jasc: journal of applied science and computations issn no ...programming language developed by apple...

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Syeda Jamema Fatima ,Urvashi, Sunanda Vempati,M s.P R Anisha,

Dr. B V Ramana Murthy, Mr. C Kishor Kumar Reddy

Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women

Chapel road, Abids, Hyderabad - 500 001

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected],[email protected]

ABSTRACT

With the rapid development of software industry, more and more people want to learn programming languages.

But now a days there are more than 200 programming languages available, only a few of them can be applied

comparatively widely. Five of the most popular programming languages C, C++, Swift ,Python and Java are chosen

to be the objects to study. The technical features of these five programming languages were summarized and

compared with each other .C is suitable for systems-programming applications, hardware related applications,

embedded device, chip designing, and industrial automation products. C++ is appropriate for the software

development such as application software, device drivers and high-performance server .Swift is a general purpose

programming language developed by Apple IOS,OS X and Watch OS .Python is used in many application domains

such as Console based applications ,web applications and Business application .Java is a great language and

platform for any kind of application. It is open ,fast ,powerful ,runs on any platform.

1. INTRODUCTION

Software made our lives easier and simple. People might use the software to write the articles, for communication

and play games on the electronic devices. In recent years, the applications of software have dominated in many

fields of our life. First, there is office software such as Microsoft Office and Open Office which brought us a huge

improvement in the efficiency of study and work related to the text editor. Secondly, with the wide application

of communication software such as Skype ,MSN ,Yahoo Message, the communication between people become

more and more convenient. Furthermore, it has became cheaper and cheaper for people to contact with each other.

For example, by using one software call “Fring”, people can make free mobile call through the wireless network

.vivid and attractive games are available for the game machines such as “play-station 3” and “WII”. By playing the

games, people can not only relax but also enjoy. Clearly the public has experienced the power of the software. And

all the software is written by the programming languages.Software is a set of programs which in turn is a set of

instructions. The development in the technology of programming languages is also rapid. Since the first generation

of programming languages emerges in early 1950, programming languages have five generations. The aim of latest

generation of programming languages is to “make the computer solve a given problem without the

programmers".[ 1 ][ 2 ]

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019

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Page No:391

2.PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

2.1. C and C++

Introduction of C&C++ C is a general purpose , imperative computer programming supporting structural, procedural programming

paradigm. It is most widely used programming languages. This is now widely used in the range of many platforms

i.e. from micro controller to super computers. Many later borrowed this language directly or indirectly from C

including C++, C#, unix's, C shell, Javascript, Go, LPC , Perl, PHP, Python etc.

C++ is a general purpose object- oriented programming language and it is an extension of C. C++ is one of the

most popular languages primarly utilized with system/application software client-server applictions and embedded

firmware.

History of C&C++

C is a programming language which is born at At &T's Bell laboratories of USA in 1972.It was written by Dennis

Ritchie. This was created for specific purpose: to design the UNIX operating system (which is used on many

computers). In the beginning C was intended to be useful to allow busy programmers to get things done ,in the

outside world of Bell labs this language was used by more and more people, and became more effiecnt than other

programming languages. In the late 1970's of programming language.

YEAR AUTHORS BRIEF DESCRIPTION

1978 Brian Kernighan ,Dennis Ritchie It is the first edition of C programming

language . It describes about

commonly referred to as K&R

The second edition of the book covers .

1990 ------- A committee was formed by the

American National standards

Institute(ANSI) it was approved by the

International standards

Organizations(ISO).

YEAR AUTHORS BRIEF DESCRIPTION

1979 Bjarne Stroustrup a Danish computer

scientist

First started the work on C with classes

later the predecessor to C++ , he

combined the simula's use of classes

and object - oriented features with the



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power and efficiency of C . the term

C++ was first used in the year 1983.

C++ was designed for the UNIX system environment , it represents an enhancement of the C programming

language and enables programmers to improve the quality of code produced , thus making reusable code easier to

write.

Features of C&C++

A C program , whatever its size , consists of functions and variables . A function contains of the statements that

specify the commputing operations to be done , and variables store values used during the computations.

