kampala city council - world...

EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTAALL IIMMPPAACCTT AASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTT FOR

PROPOSED LANDFILL GAS FLARING CDM PROJECT

AT MPERERWE LANDFILL SITE,KITEEZI

Final Report

Prepared by

Kampala City Council November 2008

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Kampala City Council 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

5-12

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Background 13 1.2 Need for EIA Study 13 1.3 The Scope of Work 14 1.4 Brief description of the site 15

1.4.1 Site Location 15 1.4.2 Details of the Site 15 1.4.3 Accessibility to Project Site 17 1.4.4 Process and Methodology adopted for the study 17

1.5 Contents of the Rapid EIA Report 20

CHAPTER 2

Project Description

2.0 Proposed LFG Extraction CDM Project 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Overview of Technology to be used for LFG extraction 22 2.3 Background of existing Landfill 23 2.4 Existing Solid Waste Management Scenario in Kampala 24 2.5 Present Activities at the landfill site 25 2.6 Utilities available at site 25

CHAPTER 3

Environmental and Social issues

3.1 Environmental and Social issues associated with the present practice of Landfill management 26 3.1.1 Environmental Issues 26 3.1.2 Social Issues 28 3.1.3 Health and Safety Concerns 30 3.1.4 Summary of Impacts 31 3.1.5 Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation 34

3.2 Environmental and Social issues from LFG flaring project: 37 3.2.1 Activities at Site 37 3.2.2 Identification of potential environmental and social issues 38


CHAPTER 4

Existing Baseline Environmental condition

4.0 Background 40 4.1 Site Geology 40 4.2 Sub-Surface Conditions 40 4.3 Hydrology 40 4.4 Physical Features 41 4.5 Flora and Fauna 41

CHAPTER 5

Impact Assessment

5.1 Impact Assessment of proposed CDM Project 43 5.1.1 Impacts associated with Specific Construction Activities 43 5.1.2 Other impacts associated with construction Activities 45 & Project Developments

5.2 Impacts associated with operation phase activities 45 5.2.1 Impacts from flare siting 45 5.2.2 Potential impacts from landfill gas flare /combustion 46 5.2.3 Emission from operation of DG set occasionally and use of support fuel 47 5.2.4 Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals 47 5.2.5 Discharge of domestic liquid waste 48 5.2.6 Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas 48 5.2.7 Vibration 48

5.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities 48 5.4 Impact associated with Social Issues 48 5.5 Summary 49

CHAPTER 6

Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP)

6.0 Background 54 6.1 EMP during construction stage 54 6.1.1 Environment Management Plans 55 6.1.2 Social Management Plan 57

6.2 ESMP during Operation phase 58 6.2.1 Environmental management plan 58 6.2.2 Social Management Plan 60


6.2.3 Health & Safety Plan 60 6.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities 60 6.4 Community Benefit Measures 61

6.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation 61 6.5 Summary 63 6.6 Compliance Monitoring Requirement 78 6.7 Institutional Framework for Implementation& Monitoring 79 6.8 Environmental Auditing 80 6.9 Community Benefit Plan 80

CHAPTER 7

Conclusion 82

CHAPTER 8

LFG experience in other countries 84

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 : Satellite view of Kiteezi 16 Figure 1.2 : Location of Kampala on world map 18 Figure 1.3 : Location of the project 19

LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 : Refuse Composition 24 Table 3.1 : Summary of Environmental, Social and Health & Safety issues

& associated Impacts from present practice of landfill management 32 Table 3.2: Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation 34 Table 3.3 : Identification of activities & associated Issues from LFG flaring Project 38 Table 5.1 : Potential agents of health and environmental impacts from landfill gas and/or combustion of the landfill gas 46 Table 5.2 : Environmental, Social and Health & Safety Issues and Significance level of their Impacts from LFG flaring Project 50 Table 6.1 : Issues discussed at the Stakeholder Consultation 61 Table 6.2 : Summary of Environment, Social, Health & Safety Management Plan 64 Table 6.3 : Monitoring requirement for Mpererwe LFG Flaring Project 78

APPENDIX

Appendix1 : License conditions for operating existing landfill site issued by The National Environment Management Authority( NEMA) 87


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction of the Project

For an existing landfill site at Mpererwe in Kiteezi Village, which is expected to reach its capacity by the end of 2008, Kampala City Council(KCC) is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the landfill. The project will ensure that the LFG generated from the landfill is collected through a comprehensive network of gas wells and flared in a flaring system so that the GHG potential of the LFG is destroyed . The project will contribu te to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It will also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release of LFG from the landfill. Implementation of this proposed CDM project activity is included as part of the investment package planned for the Solid Waste Management component of the World Bank funded Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP). The construction and operation of such plant has the potential to cause adverse impacts on the environment and the public health safety, if appropriate control measures are not taken. NEMA, the National Environment Management Authority of Uganda, has recently issued a license to KCC for purposes of carrying out improvements on the operations and management of Kiteezi waste d isposal site. In the license, NEMA has mandated KCC to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the project it intends to implement under CDM and obtain approval of environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementing the project activity. The EIA report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Act S.I. No. 13/ 1998 promulgated by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of the Government of Uganda. This act d irects all projects covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environment Act, Cap 153, to undertake environmental impact assessment and approval there after from NEMA. Solid waste management activity is one of the activities covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environmental Act.

Project description

The Mpererwe, Kiteezi landfill site is located in the Nangabo Sub-Country of Wakiso District , 13 kilometres north of Kampala city center. Kampala is located in the south of Uganda, close to the northern shores of Lake Victoria. The site of the proposed project is a containment site and has been filled in with waste since 1996. Present size of the site is 29 acres and add itional 6 acres plot was acquired on the south side for further extension of the life of the site by two years Geographically, Kampala where the project site is located is at following coordinates:

Latitude : 2 50' 0'' Longitude : 32 34' 00''

Main features of the site are as follows:

The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surrounding, especially on the south and east side.

The average height of ground surface at the proposed project is about 1172 m above mean sea level.

Area around the proposed project site in Wakiso District receives approximately 1000 mm rainfall annually.

There is no archaeological monument or cu ltural property near immediate vicinity of the site.


There are no endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area.

Site is surrounded by habitation within 500 m, separated by a natural buffer zone of hillock or trees and bushes.

One house is very close to site , just at the entrance. The house owner was landlord of part of the landfill site once upon a time and voluntarily sold part of his land to KCC for landfill development.

Site Setting The site is readily accessible by the existing road network. The landfill site is located to the north of Kampala City about 13 km from the City Center. The present access to the site from Kampala City is through Kampala-Gayaza road (about 9 km), branching off to the left at Mpererwe and following the bitumen road going to Namulonge (about 4km). The site surrounding consists of grassland characterized by short grass with a few trees and shrubs. Entire eastern boundary is part of a wetland. The major hydrologic feature observed is a perennial stream in the valley bottom flowing South East. It flows through wetland with relatively thick vegetation and papyrus reeds adjacent to the site, to the walufumbe swamp.The general drainage pattern is semi-dendrite in nature forming a regional catchment area. Site drainage pattern is toward valley bottom which is on the South-East side of the landfill site

Environment Setting in area

There is significant environmental setting around the project site. Site is not very far(500m) from habitation area in the immediate vicinity. One house owner, who was also the land owner of part of the area, from whom KCC bought land for the present site under consideration, is located just at the entrance of the landfill site on south d irection. Eastern boundary of the landfill is just on the edge of wetland with swamp. Soil erosion is evident at this location owing to soil excavation activity for construction of Leachate Treatment Plant. Wild life is rare in the area except stray dogs. The typical species of flora and fauna found near the landfill are widely spread in the d istrict and are not considered in the endangered species category.

Sensitive Receptors

Wetland and bushes & trees on the eastern boundary of the site are key sensitive receptors. Habitation is not very close to the site but site is surrounded by habitation within 500m rad ius of the site. House located just at the entrance of the landfill can be an affected sensitive receptor. A natural stream passing from northeast to southeast direction is sensitive receptor of the adverse effect of the project.

Land requirement

The existing site is located on 29 acres of land , and has almost completed its life. KCC

has acquired another 6 acres of land for extension of the landfill site. LFG plant will be

located within existing 29 acres of the landfill site.

Baseline Environmental Conditions Very little information is available on existing base line environmental conditions at the site. Discussion with NEMA officer revealed that at present, there is no national environment regulation on minimum standard for management of air quality in Uganda and hence air quality or noise monitoring is not a common practice in the country. Therefore Mpererwe site lacks a base line measurement of existing ambient air quality or noise level. Topography The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surround ing, especially on the south and

east side. A seasonal stream that flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site bounds the sloping site on the lower edge. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant ad jacent to the site area to the Walufumbe swamp.


Geology The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the redd ish

brown ferrate soils. Close to the valley, there exist alluvial sed iments consisting of coarse quartz grains that grade into fine grains. Granite gneiss is completely weathered sometimes with relict foliation observed at a depth of 6.0m. In some places, the gneisses have become kaolinitic. Pegmatisation of the gneisses is notable in the north of the project area.

Geo-hydrology

According to Geotechnical stud ies carried out by KCC at the time of site design, the ground water level in the area is about 20 - 30m below the ground level in the western side, whereas in the east side, water runs / oozes on the surface of the ground. There is overburden for weathered rocks and wet geological conditions up to the depth of approx. 60m. The soils below ground water level are relatively permeable. It is observed that the ground water in general flows towards the valley that leads to river. Seasonal stream flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant ad jacent to the site area to Walufumbe swamp.

Soil The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the redd ish brown ferrate soils

Water Quality

KCC through its contractor of the landfill site, gets surface and ground water quality analyzed on monthly basis. The natural stream’s water quality is monitored upstream of the leachate treatment p lant and downstream of the plant after the point where treated leachate meets the stream. In addition to these, two borewells are also monitored from ground water quality check, one at the NW end as one enters the site, and second on the southeast side. The two wells are sited to sample ground water upstream and downstream of the site respectively, accord ing to the d irection of ground water flow as established from KCC’s geotechnical stud ies for the site. Analyzed values of water samples are reported ly safe against the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of effluent into water or on land). However, this can be further strengthened by using a grid d istribu tion of ground water monitoring wells, which can be representative of the entire area of the landfill.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Ambient air quality is not monitored , as there is no regulation on air pollu tion control in Uganda. NEMA officer mentioned that a d raft regulation is there but that is pend ing for final ratification of the concerned authority. Mpererwe site does not have any ambient air quality monitoring data.

Noise Noise is not governed under any regulation in Uganda and therefore not monitored under normal practice. Mpererwe site does not have any noise monitoring data.

Flora & Fauna

Mpererwe Land Fill site is located on gentle slope bordered by a stream on the east. The valley, which is in the Ind irect Impact Zone (IIZ), is a wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Eleis guinensis as well a few Phoenix reclinata. The landfill site itself is dominated by Leersia hexandra, Cyperus rotundus and Ludwigia abyssinica in the wetland which also extend into the IIZ; Imperata cylindrica in the und isturbed areas and Rhynchelytrum repens in the abandoned gardens. The vegetation can generally be described as an open bush land with scattered thickets and a few trees. All life forms of fauna near site easily d isperse and establish themselves. Species encountered are of wide geographical d istribution. None of the species listed appear in the list of endangered or rare species

Socio- Socio economic profile of the area around the site can be categorized as rural and urban


economic Profile of The Area

mix. The rural population is mainly involved in agricultural activities and small trad ing activities. The proposed project is not likely to adversely affect the socio economic conditions of area.

Environmental and social issues Environmental issues associated with present practice of landfill management

Landfill currently is not being managed in a way that can take care of environmental issues satisfactorily and there is no gas collection system at present. The supervision of transported waste quality on regular basis is difficult under current operational practice.

Air pollution, odour, noise are commonly talked about pollution issue from landfill which is the case here as well. Process inefficiency of Leachate Treatment Plant quite often causes poor treated leachate quality at Mpererwe site. Storm water drains as well as leachate collection drains are not clearly demarcated on ground although some of the maps have shown their existence beneath and around the landfill site. During rains, leachate and storm water mix and increase load on the treatment system and thereby reduce the efficiency of the treatment process. Unstable slopes of the dumped waste have once caused breach on the eastern boundary causing release of toxic component of waste into sensitive receiving environment.

Social issues associated with present practice of landfill management

Local residents during community consultations have raised following social and health & safety related issues: Health Problem due to Mosquitoes, Flies and Vector; Littering of refuse on road passing through residential areas; Lack of controlled access to the landfill site; Water shortage in the local area around the landfill site; Lack of health care facility; health & safety concerns from dangerous compounds in landfill gas; and health and safety concerns of waste scavengers.

Environmental issues from LFG flaring project

One of the primary roles of a land fill gas extraction and controlled flare is to protect people and surrounding environment from landfill gas emissions. When considered under overall impact, proposed LFG project is likely to reduce or eliminate many environment and social issues being faced under current state of affairs at the landfill. However, installation and operation of LFG flaring system will have its own environmental and social issues that need to be considered and addressed adequately in detail. Construction Phase Issues: Most construction activities will impact water, soil, air, and will generate noise. Some of the developments at construction site can be fu lly assessed only when their location and specification are finalized in the detailed design of the project, and the construction techniques are determined . Since KCC has not finalized the design and construction techniques that will be adopted for LFG extraction project, the precise location of the LFG control center, construction work camps and work areas are yet to be determined . Without these specific details, the impact assessment of these components are preliminary in nature and limited to identifying the major areas of consideration. Operation Phase Issues: Flare siting and combustion of LFG are two key sources of pollu tion from the plant. While flare siting is important consideration to prevent exposure of surrounding environment to the adverse effect of the plant, LFG combustion will generate harmful toxic gases that may have adverse impact on the quality of ambient air. In addition to these, there would be pollu tion issues from routine activities like hand ling and storage of chemical/ fuel; operation of DG set; handling and d isposal of solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas; Domestic liqu id and solid waste hand ling and disposal. Closure/Post -Closure Phase Issues:


It has been experienced that occasional explosion takes place in closed landfill site due to methane gas release. This causes accident and health impact on the local people who may be there at the location by chance. There may be possibility of similar occurrence at Mpererwe site. Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris, which may create pollution if not managed properly. After the closure of the LFG plant, there can still be need for continuing operation of leachate treatment plant until a time by when it could be established that leachate is no longer an issue for management at the site.

Social issues from LFG flaring project

LFG flaring project will eliminate several social problems being faced by local community due to the current operation of land fill site. There will be overall improvement in the area, except for the following three potential issues that are likely to create adverse impact. Social conflict among construction workers and labour camps: Migrated labourers may create law and order problems with local community in the area. Spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease: Unsafe sexual activities between labourers and local community will have chances of spreading sexually transmitted disease, especially HIV/AIDS. Social conflict between transport drivers, of construction and LFG plant material and local community: Rash and unsafe driving practices causing accidents may create conflict between d rivers and local community. The social issues described above can be managed by enforcement of law and order and hence will not have significant impact.

Residual issues after the LFG flaring Project

Most of the social problems that are community concerns as well, will be eliminated by the installation of LFG Flaring Plant. There will be environmental issues mainly from the operation of the LFG plant and it’s Siting. Closure and post closure phase impact will arise only at the time of decommissioning of the LFG plant. Leachate collection and treatment will be important impact throughout the life of the LFG plant and will need continuous attention of the project operator.

Impact Assessment

There will be overall positive social impact of the LFG flaring project in the area. A few social issues during construction activities can be managed by enforcement of law and order and hence will not have significant impact. Environmental issues during construction phase will be temporary in nature and for short term. Implementing sound environment management plan can reverse most of them. However, some of the impacts may have serious implications for water and land bod ies near the construction activity, more so towards the side of wetland and swamp areas. Noise is likely to generate high impact especially during night because of the close proximity of the site with the habitation. Feasibility Design report of the plant has recommended setting up structures near existing Leachate Treatment Plant, ground of which has relatively plain land topography. However, from environmental point of view this is strongly opposed since the location is very close to ecologically fragile wetland and swamps. A natural stream too flows very close to the treatment plant. Siting of the flare though is part of the construction activity, its environmental impacts are felt during operation of the plant and hence the siting impacts are d iscussed under the operation phase of the LFG flaring project. During the plant operation, the most


significant potential impact on the environment in the immediate vicinity will resu lt from the siting of the flare. Noise,heat,odour, human health, fire and explosion, visual impacts are the key environmental impact that may have harmful effect on the environment exposed to these impacts. Once the plant is operational, it will be a source of gaseous emission from the landfill gas combustion. Landfill gas contains various compounds and toxic trace elements that will be emitted along with the gaseous emission from combustion process causing health impact on the communities living close by. Routine operation of the plant is likely to raise impacts from fuel/ chemical hand ling, waste d isposal and operation of DG set. These impacts are likely to be well manageable and hence have low significance.

Leachate generation will continue to have threatening impact even after closure of the plant until a time when generation of leachate stops practically. Decommissioning of the LFG plant is likely to create similar impact as would be there during the construction of the plant.

