journal of research innovation and management sciencejrim.net/pdfs/vol2/issue1/article03.pdf ·...

Vol: II Issue I,Jan-Mar, 2016, ISSN :(P)-2454-6542; (E)-2455-9342

Journal of Research Innovation and Management Science

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URBAN SANITATION, WATER SUPPLY, SOLID & HOSPITAL WASTE MANAGEMENTAND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN RATLAM CITY – A CASE STUDYAnuradha Mishra,Joint Commissioner of Customs,Central Excise and Service Tax (IRS(C& CE))

*Corresponding [email protected]

ABSTRACTRatlam, being an important railway junction of Western Railways,

has grown into a middle level township of Western Madhya Pradesh. Itis an important commercial and business centre having an industrialestate of its own. The industrial growth here has, of late, abated. Thisstudy examines the urban problems such as sanitation, water supply,drainage & sewerage, solid waste & hospital waste management systems,slum sanitation, industrial & water pollution of this township. Thoughthe article makes a real time micro level analysis of the urban problemsfacing Ratlam yet the issues identified are more or less common to most ofthe urban conglomerations of India requiring urgent policy interventionand time bound implementation.

ARTICLE INFO

Article HistoryReceived 19th March 2016Received in revised form13th April 2016Accepted 14th April 2016

KEY WORDS:Drought, Irrigation System,Rain-fed Farming, Dry LandFarming, Water Supply,Sewerage System, Solid Waste,Industrial Pollution.

INTRODUCTIONRatlam was historically known as Ratnapuri and

is one of the important cities in North-Western part ofMadhya Pradesh. It is situated in the Malwa Plateau.The new city of Ratlam was founded by CaptainBrothwick, a British Soldier, in the year 1829. It is also animportant railway junction of Western Railway with theheadquarters of Ratlam railway Division being situatedat Ratlam itself. Ratlam lies in the midway of the MumbaiDelhi railway main line which was laid as far back as1892.Ratlam city is the administrative headquarters ofthe Ratlam district. At present the city is well known forthe purity of the gold sold by the city goldsmiths andfood items like ‘namkeens & seev’ produced here are quitepopular. Since the city is surrounded by fertileagricultural fields of black cotton soil, it is also well knowncenter for trading of agriculture commodities like wheat,cotton, soya bean & peas and is also an important marketin respect of other commodities.

National Highway 79 passes through the citywhich provides connectivity to the state of Rajasthan. Thereis also highway connectivity to Mumbai via Indore. The

nearest airport to the city is at Indore which is about 140km away. Ratlam’s population under Ratlam MunicipalCorporation, as per the census of 2001, was 2,22,202; the2011 census places it at 2,75,000. The Railway residentialcolony area of Ratlam (also known as railway kasba) hasa population of 12,217. For the rail kasba the IndianRailways is responsible for providing all the civicamenities like the construction and maintenance of roads,water supply, street lighting, collection of garbage etc.

The author was a resident of Ratlam city for almostthree years and has an experience of the city from closequarters. The present write up tries to examine some of themain issues concerning the city like the state of urbansanitation, water supply, sewerage, storm water drainagesystem, solid & urban waste management and the hospitalwaste management procedure followed in the city andthe issues of ground water pollution caused by itsindustries. The write up is based on the city master plan ofthe Ratlam Municipal Corporation, interviews with thehealth officer of the Municipal Corporation, interviewswith the industrial stakeholders, interviews with thehospital authorities and other available literature.



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WATER SUPPLYThe Ratlam Municipal Corporation is entrusted

with the responsibility of supplying drinking water tothe residents of Ratlam. The main source of drinkingwater for the city is from Dholawad dam which is situatedabout 14 km away from the city. Dholawad drinkingwater supply scheme has a capacity of 22 Million Litersper Day (MLD). After treatment of water, the dam suppliesaround 19.8 MLD a day. The city is divided in to twozones and each zone is supplied with Dholawad wateron alternate days for 45 minutes. Some areas that havenot been connected by water pipeline are supplied bytankers. Besides, ground water sources like deep borewells and tube wells also cater to the needs. As far as theresidents of the railway colony are concerned, the mainsupply of their drinking water is from the Kurel damsituated at a distance of 10 km from the Ratlam city. Thiswas augmented with supply of deep bore well water. Asthe water from the bore-well water is hard in nature, it isnot very suitable for drinking purposes. Now, theRailways have entered in to an agreement with theMunicipal Corporation for the supply of 5 Lakh litres ofwater per day from the Dholawad dam effective fromJanuary 2015.

SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN RATLAM

[Open and unlined sewer cum drainage systemin the Ratlam city is a serious threat to the health andhygiene of the city. Photograph courtesy Shri ArihantPorwal]

The city does not have any proper undergroundsewerage network. This facility is available only for alength of 2 km in the Housing Board Colony. Even thissmall stretch of 2 km is very old, is not well maintainedand is over flowing. According to the estimate of theMunicipal Corporation, the city generates around 34Metric Tons of sewage per day and there is no sewagetreatment plant in the city. The sewer nallas drain in tothe storm water drains without any primary treatment.

There is no lined and covered drainage system. The stormwater drain also serves as the sewage water drain. Thereare two main drains; both flow to a small lake nearbycalled Amrutsagar. The overflow from Amrutsagar lakedrains into river Mahi. Regular flow of untreated sewagehas spoiled the natural beauty and biodiversity of theAmrutsagar Lake. The overflow of untreated sewer flowto the Mahi River also threatens the aquatic life of theriver and poses pollution threat to downstream villageswhich use the river as source of drinking water. The opensewer cum drainage system is also a serious threat to thehealth and hygiene of the city dwellers. It is an openbreeding ground for mosquitoes and other parasites. Thefoul odor from the drain is a nuisance for the city dwellers.It is learnt from the Municipal Authorities that a schemefor installation of a sewage treatment Plant (STP) atAmritsagar Lake at an estimated cost of Rs.40 crore hasbeen sent to Government of India (GOI) for approval andrelease of funds. Sanction of GOI is awaited.(MunicipalCorporation of Ratlam Master Plan, 2015) The MunicipalCorporation had prepared a detailed project report forthe development of drainage network with a proposalfor nallah extension for 6 km at an estimated cost of Rs.20 crore.(Ratlam Master Plan, 2015). However, the projectis yet to take off. The slum areas were badly affected withno community toilet facility forcing the dwellers todefecate in the open. But at present some communitytoilets including those maintained by ‘SulabhSauchalaya’ have been opened in the slum areas andother places. However, the number of public toilets isvery few to tackle the problem.STORM WATER DRAINAGE

As discussed earlier, the city does not have anyseparate storm water drainage system. The sewage waterof the city, without any treatment, drains into the stormwater open drains. There are two open and unlined drainswhich ultimately fall into the Amrutsagar Lake and thenonwards to Mahi River.

As the city has the same outlet for storm water aswell as sewage, there is no scope of recycling of stormwater for other uses. Separation of storm water drain fromsewer drain could have substantially helped in solvingthe fresh water shortage experienced in the city duringthe summer season. As the existing nullahs do not haveany concrete lining, there is an apprehension that thesewage mixed water would gradually percolate andcontaminate the ground water sources with parasites,chemicals and other pollutants.



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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTAs per the data available from the city master plan

prepared by the municipal corporation of Ratlam, thecity generates 88 Tons per day (TPD) of solid waste daily,at the rate of 350 grams per person per day (as per 2010population of 245911), out of which the municipality dailycollects around 41 TPD (Ratlam Master Plan, 2015). Themunicipality area has been divided into three zones, eachzone under one sanitary inspector. Under each inspectorthere are several supervisors who supervise the process ofcollection of municipal solid waste. Sources from RatlamMunicipal Corporation say that at present some 1100labourers, both permanent and daily wage sweepers, areemployed for the collection of municipal solid waste aswell as for the cleaning of the drains, gutter and roads.There is no system of door to door waste collection. Wasteis collected from about 139 community dust bins placed at49 municipal wards (Ratlam Master Plan, 2015).

As waste is not collected at source, there is nosystem of segregation of waste to bio-degradable,recyclable and non- recyclable at the collection stage. Anysegregation what-so-ever is done manually at thedumping sites by the rag pickers. In total, 65 numbers ofcontainers with a capacity of 4.5m3 are placed along theroadside. The solid municipal waste is then carried fromthese dustbins and containers by about 150 push carts.The Municipality also has at its disposal 12 tractortrailers and one dumper regularly used for solid wastecollection. Each tractor trailer has a capacity of 42 tons.The mechanized strength of the sanitation wing has, oflate, undergone significant changes. The present strengthis as follows: tractor with trolley-05, Dumpers-04, JCBMachines-03, TATA Magic Mini trucks-08, Suctionmachine for cleaning septic tanks-01 and Push Carts-150 (Ratlam Municipal Corporation, 2015). The disposalsite is located at ‘KhadAdda, Karmadi Road’ at a distanceof 3 km from the Ratlam Municipal Corporation office.

