John Poulson

ATLANTIC MARINE ASSOCIATES Inc.

www.atlanticmarineassociates.com

FUEL & FD&D

Fuel quality governed by :

ISO 8217 international fuel standard

MARPOL Annex VI

EU Directive 2005/33 EC

Local regulations e.g. California

FUEL & FD&D

ISO 8217 : 2012 / 17

FUEL & FD&DREGULATION 18 in revised MARPOL Annex VI

Fuel oil shall meet the following requirements:

The fuel oil shall be blends of hydrocarbons

derived from petroleum refining. the fuel oil shall

be free from inorganic acid;

The fuel oil shall not include any added

substance or chemical waste which either:

Jeopardizes the safety of ships or adversely

affects the performance of the machinery, or

Is harmful to personnel, or contributes overall to

additional air pollution

CLAUSE 5 : GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

5.1The fuels shall be homogenous blends ofhydrocarbons derived from petroleumrefining. The fuels shall be free frominorganic acid and from used lubricationoils.

The fuel should not include any addedsubstance or chemical waste which:-

Jeopardises the safety of ships or

Adversely affects the performance of themachinery; or

Is harmful to personnel; or

Contributes overall to additional air pollution.

FUEL & FD&D

Manifold Drip Sampling

CONTAMINATION

PERIODICAL COLLECTIVE INSTANCES

2001 Singapore 10 Ships

2004 Fujairah 20 Ships

2007 Nigeria 13 Ships

2007 Gabon 4 Ships

2007 Angola 4 Ships

2007 Panama Unknown

2013 Panama Unknown

2018 Houston 50 Ships

2018 Panama Unknown

Plus Numerous Sporadic Individual Cases

1990’s Styrene Contamination

FUEL & FD&D

Fuel Pumps & Injectors

FUEL & FD&D

FUEL & FD&D

DISABLED SHIP - CONTAMINATION

FUEL & FD&D

DISABLED SHIP - CONTAMINATION

FUEL & FD&D

DISABLED SHIP - CONTAMINATION

FUEL & FD&D

DISABLED SHIP

IN – SPEC “BAD FUEL”

Piston rings seized, without lubrication Carbon deposits on piston rod stuffing

box

FUEL & FD&D

INVESTIGATIONSURVEYORS

Classification

Hull & Machinery

P&I

Charterers P&I

Bunker Supplier

Fuel Supplier

Owners

Designated Laboratory

FUEL & FD&D Deck and engine room Bell Books covering this call in the Caribbean and

US / Canadian ports.

Engine room log books covering current voyage including bunkering ports in Russia (HFO) and Korea (ULSDO) to New York.

Deck Log Book covering current voyage including bunkering ports in Russia and Korea to New York.

Ship / shore / ship communications regarding current voyage problems.

Oil Record Book.

Fuel book, including records of fuel additives used.

All BDR’s, analyses and associated documentation for the previous 12 months.

Company / vessel procedure for the change-over of fuel to ULSDO when entering or leaving a SECA or ECA.

MAN recommended procedures for change over and operation on ULSDO.

Company / vessel procedure for vessel bunkering and analysis of fuels.

Company / vessel procedure when commencing consumption of different bunkers.

Dates of completion of consumption of previous HFO and LSDO.

Main and auxiliary engine maintenance records for previous 12 months.

MAN Service Engineer reports from current repairs at New York.

Reports from forthcoming examination of fuel pumps and injection equipment to be carried out by MAN factory / laboratory including all calibrations and metallurgical findings.

FUEL & FD&D

FUEL & FD&D

FUEL & FD&DRANGE OF COSTS INCURRED

USD 450K to 650KExcluding Loss of Use & Legal Expenses

FUEL & FD&DPreventative Enhanced Testing

No. Machinery Issue Test to Identify Issue

1 Piston ring breakages & Purifier / Filter Choking Asphaltene Analysis

2 Very high wear of surfaces from Cat - Fines Accurate Particle Count Test

3 Contaminants in fuel causing fuel pump jamming GC-MS Screening

4 Purifier / Filter choking due to instability Stability testing

5 Abnormal fuel pump / injector wear Acidity – pH testing

6 Filter choking Toluene solvency test

FUEL & FD&D

FTIR Spectroscopy (Infra Red Assessment)

FUEL & FD&DPre – Post Enhanced Testing

No. TEST (UNITS) RESULT

S

NORMAL RANGE*

(SPEC LIMIT)

REMARKS ON SPEC?

