria neitraluri politikuri poziciisa, igi ar aris neitraluri poziciis momxre, ixileT www.kosovo-compromise.com.

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lod arCevnebis organizeba da kontroli unda uzrunvelyos.

VII. samomavlo perspeqtivebi: konfliqtis daregulireba

zemoT mocemuli analizidan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Tanaxmad, kosovos ar gaaCnia sakmarisi safuZveli da-moukideblobisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom es kanonsawinaaRmdegoa, am dromde kosovo kvlav arsebobs rogorc faqtobrivi realoba, romelsac rigi gavleniani mTavrobebis mxar-daWera gaaCnia. amgvarad, azrs iZens kosovos samomavlo ganviTarebis perspeqtivebze aqcen-tis gakeTeba.

erTi SesaZlo varianti is aris, rom ser-beTi sabolood aRiarebs kosovos damouki-deblobas da amiT mdgomareoba gamoswordeba. serbeTi am gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT zewolas ganicdis evrokavSiris da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xelisuflebis mxridan. sanacvlod serbeTi ufro mWidro urTierTo-basa da evrokavSiris wevrobis met SesaZle-blobas miiRebs. gamoricxuli ar aris amgvari garigebis arseboba, magram es naklebad sarw-munoa, radgan amJamad serbeTis arc erTi xe-lisufleba ar moaxdens kosovos damoukide-blobis aRiarebas.

meore SesaZlo variantia arsebuli de faqto mdgomareoba, romelsac Tan axlavs ad-gilobrivi konfliqtebi, uTanxmoebebi da kri-zisebi.

mesame varianti serbeTis mier kosovoze kontrolis mopovebisaTvis Zalis gamoyene-baa. am mxriv sainteresoa, Tanamedrove jus ad bellum aZlevs Tu ara serbeTs Zalis gamoyene-bis uflebas. serbeTis mTavrobis angariSebis mixedviT, teritoriebis dabrunebisaTvis isi-ni ar apireben kosovoSi jarebis gagzavnas98. es gagebuli iqna rogorc uari serbeTis mxridan Zalis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT99. amgvarad, serbeTis gancxadeba imas niSnavs, rom serbeTi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ar surs natos jarebTan konfrontaciaze wasvla, ar apirebs sakuTari jarebis kosovoSi gagzavnas. magram es gancxadeba ar niSnavs imas, rom serbeTi ar gamoiyenebs Tavis uflebas _ Zalebi gamoiye-

98 AFP-s informacia, 14 dekemberi 207. 99 ixileT germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministris Stainmaieris gancxadeba, 18 Tebervali, 2008.

nos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis. zogadad, uflebis argamoyeneba ar niSnavs am uflebaze uaris Tqmas da teqsti, romelic Seicavs am uars, mkacrad unda iqnes interpre-tirebuli, rom araferi iqnas navaraudevi rac gancxadebis teqstidan ar gamomdinareobs100.

ZiriTadi SekiTxva SemdegSi mdgomareobs: kosovo, rogorc de faqto reJimi, ramdeni xani iqneba kanonierad daculi Zalis gamoyene-bisagan. radgan kosovo samarTlebrivad rCeba serbeTis nawilad, serbeTis mxridan kosovoze Zalis gamoyeneba mTavrobisa da xelisuflebis aRdgenisaTvis ar ewinaaRmdegeba gaeros wes-debis me-2 (4) muxls, romelic krZalavs saer-TaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamoyenebas. ser herS lauterpaxtma aRniSna, rom araRia-rebuli saxelmwifos teritoria Zalis gamoye-nebisagan daculi ar aris101. rogorc frovaini aRniSnavs, de faqto teritoriuli subieqti iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT ar aris daculi im saxelmwifos Tavdasxmisagan, romelsac igi ga-moeyo. saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoze Zalis gamoyeneba ar iqneba teritoriuli mT-lianobis darRveva102. Zalis amgvari gamoyene-ba ar aris saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso ur-TierTobebis nawili, de faqto erTeuli mesame saxelmwifos mier daculi ar iqneba im saxelm-wifosagan, romelsac igi gamoeyo103. frouveini aseve exeba saerTaSoriso statusiT Zalis ga-moyenebas de faqto teritoriuli erTeulis winaaRmdeg da dasZens, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvas SeuZlia daicvas de faqto teritoriuli erTeulebi104, magram frouveinis analizi ar iTvaliswiebs arc erT teritoriul erTeuls iseTi poziciiT, rogo-ric kosovosia. garda amisa, me-2 (4) muxlis Ta-naxmad, de faqto teritoriul erTeulebTan dakavSirebuli akrZalvebiT mSvidobis dacvis sakiTxi uproblemo namdvilad ar aris, radgan me-2 (4) muxli saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebiT Semoifargleba.