The Corporation had got the approval of Rs. 6crore from the Central Government for developing atrenching ground of about 10 Ha. The proposedtrenching ground was to have sanitary land fill facilities.However, not much has been done so far and no sanitaryland filling facilities are being used at present. MunicipalSolid Waste (MSW), Construction and demolition wasteand street sweeping waste are some of the importantconstituents of the total waste generated in a city. To this,of late, increasing quantities of plastic and polythenematerials have been added because of wide spread use

of these materials as packaging materials.The main issues that have to be urgently addressed

by the Ratlam Municipal Corporation are indicatedbelow:(a) It has been unable to comply with the Municipal

Solid Waste (MSW) 2000 Rules(b) So far the city has not been able to adopt door to

door collection and segregation of wastes.(c) There is lack of container and dustbins at common

collection points for the collection of MSW. Wastelies heaped at road side which is subsequentlycollected by tractors.

(d) No scientific disposal of waste is being followed.Un-segregated waste is being dumped at theoutskirts of the city. No retrieval of biodegradablewaste and recyclable waste is being done. A smallvermi-compost facility has been developed by usingthe locally available waste at ‘Sailana” which is asmall settlement about 20 kilometers away.However, its facilities are insufficient to convert thebio-degradable waste of Ratlam city to organicmanure. In the absence of segregation at collectionpoint, its usefulness is debatable.

(e) The city has inadequate number of vehicles totransport the waste heaped at road side to thegarbage dumping sites.

(f) Although there are many workers at the disposal ofthe RMC for cleaning of roads, drains and for thecollection of garbage, but the lack of supervision overthese workers seems to be the primary reason for theinefficient collection and disposal of MSW.

(g) Lack of efficient mechanized collection, transport &disposal adds to the pollution problem. The presentsystem needs a major overhaul. The existing largescale manpower need not be disbanded, but theycould be more effectively redeployed to ensure amodern, efficient & safe disposal system.

HOSPITAL WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE CITYThe Divisional Railway Hospital located at

railway colony, Ratlam, caters to the large number ofrailway employees including the retired employees ofthe Railway Division. It is a modern hospital with largecapacity for in-patients. Thus it generates a large quantityof medical waste. It is heartening to note that the railwayhospital authorities are following the Central Regulationsin respect of bio-medical waste disposal to a large extent.The hospital wastes are collected in three different colour



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coded polythene bags. The non-infectious wastes likepapers etc. are collected in black coloured bags and burntin the open. The infectious items like disposable I. V. Sets,Gloves etc. are collected in yellow coloured bags. Thebody parts are collected in red coloured bags. Thereafter,the waste in the red and yellow bags are collected andincinerated in the common incinerator installed at theRailway hospital premises. The disposable needle andsyringes are destroyed in the needle cutter and burnerand disposed of by land-filling at suitable location withinthe hospital premises.

Unfortunately, the Civil Hospital in the city whichhas a much larger capacity doesn’t follow any safetyguidelines prescribed by the Regulations. One incineratorwas procured, which is lying in-operational due tomaintenance problems. This highlights one of the majorproblems of public agencies which buy costly equipmentand show no interest to ensure its operational utility.Sometimes, the machine breaks down and lies unattendeddue to unavailability of spare parts or the skilled manpower required to set it right. At times, unavailability ofelectricity or the inability to pay the electricity bills preventthese machines to be put to regular use.