1 MCR 13.76 <15 (18) NORMAL YES

2 CCAI 847 <848 (870) NORMAL YES

3 ASPHALTENES

(%m/m)

9.74 Up to 6% HIGH NOT

SPECIFIED

4 XYLENE

EQUIVALENCE

38 <30 HIGH NOT

SPECIFIED

5

RESERVE

STABILITY

NUMBER

9.5 <5

MEDIUM

RESERVE

STABILITY

NOT

SPECIFIED

6 PFIN 169 <130 HIGH NOT

SPECIFIED

7 TAN 0.26 <0.4 (2.5 mg KOH/gMax)

NORMAL NOT

SPECIFIED

8 pH 7.87 Around 7.5 NORMAL NOT

SPECIFIED

9 STABILITY 1 1,2 STABLE YES

10 CATFINES 18 <40 (80) NORMAL YES

11 GCMS Screening PLEASE SEE COMPLETE

REPORT

NORMAL NOT

SPECIFIED

FUEL & FD&D

Gas Chromatography &

Mass Spectrometry

FUEL & FD&D

Post Incident Enhanced TestingNo Compound Observation Levels

1 1,2-Dichloroethane Absent BD

2 1-Butanol Absent BD

3 Tetrachloroethylene Absent BD

4 Styrene Absent BD

5 Alpha-pinene Absent BD

6 Phenol Absent BD

7 DCPD Absent BD

8 Indene Absent BD

9 Naphthalene Present PRESENT

FUEL & FD&D

WHAT IF … ?

FUEL & FD&D

THE JOYS OF BUNKERING

FUEL & FD&D

SHORTAGES

Fuel Density & Weight Relationship

Fuel Temperature & Volume Relationship

The Cappuccino Effect

High Water Content

Inter-tank Transfers

Flow meter / Pipe work Tampering

Quantity measurements by flow meter only

Questionable Tank Calibration Tables

Empty Tanks – Un-pumpable Fuel

Fuel Sampling

FUEL & FD&DBunker Quantity Disputes – Minimum steps in the event of a short delivery:-

Immediately notify the parties concerned andappoint an independent surveyor if not alreadyattending.

Check all tank gauging, check and re-checkboth pre and post bunkering calculationsmaking sure the list/trim corrections have beencorrectly applied.

Verify correct temperatures and densities havebeen used.

Issue letter of protest for each incident andhave it acknowledged by the barge.

FUEL & FD&D Write up a detailed statement of facts leading

to the short delivery.

Preserve any evidence e.g. if you suspect

froth on the surface of the fuel / too many

bubbles on the sounding tape then taking

photographs would be prudent.

The success of a claim will largely depend on

the nature and the quality of evidence

gathered at the time the supply is made. If

there is detailed contemporaneous written

evidence, the ship operator will be in a much

stronger position.

FUEL & FD&D It may be necessary for full disclosure of the

supplier’s stock movement reports to ensurethat the original supplied quantity tallied withthe quantity at the time of opening gauge.

The barge outturn figure showing the deliveredfuel quantity will be recorded on the bunkerdelivery note for invoice purposes. In case of ashort fuel delivery a note of protest must beissued and the same reflected in the ship’s OilRecord Book.

The BDN should not be endorsed aspresented but should be signed and endorsedonly with the soundings and ship’s volumes.

JANUARY 1, 2020

Global

0.5%

Sulphur

Content

FUEL & FD&D

Ships to use fuel oil on board with a

sulphur content of no more than 0.50%.

Exemptions for situations involving the

safety of the ship or saving life at sea, or if

a ship or its equipment is damaged.

Another exemption (with Flag State

approval) allows for a ship to conduct trials

for the development of ship emission

reduction and control technologies andengine design programmes.

FUEL & FD&D

WHY? 400,000 premature deaths from lung cancer

and cardiovascular disease.

14 million childhood asthma cases annually,

according to the latest research.

700,000 cancer and cardiovascular disease-

related premature deaths.

