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IRC lnterr~atIonaIWaterand San~fatIonCentreTel +31 7030 689 80Fan. +31 7036 899 84

Cambodia

AN ASSESSMENT OF PROMISING WATER RESOURCESMANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN THE DRINKING

WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR

Royal Governmentof CambodiaMinistry of Rural Development

CambodianArea RehabilitationandRegenerationUNDP/UNOPS/CARERE

822—97—16004

LIBRARY IRCP0 Box 93190, 2509 AD THE HAGUE

Tel.- +31 70 30 689 80Fax- +31 70 35 899 64

BARCODE., ~& 0 4~.LO’ 921

Executive Summary 1

Preface 2

Introduction 3

Chapter 1 Background_______________________________________________ 4

The PhnomPenhWaterSupplyAuthority._____________________________________________5

Battambang Province. 6Background to the Battambang Town Water Works ____________________________________________ 7

Laboratory 8Sources of Water 8

Assessmentof Panh Nba Village ________________________________________________________ 8

Sources of Water 9

Chapter 2 Overall AssessmentMethod____________________________ 10

1. MeetingsWith Staffof Institutions._______________________________________________ 10

2. ParticipatoryWorkshops._________________________________________________________ 10

3. FieldVisits. 10

4. WaterResourcesMapping.________________________________________________________11

5. InterviewsWith Key GovernmentStaff. ___________________________________________11

Chapter 3 WaterResource Management Principles Address&L __________________ 12

Principle1 12Background 12MethodologyUsed 12Results 13

GuidingQuestion 11 13GuidingQuestion 1 2 13

Indicator 1 2 1 13indicator 1 22 13Indicator 1 2 3 13

Guiding Question 1 3 14GuidingQuestion 1 4 14

Indicator 1 4 1 14lndicatorl42 14Indicator 1 4 3 14Indicator 1 4 4 15

LessonsLearned 15Successes 15Mistakesand Weaknesses ______________________________________________________________ 15OpenIssues 16

Principle2 17Background — 17MethodologyUsed. 17Results 17

Guiding Question 2 1 17Indicator 2 11 17Indicator 2 1 2 18Indicator2 13 — 18

Guiding Question 2 2 18Indicator2 2 1 19Indicator 222 19

Reportofan ssessmentof WaterResources\Ianagenientin Cambodia

Indicator2 2 3 19GuidingQuestion2.3 ___________________________________________________________________ 19GuidingQuestion2 4 _____________________________________________________________19

Indicator2 4 1 20Indicator 2 4 2 20

LessonsLearned 20Successes 20MistakesandWeaknesses______________________________________________________________ 21OpenIssues 21

Principle3 22Background 22Methodology’used 22Results 22

Guiding Question3 1 ____________________________________________________ 22~Indicator 3 11 22

Guiding Question3 2 _______________________________________________________________ 23Indicator321 23~Indicator322 23Indicator3.2 3 23Indicator3 2 4 23Indicator3 2 5 23Indicator 3.2.6 23

Guiding Question3 3 _______________________________________________________________ 24LessonsLearned 24Successes 25MistakesandWeaknesses_____________________________________________________________________ 25OpenIssues. 25

Principle4 26Background 26MethodologyUsed 26Results 26

GuidingQuestion4 1 26Indicator 4 11 26Indicator4 1 2 27

Guiding Question4 2 27Indicator4 2 1 27Indicator4 2 2 27

Guiding Question4.3 28Indicator 4.3 1 28Indicator4 3 2 28 ~Indicator 4 3 3 28

GuidingQuestion4 4 28LessonsLearned 29Successes 29MistakesandWeaknesses______________________________________________________________ 29OpenIssues 29

Principle5 31Background 31Methodologyused 31Results 31

Guidingquestions5 1 _________________________________________________________________ 31Indicator 5 11 31

Guidingquestions52 _________________________________________________32Indicator 5 11 32Indicator 5 2 1 32Indicator 5 2 2 32

Guidingquestion5,3 33

Reportof an ~ssessrnentof Water Resouree~Managementin Cambodia

Indicator5 3 2Guidingquestion 5 4~

Indicator5 4 1Indicator5 4 2Indicator5 4 3Indicator5 4 4

GuidingQuestion5 5Indicator5 5 1

Lessonlearned._______

Successes______________

MistakesandweaknessesOpenissues____________

Principle 6 ___________

Background _________

MethodologyusedResults

Guiding question6 1Indicator6 11

GuidingquestionIndicator6 2 1Indicator6 2 2Indicator6 2.3Indicator6 2 4

GuidingquestionIndicator6 3 1

GuidingquestionLessonslearnedSuccessesMistakesandweaknessesOpenissues

Principle 7Background’MethodologyusedResults

GuidingquestionIndicator 7 11Indicator 7 1 2

GuidingquestionIndicator7 2 1

GuidingquestionLessons learnedSuccessesMistakesandv~eaknessesOpenissues

Principle 8BackgroundMethodologyResults

Guidingquestion8 1Indicator8 11

Guidingquestion 8 2Guidingquestion8 3

Indicator 8 3 1Guidingquestion8 4Guidingquestion8 5Guidingquestion8 6

Indicator 8 6 1

62

63

64

71

72

73

used

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37373737373838383839393939394041)4040

4141414141414242424243434343

44444444444545464646474747

Reportof an issessmentofWaterResources\Ianageinentin Cambodia

Lessonslearned ____________

Successes________________Mistakesand~seaknessesopenissues_______________

Chapter4 Conclusions.

Annexes

48484848

49

50

References 5’

Reportofan Assessmentof Water ResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Executive Summary[Thethreeworkshopsorganizedby CAREREandMinistry of RuralDevelopmentin Cambodiawerethefirst in its kind Thepurposewasto getanswerto the leadingquestionswhichsupportthe 8 principlesandto assesstheexistingwaterresourcesmanagementin thecountry Aparticipatorymethodwasusedin all ofthethreeworkshops,includefield visits andinterviewingwith keygovernmentpersonnelJ

048-i77 DOC WaterandSanitationSector

Reportofan AssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Introduction

Mismanagementof waterand landresourcesis putting humanhealthandsustainablesocialandeconomicaldevelopmentat risk andcanhavenegativeconsequencesfor domesticwatersupplyIntegratedwatermanagementhasbeenidentified asessentialto quality of life andto thesustainabledevelopmentof waterresourcesAlreadyatthe 1977Conferencein Mar del Plata,WRM wasdiscussed,but it wasnot until theearlyninetiesthat it wasreally put on theinternationalagenda A numberofsignificantmeetings,suchastheDublin andtheRio de JaneiroConferencesin 1992, andtheNoordwijk Conferencein 1994,havefurtherreinforcedtheimportanceofintegratedwatermanagementandhavesetout 8 principlesfor theformationofrelatedpoliciesandstrategies

In orderto respondin aconcertedmanner,theUNDP/IRC Projectentitled “PromisingWaterResourcesManagementApproachesin theDrinking WaterandSanitationSector”wasdevelopedTheprojectis beingcarriedout in threephases A preparatoryworkshopwasheldtheHague,theNetherlands,from 20 to 29 November1996 Thiswasfollowed by 20 daysofin-countryassessmentoveraperiodof9 months,andlastly therewill be a synthesisworkshopin theHaguefrom 3 to 10 September1997 Thelatterworkshopwasoriginallyplannedfor theperiod23 to 28 June1997but it waspostponedat therequestofparticipantswhorequiredmoretime tocompletethe assessmentTherewere 15 participantsandthreeAdvisory Groupmembersin thepreparatoryworkshop Theparticipantswerefrom Cambodia,South Africa, Ghana,Guatemala,Colombia,Nepal,India andSweden

Thetwo participantsfrom CambodiawereDr Khun NgethoftheMinistry ofRuralDevelopment,and Mr CheapSamAn of UNDP/UNOPS/CAREREBoth participantsarebeingsponsoredby CARERE

Partofthegeographicalareathat is assistedby CAREREwasselectedasarepresentativeyetfocusedprojecttargetareafor theassessmentTheoverall assessmentconcentratedon activitiesatthreelevels thePhnomPenhWaterWorks atthenational level, the BattambangTownWaterWorks attheprovincial level, andPathNhaat thevillage level

048-177 DOC WaterandSanitationSector 3


Preface

This assessmentwould not havebeenpossiblewithout the supportof anumberof individualswhoassistedin avarietyofways,at thenationallevel in PhnomPenh,at theBattambangTownlevel, andin PathNhaVillage

Thanksaredueto all thosewho assistedtheprojectin one wayor another,anda numberofindividualsmerit specialmention Dr Ek SamChan,Director,PPWSA,providedtheteamwithinformationand statisticson thePhnomPenhWaterWorks Dr Khun Ngeth,DeputyDirectorGeneral,DepartmentofTechnicalAffairs, Ministry ofRural Development;Dr Veth Sreng,DeputyDirectorofRuralHealthCare,Ministry of RuralDevelopment;andMr Keo Muny, ChiefofSecretariat,DepartmentGeneralof TechnicalAffairs, conductedaworkshopat thePhnomPenhlevel andhelpedgatherrelatedinformation Mr TouchSarin, DirectoroftheBattambangTownWaterWorksandhis teamfacilitatedthe assessmentat theprovincial levelby giving theteamaccessto thetown’swatersupply infrastructureandby participatingin theBattambangworkshopandrelateddiscussions.Mr So Sovath,DeputyDirectoroftheProvincialRuralDevelopmentDepartment,andMr MaoSophanna,ChiefofthePDRD WaterSupply Section,providedcontinuoussupport In PanhNbaVillage, Mr NboekVith, Village Chief, andMr SengHoen,ChairmanoftheVillage DevelopmentCommitteewereinstrumentalin makingtheproject’svillage level work successfulMr CheapSamAn, CAREREWATSAN ProgrammeAssistant,co-ordinatedprojectactivitiesat theprovincialand village level andassembledtheproject’sfindings into reportformat Mr Leo Goulet,CAREREWATSAN Advisor,helpedsteertheprojectandedit thefinal assessmentreport

048-i77DOC WaterandSanitationSector 2

Reportofan Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagementm Cambodia

Chapter 1 Background

Cambodiais classifiedby theUN asaleastdevelopedcountry, andthefive CARERE-assistedprovincesareamongthepoorestofthecountry’s23 provinces As is thecasefor all CAREREsupport,the CARERE-assistedWATSAN Programmeconcentrateson rural areasofthefourprovincesofBanteyMeanchey,Battambang,Pursat,andSiemReapin theNorth-West,andRatanakiriin theNorth-East Somesupportis alsogiven to national-levelactivities

Therural inhabitantsoftheNorth-WestarepredominantlyethnicKhmer whoobservetheBuddhistreligion, andwho makea living from farming. Althoughtherearemountainousareas,thesearelargely forested,proneto securityproblemsthat stemfrom the activitiesofrebelgroups,andaregenerallyuninhabited Themajority ofthepopulationlive in plain-likeareas,andin theareawhich surroundstheTonle Sap,a largeinland lake

TheruralinhabitantsofRatanakiriProvincearefrom anumberofethnicminorities,eachofwhich tendsto haveits ownlanguageandreligious persuasion,frequentlyaniniist, and sometimesBuddhist Manyoftheminority groupsin theareaarenomadicandlive off huntingandslash-and-burnagriculture

ForCambodiansin general,thevillage is themostcomplexsocialunit in which theyparticipateIt is seenasa fluid aggregateoffamilieswhoseinteractionchangesto suit theoccasionbutwhoseaffairs arevariouslyoverseenby village elders,templelaymen,monksand,of late,designatedvillage heads

In theNorth-Westpovertycan largelybe associatedwith the intensesecurityproblemstheareahasexperiencedover thepast25 years,while Ratanakirisuffersfrom its geographicalisolationfrom therest ofthecountry Thosewho survivedthehorrorsoftheKhmer Rougerule from 1975to 1979hadall alongto dealwith thedeathandinjury of family andfriends,andthelossoftheirpropertyand capitalon a scalethat is difficult to imagine Oneoftheconsequenceswasthecountry’s lossofa largeproportionofthe skilled workforcewhichwould later havebeenrequiredto rebuildit

Hostilities ofa military naturebetweentheKhmer RougeandtheViet Nam-supportedCambodianarmyresultedin largenumbersof inhabitantsfleeing to Thailandin 1979andin lessernumbersduring subsequentyears Therefugeessettledtemporarilyin campsalongtheThailCambodianborder Meanwhile,within Cambodia,overthe 1979 to 1989period whentherecontinuedto be astrongVietnamesepresence,developmentaidwaslargely limited to sourcesintheformerEastBlock countries,India, anda numberofINGO’s Whateverlittle assistancedidenterthecountrywaschannelledthroughthecentralgovernment,and wasin generaldirectedatemergencyneedsContactwith rural communitieswasvery limited becauseofexhaustive travelrestrictions

As aresult of theParisPeaceAccordsof 1992, approximately360,000refugeeswereofficiallyrepatriatedin an operationcarriedout by UNHCR In addition,therewasan undeterminednumberof refugeeswho returned“spontaneously”and outsidethe UNHCRumbrellaApproximatelyathird ofthereturneessettledin BattambangProvince,with a slightly smallernumberchoosingBanteyMeancheyProvince Theprovincesof Pursatand SiemReapalsoreceiveda largeproportionofthereturnees,with theremainderdistributedthroughouttherestof

048-177DOC Waterand SanitationSector 4

Reportofan Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagementu~Canibodia

the country

In theNorth-WesternProvincesthereturneesincreasedthetotal populationby asmuchas25%,putting astrainon an infrastructuresystemalreadymadefrail by decadesofturmoil andwarPooi- securitydueto thepresenceof landminesandotherfactors,lackofmeansto increaseagnculturalproduction,lackofa systemof primaryroadsin rural areasto increaseaccesstomarkets,andhealthproblemsassociatedwith an inadequatewatersupply, all wereconstraintstothesuccessfulresettlingofreturnees

TheCARERE/WATSANProjectwasinitiated in 1992 asoneof severalCARERE-assistedprojectsaimedat providingbasicservicesto returneesfrom theThai/CambodianbordercampsMuchofthework donefrom 1992 to 1994wasdirectedatquick impactprojectsfor roadbuilding, schoolconstruction,healthcare,anddrinking water In recentyearsapproximately1000wells, bothdrilled anddug, havebeeninstalledin theprovince,mainly with theassistanceofUNICEF, OXFAM, CARE International,ANS andUNDP/CARERE.

