joint operation planning process introduction to...

Joint Operation Planning Process

Introduction to JOPP Step 1:

Initiation

Step 2: Mission Analysis

Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development

Step 4: COA Analysis and Wargaming

Step 5: COA Comparison

Step 6: COA Approval

Step 7: Plan or Order Development

THE JOINT OPERATION PLANNING PROCESS

Peter R. Scheffer, Jr. Title X Assistant Professor

Dept. of Joint, Interagency, & Multinational Operations (DJIMO) C506A - COA Analysis


COA Analysis

C506A - COA Analysis

We are Here…



Overview • Reference (JP 5-0, Joint Planning)

• Purpose of:

• COA Analysis

• War Gaming

• Analysis & War Gaming Process

• Conducting the War Game

• Discussion

COA Analysis & War Gaming



JP 5-0, Joint Planning

JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (pp. IV-27 to IV-36) C506A - COA Analysis

This is not exactly the enemy we war-gamed against…

-LTG William S. Wallace, US Army

Commander, V Corps Operation Iraqi Freedom



Purpose of COA Analysis?



COA Analysis

• COA Analysis – the process of closely examining potential COAs in order to reveal details that will allow the Commander and Staff to identify COAs that are valid, and then compare these COAs.


JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-27) C506A - COA Analysis


COA Analysis

Figure IV-2 – “Joint Operation Planning”, JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-3) C506A - COA Analysis

COA Analysis

• COA Analysis:

• Identifies Advantages

• Identifies Disadvantages

• Analysis is separate IAW Cdr’s Guidance



COA Analysis

• COA Analysis should answer:

1.) Is the COA feasible?

2.) Is the COA acceptable?

• Forms the basis for the Cdr’s eventual Comparison & Approval



Purpose of War Gaming?



War-Gaming

• War-Gaming is the primary means to conduct COA Analysis.



War-Gaming • War-Gaming attempts to visualize

the flow of the operation, given:

---

• Force Strengths & Dispositions

• Adversary Capabilities & COAs

• The Operational Area

• Other Aspects



War-Gaming • Based on Time Available

• Each Critical Event

• Action-Reaction-Counteraction

• Combat & Non-Combat Ops

• Cdr selects the COA he wants war gamed and provides guidance along with evaluation criteria


JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-27-28) C506A - COA Analysis

Analysis & War Gaming Process



Analysis & War-Gaming Process

• Detailed Narrative

• “Sketch Note”

• Computer Aided & Simulation



Analysis & War-Gaming Process


Figure IV-10 – “Course of Action Analysis”, JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-28) C506A - COA Analysis

Analysis & War-Gaming Process • COA Analysis IDs which COA best

accomplishes the mission while best positioning the force for future ops.



Analysis & War-Gaming Benefits


JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-29)

• Max Combat Power

• Force Protection

• Visualization

• Requirements for Success

• Focused Intel Collection

• Flexibility of COAs

• ID of Decision Points

• Task Org Options

• Data for Synch Matrix

• ID of Branches/Sequels

• ID of HVTs

• Risk Assessment

• COA (Pros & Cons)

• CCIR (Triggers & Refinement)


Analysis & War-Gaming Process • COA Analysis relies heavily on

doctrinal foundations, tactical judgment, and operational experience.

• Each retained COA should (at a minimum) be war gamed against an Enemy’s MLCOA & MDCOA.



COA Analysis Considerations • Evaluation Criteria and known

Critical Events are two of the many important considerations as COA Analysis begins.



Evaluation Criteria COA Analysis & War Gaming

Figure IV-11 – “Potential Evaluation Criteria”, JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-30) C506A - COA Analysis

Critical Events • Critical Events are essential tasks, or

a series of critical tasks, conducted over a period of time that require detailed analysis…The Planning Staff may wish to ID Decision Points which are most likely linked to a Critical Event.



Prior to War Gaming • 2 x Key Decisions:

1.) Type of War Game that will be used.

2.) Prioritize Enemy COAs.



