journal response #3

Journal Response #3

Unit 2.2 Lesson Prompt for the Formation of Government:

- A little brainstorming… what would happen to a basketball team if every player concentrated on setting individual records rather than working as a team to win games? - Now, let’s apply that same concept to our government… what would happen if each state pursued its own interests rather than those of the nation as a whole?

This brainstorming entry was completed onyour Ch. 5.1 Worksheet: Experimenting withConfederation”. Be prepared to share youranswers in class!

Unit 2 Part 2 (Ch. 5) Notes:Foundations of Government

U.S. History & The ConstitutionMr. Weathers

Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator

Standard USHC-1: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the conflicts between regional and national interest in the development of democracy in the United States.

USHC-1.4: Analyze how dissatisfactions with the government under the Articles of Confederation were addressed with the writing of the Constitution of 1787, including the debates and compromises reached at the Philadelphia Convention and the ratification of the Constitution.

- Americans created a government under theArticles of Confederation (AOC).

- Protected hard fought rights. - AOC’s downfall = weak central government to meet the nation’s needs. - Weak government = result of experiencesthat led to the Am. Revolution.

Ch. 5.1 – Experimenting with Confederation (pgs. 132-137)

- Americans fought to maintain colonial assemblies’ rights.

- Believed sovereignty rested in state governments. - Continental Congress = model for the AOC government (Confederation government).

- Authority rested in states, not central, governments.


Successes of the Confederation Government (see 5.1 Worksheet) - Large & small states conflicted over western land claims.

- Resolved = states gave up land claims to the Confederation government = created national domain. - Government established land distribution method = Land Ordinances.

- Set precedent for the creation of new states (Northwest Ordinance).


Successes Cont.

- Northwest Ordinances = slavery illegal in the old Northwest Territory. (nation’s 1st effort). - Land Ordinance & Northwest Ordinance were the first acts of the 1st Congress under the new 1787 Constitution. - System for equal state creation = achievement of the Confederation government.


Successes Cont.

- Confederation government = effective during Revolution when states had a common cause.

- Allowed states to write constitutions & passed laws that met their needs.


Weaknesses of the Confederation Government:

- AOC government negotiated the Treaty of Paris.

- Problems between states rose soon after the war’s end in 1781.

- Americans found AOC government too weak for the new nation.


Weaknesses of the Confederation Government Cont.:

1.) Economic Problems: Interruption of trade with Britain (primary trade partner) = economic depression & challenges to the AOC gov’t. 2.) Government didn’t have the ability to pay an army; elite feared it might not be able to respond to crisis.

3.) Government could not solve conflicts between states over interstate trade, currency, or boundaries. - Power to do so was not recognized by the states

- No national judicial branch to resolve conflicts.


Problems Cont.

4.) Diplomatic Problems: gov’t couldn’t force the British to follow the Treaty of Paris = remove British from U.S. land.

5.) Couldn’t persuade British gov’t to allow the continuation of trade. 6.) Couldn’t get U.S. access to the sea through Spanish New Orleans. States attempted to negotiate with foreign powers separately. 7.) Couldn’t levy taxes (only request funds from the states.

- Many states refused to support the national gov’t with funds = gov’t couldn’t raise an army that would give the government diplomatic clout.


Problems Cont.

8.) Lack of power to solve national problems = states refused to acknowledge central government’s authority.

- 2/3 majority needed by states to pass legislation. 9.) No executive branch to carry out the will of the national congress or a judiciary to resolve disputes. 10.) Authority of the government derived from the states = Confederation Congress delegates were selected by state legislatures.


Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up

Bell Ringer #10 (26 Sept)

10.) The Articles of Confederation (AOC) proved ineffective as a national body of laws for which of the following reasons?

a.) It gave too much power to the Congress without providing for a commander of the nation’s armed forces.b.) It imposed federal taxes that led to a rebellion of farmers in New England.c.) It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively lead.d.) If prevented individual states from having their own constitutions.CORRECT ANSWER: C

Strengths & Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Every Group Member Receives:

-Incident Report form (one per person – everyone fills one out!)