Environmental/Social Management Plan And Institutional Arrangement

Sound environmental and social management plans will need to be prepared and implemented to mitigate potential adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. The ESMPs have been developed for the following stages of the plant activities at the site.

Project preparation stage

Project construction stage

Project operation stage including siting features

Plant closure and post closure stage As per the definition of National Wetland Plan (NWP) of Uganda, not all wetlands are vital and / or critical from mandatory management point of view. Some wetlands are defined as Dispensable wetlands by NWP, these are those that do not provide important goods or services, and that do not harbour any endangered , endemic, or rare species, or contain any unique habitats - clearly do not warrant any degree of protection, though their wanton degradation or destruction should be d iscouraged . Wetland near eastern boundary of the landfill site can be considered as d ispensable wetland since it is already near degraded land and cannot be reclaimed. However, the wetland under its present condition will be avoided from any further damage and KCC in coord ination with construction contractor will implement a wetland management plan To support implementation of EMPs, regular monitoring of environment quality (ambient air, Ground water, noise, waste water and combustion emission) will be undertaken by KCC during construction as well as operation of the plant.

Community Benefit measures

Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable development mission. Although CDM project will be able to solve most of the environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit p lan will go a long way in strengthening the relation between KCC and local community.


Institutional Framework for Implementation & Monitoring of Mitigation Measures

Environment and Social Plans will be incorporated as key points of d iscussion in the tender document. Prospective construction contractors will be asked to submit, in their proposal, the implementation response to various requirements of ESMPs and health and safety plan along with budget allocation for the same. Selection of the contractor will be influenced by their response to the ESMPs and proposed budget. Once finalized, the contractor will be required to implement ESMPs as defined in their proposal and approved by KCC, and KCC will monitor the process of implementation. Where KCC decides to subcontract its activities associated with this project, it will still be held responsible, as a principal employer, for its responsibilities associated with monitoring and supervision of ESMPs which have been enumerated in this report. Therefore, KCC and the subcontracted agencies will work together on preparing, implementing and monitoring various mitigation measures from environmental and social management point of view. All the necessary components of ESMP and Health and Safety Plan will be operational before starting pre construction work. ESMP and Health and Safety Plan for operational stage of the project will largely be implemented during design and siting of the plant. A few residual p lans related to the process like waste handling, hand ling and storage of fuels,etc will be implemented under routine activities within operational activities. In order to streamline environmental activities, project will implement environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 standard . The system will have number of process monitoring steps vis-à-vis safe and environment friendly operation of the plant. The Environment officer of KCC will regularly undertake internal monitoring and supervision. NEMA shall undertake external monitoring as per its statu tory provisions. In addition to this, a committee that was formed during the stakeholder consultation meeting will supervise the project progress from time to time.

Environmental Auditing

Auditing of the environmental compliance of the project will be carried out internally as well as externally. KCC will carry out half yearly audit of its compliance with EMP and any other environmental requirements, such as those imposed by NEMA and/ or the lenders. Internal audits will also be undertaken as requirement of ISO-14001 certification of the project. External audits of the environmental compliance will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO-14001 certification. The environmental officer of KCC will be responsible for compiling and submitting annual environmental report( based on self auditing) to NEMA and lender, and will consult with NEMA to determine any additional mitigation measures or monitoring that is considered required.

Conclusion The proposed LFG flaring project is timely intervention in the affairs of Mpererwe landfill site, for handling deteriorating environmental and social conditions. Environmental and social issues are similar to those of any other landfill site. However, severity of their significance is high at Mpererwe site owing to the fact that the site was designed and managed as containment site rather than the secured landfill site. Such operation for managing landfill site has inherent flaws, which lead to emergence of various environmental and social problems. With the advent of LFG flaring project, most of the common problems could be solved and an overall improvement in environmental and social conditions will take place. To further strengthen the


environment and social management and monitoring, it is recommended that the LFG project operator should design and implement an environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 for the plant, once it is operational. Most of the social problems will no longer exist after the installation of LFG flaring project. Nonetheless, a community benefit plan is to be developed by KCC that will be based on consultation with the local community. Local community demanded pipe water supply in project affected area as the first community benefit measure and a health clinic in Kiteezi village, as the second community benefit measure, which should be either free of cost or highly subsidized. KCC intends for sustainable development of the area and community benefit plan will go a long way in fostering strong relation ship between local community and KCC. This relation ship is the foundation over which the proposed LFG flaring project is likely to succeed in Kampala and bring benefits not only to the local people but also to the project participants from the republic of Uganda, eventually benefiting larger base of people in the country and the World at large.


CHAPTER 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

Kampala City Council(KCC) is the nodal agency that looks after Solid waste management affairs in Kampala.

Mission Statement “To provide and facilitate the delivery of quality, sustainable and customer oriented services efficiently and effectively”. Vision Statement “To have a Secure, Economically Vibrant, Well Managed, Sustainable and Environmentally Pleasant City that anyone would enjoy visiting and living in”

KCC first developed a solid waste management strategy in 1998, revised it in 2002 and later in 2006 within the framework of an Integrated KCC strategy framework for reform (SFR) of 1998 and the solid waste ord inance of 2000. The SFR aims at ensuring that activities of solid waste management (SWM) services meet KCC’s objectives and mission statement by:

-Ensuring proper collection, storage, transportation and disposal of waste -Protecting the environment and improvement of the city’s hygiene and sanitation conditions -Working in partnership with the community

The landfill is managed under the framework of KCC’s 2006 solid waste management strategy. Kampala presently has one landfill site located in Kiteezi, Mpererwe. This is operated as a containment site, 29 acres in size. The site is located north of Kampala city approximately 13 km from the city centre. Currently a volume of about 500 tonnes of waste is delivered to the landfill daily. At the current rate of d isposal the landfill is expected to reach its safe capacity by the end of the year 2008. Another 6 acres of land ad jacent to the existing landfill has been identified which can continue the life of the site for another two years.

For the existing landfill, which is expected to reach its capacity by the end of 2008, KCC is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the Landfilling activities. The project will ensure that the LFG generated from the landfill is collected through a comprehensive network of gas wells and flared in a flaring system so that the green house gas (GHG) potential of the LFG is destroyed . The project will contribute to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It would also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release of LFG.

Implementation of this proposed CDM project activity is included as part of the investment package planned for the Solid Waste Management component of the World Bank funded Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP).

1.2 Need for EIA Study


The National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) of Uganda, recently issued a license to KCC for purposes of carrying out improvements on the operations and management of Mpererwe Landfill site. In the license, NEMA has mandated KCC to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the project it intends to implement under CDM and obtain approval of environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementing the project activity.

Regulatory Framework: The EIA report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Act S.I. No. 13/ 1998 promulgated by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of the Government of Uganda. This act d irects all projects covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environment Act, Cap 153, to undertake environmental impact assessment and approval there after from NEMA. Solid waste management activity is one of the activities covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environmental Act.

1.3 The Scope of Work

The study has been carried out within following broad scope:

Ide n tificatio n o f e n viro n m e n tal, s o cial an d co m m un ity is s ue s w .r.t. the pre s e n t landfill management

Review of all the available reports, visit of the landfill site, and interaction with the neighboring communities to understand the present practices of landfill management and identify the various environmental, social and community issues that are associated with the present practice of landfill management.

Identification of environmental, social and community issues associated with the CDM project Activity

Review of the feasibility study for the LFG recovery scheme and the conceptual design to identify the specific environmental, social and community issues that might arise from implementation of the LFG scheme at the landfill that includes drilling of gas wells, collection of gas through a network of p iping arrangements, and flaring of the collected gas in the flaring system. Clear d istinction has been made between the impacts that are limited only to the construction stage and those that would be caused during the operational phase of the project.

Impact Assessment

The assessment of the significance of all the environmental and social impacts associated with the LFG project. Based on the knowledge from available literature on landfill gas, composition of the LFG has been studied and assessment made on the environmental and social impacts arising from its combustion. Efforts have been made to assess and d iscuss potential alternatives to the LFG design presented in the feasibility study.

Stakeholder Consultation

As part of the environmental assessment, the consultations were held with the relevant stakeholders including the neighboring communities to understand their concerns with respect to the project activity. The process followed for such consultations includ ing the


outcomes of the consultations has been recorded for the purpose of validation of the CDM project activity. The consultation resu lts will be shared with the relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons

Environment and Social Management Plan

Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP) have been prepared by identifying the relevant LFG project activities; their environmental and social impacts; the proposed environmental and social mitigation measures; proposed institu tional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures; related cost estimates; and time horizons in which the various activities are to be carried out. A separate Community Benefit Program (CBP) has been drafted to address specific issues of concern to the community.

LFG Experience in Other countries

LFG experiences in other countries that might be relevant to Kiteezi's landfill site have been documented.

1.4 Brief description of the site

1.4.1 Site Location

The Mpererwe, Kiteezi landfill site is located in the Nangabo Sub-Country of Wakiso District, 13 kilometers north of Kampala city center. Kampala is located in the south of Uganda, close to the northern shores of Lake Victoria.

1.4.2 Details of the Site

The site of the proposed project is a containment site and has been filled in with waste since 1996. Present size of the site is 29 acres and add itional 6 acres plot was acquired on the south side for further extension of the life of the site by two years. The location of Kampala on World Map and Uganda map is d isplayed in Figure 1.2. Location of the proposed project area in Kiteezi is displayed in Figures 1.1 and 1.3.

Geographically, Kiteezi where the project site is located is at following coordinates: Geographical coordinates in decimal degrees

Latitude : 0.417 Longitude : 32.567

Geographical coordinates in degrees minutes seconds

Latitude : 2 50' 0'' Longitude : 32 34' 00''

Places near Kiteezi

Bamba, Bulambiro, Buye, Jinja, Kasangati, Kawempe, Kisaasi, Kyambogo, Masooli, Mbuya, Namalere, Nangabo, Tula

Main features of the site are described below:

The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surrounding, especially on the south and east side.


The average height of ground surface at the proposed project is about 1172 m above mean sea level.

The site surrounding consists of grassland characterized by short grass with a few trees and shrubs. Entire eastern boundary is part of a wetland.

The major hydrologic feature observed is a perennial stream in the valley bottom flowing South East. It flows through wetland with relatively thick vegetation and papyrus reeds adjacent to the site, to the walufumbe swamp.

The general drainage pattern is semi-dendrite in nature forming a regional catchment area. Site drainage pattern is toward valley bottom which is on the South-East side of the landfill site.

Area around the proposed project site in Wakiso District receives approximately 1000 mm rainfall annually.

There is no archaeological monument or cultural property near immediate vicinity of the site.

There are no endangered species of flora and fauna in the area.

Site is surrounded by habitation within 500 m, separated by a natural buffer zone of hillock or trees and bushes.

One house is very close to site , just at the entrance. The house owner was land lord of part of the landfill site once upon a time and voluntarily sold part of his land to KCC for landfill development.

Fig 1.1- Satellite view of Kiteezi


1.4 .3 Accessibility to Project Site

The site is read ily accessible by the existing road network. The landfill site is located to the north of Kampala City about 13 km from the City Center. The present access to the site from Kampala City is through Kampala-Gayaza road (about 9 km), branching off to the left at Mpererwe and following the bitumen road going to Namulonge (about 4 km).

1.4.4 Approach and Methodology adopted for the study

A comprehensive consultative as well as review and analysis based approach was followed for carrying out this study. Following specific methodologies were adopted for the study:

Review of previous EAs and other documents pertaining to the waste management in Kampalla.

Review of environmental regulation in Uganda pertaining to waste management and specific ru les/ cond itions imposed by the National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) on Mpererwe landfill site.

Discussion with NEMA officer and understand ing NEMA’s concern on the existing environmental and social issues from the site.

Site visit.

Interaction with communities residing in vicinity.

Formal Stakeholder Consultation.


Fig 1.2 -Location of Kampala City of the Republic of Uganda


Fig 1.3- Location of Project area in Kiteezi


1.5 Contents of the Rapid EIA Report

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) report has been presented under following chapter headings.

Executive Summary

Describes the report in concise manner with key findings and recommendations,

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter provides background information and details of the project and brief environmental setting of the area. Approach and methodology followed for the study and summary of stakeholder consultation are also explained in this chapter.

Chapter 2: Project Description

This chapter deals with the details of the project including proposed technology, u tilities and infrastructure available at site, background of the existing landfill facility and current waste management practice.

Chapter 3: Environmental and Social Issues

The chapter explains environmental, social and health and safety issues emanated from site from current activities and to be generated from the proposed CDM project. Closure and post closure phase have also been considered for estimating environmental and social impact of the project in its entire life cycle.

Chapter 4: Existing Baseline Environmental Conditions

This chapter presents the local & immediate existing environmental status of the study area around the project includ ing topography, d rainage pattern, water environment, geological, climate, transport system, land use and flora & fauna.

Chapter 5: Impact Assessment

This chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed project. It describes the overall impacts of the proposed activities during construction, operation and closure and post closure phase of the project and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures.

Chapter 6 : Environment and Social Management Plans(ESMP)

This chapter provides environmental management p lan (EMP) and social management plan (SMP) for minimizing the negative environmental and social impacts and to strengthen the positive environmental/social impacts of the proposed project.

Chapter 7 : Conclusions


LFG experiences in other countries that might be relevant to Kiteezi's landfill site have been documented in this chapter.

Chapter 8: Technical Aspects Of Landfill Gas Plants

The report seems to have eight chapters although seven are introduced here. Chapter 7 in the main report is conclusion. Chapter 8 should be technical aspects NOT experience in other countries as no such experience is mentioned there. Again, this section doesn’t flow in this position since it’s a preface. For example, why introduce the executive summary and chapter 1 both of which have already been discussed fully earlier? I don’t see why the author insists that ‘taking it just after the table of contents is not considered appropriate and will disturb structure of the report’


CHAPTER 2

Project Description

2.0 Proposed LFG Extraction CDM Project

2.1 Introduction The purpose of the project activity is to develop a landfill gas extraction and flaring scheme on the existing Mpererwe landfill site that currently has no form of landfill gas management in place. Whilst the concept of landfill gas extraction and flaring as a means of controlling gas both in terms of risk from explosion and for reducing harmful emissions of greenhouse gases is well developed in many parts of the world , this is not the case in Uganda. The project represents an opportunity to introduce basic but proven landfill gas technology into the country and will provide environmental betterment both on and in the immediate vicinity of the site.

The Mpererwe landfill has been operational since 1996, receiving primarily municipal wastes from Kampala city. Historical landfill development and waste input information is limited , although since 2000 a weighbridge has been used to record waste tonnages and types of wastes received . Currently receiving some 500 tones of waste per day, it is estimated that the site will be full in some 12 months time, with an estimated total volume of 900,000 cubic meters.

The site has been developed mainly as a land raise with only limited basal engineering reported ly carried out prior to landfill development. The site has not yet been restored . There is a leachate treatment facility on site, but no provisions for landfill gas venting, monitoring or control.

Observations from site visits, review of available data and landfill gas pred ictions carried out by UK Consultants from SLR Consulting Limited ind icate that the site would benefit from an active gas extraction and flaring system, but that using the landfill gas for power generation is highly unlikely to be economically feasible.

In order to achieve the objectives of the project activity, SLR Consulting had prepared an outline design for a gas control scheme that takes account of current limiting factors on site. For example, the benefits of undertaking reprofiling works to the landfill surface in order to provide better pipe falls and reduce the chances of blockage or performance impairment by condensate had been recognised . With the reprofiling works, the waste should be covered with a layer of sand to allow restoration and after use of the site.

The benefits of such a scheme would be a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions that are currently occurring through uncontrolled release of landfill gas to atmosphere; introduction of new landfill gas management technology into Uganda; restoration of the site to a beneficial after use; training of local staff to become experts in the monitoring and control of landfill gas; and provision of a number of employment opportunities relating to the operation and maintenance of equipment. Without the scheme, uncombusted raw methane which typically makes up 50% of the landfill gas mixture and is 21 times more powerful a greenhouse gas


than carbon d ioxide, will continue to be untreated and uncontrolled and will continue to disperse direct to atmosphere.

2.2 Overview of Technology to be used for LFG extraction:

Landfill gas management technology will comprise of a series of vertical wells drilled into the wastes, interconnected by pipe work connected to a blower (suction) unit that will extract landfill gas for combustion within a high specification flare unit. More specifically, the following technology will be installed:

1.Gas Extraction wells: Some 48 vertically d riven gas wells will be constructed at approximately 40 to 50 meter spacing during the phased restoration of the site to extract the landfill gas as it is produced.

2.Gas collection pipe work: These pipes, which will be total some 2400 meters in length, will collect and transport the gas from the wells to the extraction plant from where the gas will be safely flared.

