Japanese Agriculture and Migra2o Big Farms deeply depending on the Technical Intern

Training Progra

Ando University of Tokyo-shy‐-shy‐ maileccu-shy‐tokyoacjp

amp Kenji13 Horiguchi13 Waseda University-shy‐-shy‐kenjihorwasedajp

113

Chinese trainees Japanese family farm

213

Chinese woman trainees with Japanese farmer

313

Indonesian trainees with Japanese family farm in Kagawa13 Prefecture

413

MapMam13M13

Map of Japan and Ibrak Prefecture

Prefecture

agawa Prefecture

Japanese GDP is $4380 billion in 2007 almost one third of the

United States The percentage of the agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishing

industry lsquo GDP tt total GDP is 14 while it is 11 in US populaYon is 128 million people with working

people of 64 million which means almost half of populaYon is labor force and it is same as US

has 14 of agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishery industryrsquosworking people to total labor force while Japan has 42 But 40 of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old so slide of reYring movement of farmers

comes out very soon

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Chinese woman trainees with Japanese farmer

313

Indonesian trainees with Japanese family farm in Kagawa13 Prefecture

413

MapMam13M13

Map of Japan and Ibrak Prefecture

Prefecture

agawa Prefecture

Japanese GDP is $4380 billion in 2007 almost one third of the

United States The percentage of the agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishing

industry lsquo GDP tt total GDP is 14 while it is 11 in US populaYon is 128 million people with working

people of 64 million which means almost half of populaYon is labor force and it is same as US

has 14 of agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishery industryrsquosworking people to total labor force while Japan has 42 But 40 of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old so slide of reYring movement of farmers

comes out very soon

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Indonesian trainees with Japanese family farm in Kagawa13 Prefecture

413

MapMam13M13

Map of Japan and Ibrak Prefecture

Prefecture

agawa Prefecture

Japanese GDP is $4380 billion in 2007 almost one third of the

United States The percentage of the agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishing

industry lsquo GDP tt total GDP is 14 while it is 11 in US populaYon is 128 million people with working

people of 64 million which means almost half of populaYon is labor force and it is same as US

has 14 of agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishery industryrsquosworking people to total labor force while Japan has 42 But 40 of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old so slide of reYring movement of farmers

comes out very soon

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

MapMam13M13

Map of Japan and Ibrak Prefecture

Prefecture

agawa Prefecture

Japanese GDP is $4380 billion in 2007 almost one third of the

United States The percentage of the agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishing

industry lsquo GDP tt total GDP is 14 while it is 11 in US populaYon is 128 million people with working

people of 64 million which means almost half of populaYon is labor force and it is same as US

has 14 of agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishery industryrsquosworking people to total labor force while Japan has 42 But 40 of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old so slide of reYring movement of farmers

comes out very soon

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Japanese GDP is $4380 billion in 2007 almost one third of the

United States The percentage of the agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishing

industry lsquo GDP tt total GDP is 14 while it is 11 in US populaYon is 128 million people with working

people of 64 million which means almost half of populaYon is labor force and it is same as US

has 14 of agriculture-shy‐forestry and fishery industryrsquosworking people to total labor force while Japan has 42 But 40 of working force for agriculture in Japan is older than 65 years old so slide of reYring movement of farmers

comes out very soon

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13

1 Expected Reform of the current Technical Intern Training Program ―from13 the13 viewpoint of13

agriculture―To keep the current trainee system or to change to th

worker system

　Japanese13 agriculture13 and its13 structural13 change

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Big family farms appear recently by lease and hired workers mean size of each family farm is only 183ha (45

acres) in 2008 so they do not afford to hire theworkers

the different type of farmstead from theconvenYonal household operaYon grows across Japan They expand the size of business by renYng farmlandfrom farm families which give up farming Although its share is sYll small they account 45 of allfamily farms with managing 5 ha or more per eachfarm

this fact is important in terms of employeworkers for these large farms

the hired workers especially the traineesthey can not maintain the size of business 813

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

2) The current13 number of foreign13 workers and the role of trainees

Among 760 thousand authorized workers first 180 thousand are specialist-shy‐skillful workers and second 370 thousand of mainly Japanese descent people as permanent residents is with no restricYon of job selecYon Third is 100 thousand people with specific acYvity including 70 thousand trainees under the technical intern training program Forth is 110 thousand people are mainly under part-shy‐Yme jobs for the students from abroad

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

3) Agriculture heavily depending on the trainees

industry trainees working for apparel and sewing industry are largest with 91 thousand

Next13 is 7 thousand for food processing industry 57 thousand are for farms

45 thousand for metalworking industry thousand for rubber and plasYc industry

15 thousand people are for others

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

13

2Hor2culture is a growing sector in Japanese agriculture to need more

workers while Japanese agriculture is dwindling

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Tabl 1 TThh traansitio o thth ggrros faar productio i JJaapan