After theformationofthe newgovernmentin 1993 CARERE’spriorities graduallybeganto shiftawayfrom emergencyreliefto longerterm,developmentrelatedactivities Therewerefewerdirectly implementedprojects,andmoreactivitiesplannedandimplementedthroughthegovernment

In 1996a secondCARERE project,with adurationoffour yearsanda proposedbudgetofapproximatelyUS $ 40 million, in five provinces,wasapprovedThemandateofthenewCARERE2 is to build the capacityof governmentinstitutionsto decentralizetheir activities,insupportofbottom-upplanningthat beginsat thevillage level

In this spirit, CAREREassistanceto theWATSAN Sectorstressestheneedto developthegovernment’scapacityto assistvillagesin identifying andsolvingtheir own WATSAN-relatedproblems.Approximately10%oftheCAREREbudgetis allocatedto theWATSAN sector.

Theimportanceofoverall policy andstrategydevelopmentfor thesectoris recognizedasapriority, andCARERE hasovertheyearsbeenprovidingasustainedlevel ofassistanceto thissectoralarea,particularlyat thenationallevel ThemanagementofthePhnomPenhWaterWorks,which assessedin thecontextof theIRC project,is representativeof policy initiativesatthe nationallevel TheBattambangTownWaterWorkswaschosenfor assessmentasan exampleofwaterresourcesmanagementat theprovincial level, andthePathNbaassessmentgives anideaofWRM at thevillage level

The Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority.

Availableinformationon thePhnomPenhWaterWorksdatesbackto 1959,whenthesystemincludeda watertreatmentplant thatdrew 30,000cmdfrom theMekongRiver, built in 1895byCEEI (Compagnied’Electricite et d’Eaude llndochine),anda 40 km distributionnetworkThewatertariff andcollection systemin existenceatthetime, establishedearlierby the CEEI,allowedthePPWSAto coveroperationexpendituresandplannedinvestmentsasrequiredby themunicipalgovernmentfor thedevelopmentofthecity

ThePhnomPenhWater SupplyAuthority ofCambodia(PPWSA)wasformally createdbyDecreeNo 164 dated24 March 1960 ThePPWSAhasthestatusof acompanythat is under048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 5

Reportofan AssessmentofWaterResources\lanagementu~Cambodia

the directionof thePhnomPenhMunicipality TheprincipalresponsibilitiesofthePPWSAweretheproductionanddistributionoftreatedwaterfor thecity, andthegenerationof incometocover operationscostsand investments

Theperiod 1959-1970wasaperiodof high investments,theresultsofwhich includedthefollowing facilities• thePhumPrekwatertreatmentplant, put into operationin 1965,with a capacityof 100,000

cmd• arehabilitatedChrouyChangWarplant, built in 1895,that sawits capacityincreasedto

45,000cmd,with Japaneseassistance• 240 kms ofadditionalpiping,coveringtheentire city, includingnewhouseholdconnections

for thesupplyof waterto morethan500,000inhabitantsWatertariffs andthetariff collectionsystemweremaintained,to thepoint wherenewinvestmentsweremadepossible

By 1970 thewatersupplysystemwassupplying155,000cmdofgoodqualitywaterto the600,000inhabitantsofthecity, througha 280 km distributionnetwork

During theperiod 1970-74,thebeginningof thedegradationoftheeconomicsituationinCambodia,thewatersystemremainedin goodconditionbut no newinvestmentscouldbe madeA projectfor thecreationofaNationalWaterCompany,financially autonomousbut underthecontroloftheMinistry of FinanceandMinistry ofPublicWorks,wasplannedbut notimplemented

During theterrible “Khmer Rouge”periodfrom 1975to 1979,PhnomPenhwasemptiedof itspopulation Theentirewater systemwasleft without maintenanceandstoppedfunctioning,exceptfor theChamkarMon treatmentplant, which wasonly kept in operationfor thesupplyofwaterto somerestrictedareas

In 1980 thePPWSAcamebackinto operationundersupervisionoftheGovernment,butdifficulties in reorganisinglife in thecity, the lack offunds,theembargoimposedon thecountryandlackof maintenanceresultedin waterbeingsuppliedunderhighly unsatisfactoryconditionsIn 1983 theoperationofChrouyChangWar treatmentplant had to bestoppedbecauseofurgentneedfor rehabilitation Theotherplantsproducedwateronly whenelectricity, chemicalsandsparepartswereavailable Pumpscouldnot provideenoughwaterpressurein themains,andtherateofdistributionbecamevery low

As aresult thepopulationhadto adaptits consumptionpractices Publicwells connectedto thedistributionsystemwerecreatedand ancientconnectionsweremultiplied,causingunceasingwaterlosses(“~‘~“) Undertheseconditions,waterwasdistributedfreeofcharge

Underassistancefrom the USSRandvariousNGOsit waspossibleto increaseproduction,andin1986PPWSAreceivedfrom theGovernmentthe authorizationto sell waterandcollectedmoneyfrom thecustomerson alow ratebasis

Stepby stepthePPWSAhasbeenreorganisedbut financialoperationsremainedunsatisfactory

Battambang Province.

048-177 DOC Water andSanitationSector 6


BatlambangProvincebordersThailandto theWest, andtheprovincesofBanteyMeancheytothe north, SiemReapto theNorth-East,andPursatto thesouth It coversan areaof 1,138,000hectares,brokendowninto 270,000arablehectares,284,000hectaresof rice fields, 470,000hectaresofforested,and238,000hectaresof TonleSapfloodplain Thereareeight districts,66communes,and482 villages, in threedistinct geographicalareasTheprovincehasa populationof678,000,ofwhom approximately120,000returnedfrom theThai bordercampsin 1993 and1994

In 1994the newly createdProvincialRuralDevelopmentCommittee(PRDC) took overmuch oftheoverall responsibilityfor the implementationofruraldevelopmentprojects,while actualprojectimplementationwascarriedout by theProvincialDepartmentofRuralDevelopment(PDRD). Since1995 , 91 Village DevelopmentCommittees(VDC ‘ s) havebeenestablishedin 17communesof 6 districts,with theassistanceof thePRDC A large proportion of the province’sexistingwellsare locatedin villageswherethereareVDC’s

Background to the Battambang Town Water Works.

TheBattambangTownwatertreatmentandpumpingplant andits pipeddistributionsystemthatservestheold centreofthetown is a Governmentownedwatersupplyutility that datesbacktothe mid 1950s Prior to 1975thewaterworkswasunderthedirectionofthePublicWorksDepartment’ Accordingto officials, the waterworkswasuntil April 1993 operatingjointly withBattambangElectricity but it is now an “AutonomousDepartment”that reportsto theDepartmentofIndustries Thewaterworkswasin arundownstateuntil theEuropeanCommunity(EC), throughtheagencySAWA, beganto assistits two yearrehabilitationin 19921994, [it operatesatonly aboutoneofits 6,000m3/daycapacitytreatmentplant799’~”9’?”]Itnow operatesat 50%ofits capacity,producing3,000cmd Thetreatmentprocessesincludesettling,dosingwith alum, rapidsandfiltration andchlorination,but leaksin theageingdistributionsystemstill resultin a degreeofcontaminationbetweenthesourceandtheenduser

At thetime ofthisassessmentthewaterworkswasoperatingat 50%of its originally designedcapacity This low level of outputis dueto thegeneralrun-downstateofthe plant, insufficientelectricalgenerationcapacity,and problemswith the river intake In thedry season,whenthelevel of theriver is very low, a dikehasto be built acrosstheriver, nearthe intakestructure, tokeepthewater levelhigh enoughto enablepumping(seeannex ~

Despitethefact that about40%ofconsumersareregularly in arrearson paymentofdues,by mid1993 therewasa small operatingsurplus,thoughwith no allowancemadefor depreciationThissurpluswasdueto increasedwater salessincetheSAWA rehabilitationwork, a priceincreaseinApril 1993,andsomeprogressin reducingarrears

On paper,thedegreeofindependenceofthe“autonomousdepartment”is substantial,withtechnicaladviceandcapitalloansbeingtheonly assistanceit receivesfrom thegovernmentWaterworks’officials reportthat prior to theSAWA interventionandseparationfrom theElectricityDepartmentrunningcostswererecuperatedfrom theusers

ODAReportMarch 1994(give additionaldetails.pageno - etc7”~”9”~9)048-177DOC Water and SanitationSector 7

Reportofan Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Laboratory

Thewatertestinglaboratorywasbuilt in 1993 with EU/SAWA support,andactualwatertestingwasable to beginin 1994 Accordingto theDirector, the laboratoryhasthreestaff, all of whomarewomen two civil engineersandone technician

Among othermethods,titration andphotometryareused Testsincludealkalinity (CaCo3),turbidity, Ph,freechlorine,total chlorine, combinedchlorine,iron, fluoride,maganese,nitrateN,nitrite N, conductivity,temperature,ammoniaandbacterialtesting Most ofthesamplestestedarefrom thetown waterworks,but theagencyAction Nors Sudalso sometimesrequiresthetestingof watersamplesfrom someofthevillage wells thatthey install

SourcesofWater.

Thereis substantialseasonalvariation in waterresourceavailability for BattambangTown, withtheriver beingtheprincipal sourceduring thedry seasonRiverwateris alsousedduringthewetseason,complementedon awidescaleby theuseofstoredrainwater Almost all householdshaveeitherrainwaterjarsorrainwatertanks( seeannex) Roof run-offwateris collectedandstoredin 200 litre jarsor in tankswith capacitiesfrom 2 to 4 cu m

Thequality ofthe river’s waterhasdeterioratedsubstantiallysinceongoinggemstoneminingbeganupstreamat Pailin in 1985,causinga largeincreasein the level ofsuspendedsolids. Certainpartsoftown haveaccessto groundwater,but preferenceis generallygiven to anyform ofsurfacewater,in whichthedissolvedmineralsthatfrequentlygive anoticeabletastetogroundwaterareabsent Therearemany privateabstractionsfrom theriver along bothbanks,whichprovide waterfor householduse,vehiclewashing,or for the irrigation oforchardsandvegetablegardensFor householduse,thewateris pumpedup intojars wherealum is added,andfrom whichthewateris thensold to local distributors,manyofwhom collectthewaterin smalltanksmountedon push-carts(seeannex?“~“)

From 1994 to 1996fourprivateexploiters,working in agreementwith thewaterworks,extendedthepipedwaternetworkto outlying areasWestoftheriver ChamkaSamroung,theslaughterhousearea,Toul Ta Ek, WatKor, andto Rotanak,“13 JanuaryMarket” andAnlongvil on theEastsideoftheriver Theexploitersmanageand sell pipedwaterto theresidentsof thoseareas,who supplementtheir supplywith rainwater,surfacewater,groundwaterandwaterfrom privatevendorswho pumpit directly from theriver

Assessmentof Panh Nha Village

PathNba is oneofthesix villagesofKompongPreahCommune, SangkeDistrict, located15kms South-Eastof BattambangTown alongNationalHighway5 It neighboursthevillagesofKoki, KompongPreahandPrekChekofO’dambongCommune

In 1945 thevillagehad 500 inhabitantsin 100 families Presently,thereare303 familiesandatotal populationof 1,608 Thevillage administrationstructureincludesthevillage chief,themilitia, groupleaders,andgroupsresponsiblefor variousactivities,suchasthevillagehealthvolunteer,theanimalhealthpersonandthevillage developmentcommittee Thereis oneBuddhisttempleandone primaryschool,which is supportedby a local NGO calledBuddhismfor

048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 8


DevelopmentIn additionto its normalfunction,non-formaleducationactivitiesarealsoconductedin theschool

Most ofthe inhabitantsof thevillage arefarmerswho usedraft animals Thereare418 hectaresofarabicland Besidesfarming, fishing, small businessesandkitchengardeningareactivitiesthatalso takeplace Thereis agriculturalpotential,but thereis a lack ofagriculturaltools andskills to developit further Theaveragefamily incomeis very small Whenthestandardof livingis divided into threecategories106 families (35%)areclassifiedasaverage,114 families (38%)areclassifiedaspoorand83 families(27%)wereconsideredasvery poor(RuralWaterSupplyOffice WealthRankingreport) Therewassevereflooding in the areain 1994, 1995and 1996which led to a loweringofthe standardof living ofthevillagers

SourcesofWater.

