ch 9 - joints articulation s2009

8/10/2019 Ch 9 - Joints Articulation s2009

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Chapter 9:Joints (Articulations)


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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 1-Synarthrosis:

no movement

fibrous, bony (fusion), or cartilaginous connections

may fuse over time

Very strong

4 types Suture

Skull only

Bony fusion Bound by dense fibrous connective tissue

Gomphosis Fibrous

Teeth to gums

Synchondrosis rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones:

epiphyseal cartilage of long bones

between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum

Synostosis Fused bones, immovable

metopic suture of skull

epiphyseal lines of long bones


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Functional Classifications of Joints -3 3-Diarthrosis (synovial joints):

more movement

at ends of long bones within articular capsules

lined with synovial membrane

where syn fluid is found

Lubrication Nutrient distribution

Shock absorption

accessory structures

Cartilage - cushion

Fat pads protection

Ligaments support

Tendons support, attaches muscles

Bursae cushions where tendons and ligaments rub

types of synovial joints


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types of synovial joints 1 & 2 of 6

Gliding Flattened or slightly curved faces

Limited motion

Hinge

Angular motion in a single plane


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Pivot

Rotation only

Ellipsoidal

Oval articular face within a depression

Motion in 2 planes (biaxial)


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Saddle

2 concave faces, straddled

Ball-and-Socket

Round articular face in a depression

V b l J i


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Vertebral Joints

Figure 97

C2 to L5 spinal

vertebrae articulate: at inferior and superior

articular processes

(gliding joints)

between adjacentvertebral bodies

(symphyseal joints)

Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage

separate vertebral bodies

D t I t t b l Di


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Damage to Intervertebral Discs

Figure 98

Slipped disc:

bulge in anulus fibrosus

invades vertebral canal

Herniated disc:

nucleuspulposusbreaks through anulus fibrosus

presses on spinal cord or nerves


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The Shoulder Joint

Figure 99a

akaglenohumeral

joint:

allows more motion

than any other joint

is the least stable

supported by skeletalmuscles, tendons,

ligaments

Ball-and-socketdiarthrosis


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The Elbow Joint

Figure 910

A stable hinge joint With articulations between humerus, radius, and ulna Humeroulnarjoint:

trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

limited movement Humeroradialjoint:

smaller articulation

capitulum of humerus and head of radius


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The Hip Joint

Figure 911a

Also called coxal joint

Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis

Wide range of motion Head of femur fits in it

Socket of acetabulum

Which is extended by

fibrocartilage acetabular labrum

h


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The Knee Joint

Figure 912a, b

A complicated hinge joint

Transfers weight from femur

to tibia 2 femurtibia articulations:

at medial and lateral

condyles

1 between patella andpatellar surface of femur

Medialand lateral menisci:

fibrocartilage pads

at femur

tibia articulations cushion and stabilize joint

give lateral support


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Rheumatism - A pain and stiffness of skeletal

and muscular systems

Arthritis- All forms of rheumatism thatdamage articular cartilages of synovial joints

Osteoarthritis-Caused by wear and tear of joint

surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagenformation, generally in people over age 60

Rheumatoid Arthritis-An inflammatory condition,

caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune

disease, involves the immune system, any age Gouty Arthritis- Occurs when crystals (uric acid or

calcium salts) form within synovial fluid due to

metabolic disorders


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ch 9 - joints articulation s2009

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