Rice Vegitable Fruits Livestock Others

Source MAFF

trilion yen

11

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

HorYcultural farmers have big share in agricultural sales

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

5～7 7～10 10～15 15～

others

livestock

flowers

fruits

greenhouse

vegetable

rice

Tabl h ffffaar structur o ffaarmin typpe b thth ssccal o ssaales(2005

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Nearly13 half of vegetable planYngacreage is concentrated to big farms

by renYng in farmland

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The nuum be off farm ers

The average acrage off planting vegetable (ha)

The average acreage o field (ha)

The raatio of

farm ers w ho reent farm land（）

The raatio off lease

farm land of the total operating field （）

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

510586(1000) 385503 755) 61391 120) 23925 47) 12046 24) 27721 54)

053 015 060 107 155 417

081 030 088 169 241 630

184 123 262 369 445 583

216 162 194 214 227 258

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Table 3 Thhe farm structure o veegetable producing farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultutra C e ensus

13

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

A few large scale vegetable farmersare growing their operaYon size byleasing and hiring farm workers

Acreage off plantin vegegetable

The raatio off farm ers w ho hire faarm w orker byy the year（）

The avverage num ber of hire farm w orker b tthhe yea pe fararm er（p erson）

The raatio o farm ers w ho hiire seasonal w orkers（）

The avverage num be o hired seasona w orkers pe fararm er（m an-day)

Total Les thahan 05ha5ha 05～1 0ha 10～1 5ha 15～2 0ha

M ore thhan 20ha

19 10 32 41 50 85

005 003 009 012 014 028

163 121 219 280 312 458

150 73 213 322 348 847

13 Table 4 Thhe situation o hiiring w orkers regarding vegetable farm ers(2005) 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Source Aggricultura C e ensus

14

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

3Outline of the Technical13 Intern13 Training13 Program-shy‐A legal loophole to hire low wage

farm worker from abroad

15

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

A parYcipant can be engaged in bothTechnical Intern Training Programs for

up to three years

16

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The previous system

17

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The limit on the number of technicalintern trainees to accept

Total number of regular employees at Inmlenting Organizations Number of Technical Intern Trainees

301 or more employees 120th of the total number of full-time employees 201 or more employees and 300 or less employees 15 Technical Intern Trainees 101 or more employees and 200 orl ess employees 10 Technical Intern Trainees 51 or more employees and 100 or less employees 6 Technical Intern Trainees

50 or less employees 3 Technical Intern Trainees Note1 Techinical Intern Treinees are not considered full-time employees Note2 The maximum of Technical Intern Trainees where Supervising Organizations are agircultural

Cooperatives is 2 regarding incorporated farms Source JITCO

Table 8 Limitation on the number of accepted Technical Intern Trainees

18

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Number13 of trainees for each farm note that the number of technical intern trainees of

farmers whose supervising organizaYons are agriculturacooperaYves is less than that of farmers whose supervisinorganizaYons are small business associaYonsFamers someYmes demand the lack of balance betweenagricultural cooperaYves and small business associaYonsThe limitaYon rule has been the same afer theamendment of the ImmigraYon Control and RefugeRecogniYon Act in July 2009Judging from the limitaYon of the number of technicalintern trainees most of the farmers who accept technicalintern trainees have not yet established large scale farminbeyond family farming

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

4The situa2on13 of Technical13 Intern13 Trainees13 Program13 in agriculture

year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 The number of trainees(A) 3516 4645 4280 5980 6606 7496 9264 6353 The number of trainees who applied for transition technical interns(B) 510 849 1155 1837 2758 3341 4045 4981

The estimated total number of the trainees and technical intern trainees 4273 6004 6284 8972 11201 13595 16650 15379

NoteThe estimated number of the trainee is the sum total of (A) (B) and the year before (B) 13 13 13 13 13 13 The number is the maimum Some are dismissed run away from their farm to somewhere 13 13 13 13 13 13 and are deported for crime SourceJITCO

Table 9 The transition of the number of trainees in agriculture

20

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

13

The13 number13 of13 trainee13 for13 hor2cultur is13 tt largest13 with13 som

regiregi nal difference

51(3079)

29(1784)

9(549)

6(387) 5(290)

Table 10 The proportion of trainees who applied for transition to technical intern trainees by work (2008)

Greenhous

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Ibaraki13 Prefecture13 has13 the13 largest13 traineeｓ13

The rankingof the

vegetableproduction

2007 2008 2007 2008 2008Total 6291 6511 4045 4981 ―

Ibaraki 2199 2339 1249 1546 3Chiba 529 457 376 440 2Aichi 235 206 285 385 4

Kumamoto 394 481 284 298 5Hokkaido 306 328 164 246 1Nagano 412 411 152 196 9Gunma 88 151 114 170 7Tochigi 300 214 110 136 8Kagawa 153 138 93 133 30

Miyazaki 151 132 39 120 10Total of the top-ten 4767 4857 2866 3670 ―

SourceJITCO MAFF

　　　Table 11 The number of the trainees in agriculture by prefecture(Top 10)

The number of thetrainees(1)

The number oftrainees who applied

for transition totechnical intern

trainee(2)

2213

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Asahi13 Village13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned

byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber of

woman

Sweetpotato Potato Japanese

radish

Cherrytomato(greenhouse)