As is thecasein most ofrural Cambodiaponds,both family andcommunitytype,aretheprimarysourceofwater In general,however,theuntreatedpondwaterfoundin this village canbeconsideredto beof poorquality sincethepondshaveno protectionto preventcontaminatedwaterfrom draininginto thepond

Thereis a substantialseasonalvariation in sourcesofwater Pondwatertendsto runout duringthedry season,at which time wellsbecomeaprincipal source Duringthewet season,whenrainfall is regularandplentiful, theuseofstoredrainwaterincreasesandtheuseofwell waterdecreasesTypically, the inhabitantsofPathNbaVillage preferthetasteofsurfacewaterto thatofgroundwater

In preparingthevillage map,the grouphelddiscussionswith thevillagersandvisited mostofthevillage’swatersources,which arefour communalponds,80 family ponds,10 handpumpsandfive dugwells Threehandpump-wellsbelongto individual familieswhile sevenhandpump-wellsarecommunalandaremanagedby theWaterCommittee All five dug wellsbelongto individualfamilies,but neighbourscanalsohaveaccessto thewellsprovidedtheyareableto first reachanagreementwith thewell’s owner Thevillage chiefmentionedthatbeforethewell rehabilitationandmaintenanceproject, implementedby thePDRD with thesupportofCARERE,villagerswhohaveno privatewell wereusingwaterfrom thecommunalpondsduring thedry seasonforbathing,cooking,drinking, and for wateringanimals



Chapter 2 Overall Assessment Method

It wasnecessaryto first discusstheareasoftheWATSAN Sectorthatarerelevantto thestudy,andthento selectsomeofthoseareasfor assessmentThesediscussionsled to theselectionofthreespecificareas ThePhnomPerthWaterAuthority, TheBattambangWaterWorks,andPathNhaVillage AlthoughCARERE’sassistanceis primarily intendedfor thevillage level, thedevelopmentofsectorpolicy is alsoan areaofconcern,andonethat needsto be addressedat thenational,provincial andvillage level. The threeareasselectedfor assessmentrepresenteachofthosethreelevels

It wasagreedthatthe assessmentwould be carriedout by five methods~

1. Meetingswith institutions. -

2. Participatory workshops.3. Field visits.4. Water resourcesmapping.5. Interviews with key governmentstaff.

1. Meetings With Staff of Institutions.In orderto discussandexplainthenatureofthe involvementofthevariousparticipantsin theassessment,a seriesoffive meetingswereheldat the institutional level Two ofthosemeetingswereheld atthenationallevel with theministriesmostcloselyassociatedwith sectorpolicy,namelytheMinistry ofRuralDevelopment,theMinistry ofIndustryMinesandEnergy,theMinistry ofAgriculture,theMinistry oftheEnvironment,andthePhnomPerthWaterSupplyAuthority. Two meetingswereheld in BattambangProvincewith the concerneddepartments,andonemeetingwasheldat communelevel with theCommuneChief, the Village ChiefandVillageDevelopmentCommitteeRepresentatives

2. ParticipatoryWorkshops.Threeparticipatoryworkshopswereorganized,focusedon threecasestudies Thefirst wasan“AssessmentofBattambangTownWaterworks”, held from 25 to 27 March in BattambangTown Thesecondwasan assessmentof an ongoingvillage projecton therehabilitationandmaintenanceofexistingwells in PathNba,held in thevillagefrom 17 to 18 April Thethirdwasan “AssessmentofthePhnomPenhWaterSupplyAuthority”, held from 22 to 23 May 1997inPhnomPenh Thefirst day ofeachworkshopwasgenerallydedicatedto field visits, while theleadingquestionsfor the eight principleswereleft for discussionon thesecondday. (Photo)

3. Field Visits.

[Any field visits in PNP’9”~’]

As partoftheBattambangworkshopthetownwaterworksandtheChamkaSamroungSewageTreatmentPlantswerevisited The participantswereableto examinethewaterworks’pumpingplants,thetreatmentprocess,andthewaterdistributionnetwork It wasalsopossiblefor thegroupto study thereutilizationof sewagewaterfrom theChamkaSamroungplant (Photo)A field visit wasarrangedto PathNhaVillage to providethe participantswith theopportunityto


Reportof an ~ssessmentof V. aterResources\ianagementui Cambodia

discusswater-relatedissueswith thewaterusers At thesametime, thegroup was ableto assistwith thepreparationofthevillage map

4. Water Resources Mapping.

[Any mappingatthe PNP level ‘~“~“~‘]

As theBattambangWaterworkshaveon handa setof water resourcesmaps it was not necessary

for thegroupto produceadditionalmaps Thegroupwas briefedby thetechnicalstaffofthetown waterworkson how water is distributedthroughout thetown andshowedthedistributionsystem on themap”~”9”99 (Photo)

In PanhNbaVillage, the group drewan outline ofthevillage on theground Thevarious water

useswithin that areawerethenmarkedby usingsticks,stonesand leaves.Thegroupattemptedto assess water quality butwas unableto do soaccuratelyasno watertestingkits wereavailableidentifiedquality andquantityofwateruse (Photo)

5. Inter’iews With Key Government Staff.

[Any interviewing in PNP ~

In orderto obtain informationneededto answer the leadingquestionsto theeight principlesaninterview with key governmentpersonnelis oftennecessary Theinterviewingprocessmostlyconcentratedon key questionsthat it was not possibleto answerduringtheworkshops.Thekeygovernmentstaffthat wereinterviewedwerefrom the TownWaterworks,theDepartmentofAgnculture,theDepartmentof theEnvironment,theDepartmentofIndustry,MinesandEnergy,theDepartmentofHealthandtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs

048-177ixx: Waterand SanitationSector j 1

Reportof an Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Chapter 3 Water Resource Management Principles Addressed.

Principle IWatersourceandcatchmentconservationandprotectionareessential

Background:

At thenationallevel thereis no le a! frameworkto regulatewateruse,althoughgovernmentministriesanddepartmentsare expectedto co aboratein mattersrelatedto waterallocation Thekey playersaretheMinistries of IndustryMines and Energy,Environment,Agriculture,PublicWorks andTransportation,Health,Tourism,Information,RuralDevelopment,andEducation,aswell asprivateenterprise,the armedforces,andthe communitiesconcerned.Catchmentareaprotectionis notan areaofhighpriority for thegovernmentDeforestationcontinueson abroadscale,althoughsomeattempthasbeenmadeto controllogging To ensurethe effectivenessofcatchmentprotection,all stakeholdersneedto beinvolved andthegovernmentmustinform thepublic atlargethroughpublic educationcampaignsandthemedia TheMinistry oftheEnvironmentis in theprocessofdevelopinga setofguidelinesfor waterquality andsolid wastedisposal

TheBassacandSangkerivers areconsideredby all asapublic belongingor asagovernmentownedwatersource Typically, peoplearenot undulyconcernedwith thestateoftherivers, andthesecontinueto deteriorate,while catchmentprotectionremainsa low priority for thegovernment.Silt mining from theriverbankscontributesto thehigh sedimentload in theSangkeRiver, andthis in turn contributesto thesilting-up oftheTonleSapwhich threatensthebreedinggroundsofaquaticlife

Thewaterallocationmechanismintroducedby thePhnomPenhWaterSupplyAuthority(PPWSA)wascritical sincetherewasnot enoughwaterto meettherequirementsofall users,especiallyduring thedry season,at whichtime thenumberof complaintsfrom usersincreases

Theprimarysourceofwaterfor BattainbangTown is theSangkeRiver, thequality ofwhich isdeteriorating,mainlybecauseof an increasedsedimentloaddueto gemstonemining upstreaminthePailin area,andextensiveloggingwhich leadsto increasedflow volume

Thisprinciple is not directlyto PathNbaVillage, aswatersourcesarelocal, usuallyin theformof family or communalpondsThelatteraremoreheavily usedduring thedry season,whenfamily pondstendto dry up Villagerswerein generalnot awareoftheimportanceofcatchmentprotection,andtheyhad limited knowledgeof watermanagement,despitethefact thataCARERE supporteddrinkingwaterand sanitationprojectwasrecentlyimplementedin thevillage. Floodinghasoccurredin thevillagethreeyearsin succession

MethodologyUsed:

Groupdiscussions,thereviewingof existingmaps,thedrawingofwatersourcesmaps,andreviewofthe Ministry oftheEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrolofsolid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewho participatedin theassessment at thenationallevel were from thePPWSA At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsofIndustry,Health,Agriculture,Women’sAffairs, Public WorksandTransport,RuralDevelopment,MRD andthetownwaterworkswererepresentedIn thevillage theWaterPoint

048-177DOC Water andSanitationSector 1 2

Reportofan AssessmentofWaterResources\lanagenientin Cambodia

Committee andthe Village DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,aswerethe VillageChief, the ConmiuneChiefandselectedvillagers Meetingswereheld to discussassessment

relatedactivities, includingthenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,and key personnelto beinterviewed

Results

Guiding Question1.1Haswatersourceandcatchmentprotectionbeenidentified asaneedpresentlyor in the longerterm’~(Why9 By whom 9 When“ How?

Efforts arebeingmadeby certaingovernmentbodiesto addressthe issue Although thereis asyet no relatedlaw, theMinistry of theEnvironmentis in theprocessofdevelopingguidelinesforwaterquality andsolid waste control

Guiding Question1.2Are catchmentareasnegativelyinfluencedby any activities9

Indicator 1.2.1

Is thereamarkedreductionin flow volume waterlevel overthe last five to ten years (dousershaveto walk longerdistances)?

• Thereappearsto be increasedflow volume in theTonle SapLakeandMekongRivercatchmentarea,at leastsomeofwhich canbe attributedto deforestation

• Thesilting-up oftheTonle Sap,andof theriversthat flow into it, is a consequenceofanincreasedsilt load in therivers

• [SamAn this is not increasing,it is decreasing99979?999]The height ofwater level raisedregularly Forexample in August 1994 the height of the waler was 13.58m, in

• This indicatordoesnot apply to PathNba Village

Indicator 1.2.2

Arefloods occurringmorefrequently9

• Available informationindicatesthatflooding is on the increaseFloodsoccurredin PathNhaVillage in threeconsecutiveyears(1994 - 1996),with the 1996 flood beingtheworstofthethree

Indicator1.2.3

Is thereamarkeddeteriorationof waterquality overthe last five to tenyears(turbidity level,chemicalquality, tasteappearance,increasein costfor watertreatment)9

• The quality ofthewaterin the SangkeRiver beganto deterioratein 1985whentheKhmerRougerebelgroupbeganexploitinggemstonesin thePailin area,which is neartheheadofthecatchmentareaThehigh silt contentofthewaterleadsto high costofwatertreatment,assettlingreservoirsandfilters requiremorecare Thehighcostofalum, chlorineandtransportation, andinflation all leadto increasedcostofwatertreatment

• Industries frequently dump untreated waste into thewaterways

048-177DOC Water andSanitationSector ] 3


• Increasedpopulation,buildings,river traffic, oil drainedfrom vehicles,fertilizer carriedbyrunoffwater,and latrinesbuilt nearrivers, andsewagefrom seweragesystemsall leadtoincreasedwater pollution

• Animals frequentlyusethesamewatersourcesaspeople,which is aparticularprobleminvillageswheredrinkingwater is oftentakenfrom unprotectedponds

Guiding Question1.3Whatarethethreatsto watersourceandcatchmentareaprotection (waterquality, waterquantity,environmentaldegradation)9

• Deforestation,mining andthemining of sedimentfrom river bankscauseerosionin thecatchmentarea,andleadto thesilting-up oftheTonleSap

• Theactivitiesthat threatenwatersourcesandcatchmentprotectionaregemstonemining in thePailin area,illegal logging,anda shortageofgeographicaldatathat could indicateproblemareas

• Fishing by meansof laying bombooor woodenbarricadesin watersources• Raisinganimalswithout propercontrol orcare• Too greataquantityofwaterin therainyseason,andtoo little in thedry season• Lackofawarenessofthe importanceofenvironmentalprotection• Increasingpopulationin thecatchmentarea• Town sewagefrequentlydumpeduntreatedin waterways

No villagerelateddatais available,butcommunerepresentativesmentionedthat waterflowincreasedduringthe last threeyearsbecauseofdeforestationAnti-loggingmeasuresareingeneralineffective

Guiding Question1.4Whatprotectionactivitiesarebeingundertaken(livestockcontrol,reforestation,landmanagement), andby whom9

Indicator 1.4.1Is thepercentageofdegradedland increasing over the last five to ten years9

• Thereis landdegradationalongthe SangkeRiver,but asoneriver bankis erodedtheoppositebank is built up, astheriver changesits course Themining ofearthalongtheriverbanksin ahaphazardmannersometimescausesunnecessaryerosion Specific dataon landdegradationisnot available

Indicator 1.4.2Percentageincreaseof livestockover5 years

• Thereis no reliabledataon thepercentageoflivestockincrease,but theDepartmentofAgriculture, with theWorld Bank andtheMAFF [99999999] reportedin 1996 that therewere167,887cows, 17,31[~99~99] buffalo, and 63,474 pigs in BattambangProvince

• PathNbavillageofficials reportedthat therewere312 cows, 16 buffaloand 160 pigsin thevillage, but it was not possibleto determinethepercentageincreaseoverthepast5 years

Indicator 1.4.3



Percentage increase in irrigation licences / irrigated area

• No water use licencesare issued Farmersdealdirectly with Water UserCommitteesat thelocal level

• Thereis no law on waterusefor irrigation

Indicator 1 4 4Populationgrowthin catchmentarea

• Ministry ofEnvironmentdirectiveNo 992 of23 May 1994 regarding the control of solid andliquid waste produced by industry and individuals

• Reforestationis beingencouragedbut it is not taking placeon a wide enoughscaleto balancedeforestation

• Land managementandlanduse measures are largely ineffective, andunenforcedby localofficials

• Publicawarenessactivitiesaresometimescarriedout by theDepartmentsof AgricultureandEnvironment

• Increasesin the populationin theBattambangTown catchmentareaarereportedbut noreliable data is available to indicate the rate of increase

LessonsLearned:

Theparticipantsfelt that theassessment was a goodopportunityfor themto learnaboutexperience gainedelsewhere, and to increase awareness of the importance of WRMThe issue ofcatchmentprotectionis very appropriatein thepresentCambodiansituation Mining in Pailin anddeforestationwereaidentifiedasmajorconcerns,but relatedlaw enforcementwasnot seenasbeingeffective Thewaterresourcesof Cambodiadeteriorateddueto thelackof waterresourcesmanagement Many working classesoperateits businessalongthesidesof thesourcesandchannelledwastewaterinto the sourcesBassacand Sangkerivers wereconsideredby all asapublic belongingor governmentown water sources They usually did not care or observedwhatis going on in the water sources and the catchment areas Deterioration of the water resourcesdramaticallyincreasedeveryyearandattention was not raisedby thegovernmentconcerningwaterresourcesmanagementandcatchmentprotection Waterwith high sedimentationtheTonle Sap(GreatLake) becomeshallow whichthreatento the life and shelterofcreatureslivingin it Water insufficiencies have been identified asa problemfor thosewho haveaccesslimited tofamily pond, high populated areas and at the end of the distribution system,especiallyfor useinthe dry season

Successes:In BattambangTown,a high proportionofthetown’ssewageis now treatedat theChamkaSamrong treatment plant, which significantly reduces the amount of sewage being dumped in theSangke River Therewas a reforestation dayorganizedby theDepartmentofAgriculture andEnvironment,which led to increasedgeneralawarenessofthe importanceoftheenvironmentA CARERE supportedWATSAN projecton well rehabilitationandmaintenancehasincreasedthe level ofawarenessofthe importanceofWRM in PanhNhaVillage

Mistakesand Weaknesses:Despite improvements, a considerable amount of sewage is still channelled into waterwaysLoggingbanslargelyremainineffective Populationgrowth in catchmentareasputspressureon



water sources, and chemical fertilizers drain into waterways with runoff water Flooding takesplacemorefrequently Villagersarelargely unawareofregulationson environmentalprotection,andareunawareofthe importanceofwatersourceprotectionandmanagement

Open Issues.Gemstonemining in Pailin continuesunabatedand thewateroftheSangkeRiver is still high inturbidity. Logginglargely remains uncontrolled, and significant quantities of sewage still find theirway into waterways Populationgrowthin thecatchmentareaandtheuseof chemicalfertilizersneedto be betterregulated

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Principle 2Adequate water allocation needs to be agreed upon between stakeholders within a nationalframework

BackgroundA mechanismfor waterallocationis crucial sincethereis thequantityof wateravailableis notsufficient to meet demand,particularlyduring thedry seasonDistribution networksin PhnomPenhandBattambangwerenot designedto meetcurrentrequirementsA nationalframeworkgoverning waterallocationis not yet in place,asthis will only becomepossibleoncethereiscloser collaboration betweenthevariousconcernedgovernmentbodies

Similarly, thereis no suchinfrastructureatthevillage level, but waterresourcesaremanagedbyWaterCommittees,Village Chiefs, andmonkswhenthewatersourceis locatedat a pagoda

Methodology Used:Groupdiscussions,thereviewingof existingmaps,thedrawingofwatersourcesmaps,andreviewoftheMinistry oftheEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994, regardingthecontrolofsolid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewho participatedin theassessmentat thenationallevelwerefrom thePPWSA At theprovincial level, the Departmentsof Industry,Health,Agriculture,Women’sAffairs, Public Works and Transport, RuralDevelopment,MRD andthe townwaterworkswererepresented.In thevillagetheWaterPointCommitteeandthe Village DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,aswerethe VillageChief, theCommuneChiefandselectedvillagers Meetingswereheld to discussassessmentrelatedactivities,including thenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,andkey personnelto beinterviewed

Results

Guiding Question2.1Is sufficient waterofrequiredquality availableto meetthedemandsof all waterusers9

Good qualitywateris in generalnot availablein sufficient quantity,asthenumberof usersexceeds production capacity Water systems and village watersourcesareinadequateSparepartsandtools arein shortsupply Distribution systemsleakandvillagesourcesareoften not

sufficiently well protected

Indicator 2.1 1Percentageof estimatedwateruseby different sectors

Waterusein BattambangTown [9999999999] is brokendownasfollows

Sector Proportion(%)

[?7?T?’?9]Domestic. ?Commercial & industrial ‘?

General population & monasteries. ?Water vendors. 7


Reportofan .AssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Government institutions & school.NGOs

?7

Hotels & restaurants. ‘~

Theparticipantsestimatethat the303 familiesof PathNbavillage use water in the followingproportions

Indicator 2.1.2Estimatedwateruseallocationper-sectorin 1996

DomesticuseCommercialandindustrialuse

No water use allocationis madeat thevillage level

Indicator 2.1 3Level of satisfactionof stakeholderswith allocatedvolumes(no of registeredcomplaints,percentageof dissatisfiedstakeholders)

Someusersin both PhnomPenhandBattambangarenot satisfiedwith allocatedwatervolumesFrequently,userswho live on upperfloorsor at theendofdistributionlinesfind that waterpressureis not sufficient to providean adequatequantityofwater No writtencomplaintswereavailable,however,andspecificdatais unavailable

This indicatordoesnotapply in PathNhaVillage

Guiding Question2.2

Whatwaterallocationmechanismsexist, whois consultedand whomakesdecisions9

ThePPWSAdecideson water allocationfor thecity, bothurbanandperi-urbanAt the provinciallevel, in thecaseof requestsfor networkextensions,theWaterworksconsultsthePWTD,theDepartmentofIndustryandthetown’s authorities At therequestoftheprovincialauthorities,theWaterworkssometimesprovideswaterto help relieveemergencysituationssuchasthosethatrelateto internallydisplacedpersonRequestsfor householdfacilitieswill be decidedby theWaterworks,while requestsfor waterfor commercialusewill bediscussedwith theotherinterestedprovincialbodies

No formal waterallocationmechanismexistsat thevillage level Villagersreportedthat whenasupportagencycameto thevillageto install waterfacilities theywerenot properlyconsultedTheCAREREassistedwell rehabilitationprojectin PathNhaVillage introducedthe usersto theconceptof local responsibilityfor planning andmanagingprojectsof this nature This wasdiscussedin meetingswith communerepresentatives,village chiefs,VDC membersand someof

10,279,560Cu m4,405,526cu m



theend-users.

Indicator 2 2.1Percentageofstakeholdersrepresentedin thedecisionmaking (electedstakeholdersrepresentation,percentageof stakeholderswho feel their voiceis heard)

Thereareno electedstakeholdersin thedecisionmaking body,but water exploitersrepresentingthe usersparticipatein decisionmaking discussions Theexploiterscanmakedecisionlimited tothe areaswheretheyareassignedonly [“999meaningunclear- pleaseelaborate9”9999]

In PalmNha46% ofthevillage’s 303 familieswererepresentedwhenvillagersmet to discusstheCARERE assistedprojecttherein 1996

Indicator 2.2.2Availableof waterresourcedata

Comprehensivewaterresourcedatais unavailable,but thereis aconsiderableamountofinformationon specificaspectsof thesector TheGeneralDirectorateofIrrigation Methodologyand Hydrologyhasinformationon hydrologycountrywide, and ongroundwaterin certainareas,A groundwaterdatabasehasbeenunderdevelopmentfor thepasttwo yearswith CAREREassistanceA numberofsupportagencies,suchasUNICEF, that havebeenactivein thesectorfor manyyears,oftenhavetheirown databaseofwaterrelatedinformation In 1993 and 1994 theODA conductedan intensive,multi-facetedstudyofthewater situationin BattambangTown

Indicator 2.2.3Accessibilityof informationto all stakeholders(percentageof stakeholderswho feel theydo nothavegoodaccessto information)

In PhnomPerth~stakeholderscanapproachthePPWSAfor information,but no generalinformationis given in themedia In Battambang,theWaterworkscanbeapproachedforinformation In thevillage, a PRA exercisecarriedout in 1996helpeddefinetheexistingwaterresourcesin thevillage It is to be noted,however,thatthereareno statisticsat any level thatindicatehow manyusersfeel theydo not haveaccessto adequateinformation

Guiding Question2.3Whatlegal frameworkandtraditional practicesfor waterresourcesallocation exists” Is iteffective7

Thereareno generallawsthatgoverntheallocationof waterresources,but therearedirectivesthatcovercertainaspectsof thesector Subdecreeno 32 of 31 December1987dealswith theprovision of water for use by Ministerial Councils[?9999pleaseclarify”9999] MIME directiveno 1 of 7 February1996dealswith paymentfor waterusein PhnomPeth[“’99”?9] all usersmustpay for theamountofwatertheyconsumeasindicatedby a watermetre If paymentis notmadeoveraperiodoftwo consecutivemonthstheuserwill be givenwritten notice If paymenthasnot beenmadewithin 15 daysafterwards,supplywill temporarilybe cut off It is to benotedthatthis governmentinstitutionsdo notnormally observethis regulation

Guiding Question2.4Is thereequity in waterdistribution9 Are existing distributionmechanismseffective” (do048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 19

Reportofan ~AssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

sectors/usersgetwhathasbeenagreed” How is this measured9)

Becausethewaterdistributionnetworksareoutdatedwaterdistribution is not equitablein urbanareas,particularlyin zonesof high populationdensity Within thepopulationthatdoeshaveaccess to pipedwatertheexistingwaterdistributionmechanismis consideredeffective,providedthat regulationsareobservedand meteredconnectionsareproperlymonitored

This questiondoesnot applyat thevillage level

Indicator 2 4.1Percentageofpeoplewith equalaccessto watersupply (distanceto source,numberof supplyhours)

Thereis no datathat indicatesthe percentageofpeoplewho haveequalaccessto watersupply

Indicator 2.4.2Percentageofpeoplewith equalaccessto irrigation water

ThePPWSAandtheBattambangTownWater Worksdo not providewaterfor irrigation Inrural areasofBattambangProvinceit is estimatedthat 30 % offarmerspumpirrigation waterfrom theTonleSap, andan evenhigherproportionpumpwaterfrom theSangkeRiver In ChheuTeal Communethereis asystemwhichirrigatesan areaof 300 hectaresin thedry season

In thevillage 70 % offarmersarefarmonly in therainyseason,asthereis no irrigation systeminplace

LessonsLearned:

Thisprinciple cannotadequatelybediscussedin theCambodiancontextfor lackofa nationalframeworkandsupportinglegislation Ontheotherhandit is necessaryto havegovernmentsupport if watersupplyprojectsareto functioneffectively, regardlessofwhethertherearegoverningrulesandregulationsThegovernmenthas,nevertheless,indicatedin variouswaysitsinterestin andsupportto the sector Theministerialdecreesmentionedelsewherein thisreport,andthenumeroussectorrelatedactivities that receivegovernmentsupportareproofofthis

Thewaterdistributionsystemsareobservedto bemostlya mix oftraditionalandprivatepractices[“““7pleaseclarify””99] Typically watersystemsfunctionto only 80 % oftheir intendedcapacity,largely becauseoflackof maintenance

Successes:

[99999 PhnomPenh’~9~9]

In Battambang,fourprivateexploitershavebecomeworking with theWaterworksto improvethetown’s distributionsystem As aresultan increasednumberof thetown’s residentswill gainaccessto pipedwatersupply,andtheprivatesectorwill be encouragedto becomemoreinvolvedin areasof activity that wereformerlycontrolledby state-runenterprisesPublic awarenesscampaigns on environmentalprotectioncarriedout by concerneddepartmentshaveincreasedawarenessofthe importanceof theenvironment

TheCARERE supportedproject in PathNhahasincreasedthe level of awarenessofthe048-177 DOC Water andSanitationSector 20

ReportofanAssessmentof WaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

importanceofWRM

MistakesandWeaknesses.Thereis still no regulationofactivities that couldaffect theenvironmentat thevillage level, andvillagers in generalareunawareofthe importanceofwatersourceprotectionandwater resourcemanagement

Theentrepreneurswho areworkingwith theBattambangWaterworkssit on thedecisionmakingpanel,but theycannotmakedecisionsthat concernareaswheretheyarenot actuallyworking[9799 clarificationrequired799999] End-usersarenot representedat any of thedecisionmakingmeetings The water supply authorities do not havethepowerto levy fineson governmentinstitutionsthat do not pay for thewatertheyuse

Open Issues.

[97779797]

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Reportofan .Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Principle 3Efficient wateruseis essentialandoftenan importantwatersource

Background:In urban areas thequantity of water available to end-usersdependsmoreon theefficiency ofthedistributionnetworkthanon availability ofwaterat thesourceDuring the rainyseasontherenormally is no shortageofwaterin rural areasofCambodia,althoughthequality of availablewaterfrequentlyis a problem Duringthedry seasonvillagerswho donot live closeto ariver orlaketypically needto travel longerdistancesto collectwaterasthesourcescloserto homedryup Watercollectedin this way generallyrequiresthe initiative ofan individualor a family, andthereareno organizedmeasuresfor increasingwatercollectionefficiency

Methodologyused:

Groupdiscussions,thereviewingofexistingmaps,thedrawingof watersourcesmaps,andreviewoftheMinistry oftheEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrolofsolid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewho participatedin theassessmentat the nationallevel werefrom thePPWSA At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsofindustry,Health,Agriculture, Women’sAffairs, PublicWorks andTransport,RuralDevelopment,MIRD andthe town waterworkswererepresentedIn the villagetheWaterPointCommitteeandthe Village DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,asweretheVillageChief, theCommuneChiefand selectedvillagers Meetingswereheldto discussassessmentrelatedactivities,including thenatureof theworkshopsto be conducted,and key personnelto beinterviewed

Results.