Conducting the War Game



Conducting the War Game • Primary Steps:

1.) Prepare for the War Game

2a.) Conduct the War Game

2b.) Assess the Results

3.) Prepare Products



Conducting the War Game COA Analysis & War Gaming

Figure IV-12 – “Sample War Gaming Steps”, JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-33) C506A - COA Analysis

Computer Assisted War Game



Manual War Game



Manual War Game • Three Distinct Methods:

1.) Deliberate Timeline Analysis

2.) Operational Phasing

3.) Critical Events/Sequence of Essential Tasks



Blue Cell • Friendly Forces (+ other Actors)

• Through a logical sequence, focus on key objectives, effects, and essential tasks (UJTL).

• Focus on specific critical events that encompass the essence of the COA.



Red Cell • J-2 Staff (Intel OPT)

• Aggressively pursues adversary’s point of view.

• Develops critical decision points, projects adversary’s reactions, and estimates impacts and implications on adversary forces and OBJs.


JP 5-0, Ch. IV, (p. IV-33-34) C506A - COA Analysis

White Team • Arbitrators

• Provide oversight to the War Game and any adjudication required between participants.

• May include the War Game Facilitator.



War Game Conduct & Results





Sequence

• Action

• Reaction

• Counteraction Assess the Results!

Not just Maneuver Forces

Operational Tasks (from UJTL)

Not meant to be a detailed precise analysis or prediction

A thought through process to answer what the Enemy could reasonably do next

War Game Results/Products • War Gamed COA w/Graphic & Narrative.

-Branches & Sequels indentified

• Info on Cdr’s Evaluation Criteria

• Initial Task Org

• Critical Events & Decision Points

• Newly identified Shortfalls

• Refined CCIR (plus those triggered)

• Initial DST/DSM

• Synchronization Matrix

• Refined Staff Estimates



War Game Outputs



War Game Outputs

• Strengths & weaknesses of the COAs

• If the suitability, feasibility, or acceptability of any COA becomes questionable during COA Analysis, the Cdr should modify or discard it and concentrate on other COAs



C509

I. Analyzes a portion of a JTF Course of Action

JTF-HQ LCC ACC MCC SOF

OTHER

UJTL TASKS: OP-1 OP-2 OP-3 OP-4 OP-5 OP-6

OBJECTIVES &

EFFECTS

LINKAGES TO CCIR? ---

FFIR? PIR?

TRIGGER ---

DPs?

DP ---

BRANCH? SEQUEL?

RISK?

ROMO

II. Analysis of COA is tied to Eval Criteria

Important COA Analysis Concepts

JTF Joint Challenge COA Analysis & War Gaming Application

Facilitated Application C506A - COA Analysis

JTF Joint Challenge


Task Organization



USPACOM JPG – Scenario: Indonesia PLASMA PLASMA

Intel Mvt. & Mvr.

Protection JPG Deputy KM

Instructor

JPG Leader

C2

Fires/IO Mvt. & Mvr.

Sustainment

*-Denotes OP Team Leader

JTF Joint Challenge


Restated Mission



Develop Mission Statement

• Mission: O/O JTF-50 conducts operations in the vicinity of Sumatra to secure shipping lanes, neutralize Al-Qaeda in AO and restore the Government of Indonesia’s (GOI) territorial integrity. O/O conduct NEO in order to secure resident American citizen population.

Mission Analysis 12

JTF Joint Challenge


CCIR: ---

(FFIR + PIR)



• Location of COL Hasan. • Location and identity of any Al-Qaeda leadership. •Aggression toward American citizens. •Demonstrations within Sumatra. • IRS movement towards Aceh. •Weapons of mass destruction event. •Attacks on civilian shipping. •Major coalition events. • Significant change in DP status. •Chinese interference.

Mission Analysis 8

Determine Initial Commander’s Critical Information Requirements.

JTF Joint Challenge


Operational Graphics: ---

(COA-1 & COA-2)



COA-1



JOA

Phase I-Deter ME • CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE • CFACC.

•OBJ •Effect

•CFLCC. •OBJ •Effect

•CFSOCC. •OBJ •Effect

•IO: IRS brings you war and supports terrorists.