All the other private nursing homes, clinics,pathological laboratories do not follow any rules at all.The bio-medical waste generated by these establishmentsand the civil hospital are all mixed up with commonmunicipal waste and subsequently dumped at landdepressions outside the city. Of course, the private clinicsare employing their own vehicle to collect their waste butthey are all mingled with municipal waste. Both themunicipal workers and the public in general are exposedto the risk of infection and epidemics because of suchslack attitude in following the prescribed rules. Neitherthe State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) nor the districtadministration is alive to the persisting hazard whichthis problem poses to the public. There is no office ofSPCB located at Ratlam, which comes within thejurisdiction of Ujjain office of SPCB which has not shownany effort or inclination at enforcing the centralregulations. No action has been taken so far against theprivate nursing homes for blatantly flouting the law.Neither has there been any public outcry on the existenceof present unhealthy and highly risky practice of opendisposal of contaminated bio-medical waste.TRAFFIC & PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK INTHE CITY

There is no city public transport system worth thename. The general public mostly depends on diesel auto-rickshaws for local transport. This contributes to a great

extent to the pollution of the air in the city. Lack of roaddevelopment has led to traffic congestion at major roadjunctions. Continued encroachments at commerciallocalities have exacerbated the problem of congestion atmarket places in the city. Garbage dumping on the roadsides has made the pollution issue very acute and hascontributed to traffic congestions due to narrowing ofroads. The open garbage dumps on the road side lead todispersal of the polluting waste during strong wind. Suchheaps invite stray cattle, dogs and pigs which forage atthese places making them very dirty and unhygienic.There is no spraying of water on the roads. There is nofacility to test the air quality anywhere in the state, whatto speak of Ratlam. Old vintage automobiles are runningon the roads without any check. Neither the SPCB northe road transport authority of the state has anyinstitutional arrangement to check the exhaust from theautomobiles running in the city. However, since Ratlamis a small city and the vehicular traffic inside the city isnot much, the problem of air pollution arising out ofincreased number of vehicles or their age is not much asis in other major cities.STREET LIGHTING

Recently some efforts have been made by thecorporation to replace the present lighting by installingenergy saving devices such as CFL tubes. About 706 CFLtubes have been put up out of which 681 are of 72 Wattcapacity and 25 are of 85 Watt capacity (RatlamMunicipal Corporation, 2015). There is a need to installsolar lighting systems in uncovered areas including theslums. The Central Government has initiated schemesfor large scale use of solar lights both in residences aswell as in the public places. The corporation will do wellto take advantage of this scheme which will help inreducing its power bill and the overall carbon foot printfor the state as well as the country.HYGIENE IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

There are 72 Government schools in Ratlam. Only6 girls’ high schools from a total of 10 have toilets, 40 outof 60 co-educational schools have toilets and there is notoilet in two boys’ schools. There are altogether 436primary schools in 49 Wards but the information aboutthe presence of toilets in these schools was not available(Ratlam Master Plan, 2015). Government of India is nowattaching great importance to the provision of toiletfacilities in all educational establishments. In order torealize this objective a lot of ground has to be covered inRatlam. More important is to ensure proper maintenance



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of the toilets already installed; otherwise, they run therisk of being abandoned as dirty and unusable.SLUM AREAS IN RATLAM

Slum area is defined as an area which is notifiedas such under the Slum Act or by the State Government.It also includes a cluster of highly congested 50-60 house-holds with a population of 300 without having properinfrastructure facilities for drinking water, sanitation,electricity and road connectivity. Ratlam has 32 slum-pockets with an estimated population of 65155 as on2001 which must have increased to a figure close to 1lakh by now(Ratlam Master Plan, 2015).

There is no project for integrated development ofthe slums under implementation. The infrastructurefacilities are very deficient. Tube wells and hand pumpsare the source for drinking water. The underground waterin this area is brackish in nature and not very suitable fordrinking water purpose. About 30% of the slums havepiped water supply facility from the municipality. Thereis no sewerage in any of the slums. The sewage waterfrom the houses flows directly to the drains. Neither isthere any arrangement for daily collection of solid wastein the absence any bins. The solid waste mostly finds itsway to the open drains, thus aggravating the problem ofchoking of the drains. The health facilities are almostabsent. As already mentioned there are a few communitytoilets. Altogether 36 community toilets are serving allthe 49 Wards in the municipality including 32 slums.The Sulabh Sauchalaya organization has the operation& management responsibility for 03 community toiletsand the municipality has the responsibility for theremaining 33. Only 03 toilets have complete facilities andbath rooms. One can imagine the sanitary condition ofthe other 33. Since direct water connection to the housesin the slums is lacking, there are many instances of illegalconnections. Public taps are lying in broken condition atmany places leading to huge loss of scarce water.INDUSTRIES IN RATLAM