Guiding Question3.1.Is inefficiencyin wateruseidentifiedasaproblem” If yes, who perceivesit asa problem,andwhy”

Indicator 3.1.1Percentageofpersonsin usergroupsidentifying inefficientuseasa problem(users,operators,agencystaffandfarmers)

• It is perceivedasaproblemin PhnomPenhbut thereis no dataon thenumberof userswhoseeit assuch

• Also perceivedasaproblemin BattambangTown,wherethestaff reportelectricityshortagesLargequantitiesofsedimentareremovedfrom thewater This requiresfrequentcleaningofthesedimentationtanks,but theWaterworksstaffdo not havethemeansto inform consumersLeakage’swerereportedasbeinga problemin PhnomPethandBattambang.In Battambangthedemandfor piped waterfar exceedsthecapacityofthedistributionnetwork,which wasdesignedto meetneeds50 yearsago

• 36 % ofa populationof 3,000familiesdo not haveadequatewater in thedry seasonThosewho areattheendofthedistributionnetwork,abovegroundfloor level, or in areasofhighpopulationdensity

• 60% of303 families indicatedthat theydon’t havesufficient waterfor drinking and otherpurposes,especiallyduring thedry season

048-177DOC Water and SanitationSector 22


Guiding Question3.2.

What inefficiencies havebeenidentified”

In urbanareas thedeterioratedstateofthewaternetwork,particularlyasregardsleakageandunreliablesourcesof electricity,frequentlyimplieswatershortagesfor userswho areconnectedto thenetwork Entrepreneurssometimesaddnewconnectionto extendthenetworkwithoutreceivingprior authorizationfrom thewaterauthority

As explainedearlier,wateruseatthevillage level tendsto centreon wateravailability,particularly duringthedry season,ratherthanon inefficientwateruse

Indicator 3.2.1

Percentageofleakagein supplysystem

• ThePPWSAestimatesthat in 1996,60 % ofthe waterpumpedinto thePhnomPeth [9999999]

networkwaslost throughleakageMuch oftheleakagetakesplacein areaswherebuildingshavenot beenbuilt to standard

• In BattambangtheFinanceDepartmentsetup a guidelinefor thepercentageofleakageoverafouryearperiod.50 %in 1994and 1995, and45 % in 1996and 1997 Reportedby TownWaterworks

Indicator 3 2.2Percentageofleaking/opentaps• no reliabledataavailable

Indicator 3 2.3Percentageofhouseholdsusingdrinkingwaterfor cattle• In PathNhaVillage 50%ofthe303 families usedrinkingwaterfor cattle,especiallyin thedry

seasionwhenpondsdry up• In Battambangtown 1 5%ofthe peoplewho usepipewaterfor pig raising, estimatedby town

waterworks

Indicator 3 2 4Percentageoftraditionalirrigatedarea• No Dattaavailableat thetime oftheassessment

Indicator 3.2.5Percentageofirrigatedareawith cropswith highwaterrequirement• No Dattaavailableat thetime oftheassessment

Indicator 3 2 6Percentageof personsin usergroupsadoptingwatersavingmeasures(reusein thehouseholds,repairleakage,reuse/wasteminimization in industry)

85 % of 3,000familieswho usethe Townwatersupplymakespecialefforts to savewater,

048-177DOC Water andSanitationSector 23

Reportof anAssessmentof WaterResourcesManagementiii Cambodia

estimatedby TownWaterworks• 3 % of3,478families in ChamkarSamronghavereusedtreatedsewagewaterfrom thesewage

treatmentplant, reportedby DepartmentEnvirounment• 50 % repairedin 1994-1997(small repairastemporaryarrangementin orderfor thesystem

to run)

Guiding Question3.3.Whatmeasuresareundertakenfor theeffective& efficient useofwater9Who is involved andwho decides9• To handlethis thePPWSAandtheTownWaterworkshavedevelopedan internalregulation

for waterusemanagement,expandingdistributionnetworkandcashpledgefor theright ofusingwaterasfollows

• Theimpositionoffines.• Warnings• Strengthenedinternalmanagement,andmaintenanceofthedistributionnetworkand

theproductionsystem• An inspectionunit to readwatermeters.• A tariff collectionunit to collectpaymentfrom theconsumers• A mixed groupto monitorwatermetersandcleanthe distributionsystems The

DepartmentsofIndustryandFinance,andtheprovincialauthoritiesarerepresented,but final decisionsaretakenby thedirectorofthePPWSA [797clarify How is thePPWSAinvolved with theprovinces7999]

• In 1996, 12 waterusergroupswereorganizedandtrainedby thePDRD This wasa firstopportunityfor thewaterusergroupsto learnaboutthe importanceof hygieneandwatersourceprotection Village waterpointsaremaintainedandmanagedby theend-userswith theassistanceoftheWaterPoint CommitteeandtheVillage DevelopmentCommittee

Guiding Question3 4Are theremeasureswhich havebeenconsideredbut not implemented”If not why not9

Thefollowing aremeasureswhich arein placebut which arefrequentlynot observed,or havenotyet beenimplemented

• All industrial liquid and solid wasteis not to be drainedinto waterwaysor lakes• TheDepartmentsofHealthhavegiven instructionsthatwatershouldnotbe drunkdirectly

from rivers• In BattambangTown, thereis aplan to rehabilitatethewaterdistributionnetwork,with

funding from the SocialFundoftheKingdomof Cambodia• Changingthelocationsof factoriesthat aretooneartheriver• Condemnopensewersthat now draindirectly into theriver• Thecommuneauthoritieshaverequestedan additionalof 30 waterpointsfor awhole

communein orderto haveadequatewaterbothin thedry andrainy seasions

LessonsLearned:



Successes:In Battambang,50 % oftheexistingnetworkwasrepairedwith assistancefrom theEU This ledto a 50 % increasein its productioncapacity A sewagetreatmentplant wasbuilt to treatpartofthetown’s sewagewaterthat usedto be channelledinto theriver. Someofthetreatedwastewateris nowbeingusedby farmersfor vegetablegardensin ChamkaSamrongCommuneInPathNhanewconceptsofproblemidentificationand projectmanagementwereintroducedwiththe assistanceofthePDRD andCARERE

Mistakesand Weaknesses.

No public waterresourcesmanagementis systematicallyundertakenat nationalor provinciallevels Sectorplanningis generallyweak Certainnewmeasureshavebeenproposedor put inplace,but theyarenot widely observed.At thevillagelevel, maintenanceofwaterpointsremainsan issue,asmanyvillagers seefacilitiesassistedby departmentsor agenciesaspublic propertywhich theydo not feel obligatedto maintain

Open Issues.

[99997997]



Principle 4Managementneedsto be takencareofat the lowestappropriatelevels

Background:Overallwatermanagementat thePhnomPenhlevel is theresponsibilityofthePPWSA,while theTownWaterworksandentrepreneurshavethis role at theprovincial level As thereis nogovernmentwatermanagementpolicy, however,it is difficult for boththePPWSAandtheTownWaterWorksto managethewatersourcesPublicwaterpoints suchasrivers, lakesstreamsetcareunderthe responsibilityoftheDepartmentofHydrology,while privatewater pointsareundertheresponsibilityof individuals ortheownerofthewatersources.

In rural areas,watersourcessuchasfamily pondsandwells aretakencareofby villagersandWaterPointCommitteesCommunalsources,suchascommunalponds,lakeandcanalsareoverseenby local authorities,teachersandmonks. At timesvillagersfail to careofthesources,and resortto pumpingout pondwaterto catchthefish, allowing animalsto drink in ponds,orbynot preventingchildrenfrom defecatingin thesource’scatchnientarea Projectssuchastheonesupportedby CAREREin PanhNhaVillage encouragetheend-usersto takeon asmuchresponsibilityaspossiblefor projectrelatedactivities.

Methodology Used:

Group discussions, the reviewing of existing maps, the drawing of water sources maps, andreviewoftheMinistry of theEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrol of solid and liquid waste from industry and individuals Those who participatedin theassessmentat thenationallevel werefrom thePPWSA At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsofIndustry,Health,Agriculture, Women’sAffairs, PublicWorksandTransport,RuralDevelopment,MRD andthetownwaterworkswererepresentedIn thevillagetheWaterPointCommitteeandthe Village DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,aswerethe VillageChief, the CommuneChiefandselectedvillagers Meetingswereheldto discussassessmentrelatedactivities, including thenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,andkey personnelto beinterviewed

Results.

Guiding Question4.1Who manages water supply systems9 Howlong have they managed systems”

• ThePPWSAhasbeenmanagingthePhnomPenhwatersystemsince1895,exceptfor the1975 — 1979 Khmer Rougeperiod.

• TheBattambangTownWaterWorkshasbeen managing the system since 1 March 1993,prior to which it wasunderthedirectionoftheElectricity Department

• TheWaterPointCommittee,waterusers,monksandteachershavebeenmanagingthePahnNhaCARERE-supportedprojectsinceit beganeightmonthsago

Indicator 4 11


Reportofan Assessmentof WaterResourcesManagem~itin Cambodia

Percentageof systemswith functioningmonitoringsystems

• 92% of functioning monitoringsystems,sourcesPPWSA (In 1975 - 79 no monitoringsystemexisted) The PPWSAhasits own system for monitoring the technicalaspectsofthenetwork

• 80%of functioning monitoring systems, sources town waterworksThetown waterworkshasits own systemfor monitoringthetechnicalaspectsof thenetwork

• In PathNhathevillagersareexpectedto carryout participatoryprojectmonitoring,while thePDRD monitors project implementation.

Indicator 4.1.2Averageandrangeofyearsofexperienceofmanagementcommittees

• There is no reliabledatafor PhnomPenhor Battambang• The PanhNhaManagementCommitteehaseightmonthsofexperience,beginningwith the

CARERE-supportedprojectthere

Guiding Question4.2

Who manages different waterresources7- Operational (day to day management of surfacewaterandgroundwater)- Strategic(policy, legal,planning)

• Therewereprivatewaterabstractionfrom TonIc Sapandborewells• No informationavailable,but therewerefourexploiterswho managedthewatertheybuy

from thesupplysystems

• Localauthoritiesinclude~village chief,monks,lay man,teachers, communeand district (publicponds,lakesandcanals(streams)only For the public hand pumps anddug wellsmanagedbythe water committee while private wells responsible for by individual

Indicator 4.2.1

Percentage of systems with functioning monitoring systems• 92%of functioning monitoring systems, sources PPWSA (In 1975 - 79 no monitoringsystem

existed)ThePPWSAhas its own systemfor monitoringthetechnicalaspects of the network]• 80%of functioning monitoring systems, sources town waterworks The town waterworks has

its own system for monitoring thetechnicalaspectsofthenetwork• In PanhNha the villagers are expected to carryout participatoryprojectmonitoring,while the

PDRD monitorsprojectimplementation

Indicator 4.2.2

Average and range of years of experience of amangement committees• Boardcommitteewas establishedin 1997• Threeyears (01 March 1994 to 1997) experiencesafterseparationfrom electricitydepartment

andbecomingAutonomousDepartment• ThePathNbaManagementCommitteehaseight months of experience, beginning with the

CARERE-supportedprojectthere


Reportofan AssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementm Cambodia

Guiding Question4.3Is managementcurrentlytakingplace at the lowestappropriate/ possiblelevel” If yes,describeconstraints in havingmanagementat onestep lower level [799 statementunclear999] If not, whynot~[979 question unclear~99]

• No dataavailablefor this, but team was set up to takecarein placesuchas illegal buildingarea

• Fourprivateexploiterswhomanagedwatersupply undercontract agreement with townwaterworks Theysupply 19,000cu m I monthto theconsumersAn averageof4,750 cu.m/ month managed by each exploiter

Indicator 4.3.1Percentageofmanagementcommitteeswith cleartaskassignment• 60% [?‘??doesthePPWSAmgmt committeehavea cleartaskassignment779]• 85%oftaskwereappointedby the directorofthetown waterworks• 75%ofthe 12 committeewith cleartaskassignment,PanhNha

Indicator 4.3 2Percentageofproblemsreferredto higherlevelauthorities(frequencyandlevel ofback-upsupport)

25 %of the problems reffered to PPWSA, estimatedby PPWSA20% ofthe problemssubmitedto thetown waterworks,estimatedby thetown waterworksNo problemhasbeenreferredto thehigherlevel sincetheall ofcommittees werenewlyestablished

Indicator 4.3.3Percentageof users/stakeholderssatisfiedwith themanagement• 60% [99999]

• 75%to 80%satisfied with the management,estimatedby thetown waterworksIt wasestimatedthat 80%of all stakeholderssatisfiedwith thepresentmanagement

Guiding Question4.4Doesexisting legislationfacilitatethis principle” Is legislationeffective” if not, what otherappropriatearrangementsexist”

• It’s no clearcut answerto this question eventhough the townwaterworkshasreceivedthesubdecree from the government,butonly about 85%effective Someof the governmentinstitutionsstill not respectthedecree

• No legislationat thevillage level, but in PanhNhathewatercommitteeswho managethewater points

Guiding Question4 5Whatarethechangestaking place regarding the levels at whichwater resourcesare beingmanaged9Whataretheconstraintsif any”



• [999 in PNP999]

• On 1 March 1994,theBattambang Waterworks was separated from the Department ofElectricity andbecomeeconomicallyautonomous

• Therehavebeensignificant changesat thevillage level In thepast water sources were

generally provided without the involvement of end-users at the planning stage WhenthePDRD was established, its staff began assistmg thesettingup of WaterPoint CommitteesandWaterUserGroups,andin providingwateruseandhygieneeducation Someoftheconstraints were that it wassometimesdifficult to securelocal contributions,andto maketheend-userscommittedto theproject

LessonsLearned:

Significantchangeshavebeentaking placeateverylevelsofwaterresourcesmanagement,aswith the promotion of privatisationatnational,provincialandvillage levels Although thegovernmentstill doesnot haveaspecificpolicy for WRM, theMinistry ofRuralDevelopmenthasissued WATSAN Guidelinesfor thesector,which could leadto thefinalizationofaWATSAN sectorpolicy In March 1994,theBattambangWaterworksbecamean economicallyautonomousdepartment,and afterthreeyearsit is now nearlyself-sufficienteconomically As afirst step, theWaterworkswasableto sell partofthe networkto four entrepreneurs,who nowbuy waterfrom theWaterworksand sell it to theconsumersThroughaCARERE-supportedwell rehabilitationproject,the PDRD was ableto introducenewWRM conceptsat thevillagelevel Thefact that someofthevillagers in PanhNhaweredifficult to convinceis attributedtothefact that theoriginal handpump-equippedwell installationswereinstalledasa quick-impactprojectwith little communityinvolvement,andthevillagerstendednot to seethemselvesasprojectowners

Successes:

[9’)9 PNP 999]

TheBattambangGovernmentis willing andinterestedto support theprivate sectorandenabletheWaterworksto becomeeconomicallyautonomous

ManagementofthePanhNbaProject at the village level

Mistakesand Weaknesses.