-group specific case study on challenges of the Articles of Confederation period. Procedures

- Your group will be given a case study.

-Review the case study & work together to complete theincident report based on your findings have each grouppresent its incident report.

-Each group will explain & present their findings &display their Incident report form to the class.

Small Group Case Studies


Case Study #1 – Settling the National Debt


Case Study #2 – The Pirates of North Africa


Case Study #3 – Soldiers in the Time of Peace


Case Study #4 – Western Lands

Ch. 5.2 – Drafting the Constitution (pgs. 140-144)

Shay’s Rebellion:

-Term (definition):

- Uprising of debt-ridden farmers protesting increased state taxes.

- When:

- 1787

- Where:

- Massachusetts

- Significance:

- Spread panic of further uprisingsthroughout the nation. Caused peopleto realize the need for a stronger national government.

Constitutional Convention:

- Term (definition):

- Meeting of 55 states delegates to discuss the need to strengthen the central government.

- When:

- 1787

- Where:

- Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) - Significance:

- Delegates from the states began the construction of a new government framework to address the shortfalls of the Articles of Confederation.


The Convention’s Issues

Issue Articles of Confederation Constitution

Levying (Collecting) Taxes

Congress couldn’t enact& collect taxes; only request them.

Congress had right to levy taxes on individuals; money could help support an army.




Interstate or Foreign Trade, & currency (money).

Congress couldn’tregulate interstate orforeign trade; no standardcurrency.

New national government given exclusive powerto control interstatecommerce; control of currency.




Treaties & Dealing with Foreign Powers

Individual states negotiatedtreaties with foreignpowers.

National government givenexclusive right to maketreaties with foreignpowers.


The Conventions Issues


Congressional Representation

1 house (unicameral);1 vote per state regardlessof population.

2 houses (bicameral); upper house (senate) = 2 votesper state); lower house (Houseof Representatives) = based onpopulation.




Congress’ Ability toPass Laws

9/13 states required 50% +1 of both houses plussignature of president.




Amending theDocument

13/13 states required. 2/3 of both houses of Congressplus 3/4 of state legislatures ornational convention.





Executive Branch (President)

No executive with power to enforce Congress’ laws. President merely presided over Congress.

Executive branch headed bya president who chose aCabinet & has checks onpower of judicial & legislativebranches.



Judicial Branch (Courts) No court system to settlelegal disputes.

Court system created toresolve issues between citizens, states.




National Unity 13 states believed in a weakcentral government; nonational unity.

Constitution = supreme lawof the land; strong central government.


Representation in Congress (Problem & Solution)

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

1.) The Virginia Plan proposed a Congress composed of:

2.) The New Jersey Plan called for a Congress consisting of:

Bicameral (two house) legislature: lower & upper houses.

Unicameral (one house) legislature.

3.) The Virginia Plan proposed that representation in Congress be based on:

Other large states agreed.Population of each state.

4.) The New Jersey Plan proposed that congressional representation be based on:

Other small states agreed.

One vote per state.

5.) How did Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise resolve this conflict?

Proposed a bicameral Congress, giving each state equal representation in the Senate and representation based of population in the House of Representatives.


Representation in Congress Cont. (Problem & Solution)

6.) Northern States felt that representation in Congress should be based on the number of:

7.) Southern states felt that representation should be based on the number of:

8.) How did the Three-Fifths Compromise resolve this conflict?

.

People, other than slaves. People, including slaves.

Proposed that three-fifths of a state’s slave population be counted for representation.


- How did the members of the Constitutional Convention help ease the southern delegates’ fears of federal control of the slave trade?

- Federal government wouldn’t attempt to limit the international slave trade for at least 20 years; Made illegal in 1808.


- The three branches of government:

- Legislative:

- Executive:

- Judicial:

Checks & Balances:

enforces the laws

makes the laws

interprets the laws and the Constitution

- Provisions of the U.S. Constitution that prevent any branch from dominating the other two branches.


Checks & Balances in Action


- Electoral College: group selected by the states to elect the president & vice president; each state’s number of electors is equal to the number of its senators & representatives in Congress.