Structure of C program :

preprocessor directives

Global declarations

main()

{

====== (local declaration)

}

-an example as per the structure of above one

\*first C program : Hello World *\

#include<stdio.h>

int main(void)

{

printf("hello world!\n");

}

The preprocessor directives consists of preprocessor commands E.g.: #include<stdio.h>. The preprocessor

commands comes at the beginning of the program (#) pound sign Ex-#include<stdio.h>. The above line includes

'stdio.h'nheader file from the c library into the program.The execution of the program starts with the 'main' function .

Comments (line comments& block comments) are used are used to document the program. The main function

function comes in two forms

1.int main(void)

2.int main(int argc ,char*argv[])



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The C language also exhibits the following characteristics: There is a small fixed number of keywords including a

full set of control-flow primitives : For, While,Switch and do/while.There are a large number of arithmetical and

logical operators such as +,+=,++,&,~etc.User defined (type def) and compound types are possible.

1.Structures

2.Union

3.Array

4.Enumerated types

5.Strings

6.Low- level access to computer memory is possible by converting machine addresses top typed pointer.

7.Real World Programming involves a great number of extensions beyond the standard language and

programmers mist ded,with other libraries and possibly other languages , when writing real applications.

8.Many later borrowed this language directly or indirectly from C including C++, C#,unix's, C shell,

JavaScript, Go,LPC ,Perl, PHP ,Python ,Rust, Swift ,Verilog and system verilog.

9.When object -oriented languages became popular , C++ and objective - C were two different extensions of C

that provided object - oriented capabilities.

10.The C++ programming language was designed by Bjarne Stroustrup as an approach to providing object-

oriented functinality with a C- like syntax.C+++ is Standardized by the International Oraganisation for

Standardization(ISO). Before this standardisation in 1998,C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell labs

since 1979 as an of C language as he wanted an efficient and flexible language similar to C , which also

provided high- level features for program organisation.

11.It has two main components a direct mapping of hardware features provided primarily by the C subset and

zero overhead abstractions based on those mappings.C++ inherits most of C's syntax. The following is Bjarne

Stroustrup version of the Hello World Program that uses the C++ standard libary stream facility.

Write a message to Standard Output:

#include<iostream>

{

cout<<"Hello world!\n";

return 0;

}

The C++ introduces the Object - oriented programming features to C, they are:1.Classes, 2.Abstraction,

3.Encapsulation, 4.Inheritance and 5.Polymorphism

1.Classes- It is the blue print of the data and functions or methods . It does not take any space, it is a user defined

data type. In this by default the private are secured and cannot be seen, whereas the public and the

protected can be seen.

Syntax of the class:

class class name

{

private:

// data members and member functions declarations;

public:


protected:


};



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2.Abstraction and Encapsulation- It is the combing of data and functions into a single unit is called Encapsulation.

it means it hides the information from the outside world and only the functions in the class can access it

.The data abstraction is said to be it shows only needed information to the outside world by hiding the

implementation details. the advantages of data abstraction is that we can change the implementation of data

at point of time.

1. Inheritance- It is the method of acquiring the objects of one class the properties of the another

class .It supports the concept of hierarchal and it provides reusability, this means we can add as

many additional features to the existing class without modifying it.

2. Polymorphism-Here poly means more than two and morphism means

.Polymorphism means the ability to take more than three forms, it depends on the types of data

used in the operation .It is of two types Function overloading, Operator overloading.

1.operator overloading means different behaviors' are exhibited at different instances.

2.function overloading means single function performs different tasks.

3.polymorphism is used extensively in the inheritance.

Real World Applications of C&C++

1.Operating Systems- C language has been an integral part of the development of multiple operating

system Unix-kernel,microsoft windows utilities and operation system applications and a large

segment of the android operating system have all been scripted.

2.Development of New Languages- Efficiency of code execution & simplicity have resulted in C directly

or indirectly influence development of many languages including C++ which is C with classes,

C#, D , Java script,PHP,and python and verilog.