[999~ PNP”””]

ShortageofreliabledataAll taskasignmentto thecommitteewasdoneby an appointmentNoreliabledataon costrecoverysystem,thoughpart ofthe systemhavebeensoldto theentrepreneurs

Difficulties in obtainingend-usercontributions,andto convincethemoftheneedfor theirinvolvement

Open Issues.


Reportofan.Assessmentof WaterRetourcesManagementin Cambodia

[7999779797799]

048-177DOCWater and SanitationSector 30


Principle 5Involvement of all stakeholders is required

Background:

[99~ for PNP ‘~99]

In Battambangend-userinvolvementin planningandmanagementgenerallyis limited to paymentfor waterprovided Thefour entrepreneurswho areassociatedwith theWaterworksparticipatein discussionmeetingsbut theyarenot representedat thedecision-makinglevel

In PathNbaconsistentefforts weremadeto involve thevillagers in projectplanning,managementand wateruseeducationPrior to thestart of actualprojectimplementationplanningmeetingswereheld at the village level and training courseswereorganized,but genuineinvolvement of the end-users in these activities remained low

Methodology used:

Groupdiscussions,the reviewingofexistingmaps,thedrawingofwatersourcesmaps,andreview oftheMinistry oftheEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrolofsolid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewho participatedin theassessmentat thenationallevel werefrom thePPWSA At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsof Industry,Health,Agriculture,Women’sAffairs, PublicWorksandTransport,RuralDevelopmentMRD andthetownwaterworkswererepresentedIn thevillagetheWaterPointCommitteeandtheVillage DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,asweretheVillage Chief,the CommuneChief and selected villagers Meetings were held to discuss assessment relatedactivities, including the nature of the workshops to be conducted, and key personnel to beinterviewed

Results.

Guiding questions 5.1.Who arethestakeholders”Do theyperceive themselves as stakeholders and as being activelyinvolved”

Thestakeholdersaregovernmentofficials, thearmedforces,organizationsandinstitutions,farmers,entrepreneursandthegeneralpopulation Not all seethemselvesasstakeholdersin theactive senseThosewho usepiped ortransportedwaterin urbanareasperceivethemselvesasstakeholdersin the limited sensethat theypay for thewaterthey use,andtheBattambangWaterworksreportthat 98 % ofwateruserspay their bills [999 PNP 999]

At thevillagelevel someoftheuserstry to be activelyinvolved in theprocessby attendingmeetings andparticipatingin training courses,by helping install waterpointsandby contributingmoney to buy locally availablematerials

Indicator 5.1 1Percentage of stakeholders perceiving themselves asbeinginvolved

048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 3 1

Reportofan AssessmentofWaterResources~Ianagementin Cambodia

10%perceivedtheyarebeing involved (reportedby representativeofthetown waterworks)

50%ofthe 12 waterpointsperceivedtheyareinvolved, reportedby waterpointscommittee

20%perceivedtheyarebeinginvolved (reportedby representativeofthePPWSA)

Guiding questions 5.2.Do stakeholderswish to be activelyinvolved in WRM”

Indicator 5.1.1Percentageofstakeholdersperceivingthemselvesasbeinginvolved

• Most oftheend-usersdo not appearto be greatlyinterestedin becomingactivelyinvolved inthemanagementofwaterresourcesTheirmain concernis that theyshould havewateravailablein adequatequantity

• Therearefourentrepreneurswho havealimited role in themanagementoftheBattambangWaterworks

Someofthestakeholdersarewilling to be activelyinvolved in waterresourcesmanagement[~99

details999]

Indicator 5.2.1~ercentageof stakeholdersrequestinginformation

[“““PNP””?] ThePPWSAreportthatthereareincreasingrequestsfor information

25 % ofstakeholders/end-usersarereportedto requestinformation,quite oftenend-usersnotintrest for informationas long astheyhaveenoughwater Theymakerequestfor informationwhenissuesdirectly relatedto themsuchasincreasetariff rateetc,reportedby a representativeoftheWaterworks

Therehasnotbeenany requestfor informationfrom higherlevelsfrom theresidentsofPathNha, apparentlybecausetheystill arenot sufficiently involved in themanagementof theproject

Indicator 5 2 2Percentageof stakeholderswho wish to be moreactively involved(interestedto explorein whatway theyfeel theycanbe involved)

• In progress[97999999]

• In Battambang,it is estimatedthat 57%of thestakeholderswishto be morecloselyinvolvedThefour entrepreneurstriedto attractmoreusersby allowing theuserto pay on amonthlybasisuntil completionof theinitial cost Waterworks’officials haveattemptedto reducethenumberof illegal watervendorswho drive aroundthecity, aspartof its town beautivicationprogramme

• Therehasbeenasignificantand steadyincreasein thenumberof requestsmadeforconnectionsto thenetwork



1,139 requestsin 19931,357requestsin 19942,392requestsin 19952,996 requestsin 19963,000requestsin 1997

• In PathNha35 % ofthestakeholderssaid that theywish to be moreactively involved

Guiding question 5.3Whoown thewaterresources/ sources(at variouslevels”)

Within thePhnomPenhMunicipality thePPWSAown thewaterdistributionnetwork,whileindividual watersourcessuchaspondsandtubewellsaregenerallyprivatelyowned.

Thesituationis essentiallythesameattheprovincial level, exceptfor thearrangementmadewiththefour entrepreneurs

Indicator5 3. 1Percentageofstakeholders/ stakeholders groups owningsources/ orwaterrights

• Partsofthesub-urbanareaofPhnomPenhhavetheir ownwater sources/ waterrights [999

clarify meaning,& indicate% if any 9~9)

• A total of24,000families(88%) in SvayPorDistrict (BattambangTown) havetheirownwatersources/ water rights

• At thevillage level, 50 % ofthe860 familiessurveyedhavetheir own watersources,generallyin theform ofpondssituatedneartheir home

PanhNbavillage 12%(303 familiesofwhom 100familieshavetheir ownwater source)

- AndongTrachvillage 5% (210familiesof whom43 familieshavetheir ownwater source)

KompongPreahvillage 33%(347familiesof whom 284 families their ownwatersource)

[999% and # offamiliesdo not match”””]

Indicator 5 3.2No ofsystemsbeingconstructed No. handedover to community/ farmerco-operative

• TheexistingPhnomPenhnetworkis beingextendedto previouslyunservicedareasofthe city

• In BattambangTown., no newsystemsarebeingbuild, althoughtheODA completedanextensivemulti-disciplinary study in 1993 and 1994 that couldserveasabasisfor newsystemconstructionif it werepossibleto locatea sourceoffunding From 1992 to 1994 SAWArehabilitatedsomesectionsoftheexistingsystem,with EUfunding. Fourentrepreneurs


Reportofan Assessmentof WaterResourcesNianagementin Cambodia

extendedthenetwork Westof theriver (slaughterhousearea,ChamkarSamrong,ToulTa EkandWatkor),andEastof theriver to “13 JanuaryMarket”, RathanakandAnlongvil

• In PathNha, 11 handpumpswererepairedandonewasnewly installed,afterwhich the 12waterpoints werehandedover to thecommunity

Guidingquestion 5.4Whatforumsexist for decisionmaking” Do theywork effectively” Who takesthedecisions”

[999 PNP 9~o)]

In Battambangthereareoffice level meetingsto discussthe implementationandplansfor furtheraction.ThereareExecutiveCommitteemeetingsto monitor investmentcostand profits, andtoreviewproject-relatedfinancialreports Thesemechanismsappearto work effectively Decisionsaretakenin agreementwith theprovincialauthorities

Meetingsortraining exerciseswereheldprior to theinstallationoftheWATSAN facilities, onsite selection,theformationof watercommittee,theorganizingofwaterusergroups, (35families / well), training on wateruse, andmaintenance

Indicator 5 4 1Percentageofproblemsactedupon (for eachforum)

Estimated40%on improving productionability andthenetwork [999 responseunclear Therequiredinfo relatesto theno of problemsaddressedat aparticularmeeting,andlater actedupon For example,if 10 problemsareaddressedand actionis takenon 6 ofthose,then theanswerwould be 60 %““’]

Not yetimplemented [9’~9 seeabove999]

Indicator 5 4 2Percentagedecisionsactedupon(for eachforum)

Estimated45% of 15 meetings [999 seeabove999]

80%ofthe6 meetings [~9999~9]

Indicator 5.4 3Percentageof stakeholdersrepresentedon oneor moreco-ordinating/ decisionmaking bodies

Estimatedabout35%of 15 meetings [997 arethesedecisionmaking meetings999]

7%of 860familiesrepresentedin decisionmaking meetings[999 sourceofdata999]



Indicator 5.4.4

percentageofdecisionmaking platformswith a monitoringsystemin place

No reliabledatais availableon this indicator

Guiding Question5.5What conflict management mechanisms are applied”

Indicator 5 5.1Numberofconflicts resolvedoveracertainperiodor atdifferent timesofyear

[7?7”777”77]

Lessonlearned:Thelevel of involvementofend-usersin anyoftheaspectsof WRM at all levelsis low Existingforumsfor decisionmaking is generallylimited to office level meetingsandExecutiveCommitteemeetings Becausefew end-usersareconsultedor evencloselyinformed,conflicts sometimesbreakout whenwaterdistributionis cut to enablesystemmaintenance,or whenfines needto belevied whenduesarenotpaid Taskassignmentsfor theentrepreneurswerefrequentlynot welldefined,which canleadto problems,particularlywhentheychooseto extendthenetworkat theirown initiative Therearemanypotentialuserswho areunableto connectto thenetworkfor lackofnetworkcapacity Thelevel of communityparticipationin thedecisionmaking processandprojectimplementationis low, carewastakento preparethecommunityin advanceof projectdevelopmentand implementationThereis a severeshortageof reliabledataon WRM inCambodia,which will no doubtleadto a higherdegreeofsubjectivitythanwould otherwisebeconsiderednormalfor this typeof sectoralassessment

Successes

[999 PNP997]

Foursectorentrepreneursin Battambangwho arecloselyinvolved with theWaterworkswillcontributeto thesustainabilityof thetown’swatersystem Theprovincialgovernmentissupportiveof theprivatesector,asshownwhenit enabledtheWaterworksto becomeeconomicallyautonomous,which it hasalmost reachedaftera periodofthreeyears Partofthesystemwasrepairedwith EU funding [999 1 believethis is repeatedfrom an earlier principle979]

In thevillage, thefact that evena smallnumberofend-usersactivelyparticipatedis consideredanachievementeventhoughtheir numbersweresmall Theestablishmentofa WaterPointCommitteeandWaterUserGroupswill leadto improvedWRM at thevillage level

Mistakes and weaknesses.

[799 PNP799]

Thereis a scarcityof reliableWRM-relateddata Taskassignmentsfor sectorentrepreneursare048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 35

Reportofan AssessmentofWater Resources\lanagemeritin Cambodia

not clear Sometimestheentrepreneursmakenewconnectionsto thenetworkwithout informingtheauthorities,which leadsto watershortagesin otherareasTherearelargenumbersofpotentialend-userswho areunableto be givena connectionbecauseof a lackofnetworkcapacity At thevillagelevel the degreeofactive end—userparticipationremainslow

Open issues.