ramdenadac rezolucia 1244 kvlav Zala-Sia, savaraudod, serbeTs ara aqvs ufleba, ganixilos gaeros rezoluciiT dadgenili saerTaSoriso administracia. Tu gaeros ad-100 doqtrinis analizi da uaryofis praqtika, a. oraxelaSvili, ixileT SeniSvna 10, 2006, Tavi 11; igive, ixileT SeniSvna 22, Tavi 13.101 lauterpaxti, ixileT SeniSvna 26, 52.102 frouveini, ixileT SeniSvna 47, 38.103 iqve, 39.104 iqve, 67 da Semdgom.

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ministracia Sewyvets arsebobas an saWiro gax-deba faqtobrivi saxelmwifoebis daarseba, rezolucia 1244-is Tanaxmad, es xels SeuS-lis gaeros miznebs, CaiSleba am rezoluciis safuZvelze dadebuli garigeba da serbeTs SeeZleba, Zala gamoiyenos am arsebuli darR-vevis pasuxad. ganmartebisaTvis, UNMIK-is xel-mZRvanelma uari ganacxada, eRiarebina serbe-Tis arCevnebis kanoniereba. am mdgomareobas cnoba ar esaWiroeba, amave dros, araRiareba efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom kosovo aRar aris serbeTis nawili, xolo rezolucia 1244-is Ta-naxmad, gaeros oficialur pirebs aseTi po-ziciis dafiqsirebis ufleba ar aqvT. aseTi praqtika, misi gaRrmavebis SemTxvevaSi, migviy-vans iseT mdgomareobamde, romlis Sedegadac, rezoluciiT Seqmnili iuridiuli statusi aRar iarsebebs, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es aris rezoluciis darRveva. es serbeTs ufle-bas miscems, Sesabamisi drois momentSi rezo-lucia 1244 Zaladakargulad gamoacxados da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gaagrZelos iZulebiTi moqmedebebi teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis mizniT.

mokled rom vTqvaT, serbeTis mxridan ko-sovos dabrunebisaTvis Zalis gamoyeneba da-mokidebulia rezolucia 1244-is ganxilvis procesze, rac kosovos mdgomareobis inter-nacionalizaciis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv safuZvlebs Seesabameba da ewinaaRmdegeba ser-beTs da sxva saxelmwifoebs. ufro konkretu-lad ki, yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramden xans SeZleben natos jarebi kosovoSi darCenas da SesaZlo SeiaraRebuli konfron-taciis SemTxvevaSi, ramdeni xani eqnabaT maT srulmasStabian saomar mdgomareobaSi yofnis survili.

VIII. daskvniTi nawilikvlevebma aCvena, rom kosovoSi damouki-

deblobis calmxrivi gamocxadeba arRvevs saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs da misi ka-nonierad aRiareba SeuZlebelia. serbeTis da mTeli rigi sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan ko-sovos damoukideblobis sawinaaRmdego mkacri qmedebebiT da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar-sebuli struqturiT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia am damoukideblobis kanonierad cnoba. realoba kosovos damoukideblobis sasargeblod mety-velebs. rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis saxel-

mwifo mdivanma, kondoliza raisma ganacxada, `Tu ar mixedavT realobas, maSin didi uk-mayofilebisa da arastabilurobis marcvals daTesavT~105.

magram am realistur argumentebsac aqvs zRvari. rogorc politikuri realizmis erT-erTi mamamTavari, henri kisinjeri aRniSnavs, `stabiluroba... miiRweva ara mSvidobis Zie-biT, aramed sayovelTaod miRebuli legiti-murobiT~, romelic `niSnavs saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas ganxorcielebadi RonisZiebebis, daSvebuli miznebis da sagareo politikis me-Todebis Sesaxeb.~

legitimuroba `gulisxmobs yvela ZiriTa-di saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso wesrigis CarCo-proeqtis miRebas~, ise rom, arc erTi maTgani ar gaagrZelebs im politikas, rome-lic arasasurvel SeTanxmebebs gulisxmobs106.