3.Computation Platform- C implements algorithms & data structures in program swiftly, facilitating

faster computation in the program. It enabled the use of C in higher degrees of calculations like

MATLAB &Mathematic.

4.Embedded systems- Various features of C including direct access to machine level hardware , API's,

presence of C compilers , deterministic resource use and dynamic memory allocation make C

language an optimum choice for scripting applications & drivers of embedded systems.

5.Graphics & Games- C language has been used in the development of a variety of group and gaming

applications , such as chess, bouncing ball , archery etc.

Some real world applications of C++ includes games, graphic user interface (GUI)base applications, Web

browsers, data bade software, operating system, Enterprise software, medical and engineering

applications and compilers.[ 3 ][ 4 ]

2.2.SWIFT

Introduction Of Swift

Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. for IOS,

macOS, watchOS, tvOS, Linux and z/OS .Swift was introduced at Apple's 2014 Worldwide Developers

Conference(WWDC).On Apple platforms, it uses the Objective-C runtime library which allows C, Objective-C,

C++ and Swift code to run within one program.It is designed by Chris Lattner, Doug Gregory, John McCall, Ted

Kremenek, Joe Groff, and Apple Inc. on June,2014. Swift employs modern programming-language theory concepts

and strives to present a simpler syntax which is an alternative to C language .‘Chris Lattner‘ has developed Swift

language with an aim to resolve difficulties existed in Objective C.The current released version is Swift 4.2 with a

beta version of Swift 4.3 and X code 10.In the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2015,Swift won first place for

Most Loved Programming language and second place in 2016.

Features Of Swift



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Swift supported many core concepts associated with Objective-C, notably dynamic dispatch, widespread late

binding, extensible programming and similar features, but in a "safer" way, making it easier to catch software bugs

.Swift addresses some common programming errors like null pointer dereferencing and provides syntactic sugar to

help avoid the pyramid of doom .The concept of protocol extensibility is supported by Swift. An extensibility

system that can be applied to types, structures and classes ,which Apple promotes as a real change in programming

paradigms they term it as "Protocol - Oriented Programming".[ 6 ]

1.Access control:In Swift open, public, internal, file private, and private are five access control levels for

symbols.

2.Optional and chaining: In Swift , Option types is an important new feature, which allow references or values

to operate in a manner similar to the common pattern in C, where a pointer refers to a value or may be null. This

implies that non-optional types cannot result in a null-pointer error; the compiler can ensure this is not possible.

3.Value types:In many object-oriented languages, objects are represented internally in two parts. The object is

stored as a block of data placed on the heap, while the name (or "handle") to that object is represented by a pointer.

Objects are passed between methods by copying the value of the pointer, allowing the same underlying data on the

heap to be accessed by anyone with a copy.

Features:

1.Fast and Powerful

2.Modern

3.Designed for Safety

4.Interactive Playgrounds

5.Closures unified with function pointers

6.Generics

7.Tuples and multiple return values

8.Structures that support methods, extensions, protocols.

9. String templating

10. Closures

11.Automatic reference

12.Signed

13.Dictionaries(aka hash tables)- from JavaScript

14.Data structure declarations-from c# and Java

15.Inferred data types- from functional programming languages

16. Optional semicolons - from JavaScript and Python



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A SAMPLE PROGRAM:

// Hello, World! Program

import Swift

print("Hello, World!")

---------

Advantages

1.In Swift programming, there is no need for rigorous testing.

2.The leading platform IOS offers developers with all tools as per their requirement. This reduces the risk of

malicious apps, so that there won't be any unwanted access to sensitive user data.

3.In other programming languages,most of the features of Swift already exists and so this will be familiar to many

developers.

4.The common errors are incredibly spotted by the compiler smartly and the features of language avoid dumb things

with nil objects in several intelligent ways.

Disadvantages

1.Dependant on pieces of Object-C code.