[999999999]

048-177DOC Water and SanitationSector 36

ReportofanAssessmentof WaterResourcesManagementm Cambodia

Principle 6Striking agenderbalanceis neededasactivitiesrelateto different rolesofmenandwomen

Background:

[997 PNP799]

In Battambang,from 1979to 1993, whatis now theDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs wasthenknownastheWomen’sAssociation At thattime genderissueswerenot treatedasa priority, andit wasnot until 1994whentheWomen’sWorld Conferencewasorganizedin Beijing that genderissuesmovedcloserto theforefront,but the level ofunderstandingremainsrelativelylow From25 to 29 May 1997 aworkshopongenderissueswasorganizedby thegovernmentwith financialsupportfrom CARERE: amongthe45 participantsonly sevenwerewomen In threerecentlyheldmulti-departmentalProvincialPlanningWorkshopsonly oneoftheparticipantswasawoman,outofa totalof approximately75 men TheDirectoroftheDepartmentof Women’sAffairs mentionedthat therewasa needfor a balancebetweenactivities relatedto thedifferentrolesofmenandwomen Womenhavefewer rolesin leadership~for examplein technicaldepartmentssuchastheDepartmentofHealththerewereboth femaleand maledoctorsbut themaledoctorshavethe leadingroles Sherecommendedthatin all circumstances,leadershipmustbe sharedby qualified individualsofboth genders

In PanhNha,thevillage authoritiesgavetheir assurancethatat leasttwo womenwouldparticipateasa membersofthe WaterCommitteeandtheyhaveencouragedwomentoparticipatein thedecisionmaking processThelevel of participationofwomen in meetingsishigh, andthey oftenoutnumbermen,but their involvementin decisionmaking is low andtheytendto contributefew opinionsor suggestions

Methodologyused:

Groupdiscussions,thereviewingof existingmaps,thedrawingof watersourcesmaps,andreview oftheMinistry oftheEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrolof solidand liquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewho participatedin theassessmentat thenationallevel werefrom thePPWSA At theprovincial level, the DepartmentsofIndustry,Health,Agriculture,Women’sAffairs, PublicWorksandTransport,RuralDevelopmentMRD andthe townwaterworkswererepresentedIn thevillage theWaterPointCommitteeandtheVillage DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,asweretheVillage Chief,theCommuneChiefandselectedvillagers Meetingswereheld to discussassessmentrelatedactivities,including thenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,andkey personnelto beinterviewed

Results.

Guiding question6.1.How aregenderdifferences,if any,perceivedat planninglevel” At decisionmaking level” Atuserlevel”

[999 PNP999]


Reportof anAssessmentof’~AaterResources\Ianagementin Cambodia

In Battambangtheperceptionappearsto bethat womenarelesswell educatedthanmen,andthatthis is oneofthereasonswhy their level of involvementin planninganddecision-makingis lowOut ofa sampleof78 departmentalstaffonly eight (10%) werewomeninvolvedwith planning,while noneof thosewasrepresentedat thedecisionmaking level

In PanhNha,eachWater UseCommitteehastwo 2 womenand3 menasmembers,anarrangementsimilar to that oftheVDC Womenareinvolved with all stagesof planninganddecisionmaking

Indicator 6.1.1I I Percentageof persons indicatingneedfor genderdifferentiation(planners,decisionmakersandusers)

It wasestimatedthat at 30%of womenrepresentingin theplanningprocessand30%representingin thedecisionmaking process(PPWSA) [9’~9different info required E G, if thereare40 decision-makersinvolved, and20 of thoseindicateaneed,thenthepercentageis 50 %999]

It wasestimatedthat at 35%ofwomenshould be representingin theplanningprocessand30%ofwomenshouldbe representingin thedecisionmaking process(amongthe26 departmentsofBattambangProvince)[“?“see above9’~’~]

40% ofwomenattendedin thedecisionmaking meetings (example in Village DevelopmentCommitteeandWaterPoint Committee) It wasdifficult for thefacilitatorsto discussthis matterat village level, astherespondentsmentionednot havinganyrelatedproblems [999 seeaboveSecondsentenceOK 999]

Guiding question 6.2.Whatare thedifferencesin thedegreeof participationandinfluenceover decisionmaking bymenandwomen”

Indicator 6 2 1Percentageofdecisionsmaking genderdifferentiation

No reliableinformationor dataavailable

Indicator 6 2.2Percentagedfstakeholderrepresentativesthatare women(at decisionmaking forum)

In PhnomPenhit is estimatedthat approximately10 % ofstakeholderrepresentativesarewomen

TheDirectorof theDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs estimatedthatonly 2 % ofthemembersofthedecisionmaking boardsoftheprovince’s26 departments[~9~ is this figure correct999] arewomen

At thevillage level morewomenthanmenarerepresentedat decisionmakingmeetings,but mend048-177DoC WaterandSanitationSector 38


neverthelessend up making mostofthedecisions

Indicator 6 2 3Percentageofwomenandmenthataresatisfiedwith their influenceoftheir gendergroupindecisionmaking

Thereis a very low proportionofwomenwho aresatisfiedwith their influencein decisionmaking, but no datais availableandestimatingthepercentageis not possible [999 in an earlierindicatoryou mentionthat womenarereluctantto presentan opinionon this Whataboutmen979]

65 % ofthewomen in threevillages (4,300women)aresatisfiedwith the influenceoftheirgendergroupin decisionmaking [“7? sourceand reliability ofdata?“7]

Indicator 6.2.4Percentageof meetingstimed to suit both menandwomen

In PhnomPenh,only 30 % of meetingsaretimed to suit both womenandmen,aswomengenerallyremainat hometo cook for the family [979 clarify Are thesemeetingsnot held duringworking hours9’~9]

In Battarnbang,75%ofmeeting time suit women andmen (within theworkinghoursbecausemostwomenhaveto go backto cook for thefamily) [79? needto clarify Seeabove”?”]

35 % of20 meetingssuit women’stimes [“““type ofmeeting At whattime weretheyheld Whyonly 35 % ~‘~‘]

Guiding question 6.3.Do approachespromoteequalparticipationandaccessto resourcesfor both menandwomen9

Theparticipantsfelt thatthis practicehaveencouragedmorewomenparticipationthanmen

Indicator 6 3.1Percentageofgenderspecificactivities(differentiatebetweenmenandwomen) [9~9 meaning

unclear Activitiesdesignedfor, orcarriedout by, men orwomen99’)]

22%for PPWSA (471 staff 100 arewomen) [“““see above999]

Noinformation on thisbecausemostoftheworking promotebothparticipation [999 Where”BTB 999]

In PanhNba,theprojecttreasurerandthehygieneeducatorarewomen[999 weretheactivitiesspecificallydesignedfor women9’)’)]

Guiding question 6.4.Whatarethegendersensitisationprogrammes,if any, at different levels?


Reportofan Assessmentof‘Aater ResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Genderawarenessactivitiesareorganizedon 8 March yearly, aroundInternationalWomen’sDay,atboth thenationalandprovincial level, andin 1997at thevillage level by an NGO calledVEGILAN andtheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs

Gendersensitizationaspectsare included in the yearlyceremonies,in Battambang,on theoccasionof World WaterDay

Lessonslearned:

Therearefew if any formal restrictionson theinvolvementofwomenin activitiesthat concerntheircommunity,but on theotherhandwomenarenot activelyencouragedto becomeinvolvedin managementstructures,wheremenstill outnumberwomenby far With rareexceptions,menoccupyseniorpositionsin governmentandtheprivatesector,while womenoccupylower levelpostsortaketheresponsibilityfor householdduties Up to thetime oftheBeijing Women’sConferencethe level ofgenderawarenessin Cambodiawasvery low, andit wasonly whentheWomen’sAssociationbecametheDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs that genderissuesbeganmoving to theforefront It wasthenthatmeetingsbeganto be held to discussissuesrelatedtogender,andworkshopswereorganizedwith externalsupportto raisegenderawareness,butevenin suchgatheringstheproportionofwomenis low, andusuallydoesnot exceed25 %

SuccessesTheWomen’sAssociationwaschangedto theDepartmentofWomen’sAffairs, thusgaininginimportanceandacquiringa greaterrolein persuinggenderrelatedmattersThereareregularmeetingsand workshopsthat supportthepromotionof genderawarenessAt thevillage level, inPanhNha,the CAREREassistedprojectencouragedwomento takeup rolesasprojectmanagers,an initiative that wasmet with limited success,but still worthwhile as40 % ofthe localWATSAN Committeemembersarenow women

Mistakesand weaknesses.

In generalthe level of involvementofwomenin sectoralactivitiesremainslow Therestill is verylimited knowledgeofgenderissuesMost seniorgovernmentand privatesectorpostsarestilloccupiedby men,while womengenerallylook afterhouseholdduties As womentendto carryout tasksthat requiremorewaterthantaskscarriedout by men,theyshouldhaveagreatersay intheway thewater is obtainedand used Manyof thegenderrelatedactivities that arecarriedout,suchasmeetingsandworkshops,aresupportedby externalagencies,both in termsof fundingandfacilitating Thereremainsaneedfor greaterlocal initiative in this area

Open issues.

[99r)r)r)9’)]

048-177DOC Water and SanitatsmSector 40

Reportofan AssessmentofWater ResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Principle 7Skills developmentand capacitybuilding arethekey to sustainability

Background:

Capacitybuilding canbe classifiedasa key to sustainabledevelopmentbut governmentsupportisminimal Most ofthecapacitybuilding activities thathavetakenplacein Battambangwerepartof projectssupportedby externalagenciesFor example,undertheODA study, someoftheWaterworks’staffreceivedtraining on planningandmanagement,andin researchtechniquesComputertraining wasoneof theactivitiessupportedin this manner

In PanhNha,capacitybuilding wasbuilt into the project,in theform of thetrainingoftrainersforPDRD staffandend-userson planning,management,repairandmaintenanceof handpumps,andhygiene

Methodology used:Groupdiscussions,thereviewingofexistingmaps,the drawingofwatersourcesmaps,andreviewoftheMinistry of theEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994, regardingthecontrol ofsolid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewhoparticipatedin theassessmentat thenationallevel werefrom thePPWSA. At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsofIndustry,Health,Agriculture, Women’sAffairs, PublicWorksandTransport,RuralDevelopmentMRD andthetown waterworkswererepresentedIn thevillage theWaterPointCommitteeandthe Village DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,asweretheVillage Chief,theCommuneChiefand selectedvillagers Meetingswereheld to discussassessmentrelatedactivities,including thenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,andkey personnelto beinterviewed

Results.

Guiding question 7.1Is capacitybuilding a partofproject activities9 If so whatarethekey capacitybuilding initiativesat different levels”

Capacitybuilding, concentratingon planning,managementandtechnicalaspects,is themostimportantpartofthePPWSA [999 Is this correct’)What aboutwaterdistribution999]

In Battambang,theODA assistedthedevelopmentoftheplanningandmanagerialcapacity ofWaterworks’personnelIn 1997 thebudgetallocatedby theWaterworksitselfwasfor computerand languagetraining,for which abudgetof 2,200,000Rids(US $ 870) wasset asideout ofatotal budgetof475,826,000Riels (US $ 18,700)

In PanhNba,capacitybuilding wasbuilt into projectactivities MembersoftheWaterUseCommitteereceivedtraining in variousaspectsofprojectmanagement,including theaccountingofprojectrelatedfunds

Indicator 7.1.1Percentageofbudgetallocatedfor training or capacitybuilding


Reportof anAssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

• 10%ofbudgetallocatedfor stafftraining and/orcapacitybuilding [777where799]

• 18%ofbudgetallocatedfor stafftraining and/orcapacitybuilding (this allocationis for 1997only) [7’?’?where779]

• 25%of thetotal budgetwereallocatedfor capacitybuilding [7’??where9”9]

Indicator 7.1.2Percentageofpersonswho havereceivedtraining throughtheprogramme/ projectat differentlevels(lower / middle / top).

• 471 of32 [77????!I] personnelhavereceivedtraining throughtheprojectabroadand 124 havereceivedtraining in country (10%) [7’?7staffofwhat’? at what level’???]

• 21%of 70 personnelhavereceivedtrainingthroughtheproject (4 7% technicallevel and16 3% managementlevel) [??7staffofwhat 2?’?]

• 30%ofall beneficiarieshavereceivedtrainingfrom theproject [?77where’?what level?”’?]

Guidingquestion Z2.Cancapacitybe developedat all levels7 If not whataretheconstraints/ reasons (legal,institutional, lackofresources,etc7)

It is not possibleto developcapacityat all levels, lackof sufficient financialresourcesbeingamajorconstraint,asis the limited numberoftraining staff Thefour entrepreneurswhosignedcontractswereto managewaterdistributionthemselveswith monitoringby thestaffoftheWaterworks[297meaningunclear?9?] Institutionsfrequentlydo notpay their bill asscheduled,and legalfollow-up actionis inefficient, resultingin insufficient revenue

Indicator 72.1Percentageoftrainedpeopleutilising recentlyacquiredskills [999 meaningunclear Recentlytrainedpeople777]

100%trainedpersonnelutilising their skills in the project [7?? where?what personnel’?99?]

Ofthe21%trainedpersonnel,38%utilising their skills in the project [?“?meaningunclear~99]

As thecommitteesarenewly establishedit is difficult to provide reliabledata,but duringtheassessmentall thewaterpointswerefoundto be well maintainedby theend-usersthemselvesIt’sestimatedthat 75%oftrainedskills wereutilized at thevillage level [979 last sentenceunclear9??]

Guidingquestion 7.3Which technique/ philosophyareusedfor capacitybuilding”

TheODA supportedatraining courseon researchtechniquesSAWA, with EU assistance,SAWA, alsowith EU assistance,providedtraining in watersystemrehabilitation,andlaterin thedesignof urbanwater systems

[799 say something about CAREREassisted projects 99~]

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Lessonslearned:

Capacity building canbe classifiedasakey elementofsustainablewaterresourcesmanagement,but governmentfinancialsupport is limited Most project related capacity building activities aresupportedby externalagencies,which risks making theresultslesssustainable

Theimportanceinitiation of Battambangtown waterworkswasto theextentthat Englishlanguage training [999meaningunclear”?”] No provision for other technical build-up for thestaffwho acquiredsuchknowledgeto bettermanage,planandoperatein the system. [979meaningunclear99’~] Working with thePanhNbaprojectprovidedagoodopportunityforPDRD personnelto familiarizethemselveswith newmanagementtechniques.As thewaterpointcommitteejust started,it wasnot possibleto judgetheextentto whichtheend-userswill be ableto managetheir facilities Thereis atendencyfor watersupplymanagersto betoo dependentonexternalsupport. The PPWSA is still able to allocate 25%ofits total budget for capacitybuilding, while theBattambangWaterworksarestill ableto allocate 18%ofits total operationalbudgetfor capacitybuilding. In PanhNhavillage, 30%ofall beneficiarieshavereceivedtrainingon WATSAN planningandmanagement,repairing andmaintainingofthefacilities, andwateruseand hygieneeducationfrom 25% oftheprojectbudget

Successes.