Phase END STATE •IRS Navy isolated.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 1) CFMCC begins blockade. • END DATE/EVENTS: C+10 2) Blockade set.

XX

XX

XX

COA-1

OP1 - OP6 Tasks


JOA

Phase II–Seize Initiative ME •CFACC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect




Phase END STATE •Straits open to maritime traffic. •APODs/SPODs in Aceh established.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 11) IADS destruction. • END DATE/EVENTS: C+25 2) Air superiority/naval superiority.

XX

XX

XX

APOD

SPOD

COA-1

OP1 - OP6 Tasks


JOA

Phase III-Dominate

X

ME •CFLCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect

•CFACC. •OBJ •Effect



Phase END STATE •IRS military defeated. •Critical Sumatran infrastructure under CTF control.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 26 1) Established APODs/SPODs in Aceh. • END DATE/EVENTS: UTC 1) Defeat of IRS land forces.

XX

X

XX

XX

XX

COA-1

OP1 - OP6 Tasks


JOA

X

ME •CFLCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect



•IO: GOI provides for its people.

Phase END STATE •GOI security forces capable. •Critical infrastructure viable.

•START DATE/EVENT: end of Phase III 1) Sumatran security. • END DATE/EVENTS: UTC 1) GOI security forces enabled.

XX

X

Phase IV-Stabilize COA-1

OP1 - OP6 Tasks


JOA

Phase END STATE •GOI security forces maintain Sumatran security.

•START DATE/EVENT: end of Phase IV 1) Sumatran security. • END DATE/EVENTS: TBD + 30 1) CTF redeployed.

X

Phase V–Enable Civil Authority COA-1


ME •CFLCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect




OP1 - OP6 Tasks

COA-2



JOA

Phase I-Deter

ME • CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE • CFACC.

•OBJ •Effect




Phase END STATE •IRS Navy isolated.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 1) CFMCC begins blockade. • END DATE/EVENTS: C+10 2) Blockade set.

XX

XX

XX

COA-2


OP1 - OP6 Tasks

JOA

Phase II–Seize Initiative ME •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFACC.

•OBJ •Effect




Phase END STATE •Straits open to maritime traffic. •APODs/SPODs in Aceh established.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 11) Amphibious Landing. • END DATE/EVENTS: C+25 2) Lodgment ashore for subsequent ops and naval superiority.

X

XX

XX

XX

APOD

SPOD

COA-2


OP1 - OP6 Tasks

JOA

Phase III-Dominate

X

ME •CFLCC.

• OBJ • Effect

SE •CFMCC.

• OBJ • Effect

•CFACC. • OBJ • Effect

•CFSOCC. • OBJ • Effect


Phase END STATE •IRS military defeated. •Critical Sumatran infrastructure under CTF control.

•START DATE/EVENT: C 26 1) Established APODs/SPODs in Ache and at amphib landing site. • END DATE/EVENTS: UTC 1) Defeat of IRS land forces.

XX

X

XX

XX

XX

X

COA-2

C506A - C

OP1 - OP6 Tasks

JOA

X

ME •CFLCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect




Phase END STATE •GOI security forces capable. •Critical infrastructure viable.

•START DATE/EVENT: End of Phase III 1) Sumatran security. • END DATE/EVENTS: UTC 1) GOI security forces enabled.

XX

X

Phase IV-Stabilize COA-2


OP1 - OP6 Tasks

JOA ME •CFLCC.

•OBJ •Effect

SE •CFMCC.

•OBJ •Effect




Phase END STATE •GOI security forces maintain Sumatran security.

•START DATE/EVENT: end of Phase IV 1) Sumatran security. • END DATE/EVENTS: TBD + 30 1) CTF redeployed.

