JointsJoints

What is an articulation?What is an articulation?

They are joints and occur wherever two They are joints and occur wherever two bones meet bones meet

Are there a plethora of Are there a plethora of joints?joints?

Joints classified by range of motionJoints classified by range of motion First type-Synarthroses- immovable joint (no First type-Synarthroses- immovable joint (no

movement allowed)movement allowed) A) Suture- between bones of the skullA) Suture- between bones of the skull B) Gomphosis- ligament binds each tooth B) Gomphosis- ligament binds each tooth

within a bony socketwithin a bony socket

Second type- Amphiarthroses-slightly Second type- Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints (permits very limited movable joints (permits very limited movement)movement) Bones connected by collagen fibers or Bones connected by collagen fibers or

cartilagecartilage

Examples of Examples of amphiarthrosesamphiarthroses

A) Sydesmosis- connected by ligament A) Sydesmosis- connected by ligament (joint between tibia and fibula)(joint between tibia and fibula)

B) Symphysis- bones are separated by a B) Symphysis- bones are separated by a pad of fibro cartilage (joint between pad of fibro cartilage (joint between spinal vertebrae, pubic symphysis)spinal vertebrae, pubic symphysis)

Third type- Diarthroses (synovial)- wide Third type- Diarthroses (synovial)- wide range of motionrange of motion Categorized according to type of movement Categorized according to type of movement

allowedallowed

Categories of Synovial Categories of Synovial JointsJoints

Gliding joints- flat articular surfaces slide Gliding joints- flat articular surfaces slide across one another. Permits slight across one another. Permits slight movement movement Example-ends of clavicles; between carpals; Example-ends of clavicles; between carpals;

between tarsalsbetween tarsals

Hinge JointsHinge Joints Permit movement in one plane onlyPermit movement in one plane only Example- atlas and occipital bone; elbow; Example- atlas and occipital bone; elbow;

knee; and interphalangeal joints)knee; and interphalangeal joints)

Pivot JointsPivot Joints Permit only rotational movementsPermit only rotational movements Example- atlas and axis, radius and ulnaExample- atlas and axis, radius and ulna

Angular (ellipsoidal)Angular (ellipsoidal) Allows motion in two planes Allows motion in two planes Example- metacarpal- phalangeal jointExample- metacarpal- phalangeal joint

Saddle Saddle Specialized joint between carpals and Specialized joint between carpals and

metacarpals at the thumb. metacarpals at the thumb. Allows angular motion but prevents rotationAllows angular motion but prevents rotation

Ball and SocketBall and Socket Allows for all combinations of movement Allows for all combinations of movement Example- shoulder and hip jointsExample- shoulder and hip joints

Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints

Gliding jointGliding joint Hinge jointHinge joint Pivot jointPivot joint Ellipsoidal jointEllipsoidal joint Saddle jointSaddle joint Ball and Socket jointBall and Socket joint

Structure of Synovial Structure of Synovial JointsJoints

Joint Capsule- surrounds joint and is Joint Capsule- surrounds joint and is lined by synovial membranelined by synovial membrane Ends of long bones are covered in articular Ends of long bones are covered in articular

cartilage to prevent bone on bone movementcartilage to prevent bone on bone movement Synovial membrane is lined with synovial Synovial membrane is lined with synovial

fluidfluid Fluid provides lubrication to reduce friction within Fluid provides lubrication to reduce friction within

the jointthe joint

Joints ContinuedJoints Continued

Knee joint- requires more support Knee joint- requires more support structuresstructures Menisci- fibro cartilage pads that act as Menisci- fibro cartilage pads that act as

shock absorbersshock absorbers

Fat pad- protect articular cartilageFat pad- protect articular cartilage

LigamentsLigaments Located either inside or outside of the joint Located either inside or outside of the joint

capsulecapsule Provides extra support to jointProvides extra support to joint

BursaeBursae Small pockets containing synovial fluidSmall pockets containing synovial fluid Form at areas of friction within jointForm at areas of friction within joint Found in shoulder, elbow, and kneeFound in shoulder, elbow, and knee

Types of Joint MovementsTypes of Joint Movements

Flexion- movement in the sagittal plane Flexion- movement in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between the that decreases the angle between the two bonestwo bones

Extension- movement in the Extension- movement in the anterior/posterior plane that increases anterior/posterior plane that increases the angle between the two bonesthe angle between the two bones

Abduction- movement away from the Abduction- movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal planemidline of the body in the frontal plane

Adduction- movement toward the midline Adduction- movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal planeof the body in the frontal plane

Circumduction- movement of arm in a Circumduction- movement of arm in a looploop

Rotation- moving a bone around the Rotation- moving a bone around the longitudinal axis of the body or limblongitudinal axis of the body or limb Supination- turning hand palm side upSupination- turning hand palm side up Pronation- turning hand palm side downPronation- turning hand palm side down

Joint DisordersJoint Disorders

RheumatismRheumatism General term describing pain and stiffness that General term describing pain and stiffness that

affect the skeletal or muscular systemsaffect the skeletal or muscular systems SEVERAL TYPES OF RHEUMATISMSEVERAL TYPES OF RHEUMATISM

Types of RheumatismTypes of Rheumatism Arthritis- disease that affects all of the Arthritis- disease that affects all of the

synovial jointssynovial joints Always involves damage to the articular Always involves damage to the articular

cartilagescartilages Cause of this damage can varyCause of this damage can vary

Bacterial or Viral infectionBacterial or Viral infection Injury to the jointInjury to the joint Metabolic problemsMetabolic problems Severe physical stressSevere physical stress

Types of RheumatismTypes of Rheumatism

Osteoarthritis (Degenerative arthritis, Osteoarthritis (Degenerative arthritis, Degenerative joint disease)Degenerative joint disease)

Affects individuals 60 years of age or Affects individuals 60 years of age or olderolder

Caused by wear and tear on joint Caused by wear and tear on joint surfacessurfaces

Also caused by geneticAlso caused by genetic

Types of RheumatismTypes of Rheumatism

Rheumatoid arthritisRheumatoid arthritis Inflammatory condition that affects roughly Inflammatory condition that affects roughly

2.5 percent of the adult population2.5 percent of the adult population Cases involve immune system response Cases involve immune system response

attacking joint tissuesattacking joint tissues Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic

factors are possible triggersfactors are possible triggers

Wearing away of articular cartilage (bone Wearing away of articular cartilage (bone on bone articulation)on bone articulation)

Very painfulVery painful Treated by medicationTreated by medication Extreme cases treated with surgeryExtreme cases treated with surgery