1 270 1470 1740 2 2 1740 30 36002 450 600 1050 1 1 800 350 50 33003 450 820 1270 2 1 1270 25 25004 230 1000 1230 2 2 1010 200 20 21005 350 800 1150 2 2 1150 30 26006 380 700 1080 2 2 1000 200 200 20 2900

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in September 2002

Table 12 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Asahi Village

The operation acreage

Farmersnumber

Family labor The area planted

Totalsales

2313

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

Indonesian Japanese1 0 5 22 12 4 23 3 3 04 2 0 05 2 2 26 0 0 3

Note 1 Indonesians seem to be unauthorized seasonal workersNote 2 All the Japanes seasonal workers are women and live in the neigborhood of their employrsNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 13 The hired farm workers in Asahi Village

Farmersnumber

The number of seasonal workers The number offoreign trainees

2413

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The13 farmers13 interviewed13 13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 of13 Ibaraki13

Landowned byfarmer

Landrentedfrom

others

Totalarea

Thenumberof men

Thenumber

ofwoman

Chinesecabbage Cabbage Luttuce Eggplant Melon

1 140 1580 1720 2 2 1750 250 51 77302 240 1370 1610 1 2 2100 35 130 60503 150 855 1005 2 2 na 250 330 50444 208 800 1008 2 2 1200 70 30 55005 200 400 600 2 2 600 320 140 36286 100 350 450 1 1 350 270 100 15 50 3472

Note 1 The unit of the operation acreage is an are Note 2 All family labors work more than 100 day in a year and most of them are full-time farmersNote 3 The unit of the area planted is an areNote 4 The unit of total sales is ten thousand Japanese yen Source Field survey conducted in August 2003

Table 14 The general situation of the target famers of the survey in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The operation acreage Family labor

Totalsales

The area planted

2513

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

The13 number13 of13 seasonal13 and13 trainee13 workers13 13

1 412 0 22 1350 4 03 480 0 24 40 0 25 90 0 26 35 0 2

Note 1 All the seasonal workers are Japanese except those of No2 farmer No2 farmer hires Indonesian unauthorized workers maximum of which is six Note 2 Japanes year-round workers are hired through Public Employment Security OfficeNote 3 All the foreign trainees are Chinese

Table 15 The hired farm workers in Yachiyo Town

Farmersnumber

The numberof foreigntrainees

The man-daysof seasonal

workers

The number ofJapanese year-roud

farm worker

2613

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

613 The13 latest13 situa2on13 of13 Yachiyo-shy‐Town13 No13 Chinese13 trainees13 back13 to13

China13 aNer13 the13 disaster13 13The13 reason13 why13 they13 have13 no13 trainee13 back13 to13

home13 country13 afer13 the13 earthquake13 tsunami13 and13 nuclear13 plant13 disasters13 is13 considered13 as13 follows13 13The13 agricultural13 cooperaYve13 in13 Yachiyo13 Town13 as13 supervising13 organizaYon13 has13 had13 long13 and13 strong13 cooperaYon13 with13 Chinese13 sending13 organizaYon13 to13 manage13 the13 program13 smoothly13

132713

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Both13 employers13 and13 Chinese13 trainees13 are13 almost13 saYsfied13 with13

the13 current13 system13About13 wage13 basic13 wage13 for13 4413 hours13 per13 week13 is13 69013 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 same13 as13 the13 minimum13 wage13 in13 Ibaraki13 and13 pay13 for13 overYme13 work13 is13 86313 yen13 per13 one13 hour13 13 Trainees13 menYoned13 the13 average13 actual13 monthly13 income13 was13 from13 12013 to13 15013 thousand13 yen13 while13 farmers13 told13 they13 paid13 around13 19013 thousand13 which13 included13 tax13 social13 security13 costs13 and13 others13 13In13 addiYon13 to13 this13 farmers13 pay13 voyage13 expense13 and13 213 monthsrsquo13 cost13 for13 training13 period13 which13 was13 around13 20013 ndash13 30013 thousand13 yen13 13 2013 thousand13 yuan13 (almost13 30013 thousand13 yen)13 guarantee13 money13 training13 costs13 traveling13 cost13 and13 costs13 for13 213 organizaYons13 acYvity13 etc13 are13 paid13 by13 farms13 13 Some13 farmer13 who13 has13 introduced13 Chinese13 trainees13 for13 1013 years13 menYoned13 that13 total13 cost13 except13 the13 wage13 is13 about13 5013 thousand13 yuan13 (75013 thousand13 yen)13 per13 one13 trainee13 13

132813

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913

Conclusionchange13 to13 the13 guest13 worker13 system13

Japanese13 trainee13 program13 looks13 like13 the13 guest13 worker13 program13 in13 the13 US13 but13 the13 trainees13 are13 not13 allowed13 to13 come13 into13 Japan13 with13 their13 families13 13We13 must13 examine13 two13 or13 more13 Ymes13 of13 their13 visits13 to13 Japan13 with13 families13 and13 the13 longer13 maximum13 period13 than13 the13 current13

three13 years13 available13 1313

2913