am argumentebis kosovosTan mimarTebaSi gamoyenebiT, mosalodnelia, rom mimdinare mdgomareoba ver iqneba myari regionalur an globalur doneze. regionalur doneze ser-beTi ewinaaRmdegeba kosovos damoukideblo-bas globalur doneze ki kosovos damouki-deblobas ewinaaRmdegebian iseTi ZiriTadi moTamaSeebi, rogorebic arian indoeTi, CineTi da ruseTi. Sesabamisad, rogorc regionalur, ise globalur doneze, kosovos damoukide-blobis sakiTxi winaaRmdegobas waawydeba, rac zegavlenas moaxdens mis stabilurobaze. sava-raudod, kosovos damoukideblobis momxre da xelSemwyobi mxareebi Tavidanve mixvdnen, rom is teritoriuli erTeuli, romlis damouki-deblobasac isini mxars uWeren, ver miiRebs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis erTobliv aRia-rebas da arc gaero cnobs mas.

realistur arguments ukureaqciis poten-cialic gaaCnia, Tu kosovos momxre enTuzias-ti saxelmwifoebi dadgebian faqtis winaSe da msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi arsebuli saxel-mwifoebic gamoTqvamen damoukideblobis sur-vils. Tu realisturi argumenti problemis gasaRebi iqneba, maSin saxelmwifoebriobisa da aRiarebis samarTlebriv kriteriumebs gadam-wyveti mniSvneloba aRar eqneba. rogoric ar unda iyos sxva separatistuli teritoriuli erTeulebis saxelmwifoebriobis aRiareba da cnoba, realisturi argumentis kosovos da-105 ̀ kosovo: ruseTis ambiciebi da amerikis Secdomebi~, RIAN -is informacia, 14 dekemberi, 2007, ixileT www.rian.ru.106 h. kisinjeri, msoflio aRdga, meternihi, kaselrei da mSvi-dobis problemebi 1812-1822, 1957, 1 da momdevno.

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moukideblobis sasargeblod gamoyeneba gzas gauxsnis sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnis konsolidacias. Sesabamisad, isini, vinc dRes realistur ar-guments iyeneben kosovos magaliTze, unda moemzadon imisaTvis, rom igive argumentebs moismenen im separatistul teritoriul er-TeulebTan dakavSirebiT, romelTa damouki-deblobasac Tavad ewinaaRmdegebian. realobi-sadmi realisturi damokidebuleba arasodes aris zianis momtani.

137

(sarCelebi #16064/90, 16065/90, 16066/90, 16068/90,

16069/90, 16070/90, 16071/90, 16072/90 and 16073/90)

gauCinarebis faqtebi CrdiloeT kviprosSi

1974 wlis konfliqtis dros

me-2 muxlis (sicocxlis ufleba) gangrZobadi

darRveva

me-3 muxlis (araadamianuri an Rirsebis

Semlaxvel i mopyrobis akrZalva) gangrZobadi

darRvev a

me-5 muxlis (Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis

ufleba) gangrZobadi darRveva

elefTerios Tomasa da savas hajipantelis

mimarT

me-5 muxlis daurRvevloba danarCeni Svidi

dakarguli piris mimarT

konvenciis 41-e muxlis (samarTliani dak-mayofileba) gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac mosarCele mxarem TiToeul sarCelze unda miiRos 12 000 evro arafuladi zaralis ana-zRaurebis saxiT, xolo xarjebis dasafarad _ 8 000 evro TiToeul sarCelze (gadawyveti-leba arsebobs inglisur da frangul enebze).

mTavari faqtebisasamarTloSi sarCeli Setanil iqna 18 kvi-

proseli moqalaqis saxeliT. cxra maTgani 1974 wlis ivlissa da agvistoSi CrdiloeT kviprosSi TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebis

1 didi palatis gadawyvetileba sabolooa (konvenciis 44-2 muxli).

dros gauCinarda. danarCeni cxra mosarCele gauCinarebuli pirebis naTesavebi arain.

cxra dakargul adamians Soris rva berZ-nul-kviprosuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis im qvedanayofSi msaxurobda, romelic TurqeTis armias uwevda winaaRmdegobas da cdilobda, misTvis win wawevis saSualeba ar mieca. ram-denime mowmis gancxadebiT, aRniSnuli pirebi Turqi samxedroebis mier ayvanil tyveebs So-ris iyvnen. mecxre dakarguli adamiani, batoni hajipanteli, bankis TanamSromelia. igi Tur-qma jariskacebma dakiTxvaze waiyvanes 1974 wlis 18 agvistos. misi gvami 2007 wels gaeros dakargulTa komitetis mier ganxorcielebu-li misiis dros ipoves. gvamze ramdenime naty-viari iqna aRmoCenili.

