January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968

SLAVERY AND

SECTIONALISM IN THE USA

QUAKERS FIRST IN AMERICA TO REJECT SLAVERY IN PA

JEFFERSON’S ORIGINAL DEC. OF INDEP. EDITED – Original addressed problem of slavery

THE SPREAD OF SLAVERY

FREE BLACKS IN USA - 1860

SLAVES ARE PROPERTY FORCED TO WORK

WORST EVIL OF SLAVERY:FAMILY BREAK UP

“THE MELTING POT”The Birth of a New Culture

FAITH AND RELIGION

“BROOMSTICK WEDDING”

SLAVERY RESISTANCEAmerican Colonization Society

Liberia Colony

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820• Kept Balance of Power in Congress – MO = Slave,

ME = Free. • No slavery N. of 36’ 30’ line in Territories.

Jefferson’s Response to Missouri Compromise

• “But this momentous question, like a firebell in the night awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the knell of the Union”

(knell = signal of death)

SECTIONALISM: FREE SLAVE UNORGANIZED

Sectionalism Divides Sectionalism Divides America America

• Sectionalism - Sectionalism - placing of the placing of the needs of one needs of one section of the section of the nation over the nation over the needs of the needs of the whole nation.whole nation.

What was the difference between the What was the difference between the

two sections?two sections?

• The North - Primarily Industrial Economy– Business / industry played major roles.

– While the North was not known for its agricultural production it was the largest producer of grain.

– Life was faster and commerce important.

What was the difference between the What was the difference between the two sections?two sections?

• THE SOUTHTHE SOUTH - Primarily - Primarily agricultural.agricultural. The southern The southern economy was primarily based economy was primarily based upon the existence of large upon the existence of large family farms known as family farms known as plantations. plantations. – The plantation economy relied The plantation economy relied

on cheap labor in the form of on cheap labor in the form of slaves to produce tobacco and slaves to produce tobacco and cotton.cotton.

– The plantation lifestyle produced The plantation lifestyle produced a slower more leisurely lifestyle.a slower more leisurely lifestyle. Farmers on the plantation did Farmers on the plantation did not do the work themselves. not do the work themselves. They were referred to as the They were referred to as the "gentleman farmer.""gentleman farmer."

What issues created the What issues created the Sectional Sectional

ConflictConflict?? •SlaverySlavery - - The most The most

important difference important difference between the North and between the North and SouthSouth

• Most Northerners really Most Northerners really didn't care about slavery didn't care about slavery in the beginningin the beginning

• As time went onAs time went on, slavery, , slavery, the existence of it, as the existence of it, as well as the extension of well as the extension of slavery into the western slavery into the western territories, territories, became the became the central issue.central issue.

• RepresentationRepresentation - - The North and South each The North and South each wanted power to pass laws that would benefit their wanted power to pass laws that would benefit their section.section.

– This meant that the more states that became "free" or This meant that the more states that became "free" or "slave" meant more votes, both in the House, Senate and "slave" meant more votes, both in the House, Senate and Electoral College, for that section of the country. Electoral College, for that section of the country.

• Tariffs:: - - The South resented all The South resented all

tariffs - relied on British tariffs - relied on British

iimports for more of everyday mports for more of everyday

goods.goods. They also They also needed other needed other

nations to purchase cottonnations to purchase cotton from from

their farms. their farms.

--The North supported tariffs to protect their growing The North supported tariffs to protect their growing industriesindustries. The South became increasingly angered. . The South became increasingly angered. -1828 “The Tariff of Abominations" = the South then argued -1828 “The Tariff of Abominations" = the South then argued

they had the right of they had the right of nullificationnullification. (nullification - the power . (nullification - the power of a state to declare a federal law null and void.)of a state to declare a federal law null and void.)

• States Rights - Issue was a direct outgrowth of the Issue was a direct outgrowth of the South's fear that the North would pass laws that would South's fear that the North would pass laws that would hurt it's lifestyle.hurt it's lifestyle. EX: tariffs and anti-slavery lawsEX: tariffs and anti-slavery laws – The South again claimed they had the right of nullificationThe South again claimed they had the right of nullification.

– These issues together lead to the SECESSION of Southern states. They form the Confederacy.

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun Vs.Vs. Daniel Webster Daniel Webster

SOUTHERN WAY OF LIFE UNDER ATTACK

Fuels Sectional Crisis

ONLY A FEW SLAVE REVOLTSNat Turner - 1831

LA AMISTAD SHIP REVOLT

MEXICAN AMERICAN WARGaining More Territory – TX to CA

Wilmot Proviso

• Ban slavery in the territories obtained from the Mexican-American War

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY• Allowing residents of territory to vote for

themselves – slave or free.