USHC-1.5: Explain how the fundamental principle of limited government is protected by the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including democracy, republicanism, federalism, the separation of powers, the system of checks and balances, and individual rights.

- Concept of Limited Government: government must be controlled so that it cannot infringe upon the rights of the people.

- Under the Constitution, national government’s power is limited. - Fundamental Principle of Democracy: government derives its power from the consent of the governed.

Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)

Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention): May-Sept 1787

- Declared overall authority to govern granted by “We, the people” (voters) to the national government, not to the states.

- Acted on principle of federalism = limits national government’s power by only delegating it some powers.

- Other powers: reserved to the states, held concurrently by the states & by the nation, while others reside with the people.


Philadelphia Convention (Constitutional Convention) (Cont.):

- Gave House of Representatives the right to initiate tax measures.

- Determined directly election of representatives by the voters of their states.

- Buffered the impact of the popular will on the election of the president. (Electoral College).

- Devised system for indirect election of Senators.

- Supreme Court Justices = nominated (president) & confirmed (Senate).

Ch. 5.3 –Ratifying the Constitution Cont. (pgs. 145-149)

- Ratification: Constitution sent to special state conventions for ratification; required 9 of 13 states’ votes.

- Ratification = compromise between a stronger national gov’t & those who feared it.


- Two groups debated ratification: a.) Federalists: Pro-Constitution; represented the coastal elites.

- Favored strong national government & loose interpretation of the Constitution.

- James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay campaigned for ratification; wrote essays known as The Federalist Papers.

- Written to influence New York’s ratifying convention.

- For a central government that protected people’s rights against local prejudices, but not too strong to threaten their liberties.


b.) Anti-Federalists: anti-Constitution; backcountry farmers who feared the power that the elites would have in a strong national government located far away from the influence of the people.

- Favored a weak national government & strict interpretation of the Constitution.

- believed state governments would be more responsive to people’s needs. - Constitution met minimum ratification requirements on June 21, 1788.

Debating ratification in the Virginia House of Burgesses

Ch. 5.3 – Ratifying the Constitution (pgs. 145-149)

Bill of Rights: antifederalists concerned about the rights of the individual against an abusive government. - Several states ratified only on the condition that a bill of rights (first ten amendments) would be added. - ______ = Right to freedom of speech, religion, assembly & the press. - ______ = Right to bear arms. - ______ = Unreasonable searches & seizures. - ______ = Protection against unfair trials. - ______ = Reserved powers to the state (& people). The Bill of Rights was ratified on Dec, 15, 1791.

1st

4th

2nd

6th

10th




USHC-1.6: Analyze the development of the two-party system during the presidency of George Washington, including controversies over domestic and foreign policies and the regional interests of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists.

USHC-1.7: Summarize the expansion of the power of the national government as a result of Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall, such as the establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison and the impact of political party affiliation on the Court.

Chapter 6.1- 6.3 Small Group Work

Group Topics:

Group I - Alexander Hamilton v Thomas Jefferson (T-Chart)- Role of government, economic vision, & view towards the

Constitution.- Hamilton’s economic plan & role for a Bank of the United States.

Group 2 - 2 Emerging Political Parties (who were they) (Venn Diagram)- Political beliefs / attitudes- Views towards the French Revolution

Group 3 - The Whiskey Rebellion (significance of) (Cause & Effect Chart)- role of the federal government.

Group 4 - Alien & Sedition Acts & VA & KY Resolutions (5 W’s Chart)

Group 5 - Power of the Supreme Court (Circle Diagram/Web)- Judiciary Act of 1789- Chief Justice John Marshall & His Court (type of court, political

alignment, etc.)- Marbury vs. Madison (impact of)

All Group Charts/Diagrams Must Have Accompanying Visuals!

Judiciary Act of 1789

- Created a judicial structure that has remained essentially intact.- Created the supreme court, circuit courts, & district courts.- Law allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when

constitutional issues were raised.

Washington Shapes the Executive

- Created the positions of- Secretary of State : T. Jefferson- Secretary of Treasury: A. Hamilton- Secretary of War: Henry Knox

- They would be known as the cabinet.