2.There are no still third parties IOS tutorials on Swift, the Object-C community of developers is huge while Swift's

is not-existent.[ 5 ][ 8 ]

2.3. JAVA

Introduction Of Java

Java is an Object - Oriented , platform independent, simple, secure, architectural , neutral, portable, robust,

multithreaded, interpreted , high performance, disturbed, dynamic etc. Java is a general purpose programming

language .It has a phenomenon "Write Once Run Anywhere", means that the complied code can run on all

platforms without complications. Oracle and the Android SDK uses Java.[ 7 ]

History Of Java

James Gosling developed Java in the year 1991 for the use of one of his set top box projects. Initially it was

named as 'Oak' then as 'Green' and later as 'Java'. Sun released the first public implementation as 'Java 1.0' in

the year 1995.

Versions Of Java:

JDK 1.0

JDK 1.1

J2SE 1.2

J2SE 1.3

J2SE 1.4



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J2SE 5.0

Java SE6

Java SE7

Java SE8

Java SE9

Java SE10

Java SE11

more versions are in process........

The Syntax Of Java

The Syntax Of Java is largely influenced by C++,unlike C++ ,which combines the syntax for Structural

Programming , Java was built almost exclusively as an Object- Oriented programming language .All the code are

written inside the classes and many data items is an object, with exception of primitive data types( in Boolean

values, integers, floating point), which are not objects to performance reasons . Java does not support operating

overloading and multiple inheritance.

Example program:

class sample

{

public static void main(string args[])

{

System .Our-Println("Hello world");

}

}

Class libraries

The Java class library is the Standard library developed to support application development in java. The class

library contains features such as

The core libraries which include:

1. IO/NIO

2. Networking

3. Reflection

4. Concurrency

5. Generics

6. Compiler

7. Functional programming

8. Security

9. Internationaling and localization

Java database connectivity API for database access

Java Naming and Directory interface



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Execution Systems

1.JVM and byte code

2.Performance

3. Non JVM

Special Classes

1.Applet- Java Applets were programs that were embedded in other application , typically in a web page in a

web browser.

2.Servlet- Java Servlet technology provides web developers with a simple , consistent mechanism for extending

the functionality of a web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server side, javaEE

components that generate response to requests from clients.

3.Implementation- Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions. Java Runtime

Environment(JRE) which contains the parts of the java SE platform required to run java programs intended for

end users, and the Java Development kit(JDK), which is intented for software developers and includes

development tools such as the java compiler, java doc and a debugger.[ 9 ][ 10 ]

2.4. SQL

Introduction Of SQL

SQL was initially developed in the early 1970s after learning relational model from Ted Coddat by Donald D.

Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce .This version was initially called as SEQUEL(Structured English Query

Language).It was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational database

management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the

1970s.SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language. It is designed for managing data held in a

relational database e management system(RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream

management system (RDSMS). It handles structured data where there are relation between different variables of the

data .Over older read/write APIs like ISAM or VSAM ,SQL offers two main advantages: first, it introduced the

concept that with one single command ,any records can be accessed; and second, it eliminates the need to specify

how to reach a record, e.g. with or without an index.

DESIGN

From its theoretical foundation SQL deviates in many ways such asl the relational model and its tuple calculus. In

that model, a table is a set of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are lists of rows: the same row may occur

multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g. in the LIMIT clause).Critics argue that SQL

should be replaced with a language that strictly returns to the original foundation. However, no known proof exists

that such uniqueness cannot be added to SQL itself, or at least a variation of SQL. it's quite possible that SQL can be

"fixed" or at least improved in this regard such that the industry may not have to switch to a completely different

query language to obtain uniqueness. Debate on this remains open.

SYNTAX

Clauses are constituent components of statements and queries.



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Expressions produce either tables consisting of columns and rows of data or scalar values.

Predicates specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL)(true/false/unknown) or Boolean

truth values and the effects of statements and queries are limited, or to change program flow.

Queries is an important element of SQL .It retrieves data based on specific criteria

Statements may have a persistent effect on schemata and data .They may control transactions, program flow,

diagnostics, sessions, or connections.

SQL statements also include the semicolon(";") statement terminator. it is defined as a standard part of the SQL

grammar.