3.Gas extraction plant (blower): A centrifugal blower is required to extract landfill gas from the wells and supply this to the flare unit. The blower creates lower pressure inside the wells than in the landfill, thereby sucking the gas from the landfill into the wells and from there to the extraction

4.Condensate management: Measures such as self-draining wells and condensate knock-out pots will be incorporated within the system to minimise condensate build-up and hence reduce the likelihood of p ipe blockages from liqu id , which should help maximise the efficiency of the gas extraction

5.Flare unit: An enclosed landfill gas flare with a capacity of 1,000Nm 3 / hr will be installed to safely treat the extracted gas.

There are no currently operational projects to capture and flare (or otherwise use) landfill gas in Uganda. The project provides a significant opportunity for technology transfer into Uganda, with the import of key equipment such as gas flare, pumps and blowers, flow meters and gas quality analysers, together with an introduction to current international design expertise and installation standards of landfill gas management and environmental control.

2.3 Background of existing Landfill

Kampala City Council is presently operating a sanitary landfill facility at Mpererwe-Kiteezi to d ispose the solid waste generated in the Kampala d istrict. The landfill, which started operation in the year 1996 currently, receives about 400-500 tones of wastes on a daily basis. The 29 acres piece of land on which the landfill is located is owned by the Kampala City Council (KCC). At the current rate of d isposal the landfill is expected to reach its capacity by the end of the year 2008. As a short term arrangement, to provide immediate continuity to d isposal of waste KCC has identified another 6 acres of land ad jacent to the existing landfill, which would cater to about additional 2 years.


For the existing landfill, which is expected to reach its safe capacity by the end of 2008, KCC is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the landfill. The project will contribu te to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It would also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment, which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release LFG from the landfill.

2.4 Existing Solid Waste Management Scenario in Kampala

Solid waste (also referred to as ‘refuse’) is defined by KCC as that includes waste from households, non-hazardous solid wastes from industrial, commercial construction and institutional establishments (including hospitals), market waste and street sweepings.

2.4.1 Waste Generation The waste stream is estimated to be predominantly organic (70-80%) while the rest is inorganic material such as glass, paper, metals, construction and demolition waste, etc. Table below shows indicative components of Kampala’s waste stream.

Table 2.1: Refuse composition (approximate)

TYPE OF SOLID WASTE PERCENTAGE Paper & Board 10.7 Glass 1.8 Metal 0.4 Plastic 11.8 Organics 74.0 Textiles 0.9 Construction Trace

Special Care Waste Trace

0.4

Street Debris Not captured Total 100.0

[Source: KCC Solid Waste Strategy, 2006].

2.4.2 Existing Waste Management Practice

Solid waste management services in Kampala city is currently structured along 2 major components: i) Waste collection services- including waste collection from source, storage and transportation to the d isposal site; ii) Waste treatment/ processing and d isposal at the d isposal site. Waste Collection services are responsibility of the ind ividual d ivisions, while waste processing/ disposal is the responsibility of the Head Quarter, KCC.

2.4.2.1 Solid Waste Collection

Waste is collected in skips and on land at selected locations within the d istrict. Waste transportation is carried out by both KCC and private sector.. Average waste collected and transported to the landfill over the past 12 months was approximately 17,000 tons/ month. This represents approximately 38% of generated waste. Many people simply d ispose of their own waste crudely, including ind iscriminate dumping, burning, burying, etc. The situation is problematic, and it is exacerbated by lack of adequate resources for waste collection and


transportation. The average cost of waste collection currently ranges between Shs 10,000 - Shs15,000 per ton depending on haulage distance.

KCC currently operates a total of 54 refuse trucks though only 30 are currently functional. There are currently 17 small private collectors that provide a door-to-door waste collection service at a nominal fee. They normally provide their clients with waste bags that are collected at agreed frequencies. At least 60% of all waste received at the land fill site is delivered by private companies. No fee is currently levied by KCC on the private collectors for use of its landfill site.

2.4.2.2 Solid Waste Disposal

All solid waste collected in Kampala is currently d isposed of by land filling on the KCC operated Mpererwe site located at Kiteezi in Wakiso District. The current landfill is a containment site opened in 1996. It covers an area of about 29 acres in total. KCC has acquired another 6 acres of land ad jacent to the existing landfill site for purposes of landfill extension. The extended landfill is estimated to accommodate waste for a further period of 2 years till 2010.

The management of the landfill site was first contracted out in January 1999 and the site has since been managed by a private Firm.

2.5 Present Activities at the landfill site

Waste collectors bring refuse to the site in trucks/ tractors. Each vehicle is weighed at the weighbridge and information is d irectly fed into computer connected to the weighbridge. Vehicles then unload waste on the operational tipping area of the day as d irected by site management. . Waste Scavengers simultaneously get into the act of salvaging recyclables from the waste. Dozer is used for spread ing and compacting waste. It was reported that as per the theoretical concept of landfill waste management, waste should be spread and compacted in layers not exceeding 2m thick and the surface should be covered with Murram to a thickness not exceed ing 15cm on daily basis. However, site operation practices revealed that compaction and covering is rarely undertaken as theoretically provided for.

Leachate from the whole landfill is channelled to collection points then d ischarged to the equalisation tank used to equalize the influent flow for a constant d ischarge through succeeding units of treatment (Presettling, Aeration/ biological treatment and to clarification tank). A centrifuge is then used for thickening the sludge from the effluent and treated effluent is then passed through a naturally grown root treatment zone prior to release into the nearby stream running from East North to East South direction from the landfill site..

2.6 Utilities available at site

There is pipe water supply and electricity grid connection available at the landfill site. Provision for a DG set of 100 KVA capacity is there to meet emergency power requirement in absence of the grid supply. There is an office block, pit latrine, bathroom and a weigh bridge.


CHAPTER 3

Environmental and Social issues

3.1 En viro n m e n tal an d So cial is sue s as so ciate d w ith the pre se n t practice of Landfill management

3.1.1 Environmental Issues

Landfill currently is not being managed in a way that can take care of environmental issues satisfactorily and there is no gas collection system at present. Explained below are key environmental problem/ issues, which emanate from the current operational practices at the landfill site.

A. Air Emissions

There are no major sources of air emissions. However, some particulate matter/ air emissions are anticipated during collection of recyclables by the scavengers, vehicular emission of waste transportation vehicles, particulate emission from waste spread ing and compaction and wind blown dust particles from landfill during strong wind creating bad odour in the area especially in down wind d irections. Absence of daily covering of dumped waste and unfenced site too create wind blown air borne dust particles carried to the local environment causing nuisance and health problem to local citizens. Operation of DG set in case of power failure will be a source of emissions into the air.Uncontrolled burning of waste by the scavengers is source of toxic air pollu tion. Local communities have often complained on this issue following which NEMA has banned burning of waste at land fill site. Road within landfill site is in semi paved cond itions and causes tremendous dust pollu tion, as well as, water logging during wet season.

B. Odour

Compounds found in landfill gas are associated with strong, pungent odors. These smells are transmitted off-site to nearby homes and business. Unpleasant odors lower the quality of life for ind ividuals that live near land fills and potentially reduce local property values. Odour from the Mpererwe site is more prominent in North, North East and West d irection from the site. Almost all households surveyed during community consultation complained about this issue; some of them even complained of health d isorder due to continuous exposure to the odour. Landfill site lacks regular compaction and covering of waste on daily basis. Waste collection and transportation efficiency too has an impact on odour issue since sometimes waste collectors carry wastes which are more than a day old and emit fou l odour due to putrecible nature of the waste.

C. Liquid Effluents

Process Effluents: There is no generation of process effluent at present since vehicle washing and containers washing are not undertaken at site.


Sanitary Wastewater: Sanitary effluents are generated from domestic usage of water. It is treated by means of a septic tank and soak pit system.

Storm Water: Storm water during rainy season is channelised to drains, which finally exit through a main drain under the landfill from South East side of the site. Storm water is allowed to flow in the valley, eventually meeting a stream passing close to the site.

Leachate from Landfill: A leachate collection and treatment system is operational at the landfill. Leachate is collected in a lagoon and transferred to sump tank through gravity flow and from there it is pumped to the on-site leachate treatment plant and d ischarged in environmentally sound manner after meeting the d ischarge criteria set by NEMA.. NEMA has given d irections to KCC for improvement of leachate management system before December 31,2008 when the license renewal is due for the operation of landfill site. The relevant conditions vis-à-vis leachate management are listed below. Entire license conditions are appended as appendix 1 with this report.

S.N.

Directions from NEMA 1 Regularly undertake checks on the entire drainage system of the landfill

to ensure that there are no leakages of leachate before drainage into the Leachate Treatment Plant.

2 Ensure that the Leachate Treatment Plant treats leachate to levels manageable by the Reed Bed System and undertake monitoring of d ischarges into the reed bed system based on flow rates and quality to ensure that the levels of pollu tants released into the system are within the levels for which the system was established. Such monitoring should be undertaken on a daily basis and monitoring reports submitted to NEMA and the d irectorate of water resource management(DWRM) on a quarterly basis.

3 Re-engineer the Reed bed system to consist of sed imentation and root system components, properly developed and functioning to further polish the effluent from the treatment plant to levels acceptable under the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of the Effluent into Water to Land) Regulations, 1999.

4 Monitor ground water quality on a regular basis to ensure that the leachate does not pollu te the water and just in case it happens corrective measures should be undertaken through remediation. Such monitoring should be designed based on the find ings of geotechnical surveys undertaken on site and should cover a control well. The monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) on a quarterly basis.

5 Regularly monitor the quality of surface water, includ ing the Walufumbe stream before and after the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point, down stream of the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point and down steam after the d ischarge point from the proposed reed bed and further down stream in Bitarabeho's farm. Monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the DWRM on a quarterly basis.

Discussion with NEMA ind icated that KCC has not yet taken concrete steps to meet these directives of NEMA.


D. Drainage System for Storm water and Leachate

Drainage channels for leachate as well as storm water is not clearly demarcated on ground although some of the maps have shown their existence beneath and around the landfill site. During rains, leachate and storm water mix and increase load on the treatment system and thereby reduce the efficiency of the treatment process. Two leachate lagoons were seen on the South East side of the site. Leachate gets collected in these lagoons and then transferred to leachate collection tank under gravitational force. Leachate collection lagoon, if not lined , will be major source of GW contamination. Open lagoons are also source of attraction for Birds that d ie of d rinking leachate. The network of narrow and open leachate collection d rains around the site periphery can not provide safety against contamination of surrounding environment during heavy rains when there would be chance of spillover from the drains.

E. Surface and Ground Water Contamination

Ground water contamination around the landfill area is much talked about concern among local community and the present condition of Leachate Treatment Plant is blamed for this. F. Oil spillage and Leakage

The landfill site has a temporary arrangement for fuel refilling of the management contractor’s vehicles and maintenance of vehicles. Both the activities have potential for oil spillage and leakage resulting in soil contamination.

G. Slope instability of dumped waste

Slope instability of the dump waste can cause sudden failure of the part of dump area causing d ischarge of toxic pollu tants in the environment and also health and safety hazards for scavengers. It has happened in the past when a huge stock pile of waste failed due to slope failure on the South East side of the site and entire waste of that side crushed on the boundary of the leachate treatment system. This was a source of d ischarge of leachate and toxic elements of the waste into the swamp and wetland.

H. Noise

Noise owing to waste unload ing, spreading and vehicu lar movement activities on site is a nuisance for community in immediate vicinity. Site is run 24 hours and high noise generated by these activities at night is serious health d isorder for local community. KCC may like to restrict activities at night and also issue d irectives to waste transporters to minimize use of horns during nighttime.

3.1.2 Social Issues

A. Health Problem due to Mosquitoes, Flies and Vector

Landfill has become a breeding ground for Mosquitoes, flies and vector. However, this is not a very severe issue as of now owing to the fact that one side of the landfill i.e. east side has been covered to some extent and current source of breeding is limited to the existing waste area which lacks regular cover on daily basis. Local citizens reported rise in Malaria cases, which may be related to the site activities. However, entire area around the landfill is full of


bushes, grasses and swamp as well as some wetlands. These ecological hotspots are also a source of Mosquitoes and flies.

B. Littering of refuse on road passing through residential areas

Waste collectors over fill their trucks/ tractors and do not cover it from top. This coupled with their high speed for quick dumping trips leads to spillage and littering of waste at many locations on the road which passes through residential areas. High speed of trucks is big threat for the safety of local people especially in nights. There have been cases of fatal accidents in the past from these trucks. KCC has a registration systems for waste transporters, however, license from NEMA for undertaking waste transport activity is not a prerequisite for registration with KCC ,a concern raised by NEMA . Following two d irectives on waste transportation are part of the comprehensive list of d irectives by NEMA to be met by KCC before December 31,2008

Obtain license annually from NEMA to transport waste to the site and ensure that the vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering, along the transportation routes.

Ensure that private waste transporters have obtained licenses for transportation of waste to the site before entering into agreements with KCC to transport the waste to the site, and ensure that the licensed transporters transport the waste collected to Kiteezi Waste Dump Site and avoid dumping such waste in other places such as wetlands.

C. Lack of controlled access to the landfill site

Landfill site does not have a proper fencing of the area and entry is not restricted . Local children sometimes enter the area and pass time in scavenging activities, which not only interferes with their schooling but also cause health and safety problem for the children. Stray dogs that come to the site from the nearby swamp and valley bottom cross over to the residential areas because there is no fencing to separate landfill from residential areas, and pose danger to children and animals. Big birds hovering over landfill site make their nests in surround ing villages and crate problem of safety and pollu tion. Bird ’s excreta are acid ic and harmful if fall on body or any article of importance. NEMA has asked KCC to erect and maintain a fence around entire site used for waste d isposal to restrict access and place appropriate hazard signs at strategic points of the fence.

D. Water Scarcity in the local area around the landfill site

Local Community complains that Landfill has blocked way of local people who used to fetch water from nearby springs in the wetland . Some of these people now have to walk as far as 2 km to fetch water from bore wells. KCC dig some bore wells in the local area but most of them are spoiled with contamination and poor maintenance. There is p ipe water connection along the roadside, however roadside to the household connection is to be done by the local people at their own cost, which is not accepted by the locals. In their opinion since their free access to water source has been deprived of by the landfill, KCC should arrange free supply of water to houses either by more number of bore wells free of contamination or through pipe water connection to all the house holds in the surrounding villages affected by the operation of landfill site.


E. Lack of Health Care Facility

Kiteezi village where Mpererwe landfill site is located , lacks health center in immediate vicinity. The closest health center run on subsid ized cost by KCC is 4 km away. Local community opines that since malaria and other mosquito and vector related d isease have increased after landfill operation, KCC should setup a health center in the village to avoid long distance travel by community

3.1.3 Health and Safety Concerns

A. Health & safety concerns from compounds generated in Landfill Gas

Nonmethane organic compounds(NMOC) are contained in d iscarded items in solid waste, such as household cleaning products,materials coated with or containing paints and adhesives,and other items. During the waste decomposition process,NMOC can be stripped from the waste by methane,carbon d ioxide,and other gases and carried in landfill gas. The public health, safety, and environmental concerns from NMOC typically fall into following categories:

(a ) Subsurface Migration

Subsurface migration is the underground movement of landfill gas from landfills to other areas within the landfill property or ou tside the landfill property. Most subsurface migration occurs at older, unlined landfills because there is minimal barrier for lateral migration. Mpererwe site has in past experienced sudden collapse of south east side of its landfill, which may have been due to subsurface migration of the landfill gas. Incidentally, there was no habitation on this side of the site and hence large scale exposure to NMOC was not witnessed by local citizens. Since landfill gas contains approximately 50 percent methane (a potentially explosive gas)it is possible for landfill gas to travel underground, accumulate in enclosed structures, and ignite.

(b) Surface Emissions:

Possibly the biggest health and environmental concerns are related to the uncontrolled surface emissions of landfill gas into the air. Landfill gas contains carbon dioxide, methane,VOC,HAP,and odorous compounds that can adversely affect public health and the environment. For example, carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. Methane is of particular concern because it is 21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Emissions of VOC contribute to ground-level ozone formation (smog). Ozone is capable of reducing or damaging vegetation growth as well as causing respiratory problems in humans. Finally, exposure to HAP can cause a variety of health problems, such as cancerous illnesses, respiratory irritation, and central nervous system damage.

B. Health and safety concerns of waste Scavengers

Scavengers in the landfill sites are not required to register with KCC and therefore any one can come and start scavenging work although scavengers have their own way of managing activities. However, in absence of any control over scavengers, their health and safety is seriously at risk. Scavengers do not use gloves, boots and proper cloth su itable for scavenging


activity, on compulsory basis. There is no first aid facility available at landfill for treating small injuries locally.

3.1.4 Summary of Impacts

Based on the preceding discussions, environmental, social and health & safety issues and their impacts are summarized in table 3.1 below. Many of these impacts will be reduced/eliminated by installation of proposed LFG flaring CDM project. Residual issues will be controlled through a comprehensive environmental, social and health & safety management plan to be developed for the LFG Flaring project. Nature of impacts has been analyzed on the basis of following criteria.