X

Phase V–Enable Civil Authority COA-2


OP1 - OP6 Tasks

Sequencing of Ops Matrices



COA-1


JTF Joint Challenge

LCC

MCC

ACC

IO

Deter Seize Initiative Dominate Stabilize Enable Civil Authority Transition/Redeploy

2 3 4

1

Supporting Effort

Main Effort

C+DP1 C+DP2 C+DP3 C+DP 4

Decision Points Decision Criteria CCIRs

1

2

3

4

5

#

Branch

Legend

Sequencing of Operations – (COA-1)

Deploy Coalition Forces

Coalition Forces in place in Aceh Coalition Forces initiate offensive to defeat IRS & AQ

Transition to CMO & facilitate deployment of NGOs/PVOs

DoS takes lead in Nation-Building

4

IRS & AQ activity increases IVO Aceh IRS & AQ endanger GOI through ASW—IRS initiates offensive

Sufficient Combat Power established

IRS defeated & AQ neutralized

GOI authority reestablished and IRS unable to conduct coordinated ops

What types of attacks and where? Location & readiness of IRS forces? IRS/AQ leadership?

Log capabilities/routes/stockpiles? AQ support locations?

IRS readiness? IRS/AQ casualties?

IRS/AQ force locations? Location & frequency of attacks?

Deploy

Deploy Ports/SLOCs

Deploy Protects SLOCs

Build Coalition Discredit IRS

Air Superiority

Sea Superiority

Build-Up Defend Aceh

Defeat IRS Neutralize AQ

Defend Sumatra

Defeat IRS Open Sea Lanes Defend Sumatra


Defend Sumatra

Protect & Sustain Forces



Transition, Support CA &

Redeploy

Redeploy

Redeploy

Legitimize GOI

Defeat IRS Deny AQ

Open Ship Lanes Regional Stability

C407C

COA-2


JTF Joint Challenge

LCC

MCC

ACC

IO

Deter Seize Initiative Dominate Stabilize Enable Civil Authority Transition/Redeploy

2 3 4

1

Supporting Effort

Main Effort

C+DP1 C+DP2 C+DP3 C+DP 4

DPs Decision Criteria CCIRs

1

2

3

4

5

#

Branch

Legend

Sequencing of Operations – (COA-2)

Deploy Coalition Forces

Coalition Forces in place in Aceh Coalition Forces initiate offensive to defeat IRS & AQ

Transition to CMO & facilitate deployment of NGOs/PVOs

DoS takes lead in Nation-Building

4

IRS & AQ activity increases IVO Aceh IRS & AQ endanger GOI through ASW—IRS initiates offensive

Sufficient Combat Power established

IRS defeated & AQ neutralized

GOI authority reestablished and IRS unable to conduct coordinated ops

What types of attacks and where? Location & readiness of IRS forces? IRS/AQ leadership?

Log capabilities/routes/stockpiles? AQ support locations?

IRS readiness? IRS/AQ casualties?

IRS/AQ force locations? Location & frequency of attacks?

Deploy

Deploy Ports/SLOCs

Deploy Protects SLOCs

Build Coalition Discredit IRS

Air Superiority

Sea Superiority

Build-Up Defend Aceh

Establish Lodgement


Defend Sumatra

Defeat IRS Open Sea Lanes Defend Sumatra


Defend Sumatra




Transition, Support CA &

Redeploy

Redeploy

Redeploy

Legitimize GOI

Defeat IRS Deny AQ

Open Ship Lanes Regional Stability

C407C



War Game Synch Matrix ---

(Friendly Forces)


JTF Joint Challenge M

AN

EUV

ER

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFACC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFMCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFLCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFSOCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

GoI OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL POPULACE OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

NGO/PVO OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR


JTF Joint Challenge C

2

UNIT UJTL UJTL

PACOM OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JTF HQ OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFLCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFACC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFMCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFSOCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

FFIR LOCATION

LOCATION

PIR


JTF Joint Challenge FI

RES

UNIT

LETH

AL

UJTL UJTL

JFLCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

HVT HPT

HVT HPT

LOCATION LOCATION FFIR/PIR FFIR/PIR

UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFACC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFMCC

OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE EFFECT EFFECT

HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFSOCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT

NO

N-L

ETH

AL

UJTL UJTL

JFLCC IO


HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFACC IO


HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFMCC IO


HVT HPT

HVT HPT


UNIT UJTL UJTL

JFSOCC IO


HVT HPT

HVT HPT



JTF Joint Challenge SU

STA

INM

ENT

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC

OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

FFIR/PIR FFIR/PIR

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFMCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