TurqeTis mTavroba ar eTanxmeba mtkice-bulebas, rom aRniSnuli pirebi TurqeTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma tyved aiyvanes. Tur-quli mxare irwmuneba, rom dakarguli pirebi iyvnen samxedro mosamsaxureebi, romlebic samxedro operaciis dros daiRupnen, dakar-gulTagan mecxe adamianis saxeli da gvari ki sapatimroSi arsebul berZen-kviprosel ty-veTa siaSi dafiqsirebuli ar aris. aRniSnuli sia saerTaSoriso wiTeli jvris organizaciam Seamowma. TumcaRa kviprosis mTavroba acxa-debs, rom zemoaRniSnuli cxra adamiani im teritoriaze daikarga, romelsac TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi akontrolebdnen.

66818.09.2009pres-relizi xelmisawvdomia evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlos oficialur veb-gverdze http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?item=1&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=varnava%20%7C%20oth-ers%20%7C%20v.%20%7C%20Turkey&sessionid=32754342&skin=hudoc-pr-enwinamdebare pres-relizi warmoadgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos araoficialur qarTulenovan Targmans.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba1

varnava da sxvebi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

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braldebebi, procedura da sasamarTlos Semadgenloba

mosarCeleTa mtkicebiT, maTi naTesavebi 1974 wels TurqeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier dapatimrebis Semdeg gauCinardnen, Tur-qeTis mmarTvel organoebs ki amisaTvis pasuxi ar ugiaT. sarCeli Semdegi muxlebis safuZvel-zea Setanili: me-2 muxli (sicocxlis ufle-ba), me-3 muxli (araadamianuri da Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis akrZalva), me-4 muxli (iZulebiTi Sromis akrZalva), me-5 muxli (Ta-visuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba), me-6 muxli (saqmis samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxil-vis ufleba), me-8 muxli (piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba), me-10 muxli (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba), me-12 muxli (qorwi-nebis ufleba), me-13 muxli (samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtiani saSualebis ufleba) da me-14 muxli (diskriminaciis akrZalva).

aRniSnuli sarCelebi evropis adamianis uflebaTa komisias 1990 wlis 25 ianvars ware-dgina. komisiam sarCelebi 1991 wlis 2 ivliss miiRo da daSvebulad gamoacxada 1998 wlis 14 aprils. sarCelebi sasamarTlos 1998 wlis 1 noembers gadaeca.

2008 wlis 10 ianvars gamotanil gadawyveti-lebaSi (`palatis sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba~) palatam erTsulovnad aRiara, rom darRveuli iyo konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-5 muxlebi, xolo konvenciis me-4, me-6, me-8, me-10, me-12, me-13 da me-14 muxlebis darRvevis Sesaxeb calke sa-kiTxebi ar ganixileboda. sasamarTlom aseve ganacxada, rom aRmoCenili kanondarRvevebi ukve sakmarisi iyo mosarCeleTa arafuladi zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis dakmayofi-lebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

2008 wlis 7 ivliss, konvenciis 432 muxlis Tanaxmad, TurqeTis mTavrobis moTxovniT, sa-qme did palatas gadaeca gansaxilvelad. kvi-prosis mTavrobam waradgina werilobiTi gan-

2 evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis 43-e muxlis mixed-viT, palatis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dRidan sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi saqmis monawile nebismier mxares, gamon-aklis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia iTxovos saqmis 17 wevrisagan Sem-dgari didi palatisaTvis gadacema. didi palatis kolegia xuTi mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT akmayofilebs am moTxov-nas, Tu saqme wamoWris konvenciis an misi oqmebis ganmartebis an gamoyenebisaTvis seriozul sakiTxs, an zogadi mniSvnelo-bis sxva seriozul sakiTxs. did palatas ki gamoaqvs saqmeze saboloo gadawyvetileba. Tu amgvari sakiTxi ar dgeba, ko-legia moTxovnas uaryofs da, amrigad, gadawyvetileba sabo-looa. sxva SemTxvevaSi, didi palatis gadawyvetileba sabo-loo gadawyvetilebis statuss iRebs misi gamotanidan sami Tvis Semdeg an ufro adre, Tuki mxareebi acxadeben, rom ar iTxoven saqmis 17 wevrisgan dakompleqtebuli didi palati-saTvis gadacemas.