Ratlam used to be an important industrial centerduring the 1980s. However, most of these units haveunfortunately closed down more than a decade ago. Someof these had to shut down due to penal action of theSPCB for causing pollution to the ground water. A fewhad to close shutters due to labor unrest. Other factorsimpeding growth of new industries as stated by some ofthe industry members are: lack of maintenance of roadnetwork in the industrial estate, irregularity in the supply

of electricity, absence of piped water supply to theindustrial area as well as non-availability of usable waterfrom underground sources. The industrial area of Ratlamis located adjacent to the city and is spread over 133.86Ha. At present the main industries in operation at Ratlamare Ratlam Wires, Kataria Industries, DP Plastics, MalwaOxygen & IPCA Laboratories. Some of the majorindustries that have closed down during the nineties areSajjan Chemicals & Steels & Alloys & Industries, MaradiaSteel, Jayant Vitamins Limited, Sajjan Mills etc. TheCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has identifiedRatlam Industrial area as one of the most polluted areasof the country in view of the ground water contaminationproblem(CPCB,2014).Waste Disposal Mechanism followed in the RatlamIndustrial estate:

The Municipality collects industrial waste fromthe industrial estate. The sewage as well as effluentgenerated in the industrial estate is released to the nearestnalla and then onwards to the river nearby. IPCA ltd.which is a large industrial unit has its own settling tankof 3.5 to 5 lakh gallon capacity. The effluents are subjectedto centrifuge treatment and the effluent liquid is furthertreated with alum and released to the nearest nallah. Thesediments are commercially disposed of. Another newlarge scale unit M/s Khaitan industry has its own effluenttreatment plant, but the unit has recently closed downdue to commercial reasons.Ground water contamination due to indiscriminatedisposal of toxic wastes in Ratlam Industrial Area



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[Indiscriminate dumping of iron sludge giving redcolour to ground water in Ratlam Industrial Estate.Photograph courtesy Shri Arihant Porwal]

During the eighties Ratlam Industrial area wasone of the most vibrant industrial areas of MadhyaPradesh. There were distilleries, dye, steel andpharmaceutical industries in Ratlam. However, therewas indiscriminate pumping and dumping of toxicindustrial waste by these industries to the ground watertable and to Dosinala, the local stream that irrigates theneighboring villages. This has extensively contributedto the contamination of ground water table of the RatlamIndustrial area as well as of the neighboring villages. Astudy of the water quality of the region in 2004 by theCentral Ground Water Board (CGWB) shows that groundwater in part of Ratlam town and about 12 villagesnamely Doshigem, Ghatala, Bajankhedi, Jadwasa Kalaand Khurd etc. has become contaminated and becomered due to discharge of industrial effluents likeHydrochloric Acid (an intermediary used in the dyeindustries) and indiscriminate dumping of iron sludgeby some of these polluting industries. Hydrochloric acidhas been banned in many of the countries for its virtuallyirreversible contamination. As the ground water hasbecome unusable, the present industries in the industrialestate have to call for water in tankers from the city asthere are no pipe water supplies to the industrial estate.The villagers in the neighborhood have to fetch waterfrom far- away places as the water from tube wells inthese villages have become unfit for drinking purposes.The agricultural fields around these villages had becomeinfertile due to high concentration of salt from theseindustrial discharges. The ground water in these areashad also become saline and had high concentration ofnitrates, chlorides, sulphates and phosphates. The studyshowed that the toxic discharge had seeped into thedeeper aquifers.

The main industries contributing to salinity wereSajjan Chemicals, Ratlam Alcohol Plant, Jayant Vitamins,Steller Drugs and IPCA Laboratory. Except IPCA Lab allother factories are now closed. Although these industrieshave closed down due to management problems but tilldate there has been no solution to the pollution problemas hazardous wastes lie in the open in the premises ofthese industries. An estimation of the hazardouschemicals that remain dumped in the factory premises ofthese closed industries is given in the table below:

'Ratlam’s toxic legacy', Author: AnkurPaliwalJun 15, 2011 | From the print edition'

Thus it is amply clear that the polluting industrieshad been blatantly causing pollution of ground waterfor quite a long time and this was possible mainly onaccount of the inefficiency of the State Pollution ControlBoard. The regulatory Body could have effectivelyexercised pollution control measures through regularmonitoring of the environmental parameters like thequality of ground water and surface air. The penalmechanism should have been imposed fast in order tobecome effective. However, ineffective monitoring andslow decision making process has made the ‘polluterpays principle’ meaningless here. The toxic chemicalscontinue to remain dumped in some of the factorypremises. The excuse given for delay in disposal of thepolluting chemicals is non-availability of funds with theBoards and the protracted litigation continuing againstthe industrial units on the complaint of the SPCBs. It is