Nature : Positive/ Adverse Duration : Short term/ Long term/ Continuous Likelihood : Low/ Medium/High Duration significance : Localised/Minor/Major Reversible/irreversible : Can the Impact be reversed?

An objective judgment has been made on the basis of above criteria for arising at potential of impact due to activities of the project.


Table 3.1: Summary of Environmental, Social and Health & Safety issues and associated Impacts from present practice of landfill

management

Impact S.N. Environmental/Social Aspect

Main source of aspect Nature Duration Likelihood

Significance

Reversible/

Irreversible

Potential

ENVIRONMENT

Windblown dust particles from landfill and unpaved roads

Adverse Short term/ Continuous throughout construction period

High Minor Reversible Medium 1 Air quality degradation

Emissions from DG set and vehicular movement

Adverse Short term Medium Localized Reversible Low

2 Untreated leachate discharge

Poor quality of treatment process

Adverse Long term High Major Reversible High

3 Domestic waste water discharge

Untreated discharge of waste water

Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low

4 Storm water mixing with leachate

Runoff to the leachate treatment system owing to poor drainage network

Adverse Short term High Localized Reversible Medium

5 Odour pollution Uncovered landfill cells

Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible High

6 Noise pollution Waste dumping activity at night

Adverse Long term Medium Localized Reversible Low

7 Drainage system for storm water and leachate collection

Poor drainage network


8 Surface and ground water pollution

Contamination from leachate

Adverse Long term High Major Irreversible High

9 Slope failure releasing toxic elements in environment

Instable waste slopes in the landfill

Adverse Short term Medium Minor Irreversible Medium


10 Water and land

contamination especially on wetland

Oil spillage and leakage

Adverse Short term High Localized Irreversible Medium

SOCIAL

1 Breeding of mosquitoes, vectors and flies

Uncovered waste on the site

Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible Medium

Over capacity filling of waste trucks and uncovered waste transportation.

Adverse Short term High Minor Reversible Medium 2 Littering of waste in residential area

Absence of registration system for waste transport making their regulation difficult

Adverse Short term High Minor Reversible Medium

3 Water scarcity Inaccessibility as well as contamination of spring wells and borewells


4 Unauthorized entry in landfill

Lack of controlled access to the site

Adverse Long term Minor Localized Reversible Medium

5 Increase in disease occurence in local community

Lack of health care facility

Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low

Health & Safety 1 Health impact from

landfill gas Health concerns from compounds generated in Landfill Gas

Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible High

2 Health and safety of scavengers

Lack of proper management of scavenging activity

Adverse Long term High Localized Reversible High


3.1.5 Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation

An effort has been made to draw a picture of residual issues/ impacts that are likely to generate from the site after installation and operation of FLG flaring plant. Residual issues/ impacts are net or cumulative effects of existing conditions at site and conditions that will emerge after the plant is installed . Generally, LFG flare project worldwide is known to improve the deteriorating environmental and social condition around landfill site. There are several positive impacts of flare project that will negate negative impacts existing currently at the Mpererwe site. Table 3.2 below summarizes the residual issues/ impacts that are likely to stay at the site after the LFG flare project is installed.

Table 3.2: Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation

Existing Issues at Mpererwe site Residual Issues after LFG Flare Plant

S.N. Environmental/Social Aspect

Main source of aspect

Nature Potenti-al

Environmental/Soc-ial Improvement

Residual Impact

Environmental Issues Windblown dust particles from landfill and unpaved roads

Adverse Medium Landfill covered with liner

Insignificant 1 Air quality


Adverse Low A good design of stack and improvement of the road

Low

2 Untreated leachate Poor collection and treatment process

Adverse High Leachate management will improve as high amount of leachate trapped in waste depth will adversely affect the gas collection process

Low


3 Domestic waste

water discharge Untreated discharge waste water

Adverse Low Construction of septic tank and soak pits

Low

4 Storm water mixing with leachate

High runoff to the leachate treatment system owing to poor drainage network at the site

Adverse Medium Enire site will be designed keeping in mind local drainage pattern, slope,etc. All drains will be properly constructed so as to reduce leakage,spillover from the drains

Low

5 Odour pollution Uncovered landfill cells Adverse High Landfill will be covered for the operation of LFG plant

Low

6 Noise pollution Waste dumping activity at night

Adverse Low Dumping will stop but flaring will generate noise

Medium on the side of flare position otherwise low noise impact

7 Surface and ground water pollution

Contamination potential from leachate

Adverse High A better leachate management system will improve treatment process which will be part of LFG flare plant installation project

Low

8 Slope failure releasing toxic elements in environment

Instable waste slopes at landfill

Adverse Medium Waste reprofiling and covering will stabilise the landfill

No slope failure potential

9 Water and land contamination especially on wetland

Oil spillage and leakage Adverse Medium Will be controlled through EMP

Low

10 Breeding of mosquitoes, vectors and flies

Uncovered waste on the site

Adverse Medium Waste will be covered Low


Social Issues

Over capacity filling of waste trucks and uncovered transportation of waste

Adverse Medium 1 Littering of waste in residential area

Absence of registration system for waste transport making their regulation dificult

Adverse Medium

Waste transport to the site will stop from LFG project point of view

Nil from the current site

2 Water scarcity Inaccessibility as well as contamination of spring wells and bore wells

Adverse High Will be solved under community benefit plan

Low


Lack of controlled access to the site

Adverse Medium LFG plant will be fenced and entry and exit points will be controlled

Low

4 Increase in disease occurence in local community

Lack of health care facility

Adverse Low Scavenging activity will stop and adverse effect of dumped waste will reduce progressively

Low risk since after LFG plant, health impacts are likely to reduce

5 Health impact from landfill gas

Health concerns from compounds generated in Landfill Gas

Adverse High LFG flare plant will collect and burn gas

Low


Lack of proper management of scavenging activity

Adverse High This activity will stop at the site

Nil


3.2 Environmental and Social issues from LFG flaring project:

One of the primary roles of a landfill gas extraction and controlled flare is to protect people and the surrounding environment from landfill gas emissions. Damage that can be caused by uncontrolled migration of landfill gas is the main reason why landfill gas recovery and flaring are required and given importance world over these days. Minimum requirement of a landfill gas flare is that the flammable gases are burned and , in consequence, the risk of their explosion is eliminated and at the same time environmental impact of combustion is reduced. When considered under overall impact, proposed LFG project is likely to reduce or eliminate many environment and social issues being faced under current state of affairs at the landfill. However, installation and operation of LFG system will have its own environmental and social issues that need to be considered and addressed adequately in detail. These issues are d iscussed here under three categories, i.e. construction phase, operation phase and closure/post closure phase.

3.2.1 Activities at Site

Construction Phase

During construction phase of LFG extraction project at landfill site, following activities will be undertaken:

Site preparation, such as vegetation clearing, excavation, soil filling, embankment, etc.

Vehicle movement to the site bringing construction material and equipment for LFG extraction.

Drilling of wells and pipe network.

Civil Construction LFG extraction infrastructure.

Operation Phase

During the operation phase following activities will be observed:

Gas flare siting

Gas Extraction

Gas collection

Gas Flaring

Condensate Management

These activities will be undertaken in automated manner as part of single operating system.

Closure/Post Closure Phase

During the closure/post closure phase of landfill site following activities will be observed:

Decommissioning of the LFG flaring plant

Closing of the landfill facility

Monitoring of landfill facility


3.2.2 Identification of potential environmental and social issues

Construction Phase

Most construction activities will impact water, soil, air, and will generate noise. Some of the developments at construction site cannot be fu lly assessed until their location and specification are finalized in the detailed design of the project, and until the construction techniques are determined . KCC is yet to finalize the design and construction techniques that will be adopted for LFG extraction project. The precise location of the LFG control center, construction work camps and work areas are yet to be determined . Without these specific details, the impact assessment of these components can only be preliminary in nature and limited to identifying the major areas of consideration. There will be need to have a number of plans for implementing protection and mitigation measures addressing all environmental and social impacts created by the construction activities. In add ition, monitoring program will be developed to ensure that the impacts during construction are effectively mitigated and controlled.

Operation Phase and Closure/Post Closure phase

Various activities at operation and closure/ post closure phase of LFG plant will have some impacts on the environmental setting of the area.

Activity wise these issues in the form of their impacts during construction, operation and closure/post closure phase have been explained in following table 3.3.

Table 3.3 : Identification of activities and associated Issues from LFG flaring Project Sl.

Activities Anticipated Impacts A. Construction Phase

Dust emissions Vehicular Emission Noise emissions Change in drainage pattern

1

Site Preparation

(Vegetation clearance,Excavation, soil filling, embankment, etc.)

Damage to vegetation, swamp and wetland Dust emissions Vehicular Emission Noise emissions

2. Vehicle movement into the site bringing construction material and plant equipment

Social conflict due to accidents in local area owing to increase in traffic load as well as a change in traffic type with heavy load vehicles Dust Emissions Noise and Vibration Generation of construction waste Land contamination due to oil/chemical spill

3. Construction of LFG extraction plant and supporting Infrastructure

Disturbance to animal movement Dust Emissions 4 Quarrying activity for sourcing

construction material Noise Pollution


Quarry/Borrow pits-a source of accident Change in aesthetic look of the area Public health impact Law and Order Problem Labour camp waste management

5 Labour camp Activities

Emission and noise from DG set operation Dust emissions Control over Environmental and social problems such as dust, odour, flies and mosquitoes and birds and dog movement

6 Installation of cover liner over dump

site

Increase in Aesthetic value of the area due to the vegetation cover, hence improved visual look of the site

B. Operation Phase Explosion and fire

Asphyxia Human health impact Odour nuisance in the surrounding Noise pollution in the close vicinity Heat radiations in close vicinity Visual impact for local habitants

1 Flare Siting related Impacts

Ground type Emission of landfill gas not captured for flaring

2. Combustion of landfill gas

Emission from combustion process of Land fill gases

3. Handling of oil, chemicals and support fuel

Spillage and leakage on ground of the storage area causing water and land contamination Emission and noise generation 4. Operation of DG set Land contamination in case of fuel leakage or spillage in the DG set area

5 Generation of domestic liquid and solid waste

Water and land contamination

6 Generation of solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas flaring

Pollution due to improper disposal arrangement for this waste which will contain refuse debris

C. Closure/Post Closure 1. Collection and treatment of residual

leachate generated from the landfill site

Contamination of soil and ground water if leachate percolates to ground water Dust Emissions Noise Pollution

2. Decommissioning of the LFG plant

Waste and debris generation


CHAPTER 4

Existing Baseline Environmental condition

4.0 Background At present, there is no national environment regulation on minimum standard for management of air quality in Uganda and therefore air quality or noise monitoring is not a common practice in the country. Therefore Mpererwe site lacks a base line measurement of existing ambient air quality or noise level. NEMA, the nodal environment regulation agency in Uganda has promulgated regulations on soil quality and standard for d ischarge of effluent. These are namely, ‘The National environment(minimum standards for management of soil quality) Regulations,2001’ and ‘The National Environment(standards for d ischarge of Effluent into water or on Land) Regulations,S.I. No 5/ 1999’. Standard on soil quality is primarily related to agricultural use of soil and its management. The standard has no provision for estimating soil contamination level related to any type of project activity. The landfill facility does not maintain a record of base line soil quality in the area. Water standards are there and KCC monitors ground water and stream water quality around the site. Although from contamination point of view, soil data may not be helpful, yet from structural requirement point of view it is important. Some of the available baseline information from secondary sources are discussed in following sections.

4.1 Site Geology The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the reddish brown ferrate soils. Close to the valley, there exist alluvial sed iments consisting of coarse quartz grains that grade into fine grains. Granite gneiss is completely weathered sometimes with relict foliation observed at a depth of 6.0m. In some places, the gneisses has become kaolinitic. Pegmatisation of the gneisses is notable in the north of the project area.

4.2 Sub-Surface Conditions

The major predominant geological layer that was revealed is the granite gneiss sub-stratum and the minor layer revealed in the swamp was the alluvial sediment. The above layers are briefly described below: The sandy clay layer was identified in two bands. The first band was just beneath the topsoil. The second band was fairly consistent and traceable with thickness ranging from 3-7m. The consistency ranged from firm to very stiff and the in-situ moisture was below plastic limit. The coarse layer is identified as sandwiched between the sandy clay layers above and also at the bottom of the lower sandy clay. This layer is prominent towards the swamp. Up the slope the layer is mainly clayey gravel with sand and towards the swamp clayey sand with gravel. There were pockets of silty sands especially in the swamp. Up the hill, laterization of this layer is evident. The ground water is found in this layer

4.3 Hydrology


The ground water level in the area is about 20 - 30m below the ground level in the western side, whereas in the east side, water runs / oozes on the surface of the ground. There is overburden for weathered rocks and wet geological cond itions up to the depth of approx. 60m. The soils below ground water level are relatively permeable. Ground water in general flows towards the valley that leads to river. Seasonal stream flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area to Walufumbe swamp.

4.4 Physical Features

A seasonal stream that flows along the bottom edge of the site bounds the sloping site on the lower edge. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant ad jacent to the site area to walufumbe swamp. Site is mainly surrounded by hills and Vegetation on the site is mainly short grass with a few shrubs.

4.5 Flora and Fauna

Introduction

Mpererwe Land Fill site is located on an east facing gentle slope bordered by a stream on the east. The valley, which is in the Ind irect Impact Zone (IIZ), is a wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Eleis guinensis as well a few Phoenix reclinata. The landfill site itself is dominated by Leersia hexandra, Cyperus rotundus and Ludwigia abyssinica in the wetland which also extend into the IIZ; Imperata cylindrica in the und isturbed areas and Rhynchelytrum repens in the abandoned gardens. The vegetation can generally be described as an open bush land with scattered thickets and a few trees. Inventories of all plants, mammals, birds, bu tterflies, amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) at the site described below.

Flora The flora of the site can be summarized as follows:

78.4% are herbs (non-woody annuals and perennials)

9.7% are shrubs (multiple stemmed woody perennials)

11.8% are trees (single stemmed woody perennials)

Chamaephytes and therophytes are the most common plant life forms. Most of the plant species found here grow throughout the tropics. All the 144 species found around the site are of no conservation concern.As per one report, 85.8% of the herbaceous and shrubby flora are listed among the invasive plants of Kampala, a study that was carried out to document p lants growing in the manmade habitats of Kampala d istrict. Kampala and Mpererwe vegetation is comparable since the two locations lie in the same floral d ivision. The remaining 14.2% are common plants of grasslands, cultivations and path-sides. Trees encountered are common species of grasslands. The vegetation in the area has been greatly simplified through cultivation, brick making and activities of the current landfill.

Fauna

All fauna easily d isperse and establish themselves. Species encountered are of wide geographical d istribution. None of the species listed appear in the list of endangered or rare species. Most of the birds recorded were scavenging birds and none were of conservation


concern. Over 20% of the species recorded are in this category. The habitat for these species can be seen in the immediate surroundings. All the mammal species trapped are characteristic of grassland habitats and with exception of Dasymus incomtus , the rest reflect a common national distribution.