marteba. werilobiTi ganmarteba warmoadgina aseve organizaciam ̀ redresi~(REDRESS), romel-sac 2008 wlis seqtemberSi werilobiT pro-cedurebSi CarTvis ufleba mieca. Ria sxdo-maze mosmena Catarda 2008 wlis 19 noembers, evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTloSi, strasburgSi.

TurqeTis mTavrobam protesti gamoxata sasamarTlos saqmis gadaxedvasTan dakavSire-buli iurisdiqciisadmi. upirveles yovlisa, Turquli mxare acxadebs, rom aRniSnuli sar-Celebis gansazRvrisadmi samarTlebrivi dain-tereseba aRar arsebobs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sasamarTlom ukve gadawyvita berZeni kviproselebis gauCinarebis sakiTxi meoTxe saxelmwifoTSorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad. meorec, sarCelebi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo iurisdiqciis sazRvrebSi ar jdeba, ramdena-dac yoveli sarCeli dakavSirebulia faqte-bTan, romlebic moxda manam, sanam TurqeTi individualuri saCivris uflebas aRiarebda 1987 wlis 28 ianvars. dabolos, faqtebidan sarCelebis Setanamde Zalian didi dro gavi-da. amitomac sarCelebi miuReblad unda ga-mocxadebuliyo sasamarTloSi TurqeTis mier individualuri saCivris uflebis aRiarebidan eqvsi Tvis vadaSi warudgenlobis gamo.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanil iqna sasamarTlos didi palatis mier, romelSic Semdegi Cvidmeti mosamarTle Sedioda:

Jan-pol kosta (safrangeTi) _ prezidenti,fransuaz tulkensi (belgia),jozef kasadevali (andora),anatoli kovleri (ruseTi),vladimiro zagrebelski (italia),lex garlicki (poloneTi),din spilmani (luqsemburgi),sver erik iebensi (norvegia),ineta zimele (latvia),mark viligeri (lixtenSteini), paivi hirvela (fineTi),luis lopes gera (espaneTi),miriana lazarova traikovska (yofili iugos-

laviis respublika _ makedonia),nona woworia (saqarTvelo),en paueri (irlandia),zdravka kalaijieva (bulgareTi), mosamarTleeb i,gonul eroneni (TurqeTi), ad hoc mosamarTleda erik fribergi, gamwesrigebeli.

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adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos didi palatis gadawyvetileba

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba mTavrobis winaswari protesti

samarTlebrivi interesisasamarTlom, upirveles yovlisa, aRniSna

Semdegi: imisaTvis rom sarCeli ukve ganxilu-li sarCelis analogiur sarCelad CaiTvalos, igi ara marto imave faqtebsa da braldebebs unda asaxavdes, rasac ukve ganxiluli sarCe-li, aramed igive mosarCeleebis mier unda iyos warmodgenili. meoTxe saxelmwifoTSorisi sa-qmis ganxilvis Sedegad namdvilad dadginda, rom adgili hqonda samarTladarRvevas yvela dakarguli adamianis mimarT. individualuri sarCelebi sasamarTlos saSualebas aZlevda, daekmayofilebina moTxovna individualur mo-sarCeleTa arafuladi zaralis anazRaurebaze da ganesazRvra nebismieri zogadi an indivi-dualuri RonisZieba, romelic SeiZleba gan-xorcielebuliyo. gadawyvita ra, rom aRniS-nuli ganaCenebis ganxilvis gagrZelebisadmi samarTlebrivi interesi arsebobda, sasamarT-lom uaryo TurqeTis mTavrobis winaaRmdeoba.