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not understood why the Board would not obtain aninterim direction from the court asking the pollutingindustries to dispose of the waste at their own cost ratherthan permit the wastes to remain dumped in the premisesfor long periods causing public health problems.Conclusion: Lessons that could not be learnt despiteSupreme Court’s directions

The solid waste management system in the city isbasically rudimentary in nature. The efficiency incollection of solid waste by the Municipal Corporation isaround 50% i.e. almost 50% of the solid waste generatedin the city keeps lying in the open. The MSW collected issimply thrown in the outskirts of the city.

In case of hospital waste management except forthe railway hospital the rest of the city hospitals anddispensaries do not follow the prescribed Rules.Hazardous hospital wastes are disposed in the openalong with other municipal waste.

Legal delays have led the hazardous waste tocontinue to remain dumped in the premises of the closedindustries in Ratlam Industrial Area. No efforts have so farbeen made to mitigate the damage that has been done to theground water. This speaks volumes about the slow andlackadaisical attitude of the State Pollution Control Board.

The Hon’ble Supreme Court in Ratlam MunicipalCorporation V. Vardichand (AIR 1980 SC 1622) hadissued a direction to the Municipal Corporation toconstruct a proper drainage system for the township inorder to ensure proper sanitation and preservation of theenvironment which is essential for the health and goodliving of its citizens. It is a sad commentary that even in-spite of such specific directions, a proper drainage systemfor the township is yet to be constructed. As stated earliera proposal has been sent to Government of India forsanction of funds.

Although it is a micro study in respect of a singletown but the observations made in this article areapplicable to most of the small and middle towns andeven some of the cities of India. The urban population isincreasing exponentially. It is likely to overtake the ruralpopulation before long. But the urban infrastructure andthe management system remains archaic. The JawaharUrban Renewal Mission which is under implementationfor more than a decade has made little impact on theoverall situation, which has rather gone from bad to worseas is seen from the study of Ratlam. There are plans to setup smart cities in the country. But more important is toimprove the infrastructure and management of the urbanlocal bodies of our country. There are many rules andregulations to protect the urban environment, but their

enforcement is hardly visible. Drainage channels havebeen encroached, leading to disasters as was recentlyseen at Chennai. Traffic jams and severe air pollution isregular feature of most of our cities. The alarmingsituation calls for immediate remedial measures, both byway of investment in modernizing the urbaninfrastructure as well as revamping the managementsystem so as to maintain them in accordance with themodern practices followed elsewhere in the world.ReferencesRatlam Municipal Corp (2015).The City master planRatlam Municipal Corporation (2015).Ankur Paliwal(Jun 15, 2011).Ratlam’s toxic legacy,DownToEarth, From the print edition Municipal Council, Ratlam vs Shri Vardhichand&Ors1980 AIR 1622, 1981 SCR (1)The Blacksmith Institute (1999). Ratlam Legacy IndustrialPollution. Available at www.blacksmithinstituteReport of the CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROLBOARD (2014), DELHI HAZARDOUS WASTEMANAGEMENT DIVISIONConcerned ActsThe Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) The Environment (Protection) Act (1986)The Bio-Medical Waster (Management and Handling)Rule(1998)The Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling andTrans-boundary Movement)Rules (2008)The Manufacture, Storage & Import of HazardousChemicals Rules (1989)Other suggested readings

.Internet Conference and panel discussion on thetheme "Urban Waste Management", HariSrinivas,www.gdrc.org, http://segate.sunet.se/archives/et-w10.html

. THE WORLD BANK GROUP WASHINGTON,D.C. Occupational and Environmental Health Issues ofSolid Waste Management Special Emphasis on Middle-and Lower-Income Countries Sandra Cointreau URBANSECTOR

Hazardous Waste Management- case study 3:Hazardous Waste Issues in India- P. Khanna, RakeshKumar and Vinay Kulkarni, Encyclopedia of Life SupportSystems (EOLSS)

Mathur P, Patan S, Shobhawat S.(2012) Need ofBiomedical Waste Management System in Hospitals -An Emerging issue - A Review. Curr World Environ;7(1):117-124.

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