IMPLEMENTATION

Between vendors ,SQL implementations are incompatible and do not necessarily follow standards. From vendor

to vendor, date and time syntax, string concatenation, NULLs, and comparison case sensitivity vary. Particular

exceptions are PostgreSQL and Mimer SQL which strive for standards compliance, though PostgreSQL does not

adhere to the standard in how folding of unquoted names is done. The folding of unquoted names to lower case in

PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard ,which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case

Thus, Foo should be equivalent to FOO not foo according to the standard. Popular implementations of SQL

commonly omit support for basic features of Standard SQL, such as the DATE or TIME data types. The most

obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle

(whose DATE behaves as DATETIME, and lacks a TIME type and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version).[ 11 ]

Distributed SQL processing

Distributed Relational Database Arc

ADVANTAGES

i)Large amounts of data can be retrieved easily using queries.

ii)The data can be viewed without storing the data in the object.

iii) Two or more tables can be joined and viewed as single.

iv) SQL databases use long-established standard and non SQL are non standard.

v) Using standard SQL , The database systems can be managed without having substantial amount of code.

vi) SQL restricts the access to the table.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Interfacing an SQL database is more complex than adding a few lines of code.

2.It depends on the table objects.

3.some databases go for proprietary extensions to standard SQL to ensure vendor lock-in.

4. It occupies space .since ,it is an object.



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2.5. PYTHON

Introduction Of Python

Python is one of the interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming languages. It is created by Guido van

Rossum and first released in 1991, it has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability, using significant

whitespace. It provides clear programming on both small and large scales .It's file extensions are .py, .pyc, .pyd,

.pyo (prior to 3.5), .pyw, .pyz (since 3.5).

History Of Python

Python was discovered in the late 1980s by Guido van Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatics (CWI) in the

Netherlands. It is discovered as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL). Python is capable of

exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system .Python 3.0 was released on 3 December

2008. It was a major revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible.[ 12 ]

FEATURES

1.Python supports a dynamic type system and automatic memory management and has a large and

comprehensive standard library.

2.Python interpreters are available for many operating systems.

3.The design of Python offers support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. Python language has filter(),

map(), and reduce() functions; list comprehensions, dictionaries, and sets; and generator expressions.

4.Python's philosophy rejects the Perl in favor of "there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to

do it".

Developers of Python strive to avoid premature optimization, and reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython

reference implementation that would offer a marginal increase in speed at the cost of clarity.It does not use curly

brackets to delimit blocks, and even semicolons after the statements are optional. It has some syntactic exceptions

and special cases than C Pascal.

SYNTAX

1.Python uses whitespace indentation, rather than curly brackets, to delimit blocks.

2.Assignment statement (token '=', the equals sign) here operates differently than in traditional imperative

programming languages. Assignment in C, e.g., x = 2, translates to "typed variable name x receives a copy of

numeric value 2".

3.In Python the ‘if’ statement, conditionally executes a block of code, along with else and elif (a contraction of else-

if).

4.In Python the ‘for’ statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for

use by the attached block.

5.In Python the ‘while’ statement, executes a block of code as long as its condition is true.

6.In Python the 'raise' statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception.

7.In Python the 'class' statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a class, for use

in object-oriented programming.

8.In Python the 'def' statement, which defines a function other meth.

9.In Python the 'assert' statement, used during debugging to check for conditions that ought to apply.

10.In Python the 'yield' statement, which returns a value from a generator function. From Python 2.5, yield is also an

operator. This form is used to implement co routines.

11.And the 'import' statement, which is used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the

current program.

12.In Python the 'print' statement was changed to the print() function in Python 3.

13.Expressions:Some Python expressions are similar to languages such as C and JPythonhile some are not.

Methods

Methods on objects are functions attached to the object's class; the syntax instance .method(argument) is, for

normal methods and functions.. Python methods have an explicit self parameter to access instance data, unlike the

implicit self (or this) in some other object-oriented programming languages.



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APPLICATIONS 1.Large organizations that use Python include Wikipedia, Google,Yahoo!, CERN,NASA,Facebook,Amazon,

Instagram, Spotify and some smaller entities like ILM and ITA. 2.Python can serve as a scripting language for web applications.