droebiTi iurisdiqciasasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mosarCeleebi

garkveviT aRniSnavdnen, rom maTi braldebe-bi dakavSirebuli iyo mxolod 1987 wlis 28 ianvris (kerZod ki TurqeTis mier individua-luri saCivris uflebis aRiarebis) Semdgom mdgomareobasTan. sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom dakarguli adamianebis bed-iRblis gasarkve-vad efeqturi gamoZiebis Catareba mudmivi valdebulebaa da, miuxedavad imisa, rom aR-niSnuli pirebi 34 wlis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen ugzo-ukvlod dakargulebi, es valdebule-ba mudmivad arsebobda am xnis ganmavlobaSi, radganac maTi bedi gaurkveveli iyo da amaze pasuxs aravin agebda. Sesabamisad, am Tvalsa-zrisiT, sasamarTlom TurqeTis mTavrobis wi-naaRmdegoba uaryo.

sasamarTlosaTvis saqmis mogvianebiT war-dgena

sasamarTlos gancxadebiT, mosarCeleebma 1974 wels TavianTi naTesavebis dakargvidan 15 wlis Semdeg Seitanes sarCeli. sarCelis Se-tana maT 1987 wlamde ar SeeZloT. iTvaliswi-nebs ra, gamonaklisis saxiT, arsebul mdgo-mareobas, romelic saerTaSoriso konfliqtma gamoiwvia, sasamarTlos dasaSvebad miaCnia

mosarCeleTa aseTi moqmedeba, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom maT sarCeli TurqeTis mier indivi-dualuri saCivris uflebis aRiarebidan sami wlis Semdg Seitanes. amdenad, sasamarTlom TurqeTi s es winaaRmdegobac uaryo.

me-2 muxlisasamarTlos gancxadebiT, TurqeTis mTa-

vrobas ar warmoudgenia raime konkretuli informacia imis dasamtkiceblad, rom dakar-guli adamianebi gardacvlilebi` ipoves an moklul iqnen konfliqtis zonaSi, romelsac TurqeTi akontrolebda. dakarguli adamiane-bis bed-iRbalTan dakavSirebiT arc sxva raime damajerebeli axsna-ganmarteba arsebobs, rac gaabaTilebda mosarCeleTa mtkicebas, rom aR-niSnuli pirebi gauCinardnen TurqeTis mTa-vrobis mier kontrolirebad teritoriebze. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT meoTxe saxelmwifoT-Sorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebs, romelsac aravin uaryofs, gauCinarebis faqtebi moxda sicocxlisaTvis saSiS garemoebebSi, rodesac samxedro operaciebs Tan axlda masobrivi da-patimrebebi da mkvlelobebi.

sasamarTlo sruliad iziarebs im faqts, rom mniSvnelovania eqshumaciis da neStis identifikaciis procesebi, romelTac gaeros dakargulTa komiteti axorcielebs.sasamarT-lo didad afasebs informaciis mowodebisa da neStis axloblebisaTvis gadacemisaTvis Sesrulebul samuSaos. TumcaRa is imasac aRniSnavs, rom TurqeTis mTavrobis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao mniSvnelovani dasawyisi iyo sagamoZiebo procesSi, magram es sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis, raTa Sesrulebulad Cai-Tvalos misTvis meore muxliT dakisrebuli valdebuleba efeqturi gamoZiebebis Catare-bis Sesaxeb. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, gaeros dakargulTa komiteti ar gansazRvra-vda dakargulTa gardacvalebasTan dakavSi-rebul faqtebs da ar agrovebda an afasebda mtkicebulebebs imisaTvis, rom damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna gan-xorcielebuliyo. es funqcia arc sxva rome-lime organos Seusrulebia. sasamarTlos eWvi ar epareba, rom movlenebidan amdeni wlis Sem-deg, Zalian rTuli iqneba mowmeTa Cvenebebis mopoveba an savaraudo damnaSaveTa winaaRm-deg saqmis aRZvra. Tumca precedentuli sa-marTlis normebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifoebi valdebuli arian,

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efeqturi gamoZieba Caataron, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom TurqeTis mTavrobam yvela au-cilebeli RonisZieba unda gaataros am mimar-TulebiT. amrigad, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom me-2 muxli ganuwyvetiliv irRveva, radganac TurqeTi 1974 wels gauCinarebuli cxra ada-mianis saqmis efeqtur gamoZiebas ar atarebs.