FFIR/PIR FFIR/PIR

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFACC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

FFIR/PIR FFIR/PIR

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFSOCC OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

FFIR/PIR FFIR/PIR


JTF Joint Challenge P

RO

TEC

TIO

N

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC

MEB OBJECTIVE

MEB OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC

ENGINEER OBJECTIVE

ENGINEER OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC

CBRNE OBJECTIVE

CBRNE OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC JFMCC

AMD OBJECTIVE

AMD OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION LOCATION

UNIT UJTL

UJTL

JFLCC JFACC

MP OBJECTIVE MP OBJECTIVE

EFFECT EFFECT

LOCATION

LOCATION



War Game Synch Matrix ---

(Enemy Forces)


JTF Joint Challenge IN

TELL

IGEN

CE

ENEMY UNIT UJTL UJTL

AQ

OBJ & EFFECT

OBJ & EFFECT

NAI/TAI NAI/TAI

SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR


LCC

OBJ & EFFECT OBJ & EFFECT NAI/TAI NAI/TAI

SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION


MCC


SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR


ACC


SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR


JTF Joint Challenge IN

TELL

IGEN

CE


PIRACY

OBJ & EFFECT

OBJ & EFFECT

NAI/TAI NAI/TAI

SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR


STRAT ASSETS

(SCUDS)


SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION


IO


SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR



SUPPORTED ECOA

SUPPORTED ECOA

LOCATION LOCATION

ASSOCIATED PIR

ASSOCIATED PIR



Enemy COAs ---

(“Most Likely COA”) &

(“Most Dangerous COA”)

Enemy Courses of Action

“Most Likely & Most Dangerous” • Most Likely COA

– Force GOI to recognize Sumatran independence • Defensive war • Proxy attacks

– Generate additional revenue for war

– Avoid direct conflict with coalition as long as possible • IO Campaign to portray

Coalition as the aggressor

• Most Dangerous COA – Force GOI to recognize

Sumatran independence • Attack Aceh to

consolidate power • Combined ops with AQ

– Generate additional revenue for war

– Other: • Destroy oil fields • Burn forests • Coordinate ASW • Conventional defense • Non-conventional CATK


JTF Joint Challenge

Cdr’s Guidance for War-Gaming



1. Risk of Triggering Deployment of IRS Forces

2. Risk of Coalition Casualties in Event of Attack

3. Time to Emplace FDOs

4. Time for Coalition to Seize Initiative

5. Amount of Destruction to GOI Military & Infrastructure

6. Risk that IDP Issues Affect Operations (IO, Sanctuary, Interference)

7. Risk of Diminishing International Support

8. Ability of AQ to Disrupt Coalition Operations

5

“Joint Challenge” COA Analysis Factors

JTF Joint Challenge




Results of War-Game ---

(COA Analysis Factors)

Results of War-Game “COA Analysis Factors”

COA Analysis Factors Remarks – COA#

Risk of Triggering Deployment of IRS Forces

Risk of Coalition Casualties in Event of Attack on Aceh

Time to Emplace FDOs

Time for Coalition to Seize Initiative

Amount of Destruction to Aceh Military & Infrastructure

Risk that IDP Issues Affect Operations (IO, Sanctuary, Interference)

Risk of Diminishing International Support

Ability of AQ to Disrupt Coalition Operations

JTF Joint Challenge




Results of War-Game ---

(Branches/Sequels, DPs, & Risk)

Results of War-Game “Branches & Sequels”

Branch/Sequel (Type of Branch/Sequel?)

COA#

Phase (During which Phase?)

LOO (Along which LOO?)

CCIR (Associated CCIR?)

JTF Joint Challenge


Results of War-Game “Decision Points”

Decision Point (DP) (What Decision?)

COA#



CCIR (Associated CCIR?)

JTF Joint Challenge


Results of War-Game “Risks (+ Risk Mitigation)”

Risk (Type of Risk?)

COA#



Mitigation (How to Mitigate?)

JTF Joint Challenge


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