CHAPTER 5

Impact Assessment

5.1 Impact Assessment of proposed CDM Project

5.1.1 Impacts associated with Specific Construction Activities

a. Water Quality: Sources & Types of Impacts

The major sources of construction related impacts on water quality will be from erosion of the d isturbed areas required for the construction activities (construction sites, material storage areas, vehicle maintenance areas, spoil d isposal areas), from waste water d ischarge from the construction workforce camps and from contaminated water (oil, grease, petrochemical, cement, chemicals) resulting from various construction activities. The primary impact is the potential for introducing sed iments and pollu tants to the ad jacent water body during the period of construction, thereby affecting aquatic habitats, fishes and water sources for residents & wild life downstream of the water body. These impacts will be temporary in nature and can be controlled by su itable environmental management plan, to be prepared and implemented by the contractor and supervised by KCC.

b. Air Quality: Source and Types of Impacts

Vehicles and stationary equipment will impact air quality at the construction site through emissions from the engines. Additionally, site preparation activities, construction work and movement of vehicles along unpaved road will generate dust and impact air quality. Liner installation on the landfill will also resu lt in air borne particles carried into the ambient air. The burning of the waste from worker camp will also affect air quality. Air quality impact will be temporary in nature and will stop when construction is over. A dust and emission control plan will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by KCC.

c. Noise: Source and types of impacts

Sources of noise will be the vehicles and equipment for excavation/ d rilling and stationary equipment. Other sources of noise and vibration will be activities for the foundation and drilling of gas wells. Noise in and around the construction site will affect the animal and residents in the surround ing areas. Animals in the area will have tendency to move away from the noise and eventually return to the area when construction is complete. A noise control and management will be prepared and implemented by the contractor.

d. Areas to be cleared: Source and types of impacts

Areas will be cleared and leveled to enable storage of equipment, materials and the placement of the plant. Roads will be constructed and improved to enable movement of vehicles within various locations. In addition, excavation and drilling will require the d isposal of spoil materials as they are removed from area. These activities may impact swamp and wetland on the eastern boundary of the landfill site,if chosen for locating gas plant. Excess vegetation


clearance without proper planning may also affect local biod iversity around the swamp and wetland. For the most part, these d isturbances will be temporary since local ecology has characteristics of regeneration. However, an environmental management plan on vegetation clearance will be prepared and implemented by the contractor and supervised by KCC.

e. Quarries/ Borrow Pits: Source and types of impacts

Aggregate, sand , Murram may be required for various project uses, such as road base, as well as for works involving concrete constructions. Some potential quarry sites/ borrow pits may be identified as sources of these materials. Opening of the quarries in hilly terrain will cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the hills. Borrow pits if left without rehabilitation may cause accident. Other impacts will be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition through crushing, which could affect wild life and habitation in the area. Dust produced during the crushing operation to get the aggregates to the appropriate size and transport of the aggregates will lead to air pollu tion in the environment. A quarry/ borrow pit management plan will be prepared and implemented by the contractor.

f. Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force: Source and types of impacts

Potential impacts from the workforce and the work camps in all construction areas, will be in terms of additional pressure on land and natural resources. There will be generation of solid and liqu id wastes. Additionally, the spontaneous development near the construction camps could create public health risks, included an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Wastewater from the work camps could cause water quality problems in the ad jacent water body. Inappropriate solid waste d isposal could lead to the contamination of the soil and surface water body, and the spread of communicable d iseases. Contractor, in consultation with KCC, will prepare a plan for managing work camps and labour force.

g. Erection of the LFG extraction station and support infrastructure: Source and types of impacts

Erection of the LFG extraction station and supporting infrastructure will have following potential sources of impacts:

Disturbance of land

Disposal of spoil material

Operation of construction equipment

A combination of bushes, trees and swamp on wetland currently borders the area on northeast and east sides that will be d isturbed . Much of such area d irectly ad jacent to the leachate management area on the east side is already degraded by leachate plant and quarry for Marrum excavation. The LFG Station and supporting infrastructure, if located on this area, will require the clearing of an additional such land. Disposal of the spoil materials will require selection of an appropriate location. The major potential impact of the cleared areas in the construction and spoil d isposal areas includes the potential for erosion and the runoff of cement, oils, and grease, particu larly during the wet seasons. The potential impacts of additional sed iment and the d ischarge of


cement, oils and grease to the stream will include damage to fish populations and pollu tion of water sources for residents/ animals living downstream from the construction areas.

5.1.2 Other impacts associated with construction Activities & Project Developments

a. Public Health

The influx of migrant labour into the area will be associated with an augmented risk of transmission of d iseases, including sexually transmitted d iseases. More traffic on the roads during construction could increase accidents within communities living adjacent to the roads. Aquatic invertebrates known to be vectors of d isease could inhabit stagnant water created during construction. The increased prevalence of such d iseases may impact the health of communities and the construction workforce.

b. Interference with Movements of Animals

Construction activities, human presence and traffic will interfere with the natural movement of animal in the area especially in the forest on wetland side.

c . Damage to Physical cultural resources

There is no physical cultural resource within the site and hence this issue is not significant

d. Traffic related Impact

There may be increase in accidents on road due to movement of vehicle with heavy load and increased number of vehicles. This may also create social problem in case there is conflict between transport drivers and the local community.

5.2 Impacts associated with operation phase activities

Environmental and social impacts during operation phase of LFG extraction project are mainly divided into six categories for discussion here: (1) Impacts from flare siting;(2) impacts from landfill gas combustion emissions ;(3) emissions form the operation of DG set and use of support fuel to support combustion, if required;(4) Handling and storage of oil/chemicals and fuels;(5) Handling and disposal of domestic liquid and solid waste;(6) Handling and disposal of solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas flaring;(7) impacts from vibration. These impacts are discussed in detail in following sections.

5.2.1 Impacts from flare siting

In order to determine how flares should be located on a landfill site, it is necessary to have an understand ing of the environmental impact that the flare will have upon its surroundings. Landfill site being surrounded by residential areas, flare siting will be a significant factor for any adverse impact on environment and human health. Environmental factors involved in the siting of flares on specific landfill sites are largely to do with the hazards to the environment that exist from both landfill gas and flares constituents, coupled with the operational needs of the specific circumstance such as need for support fuel. Following are the key impacts that can be linked to flare siting aspect:


Explosion and fire

Asphyxia

Human health impact

Odour nuisance in the surrounding

Noise pollution in the close vicinity

Heat radiations in close vicinity

Visual impact for local habitants

Ground bearing capacity having an impact on the safety of the plant

5.2.2 Potential impacts from landfill gas flare /combustion

Many constituents of landfill gas are hazardous and pose potentially significant risks to human health and the environment. Some other risks result from the process of flaring. The damage that can be caused by uncontrolled migration of landfill gas is the main reason why landfill gas recovery and flaring are required . Hence the minimum requirement of a landfill gas flare is that the flammable gases are burned and , in consequence, the risk of their migration and explosion is eliminated and environmental impact of combustion reduced . Table 5.1 below summarizes potential agents of health and environmental impacts from operation of the LFG plant.

Table 5.1: Potential agents of health and environmental impacts from landfill gas and/or combustion of the landfill gas

Scale Potential impact Source: Landfill gas, Flare or both

Main agents

Local Explosion and fire Both Both CH4 and H2

Asphyxia Both CH4, CO2 , N2

Human health Both NMVOCs, CO, NOx , SO2 , PAHs, H 2S, PCDDs, PCDFs

Odour nuisance Both NMVOCs, H2S, NO x

Harm to flora and fauna

Both CH4, CO 2 , NMVOCs, SO2, NO x , H 2S, HF, HCl

Noise pollution Flare Landfill gas pumping and combustion

Heat Flare Flare, flames, and flared gas

Visual impact Flare Flare and visible flames

Landfill gas condensate (pollution potential, risk to health, corrosion potential)

Both Landfill gas extraction

Regional

Photochemical air pollution

Both NMVOCs, NOx

Acidic precipitation Both Sulphur compounds, NO x , HCl, HF

Global Stratospheric ozone depletion

Both CFCs, HCFCs

Global warming Both CH4 , CO2 , CFCs


potential PCDD-Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin;PCDF- polychlorinated dibenzofurans; PAH- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound; NMVOC- Non-methane volatile organic compounds

Emissions from Combustion of Land fill Gas

There are three principal mechanisms for the formation of gaseous pollu tants in combustion systems.

The first involves the oxidation of the chemical constituents of the fuel, particu larly carbon, and leads to the formation of the oxides of carbon (CO and CO2 and sometimes formaldehyde, HCHO).The oxides of su lphur (SOx ) are also formed by oxidation, in this case from the oxidation of trace quantities of sulphur compounds in landfill gas.

The second involves the pyrolysis, or thermal decomposition, of the fuel in oxygen-deficient regions, and this initiates reactions that can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other trace species. Dioxins and furans can also be formed by this mechanism.

Finally, the hot combustion gases produced in the combustion of any type of fuel at high temperatures, especially under fuel-lean or stoichiometric conditions, leads to formation of NOx by oxidation of the nitrogen present in the air.

Trace species

The total number of minor constituents that can be found in landfill gas has been estimated as about 350, the vast majority being organic compounds. In total, these minor components can comprise 0.5% or more of the landfill gas emissions by weight. Of the inorganic constituents, hydrogen su lphide can be present at significant levels, and trace quantities of ammonia, mercury and volatile metallic compounds may also be present. Landfill gas often contains small amounts of halogenated organic compounds whose combustion will generate the acid gases HCl, HF and HBr. The concentrations of these gases in the emissions will depend upon the landfill gas composition. The presence of chlorine-containing substances may give rise to the formation of polychlorinated d ibenzod ioxins (PCDDs), termed “dioxins”, and polychlorinated d ibenzofurans (PCDFs), termed “furans”. Their generation result as products of incomplete combustion. The conditions that favour the formation of dioxins and furans may also promote the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) from the products of incomplete combustion. The above compounds may be formed in situations where there is a combination of low turbulence, low temperature and low oxygen content. Such cond itions will be found in cooler zones around the walls of enclosed flares.

5.2.3 Emission from operation of DG set occasionally and use of support fuel

Support fuels for low-calorific-value landfill gas if required will cause air emission in close proximity to residential areas. DG set will emit air pollu tion during its occasional operation in times of power failure.

5.2.4 Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals

Oil and chemical spillage during hand ling and storage process may lead to water and land contamination in the immediate vicinity of the activity area. During rains, water contamination may extend to larger distance.


5.2.5 Discharge of domestic liquid & solid waste

Office setup and daily routine activities at the site will generate domestic wastewater, which if discharged without proper treatment and disposal, will cause pollution of nearby surface and ground water body. Municipal solid waste, generated from daily activities, will require proper collection and disposal for good housekeeping and sanitation purposes.

5.2.6 Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas

Conditioning is usually carried out using a condensate knockout vessel, or two vessels in series, in conjunction with demister pads. The cond itioning equipment might remove solid debris in addition to moisture from the gas. Some manufacturers supply cyclones as part of the conditioning system. These Solids can be particles of plastic, present in newly installed gas pipelines; dust from intermediate cover material or fines from other waste; deposits of ash. Improper disposal of this waste may cause environmental pollution.

5.2.7 Vibration

Under rare conditions the low-frequency vibration derived from the turbulence within enclosed flares can induce resonance within nearby structures such as buildings and vehicles. The effects of the vibration can include nausea and headaches. Nevertheless, the effect is attenuated with d istance and no significant receptors are there within the range of site that can be affected by the vibration. Therefore this issue is not considered significant.

5.3 Im pact as so ciate d w ith Clo s ure an d Po s t Clo s ure ph as e activities

After the closure of the LFG plant, there can still be need for continuing operation of leachate treatment p lant until a time by when it could be established that leachate is no longer an issue at the site. It has been experienced that occasional explosion takes place in closed landfill site due to methane gas release. This causes accident and health impact on the local people who may be there at the location by chance. There may be possibility of similar occurrence at Mpererwe site Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris, which may create pollution if not handled properly.

5.4 Impact associated with Social Issues (a) Breeding of mosquitoes,vectors and flies

This will be a positive impact, as landfill site will be treated with covering material for LFG project and hence risk of breeding will be eliminated from the landfill site.

(b) Littering of waste in residential area

Littering of waste from the waste transport vehicles will stop after the site is be closed for active dumping, once the LFG plant is operational.

© Water scarcity

This issue is likely to continue in the area.


(d) Unauthorized entry in landfill

Operation of the plant will have positive impact on this issue as there will be fence all around the landfill site and entry and exit point will be controlled.

(e) Increase in disease occurrence rate in local community

This impact is likely to reduce to a great extent after the LFG plant Installation.

(f)Social conflict among construction workers and labour camps

Migrated workers may create law and order problems with local community in the area.

(g) Spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease

Unsafe sexual activities between labour and local community will have chances of spreading sexually transmitted disease, especially HIV/AIDS.

(h) Social conflict between transport drivers, of construction and LFG plant material and local community

Rash and unsafe driving practices causing accident may create conflict between drivers and local community.

(i) Health impact from landfill gas

This will be positive impact since the risk will be eliminated as landfill gas will be burned in closed flare minimising chance of gas migration

(j)Health and safety of scavengers

Scavenging activity will stop and this issue will no longer exist at the site.

5.5 Summary

Table 5.2 below summarizes the environmental, social and health & safety issues and significance level of their impacts that may be generated by the proposed LFG flaring project. Suitable mitigation measures will be planned and implemented to control these impacts. Nature of impacts has been analyzed on the basis of following criteria.

Nature : Positive/ Adverse Duration : Short term/ Long term/ Continuous Likelihood : Low/ Medium/High Duration significance : Localised/Minor/Major Reversible/irreversible : Can the Impact be reversed?

An objective judgment has been made on the basis of above criteria for arising at potential of impact due to activities of the project.


Table 5.2 : Environmental, Social and Health & Safety Issues and Significance level of their Impacts from LFG flaring project

Impact S.N. Environmental/Social Aspect

Main source of Apects Nature Duration likelihood

Significance

Reversible/

Irreversible

Potential

Environment Construction phase

Land preparation for construction activity

Adverse Short term/ Continuous

High Minor Reversible Medium


Adverse Short term

Medium Localized Reversible Low

Installation of plant equipment and cover over the landfill


1 Air quality Degradation

Quarrying activity Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low 2 Water and

land contamination

Labour camp and Work area

Adverse Short term

High Minor Reversible Medium

3 Noise Land preparation and plant construction activity

Adverse Long term High Localized Reversible Medium

4 Change in drainage patter

Interference with natural drainage of the area due to construction activity

Adverse Long term High Localized Irreversible Low

5 Damage to swamp, vegetation and wetland

Construction activity and land clearance for plant set up

Adverse Short term

Medium Minor Irreversible Medium

6 Oil/chemical spillage and leakage

Construction activity Adverse Short term

High Localized Reversible Low


Operation phase 7 Explosion and

fire Adverse Long term Low Minor Irreversible Low

8 Asphyxia Adverse Short term

Medium Localized Irreversible Low

9 Human health impact

Adverse Long term Low Minor Irreversible Low

10 Odour nuisance in the surrounding

Adverse Long term Medium Localized Irreversible Low

11 Noise pollution in the close vicinity

Adverse Long term Medium Minor Reversible Medium

12 Heat radiations in close vicinity

Adverse Long term Medium Localized Reversible Low

13 Visual impact for local habitants

Adverse Long term Medium Minor Irreversible Medium

14 Ground Type

Flare Siting

Adverse Short term

Low High Irreversible High 15 Toxic

emissions Combustion of land fill gases

Adverse Long term High High Irreversible High

16 Air emission and noise

Operation of DG set Adverse Localized Low Localized Reversible Low

17 Water and land contamination

Handling and storage of oil/chemical and fuels

Adverse Short term

Low Minor Reversible Low

18 Water and land contamination

Handling and disposal of domestic waste water and solid waste

Adverse Short term

Low Minor Reversible Low


19 Water and

land contamination

Handling and disposal of solid waste from conditioning process of flaring activity

Adverse Short term

Low Localized Reversible Low

Closure/Post closure 20 Leachate

generation From landfill where leachate generation can continue even after life of site is over from LFG extraction point of view

Adverse Long term Medium Minor Reversible Medium

21 Air emission, noise and solid waste generation

Decommissioning of LFG plant

Adverse Localized Medium Low Reversible Low

Social 22 Breeding of

mosquitoes,vectors and flies

No risk since landfill site will be treated with covering material for LFG project

Positive Long term High Minor High

23 Littering of waste in residential area

No more waste will be required to be transported to existing site

Positive Short term

High Minor High

24 Water scarcity May be solved under community benefit plan

Positive Long term High Major High


No risk since LFG plant will be fenced and entry and exit points will be controlled

Positive Long term Minor Localized Medium

26 Increase in disease occurrence rate in local community

No risk, after installation of LFG plant, health impacts are likely to reduce

Positive Long term Low Localized Medium


26 Social conflict

among construction workers and labour camps

Migrated workers may create law and order problems with local community in the area

Adverse Short term

Medium Minor Reversble Medium

28 Spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease

Unsafe sexual activities between labour and local community

Adverse Short term

Medium Minor Reversible Medium

29 Social conflict between transport drivers, of construction and LFG plant material and local community

Rash and unsafe driving practices causing accidents may create conflict between drivers and local community

Adverse Short term

Medium Minor Reversible Medium

Health & Safety 30 Health impact

from landfill gas

No risk since landfill gas will be burned in closed flare minimising chance of gas migration

Positive Long term High Minor High


This activity will be stopped after covering of dumped waste with a liner material, a prerequisite for LFG extraction plant

Positive Long term High Localized High


CHAPTER 6

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

6.0 Background

Landfill gas flaring project is considered to be the solution for most of the environmental, social and health and safety problems associated with landfill operation. Mpererwe landfill site has similar opportunity to overcome present set of problems with a technically sound design and efficient installation technique of LFG flaring plant. Flaring plant installation requires numerous improvement activities at site, particularly if the site has been managed unprofessionally. KCC managed the Mpererwe site as containment site rather than a secured landfill, owing to resource constraint with the organization. Now is the time when such problems can be tackled method ically and holistically by KCC by designing and implementing a good landfill gas-flaring project based on best practices. Whilst most of the existing environmental, social, health & safety problem will d isappear on their own during operation stage of the plant, construction stage may generate issues of concern which would need sound ESMP and strict monitoring and supervision protocol by KCC.