18%ofthetotal budgetwasallocatedfor capacitybuilding [9”? what level97?]

18% ofthetotal budgetwasallocatedfor capacitybuilding Somestaffhavereceivedtrainingcoursethroughexternalsupportedagencyfunds [777 where29?]

25%ofthetotal budgetwereallocatedfor capacitybuilding and30% ofall beneficiarieshavereceived training on planning and management of WATSANfacilities from the project in PanhNba

Mistakes and weaknesses.A very small budgetwasallocatedfor capacitybuilding (only Englishlanguage) No otherarrangement made for capacity building [99’)which project99’)]

TheGovernmentallocatesonly very limited resources to capacity building

It is not yet possibleto build capacity at all levels,for lackoffunding

Open issues.

[99999999]

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Principle 8Wateris treatedashavingan economicandsocial value

Background:

[99’) PNP 999]

Usersofwaterfrom theBattambangWaterworkspay a monthly waterbill Thosewhorefusetopay orthosewhodo notpay threemonthsin arow will be givena writtenwarning, andif theystill donot pay theWaterworksthenhastheauthorityto cutthe service BeforetheWaterworksbecamean economicallyautonomousbody thedepartmentswerenot requiredto pay for thewatertheyused After thetransitionall users,includinggovernmentbodies,wererequiredto pay,asotherwisetheWaterworkswould not havebeenableto continuefunctioningasaviableenterprise

In thevillage projectarea,a systemofcollectingfrom userswasintroduced,by which eachfamilyhasto pay for wateruseat therateof200 - 500 Riel / month,but fundscollectedin this mannerarefor maintenanceandrepair,not for costrecovery Cross-subsidieswerearrangedfor thepoorermembersofthecommunityto enablethemto participatein theproject [299explainthelastsentence779]

Methodology used:

Groupdiscussions, the reviewing of existing maps, thedrawingofwatersourcesmaps,andreviewof theMinistry of theEnvironmentdirectiveno 992, dated23 May 1994,regardingthecontrolof solid andliquid wastefrom industryandindividuals Thosewhoparticipatedin theassessmentat thenationallevelwerefrom thePPWSA. At theprovincial level, theDepartmentsofIndustry,Health,Agriculture,Women’sAffairs, PublicWorks andTransport,RuralDevelopmentMIRD andthetownwaterworkswererepresentedIn thevillagetheWaterPointCommitteeandtheVillage DevelopmentCommitteewererepresented,asweretheVillage Chief,theCommuneChiefand selectedvillagers Meetingswereheld to discussassessmentrelatedactivities, including thenatureoftheworkshopsto be conducted,andkey personnelto beinterviewedField visits andmapping

Results.

Guidingquestion8.1Do all userspay for waterused”

Thecost of water is chargedto thosewho usewater from the supplynetworkof thePPWSAThose who use water from other sources, such as ponds,rivers andlakes,arenot requiredto payfor thewatertheyuse

In Battambang the cost of water is charged to those who usewaterfrom theWaterworks Thosewho usewaterfrom othersources,suchasponds,rivers andlakes, arenot requiredto pay forthewatertheyuse

Prior to the CAREREsupportedproject in PathNha,wateruserstheredid not pay for thewater


Reportofan \tsessmentof~.katerResources\ianagementin Cambodia

theyused,becausetheydid not understandtheimportanceof safedrinkingwater,andthe initialwatersourceswereprovidedwithout any communityparticipation

Indicator8.1 1Percentageof waterusersthat pay for water (watersupply, irrigation, industry)

[99’) PNP~99]

90 % [999 check999] ofhouseholdspay for thewatertheyuse Thereis no reliableinformationon paymentfor waterusedfor farmingor industry

60%ofthewateruserspay for thewatertheyuse(exampleofthreevillages) [999 which villages” ~source ofdata’?”’?]

whouse water

S

Thefinancialprojectionfor thefutureoftheautonomousStateCompanyshowthatwithout anymodification in water rates, financialautonomycannot be reached,evenif it is in aclosefuture

The present water rates in useare [9’)~ for BTB” Is thefollowing tablecorrect (it is identical tothepreviousone?’)’)]

Descnption 1~ 1994 1996 1996 1997Domestic use undertown waterworksmanagement

R 1 ,&)Q1m3 R 1 2~/m3 R 1 2CXYm3 R 1 2W/m3 R 1 ,2CXYm3

wholesale undertown waterworksmanagement

N/A N/AR 7lX)/m3 (the costis to assist the firstexploitation)

R 8OCVrn3 (the costis to assist the firstexploitation)

R 1,1 ~Wm3(thecost after twocontract)

Governmentadministrative

R 1 ,150/m3 R 1 1 ~J/rn3 R 1 1 50/rn3 R 1 1 50/m3 R 1 2a)1m3

Water sold byexploitation

R 1 ,~m3 R 1 500/m3 R 1 8WIm3

wholesale underexploitermanagement

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

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S

Guiding question8.2Is therea tariff system for waterusers7 If so describethesystem

Thepresentwaterratesin usePPWSAaredescribedin thefollowing table Thosefrom other sources do not haveto pay for it

Descnption 1993 1994 1~ 1996 1997Domestic use undertown waterworksmanagement

R 1 6W/m3 R 1 ,2~/m3 R 1 2C~m3 R 1 2~kn3 R 1 2~/m3

wholesale undertown waterworksmanagement

N/A N/AR 700!m3 (the costis to assist the firstexploitation)

R 8~m3(the costis to assist the firstexploitation)

R 1 ,1 (~im3(thecost after twocontract)

Govemmentadministrative

R 1 1 5Q(m3 R 1 1 SCYm3 R 1 1 SCWrn3 R 1 1 5O/m3 R 1 ,2(X)1m3

Water sold byexploitation

R 1 ,~m3 R 1 500/m3 R 1 6(X)/m3

wholesale underexploitermanagement

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

WaterandSanitationSector 45

Reportofan Assessmentof Water Resources‘tianagementin Cambodia

Therewerenot cleartariff systembut therean arrangementin placeExample of three villages

PanhNha AndongTrach KompongPreah Remarks

200 RieI/family/month 500RieI/family/month 500 RieI/family/month V N # 6.Afndev.

200 R/F.500 R/F

TheWaterPoint Committeecollectsmoney from water userson a monthly basis

Guidingquestion8.3Doesthetariff system(orcostrecoverysystem)meetthecapitalcost7 the0 & M cost7replacementcost7

Sometimesthetariff systemdoesnot provide enoughrevenueto coverthecost of0&M

TheBattambangWaterworksis now ableto meetO&M costs andreplacementcost - providedthat all consumerspay for thequantity of water theyuse Thosewho default on payment forwater-usetypically includepolice offices, the military police,military bases,andseniorgovernmentpersonnel

In thevillage atariff system for recovering costs has not been put in place Maintenance, repairandreplacementof sparepartsarepaidwith duescollectedfrom users

Indicator8.3.1

Ratioof incomefrom tariffs andO&M cost

In 1995 the income from tariffs was485,647,100Riels($186,787)and the expenditure was478,641,452Riels ($184,093) [999 where999]

In 1996themcomefrom tariffs was494,976,850Riels($190,376)and the expenditure was506,800,283Riels($194,923)[999 place999]

TheNetworkandthetreatmentplantsarein poorconditionand they require a considerableamountofrehabilitationwork Theincomefrom tariffs maynot be largeenoughto coverthecostof rehabilitation

In thevillage, incomefrom tariffs is 10,000Riel / monthfor oneAfridev handpump with 35families, and4,200Riel/ monthfor one VN # 6 handpumpwith 35 families It is to be notedthatonly 60 % ofthewaterusersarenow paying for thewatertheyuse, it is hopedthat this ratewillincrease

Guidingquestion8.4Is thereany crosssubsidysystemto enablepoorercommunitiesto receivewater supply” if so


Reportof an \ssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

howdoesit work 9 What level ofsupplyservespoorercommunities9

Thereis no crosssubsidysystemfor poorercommunities[997 earlieryou mentionedtherearecross subsidies999] but if peopleuselesswatertheywill pay less,andthosewho usemorewillpay more For example,thosewho uselessthan 15 cu m / monthpay 300 Riel / cu m, andthosewho usemorethan90 cu m / monthwill pay 600 Rid / cu m [997 is this PNP77?]

In Battambang,thereis acrosssubsidysystemfor thenewexploitationcompaniesfor their initialinvestmentin expandingthesystemintonewgeographicalareas Thereis a systemin placethatfavoursthepoor,who arepermittedto pay towardsthecost ofanewconnectionby contributingmonthlyuntil the initial investmentis reachedTheinitial investmentis aboutRiel 15,000($ 60)Oncethefamily hasa connectionto thesupplysystemtheywill receivethesameamountofwaterasothercustomers

In thevillage, thereis no clear-cutcrosssubsidysystem, but an arrangementhasbeenmadetofavourthepoor Communitymembersconsideredmiddleclasspay $35 / well installation,plusthecostofunskilled labour Poormemberspay $30/ well plus unskilledlabour,andvery poormemberspay $20 / well plus unskilled labour All physicalcommunitycontributionsarein theform oflocally availablematerialsPovertywasrankedthrougha PRAexercise

Guiding question8.5Is the financial system transparent” If so, how is it transparent”

[999 PNP999]

ThefinancialsystemoftheBattambang Waterworks is considered transparent, since theyfollowa relativelyopenaccountingsystem Twiceeachyearan auditorfrom theFinanceMinistry checksthebooks Legal documents[999 what kind 9~9]arethenprepared and submitted for approval attheendofeachyear.

In thevillage, thereis no clearfinancialsystemin placeyet Eachcommitteehasabookwhich isusedto recordall ofthe projectrelatedtransactionsThis is anew arrangement,as therewasnosuchtariff systemwhenthewellswereoriginally installed

Guiding question8.6Do different water usersfeel the priceofwateris “fair”’

Indicator8.6 1Percentageofusersconsideringtheypay afair price

Thecostofwateris appropriatefor the freemarket,but governmentofficials tendto seeit asanunreasonableburdenon their $ 20 / month salary

BattambangWaterworks’staff reportthat thecostofwaterhereis deemedhigh in relation towhat it is in otherprovinces Thecostof theBattambangWaterSupply is consideredasthehighest of all (seeleadingquestion2, principle 8)

It is estimatedthat85 % ofusersareoftheview thatthecostofthewatertheyuseis fair Others048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector 47

Reportofan AssessmentofWater ResourcesManagementm Cambodia

still do not pay for waterused

Lessonslearned:

Financialprojections for theautonomousstatecompanyin Battambangshowthat without anymodification in waterrates,financialautonomycannot be reached,whetherin thenearor distantfuture Waterrateshavebeenmodified to meetthefinancialneedsof M&O only, not forrecoveryof thecapitalinvestmentcost Therearecrosssubsidies for poorer communities to get aconnectionto thewatersupply system,providedthat usersrequireto full amountbut notcapitalinvestmentat thesametime, but theywill payto thesupplieron different stages [799 secondhalfofthesentenceunclear977] Mostconsumerspay regularly for waterused,with themainexceptionsbeingpoliceandmilitary installations,andcertainhigh level civil servantsAs a resultexpendituresometimesexceedsincome

At thevillage level it waspossibleto breakdownthetariff rateinto threecategoriesbasedonwealthranking It is obviousfrom thePathNha situationthat it is difficult to introduceacostrecoverymechanismif the water installationis alreadyin place Follow up monitoringwill berequiredto seetheextentto which theend-userswill be ableto independentlymaintainthefacilities

Successes.

Theprojectprovidedagoodopportunityfor thestakeholdersto work together Relativelyhighproportions of budgets are being allocated to capacity building activities 30 %of all beneficiarieshavereceivedtraining on planningandmanagementofWATSAN facilities from theprojectTherewerecross-subsidiesfor apoorercommunities TheBattambangWaterworkswasallowed

to becomean economicallyautonomousbody. A highpercentageofuserspay for thewatertheyconsume

Mistakes and weaknesses.

No cost recovery for capital investments,as incomefrom tariffs is only sufficient to cover thecostof O&M Capacitybuilding cannotyet be carriedout at all levels Someend-users still notunderstandtheimportanceofcleandrinking water,andtheydo not fully participatein thesystem,by paying someof the relatedcosts,attendingtraining courses,or assistingwith projectmanagement

Open issues.

[2’)999997999999]


Reportof anAssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

Chapter 4 Conclusions.

49048-177DOC WaterandSanitationSector

ReportofanAssessmentofWaterResourcesManagementin Cambodia

AnnexesMapofCambodiaonepage,MapofTownWaterworkstwo pages(A3),MapofBattambangProvinceonepage,MapofPathNhavillage with watersourcesonepage,



References

OverseasDevelopmentAdministrationreportBattambangUrbanWater and SanitationDevelopment,March 1994 [999 incomplete979]

PhnomPenhWaterSupplyAuthority Five Year DevelopmentPlan. [~99 incomplete?“9]

$

t

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j~ibruiy - ircindicator 222 19. report ofan ssessment ofwater resources \ianagenient in cambodia...

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