6.1 - Washington Leads the New Gov’t (pgs. 182-187)

Hamilton & Jefferson in Conflict

- Hamilton = strong central government- Jefferson = strong state government- Hamilton = strong commerce & industry- Jefferson = strong society of farmers- Strict vs. Loose interpretation of Constitution

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

- Hamilton wanted to manage the country’s debt & est. a national bank system.- National debt was at a couple million & the money needed to be paid to foreign countries & U.S. citizens- Wanted national govt. to absorb state debt to strengthen the faith in the new govt.

T. Jefferson

A. Hamilton


E. Hamilton’s Plan for a National Bank

- Hamilton created the Bank of the United States = hoped to tie wealthy investors to the country’s welfare, .- Bank would issue paper money to handle tax receipts & other govt. funds.

F. District of Columbia

- Hamilton wanted to move the capital to a southern state in hopes for these states to feel more included in the govt.


Federalist vs. Democratic-Republicans

- 2 parties formed around issues of federal gov’t’s power & size vs. state gov’ts. - Federalists - sided with Hamilton (strong central gov’t).- Dem. Republicans – sided with Jefferson (strong state gov’t). - Started the 2 party system.

Whiskey Rebellion

- Protective tariff - import tax on European goods.- Excise tax = tax on whiskey.- Farmers refused to pay tax (western PA).- Showed power of federal gov’t over regional/state gov’ts.

Washington & The Whiskey Rebellion


Reactions to the French Revolution

- Democratic-Republicans wanted to help France.

- Federalists wanted to help the British.

- Neutrality was decided.

Treaty with Spain

- Pinckney’s Treaty = gave U.S. all

lands east of the Mississippi River

& Spain recognized the 31st parallel

as its northern border.

- Allowed U.S. to travel down the

Mississippi River.

6.2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

Storming the Bastille(French Revolution: 1789-

1799)

6.2 – Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation (pgs. 190-196)

Jay’s Treaty

- British agreed to evacuate their post in the NW Territory, but British were still able to have fur trade.

Election of 1796

- John Adams (Federalist) = president.- Thomas Jefferson (Dem.-Rep) = VP.


Adams Tries to Avoid War

- French were mad at U.S. for making a treaty with Britain over the NW Territory.

- Adams sent 3 delegates to Paris to smooth over matters.

- XYZ affair = 3 low level officials demanded $250K before 3 U.S. delegates

could speak to the foreign minister.

- Affair caused many anti-French sentiments.


Alien & Sedition Acts

- Immigrants joined the

Dem-Republican Party.

- Alien + Sedition Acts

- 14 yrs in the U.S. to become a citizen.

- President could deport or jail any

alien considered undesirable.

- Dem-Rep saw the laws as a violation of freedom of speech.

VA & KY Resolutions

- Doctrine of Nullification = states had the right to nullify, or void, any act.

- Came about b/c of the Alien + Sedition Acts.


Electoral Deadlock (1800 Election)

- Jefferson defeated Adams; Aaron Burr (T.J.s VP) received same votes as T.J.

- Jefferson became president.

- After this, electoral cast separate ballots for president + vice president.

6.3 - Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course (197-201)

Thomas Jefferson Hamilton-Burr Duel

John Marshall + the Supreme Court

- Federalist had power in the judicial branch.

- Judiciary Act of 1801 – Adams appointed 16 federal judges & filled most of the seats with federalists. (known as the midnight judges)

- Some paperwork for the judges wasn’t authorized.

Marbury vs. Madison

- Marbury = midnight judge never received his official papers.

- Madison was in charge of delivering the papers.

- Judiciary Act of 1789 required the supreme court to order the papers to be delivered.

- Marbury sued to enforce the law.

- Judicial review – ability of the supreme court to declare an act of congress unconstitutional.

William Marbury

Sec. of StateJames

Madison

6.3 - Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course (197-201)

journal response #3

Documents

weak government

formation of government

foundations of government

government didnt

weak central government

united states

land ordinances

worksheet large small