Operation of flaring plant has its own environmental and social issues, most of which can be handled effectively by designing a flare plant of international standard and by following standard procedures vis-a-vis flare siting, condensate management and gas combustion. Emission monitoring is another very important component of a good flare plant. Uganda does not have any air pollu tion control standard at present but it is likely to have a regulation on controlling emissions in the near fu ture. However, it is unlikely that such emission control regulation will have any standard on controlling emissions from landfill gas flaring plant because LFG flaring technologies and processes are yet to be fu lly evolved in Uganda. KCC would , however intend to go for the best technology which would have facilities for monitoring as well and could set UK or Netherlands emission guideline which are fairly clear, as the benchmark for its own plant. This will help KCC in avoiding potential health and safety and social issues raised by neighboring community, which it might find quite d ifficu lt to handle at later stage since changing design of the plant, would be impossible then. Flare siting is generally very important aspect for conceptualizing a flare plant; this is all the more important for Mpererwe site due to the specific site features of the site that pu ts limitation on KCC vis-à-vis availability of land for plant set up. This issue has been d iscussed more in detail in ESMP. In add ition to these major issues, there will be minor issues related to handling and d isposal of oil/ chemicals and fuels; d isposal of waste water & solid waste and operation of DG set in environmentally safe manner. Explained below are ESMPs for mitigating impacts during construction, operation and closure/post closure phase.

6.1 EMP during construction stage

A general safeguard practice for KCC will be to avoid sensitive construction activities on the East and South East boundary of the site, which is very close to swamp and a stream. This part is also a wetland where groundwater contamination potential is very high. Specific environment and social management plans are described in following sections.


6.1.1 Environment Management Plans

(a)Water Quality

The project contractor will be required to prepare and implement Erosion and Sed imentation Control Plan, and a Water Management Plan. These plans will need to be monitored by KCC. Following are key points that will be included in EMP:

o Water management plans will comprise of the development of d rainage works, sed iment traps, d iversions and other structures designed to treat water to an acceptable quality before d ischarge into the natural water courses flowing on the eastern boundary. All structures will be in place prior to beginning the construction of the facilities.

o Runoff from the construction areas will be d irected to sed iment settling areas. Erosion control facilities will be installed throughout the construction areas and will include silt traps and fences and will be regularly inspected for cleaning throughout the construction period.

o Catch drains, d iversion d rains will d irect site runoff to established watercourses. These will be inspected regularly for any damage caused by scouring, sed iment deposition, channel obstruction, and all erosion control measures will be maintained.

Treatment facilities to remove oils and grease from the water before d ischarge to the receiving body will be installed . This is of particular importance for the runoff from the vehicle maintenance areas. Monitoring of oil and grease skimmers will be made throughout the construction period

Refueling of heavy equipment and machinery will be undertaken by a service vehicle, with appropriate safeguards and protection measures to prevent spillage or contamination by maintenance oils and lubricants. All fuels and hazardous material will be handled and stored to eliminate/minimize the potential for spills

All wastewater d ischarge shall be strictly monitored by KCC and kept within permitted limits prescribed by the national environment management authority of Uganda- by a notification or by the license conditions.

(b)Air Quality

A regular maintenance of vehicles and stationary equipment in good working order will be undertaken to reduce negative impacts on air quality.

Spraying water on roadways and high dust areas or any other similar measures will be used to control dust.

The burning of waste shall be prohibited by order of law from NEMA or the local government as the case may be.

DG set will be provided with stack of adequate height for d ispersion of fume. NEMA at present does not have standard for DG sets, however, KCC will ensure a minimum of 2 m height of the stack above the roof of the room where DG set is stationed.

©Noise

Measures like maintenance of the vehicles and construction machinery in good working order and installation of noise mufflers on engines where feasible will be implemented to reduce the noise nuisance.

To reduce the impact of noise on animals and surround ing residential area, construction will not be allowed during nighttime between 10pm to 6 am.

DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and housed well away from habitation.


Drivers will be prohibited by an official order for using excessive honking and signage for the same will be installed at key locations of the site. Any violation committed by d river and brought into the notice of KCC shall be punishable under monetary penalty provisions.

(d)Quarries/Borrow pits

Standard mitigation measures against erosion and sedimentation, noise and air pollu tion will be taken while quarrying activity.

At the end of the exploitation, quarries/ borrow pits will be rehabilitated . This will include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features that would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution.

(e)Areas/vegetation clearance

Areas will be leveled to enable storage of equipment, materials.

Roads will be improved to enable movement of vehicles on site. In addition, spoil material from excavation will be disposed properly.

Standard procedures for minimizing soil erosion will be followed, including revegetation if necessary.

Revegetation will be done to bring the area back to its original or better landscape and vegetation level.

(f)Spoil material disposal and Landscape

Soil and spoil removed from the construction areas will be stockpiled separately or dumped in borrow pits and stabilized with grasses or other vegetation.

At the end of the construction period , the soils and spoil material will be replaced on the construction areas and graded to conform to the natural topography of the areas.

After placement, the areas will be seeded with grasses or shrubs of an appropriate variety to stabilize the area and begin the process of re-vegetating the sites.

At the end of the construction period , the construction areas will be regraded to conform to the natural landscape and replanted with trees as appropriate. It may be possible in some cases to leave the area as graded and allow for natural invasion of plants into the areas.

(g)Drainage Pattern of the area

The d rainage pattern of landfill site is d irected towards valley bottom on the East South direction.

Construction activities and location of structures will be decided keeping drainage pattern in mind.

Natural d rainage lines will not be interfered with, however, if required under extreme conditions then suitable diversion drains will be constructed.

(h) Wetland Management Plan

As per the definition of National Wetland Plan (NWP) of Uganda, not all wetlands are vital and/ or critical from mandatory management point of view. Some wetlands are defined as Dispensable wetlands by NWP, these are those that do not provide important goods or


services, and that do not harbour any endangered , endemic, or rare species, or contain any unique habitats - clearly do not warrant any degree of protection, though their wanton degradation or destruction should be d iscouraged . Wetland near eastern boundary of the landfill site can be considered as d ispensable wetland since it is already near degraded land and cannot be reclaimed. However, the wetland under its present cond ition will be avoided from any further damage and KCC in coord ination with construction contractor will implement a wetland management plan, consisting of following actions:

-Digging of channels will be prohibited in wetland -Dumping of waste material or spoil will be prohibited on wetland -Any water source draining towards wetland will not be obstructed and project will ensure this by maintaining original drainage pattern as much as possible -Local species of flora will be replanted as much as possible by KCC

(j)Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force

Proper solid waste collection and d isposal plan will be established to ensure that solid wastes from work camps and work areas do not affect water and soil quality in the ad jacent water stream and land bod ies in general and wetland/ swamp on South eastern boundary in particular.

Septic tank and soak pits will be installed to treat wastewater generated from the work camp and other facilities associated with the construction of the Project

6.1.2 Social Management Plan

(a)Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force

A Health Program will be established to educate and provide health services to the workforce relative to the prevention and control of d iseases vectors, communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. Special attention will be given to HIV/AIDS.

Security arrangement to hand le law and order problem will be made near the work camps.

(b)Transporters of construction material to the site

Drivers of the vehicles shall be educated not to indulge in conflict with local community and keep themselves within site limits as much as possible.

©Disparity in wages

KCC will not allow any d isparity in the wages given to male and female labour where involved.

(d)Involvement of child labour

Any worker below 15 years of age will be treated as child labour and KCC by order of law will not allow employment of child labour by itself or by the contracted organizations.

(e)Controlled Entry and exit Points

The entire site will be fenced and controlled through single entry and exit point for visitors. A register shall be maintained for recording visitor to the site and plant.


6.2 ESMP during Operation phase

6.2.1 Environmental management plan

(a)Flare Siting: Flare siting is the important component of any LFG flaring plant to avoid much of environmental and social problem at the projects planning stage itself. Flare plant will be kept away from the residential area so as to prevent exposure of general public to noise, heat rad iation and visual impact. Following Flare siting criteria will be adopted by KCC to minimize ill effect of flare:

(i)Explosion and fire:

Flares will not be located within enclosed spaces, such as within build ings, unless the build ing is properly designed to operate accord ing to the relevant national/ International Standards governing the use of electrical equipment in potentially hazardous atmospheres.

Flares will also not be located near to trees or other structures that may actually ignite in high temperatures.

Manufacturer’s recommendations will be sought and followed with regard to the minimum spacing required.

Ready access will be available for the emergency services, and standard fire prevention measures must be taken.

(ii)Asphyxia:

Landfill gas is an asphyxiant. There will be adequate ventilation or systematic safeguards to ensure that atmospheres that could asphyxiate are not given the opportunity to so do.

For similar reasons, the location of flares in hollows, or other such locations where venting gases may collect, will be avoided.

(iii)Human health

1. Human health can be at risk from exposure to plume from flare. Every feasible attempt will be made to ensure that the plume from a flare, no matter how high a quality, would not be allowed to pass directly to a dwelling or human habitation under prevailing wind conditions.

(iv)Odour nuisance

2. Proposed flaring project is enclosed one and hence the potential for odour nuisance from flaring remains to a lesser extent and the character of the odour may be different. All available techniques will be used to minimize odour generation from the flaring activity.

(v)Noise pollution

Flares can be very noisy. As well as the noise of the mechanical equipment involved , there may also be an element caused by the combustion process itself.

Preferably flare will be located away from build ings. Where this is not possible, it will be necessary to employ extensive sound attenuation measures. These may include brick buildings with sound baffles on ventilation ports.

Due regard will be given to background noise levels when designing flares, since landfill sites is in close proximity to residential development.

The gas booster will be encapsulated in a soundproof box as a noise reduction measure.


(vi)Heat

All flares produce heat. The first source is rad iative heat from the flame. This is present in enclosed flares only when operating above their design point.

Enclosed flare unit of the proposed project will be operated within its performance limits.

The second source of heat is through the walls of a combustion chamber. Where the combustion chamber has inadequate insulation, the outside surface temperature may be an actual danger.

Manufacturers will be asked to demonstrate the control of heat built into their flares.

(vii)Visual impact

The structural form of flare stacks might be considered to have contribu ted to the decline of natural beauty of a locality. For this reason, it is best to avoid the siting of flares on high points within a site, unless there is no other alternative location. However, Uganda currently has no restriction on height of the flare vis-à-vis visual impact and hence this is not considered an adverse issue.

(viii)Ground type

Flare will preferably be located on firm original ground.

Over a period , the surface of Mpererwe landfill may settle because of its inherent characteristics and also for the fact that site has not been subject to proper waste spreading and compaction. This makes the site all the more vulnerable to d ifferential settlement. Even a modest amount of differential settlement can result in an unsafe installation.

The proposed site will avoid siting flare on the north or north eastern boundary since these sides are close to habitation. Eastern boundary is low lying and placement of flare here may not be correct from technical reasons as well as from environmental point of view since visual impact of flare will be high on the residents living on the back side of leachate collection plant on eastern boundary. They will also face heat rad iation and high noise from flaring activity.

KCC will finalize flare siting after due consideration of all above mentioned impacts and discussion with the design engineer and consultant.

(b)Prevention of exposure to landfill gas and emissions from combustion process

Unburnt landfill gas emission is highly unlikely from enclosed flare plant although in open flare plant it is common to find leakage of landfill gas into the ambient environment causing exposure to human health. Gas combustion is a source of emission for toxic gases and trace elements, which may be carcinogenic. LFG flare plants are manufactured with inbuilt combustion control and gas-monitoring devices that can identify efficiency of burning as well as efficiency of gas capture. These factors will be kept in mind by KCC while decid ing on purchasing a LFG plant. Sound emission monitoring is must tool for safeguard ing the environment against any harmful impacts. Monitoring protocol will be developed by KCC and supervised by NEMA on regular basis.

©Handling and disposal of Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas

KCC will prepare a solid waste d isposal p lan for the waste from conditioning activity, in consultation with NEMA.


(d)Emission from operation of DG set and use of support fuel

Emission will be monitored and kept in check along with combustion gas emission control plan. DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and stack of suitable height for adequate dispersion of emissions.

(e)Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals Oil and chemicals will be stored on impermeable surface and tray or any other means will be used under oil hand ling activity to prevent land contamination by oil spillage. An oil and chemical hand ling plan will be prepared and implemented by the construction contractor and supervised by KCC.

(f) Discharge of domestic liquid and solid waste

Septic tank and soak pit arrangement will be made at the plant for handling domestic wastewater. All solid waste generated at the plant will be collected and disposed suitably.

6.2.2 Social Management Plan

(a)Disparity in wages:

KCC will not allow any disparity in the wages given to male and female worker in the plant.

(b)Involvement of child labour:

Any worker below 15 years of age will be treated as child labour and KCC by order of law will not allow employment of child labour by itself or by the contracted organizations.

©Controlled Entry and exit Points

The entire site will be fenced and controlled through single entry and exit point for visitors. A register shall be maintained for recording visitor to the site and plant.

6.2.3 Health & Safety Plan

A first aid box will be kept in the office with all necessary items and medicines required for first aid. Detailed health and safety plan will be designed for tackling emergency situations.

6.3 Im pact as so ciate d w ith Clo s ure an d Po s t Clo s ure ph as e activities

After the life of LFG flaring plant is over, a monitoring program for leachate observation and treatment will continue until leachate generation is completely stopped . Abandoned landfill will be provided with vents at suitable location to vent off any residual gases from site. Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris that may create pollu tion if not hand led properly. Standard procedures for handling dust, noise and debris will be implemented by KCC while dismantling the plant.


6.4 Community Benefit Measures

Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable development mission. The landfill site does compromise with the quality of life, which local people live. Although CDM project will solve most of the environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit p lan will go a long way in strengthening the relationship between the project implementer- KCC and the project monitor- local community. KCC will develop some community benefit plan(CBP) that has been addressed separately in Community benefit Plan section. These community benefit measures were demanded by community during stakeholder workshop held on August 20,2008.

6.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation

Kampala City Council (KCC) adopted an extensive consultation process for sharing the information and benefit of the LFG flaring project with local community by calling a stakeholder consultation meeting. Key Stakeholders were identified and invited to share their comments and views on the project activity in the stakeholder’s meeting organized by KCC on August 20,2008 at EDMA country club near Mpererwe site. Issues discussed in the meeting are summarized in table 1.1 below.

Table 6.1: Issues discussed at the Stakeholder Consultation

ISSUE/COMMENT RAISED BY PARTICIPANT

RESPONSE FROM KCC

Borrow pits left after excavation of marrum (locally available soil for covering waste) pose a danger to children and animals that sometimes fall in them or slopes on land created by such excavations.

KCC contracted out the operations of the site and it is the contractor’s responsibility to provide cover material. KCC has advised its contractors to reinstate the borrow pits when the marrum is exhausted or when the contractor no longer needs to use the area. The sites that aren’t reinstated are probably from contractors on other projects but not the landfill project.

Leachate from the landfill has polluted the wells that were used by the community as sources of clean water. Water scarcity is high in the area as a result. Piped water supply has not reached all houses.

KCC placed a 5.5km water main as the alternative source of water as agreed with residents in 2003. KCC also placed 6 water kiosks along the pipeline. Community has to just pay for supply connection from road side pipeline to the individual houses or pay for water from the kiosks as agreed. The bore wells are only non-functional due to lack of maintenance but not contaminated. The community is responsible for the maintenance.

The site affects health of the local community around landfill site. The nearest government (KCC) health center where treatment is highly subsidized is approximately 5 km away from the site. This distance is long and time consuming for locals. KCC should address this by providing a local health center for treating diseases like malaria ,etc.

This can be considered as part of community benefit plan (CBP) for the proposed CDM project. However, its feasibility will depend upon the success of the project and amount of revenue that would be generated from the LFG project.

The 5km access bitumen road leading to the landfill site is in poor condition due to the wearing away of shoulders and

The road was constructed in 2000 from funds provided by KCC to help reduce dust pollution as a result of waste collection vehicles. KCC maintains the road but has had



RESPONSE FROM KCC

potholes that have not been filled for a long time. This has resulted into many accidents.

problems of revenue over the past few years. KCC shall repair the defects on the road as soon as funds are available probably not later than end of this year.

Waste transport activity should be better managed. Drivers should be trained not to spill waste on roads during transport. Drivers should also be educated for better driving skills so as to reduce chances of accidents. The rubbish containers carried by the transporters should be completely covered.

KCC continuously tries hard to improve this aspect of waste transportation and with continued support from the community, KCC will soon overcome this problem.

The landfill site shall be fenced off and have controlled access with security provision to prevent unauthorized entry

The site is fenced but waste scavengers always breakthrough in order to gain access or shorter cuts to their residences. The fencing shall be reinforced while implementing the LFG project

Local residents who work as waste scavengers should be given safety gadgets and health treatment facilities as their health gets affected.

Waste scavenging is carried out by informal private sector. Although CDM project component has no responsibility for this issue, KCC will continuously encourage the scavengers to use safety wear during work.

CDM project as such has no objection from the people but their well being shall be taken care of by the project authority.

CDM project in itself will lead to betterment of the overall environment of the area. Additionally, there could be some community benefit plans(CBPs); however, nature of CBPs will depend a lot on the success of the project in terms of actual realization of revenue from carbon credits generated by the LFG project

What are the environmental pollutions from the LFG project and will there be any displacement of people from the local area?