COMPROMISE OF 1850 – Henry Clay• CA = free state• Fugitive slave law passed• NM territory = popular sovereignty• Slave Trade abolished in DC • TX gave up land claims for $

SLAVEOWNERS FIGHT TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE

ABOLITIONISTS – Fight to End Slavery Frederick Douglass Harriet Tubman John Brown

Sojourner Truth William Garrison

ABOLITIONIST NEWSPAPERS

UNCLE TOM’S CABINHarriet Beecher Stowe

Immorality of Slavery – Expose to North

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

CONDUCTOR HARRIET TUBMAN

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

TUBMAN MEMORIALS

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT - 1854

• Divide Territory into KS and NE• Allows KS territory Pop. Sov.• Shatters MO Compromise – KS is N. of 36’ 30” line

“BORDER RUFFIANS” - Pro-Slavery folk cross border to stack elections

SACK OF LAWRENCE, KS – Raid on Abolitionist town

BLEEDING KANSAS – 1856-1859

BLEEDING KANSAS – Murders over slavery expansion (John Brown)

Charles Sumner (N.) “caned” in Senate by Preston Brooks (S.) after made anti-slavery speech

Political Strife…Slavery Divides the Whig Party

• Whigs – political in-fighting– Southern Whigs

were pro-slavery in the territories

– Northern Whigs were anti-slavery in the territories

• Party splits

Nativism – Favor “Native” born

(ANTI- IMMIGRANT) • OLD v. NEW

Immigrants

• American Party (The “Know Nothings”) –– Southern Know-

Nothing were pro-slavery in the territories

– Northern Know-Nothing were anti-slavery in the territories

Know-Nothing Party Flag

“GANGS OF NEW YORK”

• Old Immigrant “Natives” (English, German, Dutch)

(NW Europe)

• vs.

• New Immigrant Irish (E. & S. Europe)

Free-Soil Party (1848)

• opposed extension of slavery into territories (Lincoln)

• threat of slaves taking free white men’s job…

• not necessarily abolitionists• “Free Trade, Free Labor,

Free Speech, and Free Men.”

REPUBLICAN PARTY IS BORN1854

• Took in Free-Soilers, N. Whigs and Democrats

• Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act, no slavery in territories, wide range of views–Election of 1856… slavery in the

territories the BIG issue in politics–Main opponent = S. Democrats

Election of 1856

• Democrat Buchanan defeats

JOHN BROWN STRIKES AGAINRAID ON HARPER’S FERRY ARSENAL

OCTOBER 16, 1859

John Brown• John Brown wanted to free

slaves in Virginia • In 1859, he raided an arsenal

at Harper’s Ferry, VA with 20 men in order to lead an uprising.

• He hoped other slaves in the south would join him, but none did.

• Troops led by Robert E. Lee stopped the rebellion. Brown was tried, convicted & hung.

• The case of Brown brought more attention to the issue of slavery.

JOHN BROWN HANGED

BROWN BECOMES ABOLITIONIST MARTYRSoutherners Become Terrified for Next Incident

Slavery Divides the Nation

The Dred Scott Case• Dred Scott was a

slave who traveled with his master from Missouri (slave state) to Illinois & Wisconsin (free states).

• Scott sued for his freedom since he had been in a free state.

DRED SCOTT DECISION - 1857

• USSC said Scott not a citizen – can’t sue

• Ruled MO Comp. violated 5th Amendment

• Can’t restrict where you take your property

The 5th Amendment

• No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

The Ruling• Slaves were only

property. Slave owners had a right to keep their property. Therefore, slavery was upheld.

• Huge victory for South

• Scott was given freedom by old owners Chief Justice Taney

Illinois Senate Election of 1858• Stephen A. Douglas (Democrat) & Abraham Lincoln

(Republican) ran for 1 Senate seat. • Douglas was nicknamed the “Little Giant,” while Lincoln,

“the best stump speaker in the West,” towered over him in the series of 7 debates held across the state of Illinois.

Lincoln & Slavery• Lincoln attacked the Dred

Scott decision, saying “I do not believe it is a constitutional right to hold slaves in a territory of the United States.” He thought slavery was “a moral, social, and political wrong.”

• He was willing to tolerate slavery in the South, if he had to, but he did not want slavery to expand.

Stephen A. Douglas

• Douglas wanted the people to decide. This was called popular sovereignty.

• Douglas said, “the people have the lawful means to introduce [slavery] or exclude it as they please.” This idea became known as the Freeport Doctrine.

Lincoln said in the debates…

“A house divided against itself cannot stand…I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided.”

Presidential Election of 1860• Although Douglas won the Senate seat in 1858, the

local race made Lincoln famous & propelled him into the national spotlight.

• By opposing slavery, supporting land for farmers, and construction of roads and a transcontinental railroad Lincoln won the Presidential election of 1860.

• The anti-slavery candidate won, but the nation was still divided.

1860 ELECTION BRINGS CHAOS