me-3 muxlisasamarTlom gaixsena meoTxe saxelmwifoT-

Sorisi saqmis ganxilvis Sedegebi 1974 wlis gauCinarebis faqtebis konteqstSi. aRniSnul periodSi ganxorcielebul samxedro opera-ciebs Sedegad mohyva mniSvnelovani msxver-pli da masobrivi dapatimrebebi. dakargulTa naTesavebi agoniaSi iyvnen, radgan ar icod-nen maTi axloblebi daxoces Tu daapatimres. ufro metic, kviprosis xangrZlivi danawevre-bis gamo, dakargulTa naTesavebi seriozul dabrkolebebs awydebodnen informaciis Zie-bisas. aseT dros TurqeTis mmarTveli orga-noebis dumili SeiZleba mxolod da mxolod araadamianur mopyrobad Sefasdes.

sasamarTlo zemoaRniSnuli daskvnebis Secvlis veranair mizezs ver xedavs. Tu gavi-TvaliswinebT im xangrZliv periods, romelic dakargulTa axloblebma informaciis molo-dinSi gaatares da oficialuri samsaxurebis indiferentulobas, maSin rodesac dakargul-Ta axloblebi sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis ambis garkvevas mouTmenlad elodnen, aSkaraa, rom me-3 muxli darRveul iqna.

me-5 muxlisasamarTlom aRniSna, rom sadavo iyo ori

dakarguli adamianis Toma elefTeriosisa da savas hajipantelis SemTxveva, romelTa saxe-lebic wiTeli jvris tyveTa siaSi iyo miTiTe-buli da romlebic bolos nanaxi iqnen Tur-qeTis an TurqeTis kviprosuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze. TumcaRa TurqeTis mmarTvel organoebs aR-niSnuli pirebis dapatimreba ar uRiarebiaT da arc dokumenturi mtkicebuleba war-moudgeniaT, rac am ori dakarguli adamianis moZraobis oficialur kvalze miuTiTebda. ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom romelime dakar-gulTagani patimrobaSi imyofeboda im perio-dis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac sasamarTlo ga-nixilavs. amitomac TurqeTis mTavrobas unda daemtkicebina, rom aRniSnul sadavo sakiTx-

Tan dakavSirebiT, efeqturi gamoZieba Caata-ra, rom ori aRniSnuli dakarguli piri tyved aiyvanes da mas Semdeg isini aravis unaxavs. sasamarTlos mier me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT dadgenili faqtebis gamo ueWveli xdeba, rom TurqeTis mmarTvelma organoebma am kuTxi-Tac ver Caatares saWiro gamoZieba. amdenad, Toma elefTeriosisa da savvas hajipantelis winaaRmdeg me-5 muxli ganuwyvetliv irRveva.

ar arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebuleba, rome-lic daadasturebs, rom danarCeni Svidi ada-miani bolos TurqeTis mier kontrolirebul teritoriaze dainaxes. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli Svidi piris winaaRmdeg me-5 muxli ar darRveula.

sxva muxlebisaqmeSi arsebuli faqtebis, mxareTa ar-

gumentebis da konvenciis me-2, me-3 da me-5 muxlebis mixedviT gamotanili gadawyvetile-bebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom man ganixila wardgenil sarCelTan dakav-Sirebuli mTavari samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi da mosarCeleTa danarCen pretenziebTan dakavSi-rebiT calke gadawyvetilebis gamotana saWi-rod ar miiCnia.

mosamarTleebma _ kalaijievam, pauerma, spilmanma, viligerma da zimelem gamoxates Tanmxvedri azri, xolo mosamarTle eronenma _ gansxvavebuli azri. yvela mosazreba Tan er-Tvis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas.

***sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi SegiZliaT ixi-

loT misamarTze http://www.echr.coe.int

sakontaqto pirebi

qristina penCeva-malinovski (tel: 00 33 (0)3 88 41 35 70)

stefano pidimonte (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 42 04)Treisi terner-treci (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 88 41 35 30)

selin menu-lengi (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 58 77)

frederik dolti (tel.: 00 33 (0)3 90 21 53 39)

evropis adamianis uflebaTa sasamarTlo daarsda

strasburgSi 1959 wels, 1950 wlis evropis adamianis

uflebaTa konvenciis savaraudo darRvevaTa gan-

xilvis mizniT.

jan-pol kosta · jan-pol kosta. 3 xalxis saketildreod 60 wlis win, 1949 wlis 23 maiss, gamoqveynda...

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