There will not be any significant pollution by operation of LFG project as such. Project will rather improve the environmental conditions in the area. There is no people displacement involved in the project

Local citizen shall be benefited by the project in some way because they are already suffering a lot. There are three demands of local people from KCC and perhaps that can be addressed through the CDM project route. Following are the three demands:

Construction of a hospital in Kiteezi

Rehabilitation of roads in the area

Pipe connection to houses for clean water supply and reinstatement of boreholes after studying their contamination level

These demands can be considered through the route of community benefit plan (CBP) that is an integral part of CDM project. However, true nature of CBP will be clear only after actual assessment of CDM revenue to be generated from the project

KCC should unconditionally allow waste from Wakiso District to be brought to the landfill because the site is also located in Wakiso District.

The site is located in Wakiso but is owned by Kampala City Council (KCC) for the purposes of disposal of waste from Kampala District. KCC incurs a disposal cost for the waste that is brought but if Wakiso choses to bring its waste to the site, it may have to pay for the disposal cost of its waste as well.

There should be a committee to monitor the progress of the project and also development on community benefit plans of LFG specific as well as general

A committee has been constituted immediately with following members: representatives from KCC, District speaker, Chairman of local council and councilors



RESPONSE FROM KCC

interest related to the existing landfill. Suggestions from National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

KCC should share test results with the local community to clear their doubts.

Waste transporters should be licensed for carrying wastes, based on certain conditions and those conditions shall be regularly checked and enforced by KCC.

Health and disease issues due to landfill shall be surveyed and addressed if required

Open burning of waste shall not be allowed at the site

There should be some sort of MoU between local community, Wakiso district where landfill is located and KCC to address social problems jointly.

Safety gadgets should be provided to scavengers and they should be forced to use it.

6.5 Summary o f En viro n m e n tal an d So cial Man age m e n t Plan s , Responsibility for implementation and Budget

Table 6.1 below summarizes the environmental, social and health & safety issues and significance level of their impacts that may be generated by the proposed LFG flaring project. Suitable mitigation measures will be planned and implemented to control these impacts. The table also explains proposed institu tional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures; related cost estimates; and time horizons in which the various activities are to be carried out. Each impact has been defined under a boundary within which the effect will be confined vis-à-vis space and time. Since many of the costs associated with mitigation measures will be included in tender’s base rate as part of overall contract rate, it is not possible to present detailed accounting of all the money devoted to the project’s construction phase. These costs are therefore described as “within construction budget”. Similarly mitigation or monitoring measures that will be built in the plant itself at the design stage are described as “ inbuilt in the design of the plant”. Measures that will be carried out with no add itional expenditure required are described as “within operational budget”.


Table 6.2 Summary of Environment, Social, Health & Safety Management Plan

Project Preparation/Construction/Operation /closure & post closure Stage

Boundary Activity/Im

pact Receptor

Direct and Indirect Impacts of the project

Space Time

Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Monitoring

Responsibility

Budget

(A) Environment Management Plan (I) Project Preparation Stage Regulatory clearances

Statutory violation N/A N/A

Take environmental clearance for this project from NEMA based on this Environmental Impact Assessment report

Take permission from the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM),if required for discjarge of waste water

Take any other clearances if recommended by NEMA through its license

Kampala City Council(KCC)

Applicable fee of the regulatory agencies for respective permits

Regulatory orders

Violations of these orders may cause social problems

N/A N/A All the orders as enumerated in ESMP like order for banning waste burning,animal hunting and for trasnport drivers will be issued before start of construction preparation work

KCC in coordination with any other law and order agency as required under Uganda’s legal requirement

N/A

Vegetation Clearing for construction activity

Loss of shrubs and grasses leading to loss of biodiversity

Erosion of soil

20m around the landfil site especially on east side

Construction Period

Clear marking of required areas so that excess vegetation clearance does not happen

Logging and removal of waste forestry products immediately

Standard procedures for minimizing soil erosion to be followed, including grading if

Contractor will prepare and implement the vegetation clearance plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same during

Within Constru-ction Budget



pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

necessary and revegetation.

Revegetation will be done to bring the area back to its original or better landscape and vegetation level.

the construction process.

KCC will do a final inspection at the end of the construction activity to ensure revegetation

Land preparation for soctruction activity

Damage to wetland Wetland on east side of the site

During project preparation and construction stage

A wetland management plan will will be implemented as per the guidance of National Wetland Plan(NWP) of Uganda,consisiting of following actions:

o Digging of channels will be prohibited in wetland

o Dumping of waste material or spoil will be prohibited on wetland

o Any water source draining towards wetland will not be obstructed and project will ensure this by maintaining original drainage pattern as much as possible

o Local species of flora will be replanted as much as possible by KCC

Contractor will prepare and implement the wetland management plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same during the construction process.

KCC will do frequent inspection of the wetland to ensure wetland protection


(II) Project Construction Stage Construction activities

Emissions from vehicles and

Localized The impact

A regular maintenance of vehicles and stationary equipment in good

Contractor will prepare and submit dust and

Within Constru-



pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

and vehicle movement

equipment operational at construction sites

Dust generated by construction activities at quarry sites, construction sites, dust on roads and from waste burning activities

will be temporary but will continue till construction stage is over

working condition will be undertaken to reduce negative impacts on air quality.

Spraying water on roadways and high dust areas or any other similar measures will be used to control dust.

Proper collection and disposal of waste will be practiced and burning of waste shall be prohibited by order of law from NEMA or the local government as the case may be.

DG set will be provided with stack of adequate height for dispersion of fume. NEMA at present does not have standard for DG sets, however, KCC will ensure a minimum of 2 m height of the stack above the roof of the room where DG set is stationed.

emission control plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same

ction Budget

Generation of Noise from construction areas

Increase in noise level, causing disturbance to the fauna and human settlements around the site.

Localized Impact will be temporary but will continue during the construction period

Measures for maintenance of the vehicles and construction machinery in good working order and installation of noise mufflers on engines where feasible will be implemented to reduce the noise nuisance.

To reduce the impact of noise on animals and surrounding

Contractor will prepare and submit the noise control plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same

KCC will issue




pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

residential area, construction will not be allowed during night time between 10pm to 6 am.

DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and housed away from habitation.

Drivers will be prohibited by an official order for using excessive honking and signage for the same will be installed at key locations of the site. Violation caused by driver and brought into the notice of KCC shall be punishable under a monetary penalty provisions.

Hearing protection aids will be used where high noise level exposure to the workers is needed to be curtailed

oficial order to transport drivers for minimising honking. KCC will plan suitable monetary penal provision for controlling violations. This provision will be communicated to all transporters involved in the project

Construction Work camps

Destructions of flora and animal hunting

Tree felling for timebr exploitation as fuel

Waste water/Solid waste generation

Localised Impact will be temporary but will continue during the construction period

Animal hunting will be banned by order of law

Alternate source of energy such as Kerosene or LPG will be provided

Punitive measures will be enforced to prevent tree cutiing and damage to natural resources

Solid waste collection and proper disposal will be established to ensure that solid wastes from work camps and work areas do not affect water and soil quality in the adjacent water stream and

Contractor will prepare and submit the construction work camp management plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same




pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

land bodies in general and wetland/swamp on South east boundary in particular.

Septic tank and soak pits will be installed to treat wastewater generated from the work camp and other facilities associated with the construction of the Project

Quarry activities

Loss of biodiversity

Runoff from the area may affect surface water

Loss of aesthetic value of the area

Dust generation

Safety risk to animals and children

Areas close to the landfill site

Impact will be permanent and will continue after the construction period is over

Standard mitigation measures against erosion and sedimentation, noise and air pollution will be taken while quarrying.

At the end of the exploitation, quarries/borrow pits will be rehabilitated. This will include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features that would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution.

Contractor will prepare and submit a quarry management plan and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same


Spoil

Damage to top soil and Immediat Until

Soil and spoil removed from the Contractor will prepare Within



pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

material disposal and Landscape

flora at the sites of construction.

Siltation of surface water especially during rainy season due to muck falling in surface water source

Loss of aesthetic value of the area

e surrounding of the site and water body

construction activities are over

construction areas will be stockpiled separately and stabilized with grasses or other vegetation or filled in borrow pits.

At the end of the construction period, the soils and spoil material will be replaced on the construction areas and graded to conform to the natural topography of the areas.

After placement, the areas will be seeded with grasses or shrubs of an appropriate variety to stabilize the area and begin the process of re-vegetating the sites

At the end of the construction period, the construction areas will be regarded to conform to the natural landscape and replanted with trees as appropriate. It may be possible in some cases to leave the area as graded and allow for natural invasion of plants into the areas.

and submit the plan for spoil disposal and landscape maintenance and KCC will monitor the implementation of the same

Constru-ction Budget

Drainage Pattern of the area

Silt runoff to surface water body

Flooding of upstream areas if drainage is obstructed

Localised Permanent if adequate alternative drainage measures

The drainage pattern of landfill site is directed towards valley bottom on the East South direction.Construction activities and location of structures will be decided keeping drainage pattern

Contractor will prepare and submit a plan for restoring drainage pattern of the area and KCC will monitor the implementation of the




pact Receptor


Space Time


Responsibility

Budget

are not taken

in mind.

Natural drainage lines will not be interfered with and if required under extreme conditions then suitable diversion drains will be constructed.

same

(III) Project Operation Stage (a) Flare Siting: Flare siting is the important component of any LFG flaring plant to avoid much of environmental and social problem at the projects planning stage itself. Flare plant will be kept away from the residential area so as to prevent exposure of general public to noise, heat radiation and visual impact. Following Flare siting criteria will be adopted by KCC to minimize adverse effect of flare. Explosion and fire

Explosion and fire can pose health and safety hazard to employees in the plant as well as habitation in close vicinity

Within the plant

Life span of the project

Flares will not be located within enclosed spaces, such as within buildings, unless the building is properly designed to operate according to the relevant National/ International standards governing the use of electrical equipment in potentially hazardous atmospheres.

Flares will not be located near to trees or other structures that may actually ignite in high temperatures.

Manufacturer’s recommendations will be sought and followed with regard to the minimum spacing required.

Ready access will be made available for the emergency services, and standard fire

KCC in consultant with project consultant will be responsible for locating the flare keeping in mind the explosion and fire potential of the plant and impact on local neighbourhood.

Inbuilt in design of the plant, separate budget is not required



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prevention measures will be taken.

Asphyxia Landfill gas is an asphyxiant

Within the plant


There will be adequate ventilation and systematic safeguards to ensure that atmospheres that could asphyxiate are not given the opportunity to so do.

Location of flares in hollows, or other such locations where venting gases may collect,will be avoided.

KCC Inbuilt in design of the plant, separate budget is not required

Human health

Health can be impacted by the toxic gases and elements from plume of the flare combustion process

Upto a point where plume meets the ground


Every feasible attempt will be made to ensure that the plume from a flare, no matter how high a quality, should not be allowed to pass directly to a dwelling or human habitation under prevailing wind conditions.

KCC will be responsible for minimizing the impact of combustion plume on the local habitation by opting for best feasible technology


Odour nuisance

Proposed flaring project is enclosed one and hence the potential for odour nuisance from flaring remains to a lesser extent and the character of the odour may be different

Immediate surrounding of the plant


All available and feasible techniques will be used to minimize odour generation from the flaring activity.

KCC in consultant with plant manufacturer. NEMA shall monitor the success of odour control measures


Noise pollution

Flares can be very noisy. As well as the noise of the

Immediate vicinity

Life Span of the

Preferably flare will be located away from buildings.

KCC in consultation with project consultant.

Inbuilt in design of



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mechanical equipment involved, there may also be an element caused by the combustion process itself.

of the plant

project

Where this is not possible, it may be necessary to employ extensive sound attenuation measures. These may include brick buildings with sound baffles on ventilation ports.

Due regard will be given to background noise levels when designing flares, since landfill sites is in close proximity to residential area.

The gas booster will be encapsulated in a soundproof box as a noise reduction measure.

NEMA shall monitor the success of noise control measures.

the plant, separate budget is not required

Heat All flares produce heat. The first source is radiative heat from the flame. This is present in enclosed flares only when operating above their design point.

Immediate vicinity of the plant

Life Span of the project

Enclosed flare unit of the proposed project will be operated within its performance limits.

Manufacturers will be asked to demonstrate the control of heat built into their flares.



Visual impact

The structural form of flare stacks may decline of natural beauty of a locality


Life Span of the project

Siting of flares on high points within a site will be avoided, unless there is no other alternative location.


Ground type

Over long run, the surface of Mpererwe landfill may settle because of its inherent characteristics

Landfill Life Span of the project

Flare will preferably be located on firm original ground.

The proposed site will avoid siting flare on the north or north eastern

KCC and Project Consultant will together decide on this aspect,keepingin mind

Inbuilt in design of the plant, separate



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and also for the fact that site has not been subject to proper waste spreading and compaction. This makes the site vulnerable to differential settlement. Even a modest amount of differential settlement can result in an unsafe installation.

boundary since these sides are close to habitation.

Eastern boundary is low lying and placement of flare here may not be correct from technical reasons as well as from environmental point of view since visual impact of flare will be high on the residents living on the back side of leachate collection plant on eastern boundary. They will also face heat radiation and high noise from flaring activity.

the importace of the activity

budget is not required

(b) Emission from Combustion Process Exposure to landfill gas and emissions from combustion process

Gas combustion is a source of emission for toxic gases and trace elements, which may be carcinogenic


Life span of the plant

LFG flare plants will be manufactured with inbuilt combustion control and gas monitoring devices that can identify efficiency of burning as well as efficiency of gas capture.

It is highly unlikely that KCC will go for any inferior technology for LFG plant, however these factors will be kep in min by KCC while deciding on purchasing a LFG plant.

Sound emission monitoring is must tool for safeguarding the environment against any harmful impacts.

KCC in consultation with NEMA and manufacturer.




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Monitoring protocol will be developed by KCC and supervised by NEMA on regular basis.

Consultation will be held with NEMA on achievable emission standards,before finalising the plant design.

(c) Routine Process Management Handling & disposal of Solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas

Generation of solid waste Within Plant


KCC,in consultation with NEMA, will prepare a solid waste disposal plan for the waste from conditioning activity.

KCC will ask for NEMA’s permission for disposal of solid waste

Within operational budget

Emission from operation of DG set & use of support fuel

Support fuel will be used when calorific value of LFG will be low. DG set will be occasionally used

Localized in plant


Emission from fuel burning will be monitored and kept in check along with combustion gas emission control plan.

DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and stack of at least 2 m height above the roof of the room, for adequate dispersion of missions

KCC /NEMA Inbuilt in design of the plant, separate budget is not required

Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals

Land and water contamination

Localized Life span of the project

Oil and chemicals will be stored on paved surface and tray or any other means shall be used under oil handling activity.

Environmental Officer of KCC will monitor this during routine environmental audit of

Inbuilt in design of the plant, separate



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An oil and chemical handling plan will be prepared and implemented by KCC

the plant. NEMA can also monitor the condition of the site vis-a-vis this aspect during routine audit of the plant

budget is not required

Handling and disposal of domestic liquid & solid waste

Land and surface water pollution

Localised Life span of the project

Septic tank and soak pit arrangement will be made at the plant for handling domestic wastewater.

All solid waste generated at the plant will be collected and disposed suitably.

Environmental Officer of KCC will monitor this during routine environmental audit of the plant. NEMA can also monitor the condition of the site vis-a-vis this aspect during routine audit of the plant


(III) Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities:

Decommissioning and post closure activity

Generation of residual leachate

Sudden explosion of methane gas from landfill

Decommissioning of the LFG plant shall generate dust, noise and debris that may create pollution if not handled properly

Localized in nature

Closure and post closure

After the life of LFG flaring plant is over, a monitoring program for leachate observation and treatment will continue until leachate generation is completely stopped.

Abandoned landfill will be provided with vents at suitable location to vent off any residual gases from site.

Standard procedures for handling dust, noise an debris during decommissioning will be

KCC will be responsible for leachate management and venting.

Decommissioning contractor will prepare and submit the pollution management plan for decommissioning and KCC will

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implemented by KCC while dismantling the plant.

monitor the implementation of the same

scale

(B) Social Management Plan Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force

Impact on health of the workers and STD

Law and order problem

Immediate surrounding

During construction activity

A Health Program will be established to educate and provide health services to the workforce relative to the prevention and control of diseases vectors, communicable and sexually transmitted diseases.

Special attention will be given to HIV/AIDS awareness

Security arrangement to handle any law and order problem will be made near work camps.

Contractor will prepare and submit the plan for KCC’s verification before implementation. KCC will monitor the implementation of the same.

KCC will coordinate with local law enforcement agency in case of any need

Transporters of construction material

Immediate surrounding

During construction activity

Drivers of the vehicles shall be educated not to indulge in conflict with local community and keep themselves within site limits

KCC will issue notice to the Transporters and undertake routine inspection.