3.Web frameworks like Django, Pylons, Pyramid, Turbo Gears, web2py, Tornado, Flask, Bottle and Zope support

developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications.

4.Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras and

Scikit-learn.

5.Python is used extensively in the information security industry, including in exploit development.[ 13 ]

ADVANTAGES

1.Python's syntax is easy to learn, so both non-programmers and programmers can start programming right away.

2.Python looks more like a readable, human language than like a low-level language. This gives you the ability to

program faster than any other low-level language will.

3.Python has extensive support libraries and clean object-oriented designs which increase programmer’s

productivity while using the languages like Java, VB, Perl, C, C++ and C#.

DISADVANTAGES

1.Difficulty in using other languages

2.Weak in Mobile computing

3.Get slow in speed

4.Runtime errors

5.Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

3.CONCLUSION

In this paper, the programming languages C, C++,Java ,Python ,Swift and SQL were summarized. C offers low-

level access to memory through pointers and the ability to access specific hardware addresses. It generates only a

few instructions of machine languages for each of its core language elements and does not require extensive runtime

support. But C is structured oriented programming language and focuses on the procedural programming paradigm,

so it is relatively hard to control the large-scale program. It is very suitable for writing programs in embedded

device, chip designing, industrial automation products and so forth and soon. It is concluded that it is relatively easy

to use C++ to develop a large or huge system compared with C language, as C++ supports the features of object-

oriented programming(OOP).It has some disadvantages, the code is easily prone to errors related to data types .It

does not support platform independent. The huge disadvantage is that C++ is not a pure object oriented

programming language as it doesn’t have the feature of garbage collection. Java is a pure object-oriented

programming language. Java is open source and can be used for free. Java is also platform-independent, which is

one of the most significant advantages of Java. Programs written in Java can be easily moved from one computer

system to another. Java also has some disadvantages. Java is a memory-consuming programming language. It is

slow because it has an extra layer between the systems and the programs. The extra layer is Java Virtual Machine

(JVM). In less than two years, Swift became one of the most popular programming languages in the world .Python

is a fast, powerful, portable, simple and open source language that supports other technologies.SQL is designed for

managing data held in relational database management system. It can be concluded that all the five programming

languages C,C++,Java ,Swift ,Python and SQL have both advantages and disadvantages. It is really hard to say

which one is better than others and which is faster than others.

4.REFERENCES

[ 1 ] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)

[ 2 ] Programming languages - Geeks for Geeks

[ 3 ] Object Oriented Programming by Bjarne Stroustrup

[ 4 ] https://www.quora.com

[ 5 ]Inductive Programming Meets the Real World by Sumit Gulwani Microsoft Corporation,

[email protected] José Hernández-Orallo Universitat Politècnica de València, [email protected] Emanuel

Kitzelmann Adam-Josef-Cüppers Commercial College, [email protected] Stephen H. Muggleton Imperial



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College London, UK. [email protected] Ute Schmid University of Bamberg, Germany. ute.schmid@uni-

bamberg.de Benjamin Zorn Microsoft Corporation, [email protected]

[ 6 ]Assessing Programming Language Impact on Development and Maintenance: A Study on C and C++ Pamela

Bhattacharya Iulian Neamtiu Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside,

CA, USA {pamelab,neamtiu}@cs.ucr.edu

[ 7 ]International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04Issue:12

| Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008Certified

Journal | Page 354Python – The Fastest Growing Programming Language K. R. Srinath.

[ 8 ] https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/

[ 9 ]https://beginnersbook.com/2018/01/introduction-to-python-programming/

[ 10 ]https://www.1keydata.com/sql/sql.html

[ 11 ]https://www.invensis.net/blog/it/applications-of-c-c-plus-plus-in-the-real-world/

[ 12 ]https://www.codingdojo.com/blog/7-most-in-demand-programming-languages-of-2018/

[ 13 ]https://www.testbytes.net/blog/programming-languages-software-development/



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