40 million childhood asthma cases to be

eradicated during the first five years of

implementation.

INTERNATIONAL BUNKER INDUSTRY

ASSOCIATION (IBIA)

Time to make regulatory changes taking effect

by 2020 has run out

Carriage ban likely by March 2020, other

regulatory changes by 2021

Guidelines for preparatory & transitional issues

wanted by late 2018

Comprehensive guidelines before 2020

IMO’s 2020 decision is final and there will be

no delay.

FUEL & FD&D

Controls Ships must obtain a bunker delivery note,

which states the sulphur content of the fuel oilsupplied.

Ships must be issued with an International AirPollution Prevention (IAPP) Certificate by theirFlag State. This certificate includes a sectionstating that the ship uses fuel oil with a sulphurcontent that does not exceed the applicablelimit as documented by bunker delivery notesor uses an approved equivalent arrangement.

Port and coastal States can use port Statecontrol to verify that the ship is compliant.

FUEL & FD&DSHIPOWNERS OPTIONS FOR COMPLIANCE

Consider whether / when they will comply with the0.1% limit by changing over to LSGO for the ECA’sor fit scrubbers or go the LNG route. This it seemswill depend upon:-

1.The variation of fuel consumed based on thepercentage of time the ship spends in ECA’s.

2.The ultimate price differential between LSFO andLSGO and LNG.

3.The final wording of legislation concerning 3.5%HFO.

4.The cost of retrofitting a scrubber to be used in theECA’s.

5.Possible future legislation governing wash-waterdischarge from scrubbers (Another CostConsideration)

FUEL & FD&D

TECHNICAL ISSUES

Lower acidity of the fuel due to the lack of

sulphur is not a problem for engines provided a

balance is struck with the TBN (alkalinity) of the

lubricating oil, i.e. cylinder oil in most main

engines (2 stroke) and crankcase oil in auxiliary

engines and medium speed main engines (4

stroke).

FUEL & FD&D

TECHNICAL ISSUESSulphur in fuel causes acidic attack of engine

components as it combines with the H2O in the

scavenge air. Of principal concern is the cylinder

liners of an engine.

However the idea is not to STOP corrosion but

to CONTROL it because a degree of corrosion

allows some etching / coarseness of the liner

surface to be maintained which is good for

holding lubricating oil on the surface and

prevents glazing.

FUEL & FD&D

TECHNICAL ISSUESThe move to 0.5% globally will actually simplify

matters because the difference between 0.5%

and 0.1% for the ECA’s will allow the oil

companies to produce a single lubricating oil for

universal use and obviate the need for different

oils. Currently the alkaline compounds in

cylinder oils with a TBN of say 80 will overwhelm

the acidic content of LSGO and deposit out on

the pistons and cause scuffing by filling the

annulus above the top piston ring. This causes

polishing of the cylinder liner and leads to

scuffing and blow-by of gases.

FUEL & FD&D

SCRUBBERS

FUEL & FD&D

SCRUBBERS

FUEL & FD&D

HORIZONTAL SCRUBBER

FUEL & FD&D

HORIZONTAL SCRUBBER

FUEL & FD&D

SCRUBBER SYSTEMS

FUEL & FD&D – January 1, 2020 Clausing of Charter Parties Bunker Clauses will

need to be specific to the capabilities of eachvessel when it comes to Charterers fuel supplyingobligations and ensure costs are borne byCharterers wherever possible:-

Specifying that Charterers are responsible forcompliance with MARPOL in their supplying of fuel

Indemnifying Owners against delays / fines /penalties as a result of non-compliant fuels beingsupplied.

Amending of performance warranties in case offuel related problems

Redelivery clauses to allow consumption ofsufficient compliant fuel to exit ECA’s

FUEL & FD&DOwners will however have to also agree to

Charterers requirements for a vessel that is

compliant in every way and will surely seek

confirmation that the main and auxiliary

machinery is compliant and capable in every

way of consuming the stemmed bunkers.

FUEL & FD&DBunkering is going to become an ever-

more arduous task requiring a high degree

of due diligence, monitoring and testing.

Owners appointment of a suitable

independent surveying / testing company

is going to become essential at least for

the foreseeable future.

QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?

THANK YOU