Wage distributi

Disparity in wages of male and Female workers and employees for similar kind of work

Site workers and employees

Construction and operation phase

KCC will not allow any disparity in the wages given to male and female labour where involved.

KCC during operation of the plant and constrution contractor during construction of the plant

Use of labour for construction and

Involvement of child labour

Site workers and employees

Construction and operation phase

Any worker below 15 years of age will be treated as child labour and KCC by order of law will not allow employment of child labour

KCC during operation of the plant and constrution contractor during construction of



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operation work

by itself or by the contracted organizations.

the plant

Access to the site

Lack of controlled Entry and exit points will cause health and safety problems

Landfill site

Throughout operation phase

The entire site will be fenced and controlled through single entry and exit point for visitors. A register will be maintained for recording visitor to the site and plant.

Construction contractor during construction stage and KCC during operation stage of the project


© Health and Safety Plan

Construction and operation of the plant

Minor accidents and incidents

Major accidents and emergency situations

Landfill site

During construction operation and closure of the plant

A first aid box will be kept in the office with all necessary items and medicines required for first aid

Detailed health and safety plan will be designed for tackling emergency situations

Construction contractor during construction stage and KCC during operation stage of the project


(d)Community Benefit Measures Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable development mission. The landfill activities have adverse impact on the quality of life of local people. Although CDM project will solve most of the environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit plan will go a long way in strengthening relationship between the project implementer- KCC and project monitor- local community. KCC will develop specific community benefit plan(CBP) that has been addressed separately in Community Benefit Plan section. These CBPs were raised by community during stakeholder workshop held on August 20,2008.


6.6 Compliance Monitoring Requirement

Monitoring of environmental parameters is required during construction and operation phase of the project. Table 6.2 below summarizes the monitoring requirement for LFG project.

Table 6.3 Monitoring Requirements for Mpererwe LFG Flaring project

S.N. Environmental component

Frequency Location Standard against which monitoring

will be done

1 Waste water discharge

Monthly Inlet and Outlet of Leachate

Treatment plant

Standard for effluent discharge into water or land imposed by

NEMA and/or Directorate of Water

Resources Management

(DWRM)

2 Ambient air quality

Monthly As per the requirement of

regulation

Ambient air quality standard which is yet

to be finalized by NEMA

3 Noise Monthly As per the requirement of

regulation

Noise standard which is yet to be finalized

by NEMA

4 Ground water Monthly At key locations around the landfill site

Drinking water standard set by

DWRM

5 Emission quality from flare operation

Monthly Flare stack Uganda Emission standard, if notified otherwise UK or any

other country’s emission standards

which are fairly proven

Emission standard Flare emission standards have not been developed by all the countries that use this technology. UK has developed emission standard that have been demonstrated at a number of UK landfill sites as being achievable. As per this standard , the combustion air supply should be controlled so as to achieve a minimum temperature of 1,000°C and 0.3 seconds retention time at this temperature whatever the landfill gas composition and throughput within the design parameters. Alternative performance criteria may be deemed more appropriate if they offer equivalent performance and meet the desired emission standard detailed in the paragraph below.


To ensure that flare systems are operating correctly, they should not exceed the following emission concentrations when referred to normal temperature and pressure (NTP = 0°C and 1,013 mbar) and 3% oxygen:

carbon monoxide (CO) – 50 mg/Nm 3

oxides of nitrogen (NOx) – 150 mg/Nm 3

unburned hydrocarbons – 10 mg/Nm 3

Additionally, following factors can be used to observe whether combustion efficiency is being maintained to the required limit.

Is the emission standard being achieved?

Are there odours?

Is there excessive noise?

Do flames or black smoke appear from the top of the flare?

Monitoring records of inlet and outlet gas quality.

Is the surrounding radiative heat excessive?

Does the flame temperature match the specification?

Can the residence time be ascertained?

Are there low-temperature spots within the chamber?

6.7 Institutional Framework for Implementation and Monitoring of Mitigation Measures

Proposed Environment and Social Plans will be incorporated as key points of discussion in the tender document, which would be issued by KCC for awarding the contract of the construction of the LFG project. Prospective construction contractors will be asked to submit, in their proposal, the implementation response to various requirements of ESMP and health and safety plan along with budget allocation for the same. Selection of the contractor will be influenced by their response to the ESMP and proposed budget. Once finalized, the contractor will be required to implement ESMP as defined in their proposal and approved by KCC, and KCC will monitor the process of implementation. Where KCC decides to subcontract its activities associated with this project, it will still be held responsible, as a principal employer, for its responsibilities associated with monitoring and supervision of ESMPs which have been enumerated in this report. KCC and the subcontracted agencies will work together on preparing, implementing and monitoring various mitigation measures from environmental and social point of view.

All the necessary components of ESMP and Health and Safety Plan will be operational before starting pre construction work. ESMP and Health and Safety Plan for operational stage of the project will largely be implemented during design and siting of the plant. A few residual plans related to the process like waste handling, hand ling and storage of fuels,etc will be implemented under routine activities within operational activities. In order to streamline environmental activities, project will implement environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 standard . The system will have number of process monitoring steps vis-à-vis safe and environment friend ly operation of the plant.

Process monitoring will determine during the pre-construction, construction and operation period whether the mitigation measures undertaken by construction contractor and KCC are achieving their objectives. The responsibilities for implementation and monitoring of


Environmental and social management plans(ESMP) will be d ivided between the KCC site engineer and its environment officer. The site engineer in coord ination with construction contractor will handle all implementation issues. All monitoring and aud iting activities will be the responsibility of environmental officer who will also act as a point of contact for any conflict on environment or social related issue arising out of implementation of ESMP. Specific roles are explained below: Site Engineer

Be a point of contact for the construction contractor’s site environmental officer.

Review and approve the environmental components of the construction contractor’s project plan.

Make recommendations to contractors to rectify any failure to perform its obligations in respect of the environmental/social and health and safety measures.

Ensure that all environmental and social protection procedures are followed as planned

Environmental Officer

Environmental officer will regularly undertake internal monitoring and supervision as explained below:

Manage and implement the overall monitoring program and audit the monitoring done by other entities, like emission monitoring, water quality monitoring and soil quality monitoring, as imposed by NEMA.

Liaison with members of the public,local organizations and governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Liaison with businesses potentially affected by the project.

Report results of mitigation and monitoring activities to NEMA,the lender and other applicable parties.

NEMA shall undertake external monitoring as per its statutory provisions. In addition to this, a committee that was formed during the stakeholder consultation meeting will supervise the project progress from time to time.

6.8 Environmental Auditing Auditing of the environmental compliance of the project will be carried out internally as well as externally. KCC will carry out half yearly audit of its compliance with EMP and any other environmental requirements, such as those imposed by NEMA and / or the lenders. This responsibility will lie with the environmental officer of KCC who may elect to employ external consultant. Internal audits will also be undertaken as requirement of ISO-14001 certification of the project. The project is highly recommended for developing environmental management system compatible with international standard ISO-14001. External audits of the environmental compliance will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO-14001 certification. The environmental officer of KCC will be responsible for compiling and submitting annual environmental report( based on self auditing) to NEMA and lender, and will consult with NEMA to determine any additional mitigation measures or monitoring that is considered required.

6.9 Community Benefit Plan

The Local community raised following two demands during stakeholder consultation meeting:


Provision for free pipe water supply in Kitizee village to those families which are suffering from water scarcity caused by the landfill.

Provision for Health care facility in Kitizee village which could be run by KCC at highly subsidized rate

The proposed project is in the initial stage of design, over a period of time its features will be known to KCC for final calculation of CDM revenue to be generated by the project. Based on the final estimation of CDM revenue, KCC will allocate budget for community benefit plan. A detailed CBP will then be prepared and implemented by KCC.


CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The proposed LFG flaring project is timely intervention in the affairs of Mpererwe landfill site,for hand ling deteriorating environmental and social cond itions. Environmental and social issues are similar to those of any other landfill site. The site, since beginning, was designed and operated as containment site rather than the secured landfill site. Such operation for managing landfill site has inherent flaws, which lead to emergence of various environmental and social problems. With the advent of LFG flaring project, most of the common problems could be solved and an overall improvement in environmental and social conditions will take place. Nevertheless, a few serious concerns will still need attention of KCC, most important of which are handling, treatment and d isposal of leachate from the site since it is likely that after LFG project installation and operation, there will be more leachate reaching the plant for treatment and hence an efficient treatment and d isposal p lant is must tool for eliminating chances of damage to environment. Receiving environment around landfill site is sensitive in nature on east and southeast boundary; this is due the location of wetland , swamp and a natural stream passing by. Ill-treated leachate d ischarge in the natural stream will have potential to impact users of the stream on downstream side. A comprehensive water quality monitoring will help in establishing whether leachate has any adverse impact of the surface or ground water bodies.

Leachate treatment side of the landfill site has plain topography and there will be temptation for the LFG project operator to u tilise that land for its infrastructure purposes. There will be emphasis not to use this area for sensitive construction purpose due to its proximity with wetland and swamp as well as the stream. However, under extreme cond itions if it is unavoidable then all the ESMPs recommended in this report shall be ready in hand of the construction contractor before starting the work. Flora and fauna species found in the area are commonly available in other areas around the d istrict and are not in the category of threatened or endangered species. These will be temporarily affected during construction work and expected to be back in normal conditions after the work is over.

Flare siting is another aspect that can have negative effect if not positioned judiciously. Site under consideration here is surrounded by habitation and hence all aspect reflected upon in this report vis-a-vis flare siting will be d iscussed with project consultant before finalising the location of flare. Landfill gas combustion process emits pollu ting gases some of which may be highly toxic. The best way of hand ling such pollu tion is to opt for best feasible technology and adhering to the best practices of operating the plant as recommended by the manufacturer of the plant. Generally,less efficient operation of such plant creates cond itions for high pollu tion. In LFG flare plant, retention time of gas and temperature of combustion are two important aspects for achieving good combustion and minimised pollu tion emission. KCC will take a holistic decision based on factors listed in this report for selecting a LFG flaring plant. KCC has already tried to minimise pollu tion impact from the plant by choosing closed flare than the open flare, which is economical and would have been preferred selection for KCC.

Rest of the environmental impacts could be well managed by implementing mitigation measures as enumerated in this environmental assessment report. Most importantly, all ESMPs shall be kept ready before starting project preparation work. The framework for monitoring and aud iting will be


implemented in its true spirit by KCC to ensure honest implementation of ESMPs and associated responsibilities.

Most of the social problems will no longer exist after the installation of LFG flaring project. Nonetheless, a community benefit p lan will be developed by KCC that is based on consultation with the local community. Local community demanded pipe water supply in project affected area and a health clinic in Kiteezi village, which should be either free of cost or highly subsid ized . KCC intends for sustainable development of the area and community benefit p lan will go a long way in fostering strong relationship between local community and KCC. This relationship is the foundation over which the proposed LFG flaring project is likely to succeed as a project in Kampala and bring benefits not only to the local people but also to the project participants from the republic of Uganda, eventually benefiting larger base of people in the country and the world at large.


CHAPTER 8

Technical Aspects of LFG Plants

. This chapter focuses on some technical aspects of LFG plant, which KCC should consider prior to finalising the design of the plant on site.

The technology of a landfill gas flare is conceptually very simple: landfill gas is brought into contact with a supply of air and ignited . A variety of configurations of conduits and chambers can be used for the purpose. Whatever the exact design of the flare, however, it will comprise a number of basic elements, in addition to piping, valves and the body of the flare. The flaring process is sensitive to operational practices. Technology has been improved over a period by consistent research and development by the countries that have been using this technology for quite sometime.

LFG Flaring activity as a successful CDM project activity depends heavily upon the gas yield from the landfill and the gas yield itself is influenced by many factors, three most important of which are described below. (1) The quality of the capping material will significantly influence the degree to which landfill gas escapes through the surface of the site to atmosphere and the quantities of water that may enter the body of the waste; (2) As a landfill ages further and the intensity of anaerobic activity subsides, so the rate of gas generation will decline. It is expected that the rate of gas extraction will decrease proportionately, though relatively greater quantities of air might be d rawn in; (3) Leachate recirculation can enhance landfill gas production, bu t too much moisture within the waste can also decrease gas production. All the above mentioned three factors are applicable to the Mpererwe landfill site. When waste inputs and monitoring of a site ind icate that a sufficient quantity and quality of landfill gas exist to sustain an enclosed flare, the landfill operator should carry out a representative pumping trial to assess the most appropriate landfill gas control option.

Gas Collection Technique

Following are the elements of a LFG gas collection and control system. 1. LFG collection points 2. Vertical extraction wells 3. Horizontal collectors/trenches 4. Connection to existing vents,wells,etc. 5. Network of interconnecting piping 6. Elements of condensate management 7. Flow control 8. LFG blower/combustion device

Technology adopted for gas collection is very important aspect for a successful LFG flaring project because this is influenced by a lot of factors having positive as well as negative effect given a particular landfill site characteristics. Factors influencing appropriateness of a particu lar choice and other factors that should be taken into consideration for choosing Gas Collection Techniques are explained in following sections, where an assessment has been made of the positive and negative features of Horizontal and vertical gas extraction systems.

LFG Collection System


The two common ways to recover LFG are vertical extraction wells and horizontal collectors. The standard and most commonly used is the vertical extraction well. The well is d rilled into the landfill at spacing typically ranging from 45 to 90 m. 2 to 8-inch d iameter pipes (typically PVC or HDPE) are p laced in the holes, which are backfilled with 1-inch-diameter, or larger, stones. The pipe is perforated in the lower section where the LFG is collected.

Horizontal extraction collectors or trenches may be installed instead of/ or in combination with vertical wells to collect LFG. They consist of excavated trenches (similar to a pipeline trench) which are backfilled with permeable gravel. Perforated , slotted , or alternating d iameters of p ipe are installed in the trench. Horizontal extraction collectors are less expensive than vertical extraction wells and are particularly su itable for installation in active filling areas. The advantages of a horizontal extraction collector are low effects from high leachate level problem in landfill, less obstruction for landfill operations caused by collector headers and easy installation. The d isadvantages of a horizontal extraction collector are high effects from waste settlement and a low recovery efficiency rate per well. The LFG collection system should be used in concert with good leachate management practices. Leachate accumulation within the refuse can d ramatically impact the rate of LFG recovery because liquid in the extraction well and collection trenches effectively restricts their ability to collect and convey LFG. Field experiences ind icate that horizontal extraction collectors are more su itable for landfills with a very high leachate level.

A few more specific characteristics of these two collection systems are described below.

Vertical Extraction Wells: Vertical wells allow greater operating flexibility. Typically, LFG collection is achieved by sinking vertical wells within the waste mass, but the effective length of the wells is limited to the depth of the unsaturated zone below the landfill cap. This often restricts the efficiency of such wells and so several are required to cover a small area effectively. The installation of each vertical extraction well gives rise to a potential weakness in the cap, air ingress can resu lt in aerobic cond itions developing in the landfill, perhaps causing landfill fires and/ or the development of explosive gas concentrations within the gas extraction infrastructure. To avoid air ingress, the upper 2-3m of the well is sleeved , thereby reducing the effective length of the well. Each vertical well requires expensive pipe work for connection to the extraction system, the volume of gas produced by each well is variable and in order to achieve control of the subsurface gas pressures each well needs to be balanced - this is operationally labour intensive. Vertical boreholes produce a large quantity of spoil when they are d rilled ; d isposal of spoil can be problematic, especially if it is contaminated.

Horizontal Collectors: Horizontal collectors are usually installed during refuse filling in the landfill. Horizontal collectors are typically more sensitive to Differential settlement and Leachate flooding. Horizontal collector can be installed in a single layer just below cap as “surface collectors”. It is thought that horizontal collector wells could be used to improve the efficiency of LFG extraction systems from low yield ing, shallow and laterally extensive landfill sites. LFG extraction using horizontal well technology has been applied in the past but in most instances the extraction wells have been installed as vent trenches in virgin ground beyond the periphery of the landfill site, or as gas d rains within an operational landfill as filling progresses. These installations have been constructed using conventional installation methods, principally trenching and excavation. Such methods are undesirable in closed landfills because the integrity of the engineered cap is


compromised and a large volume of spoil is produced . It is considered that the d isadvantages associated with conventional installation methods can be overcome by installing the horizontal collector wells using d irectional drilling technology, by penetrating the landfill cap at the points of entry and exit only, damage is minimised , and , d rilling using low volumes of d rilling flu ids at a high pressure has been shown to minimise, or eliminate, spoil returns from the borehole.

Horizontal collectors may offer several advantages over vertical wells, such as: The larger zone of influence of horizontal wells may increase gas yields and/ or reduce the number of wells required . This advantage will be particularly evident at shallow sites. The Fewer wells will require less p ipework and less balancing, and the length of sealed sections at the entry and exit points of the well can be increased without significantly reducing the effective length of the well.


APPENDIX 1

These set of conditions imposed by NEMA on Mpererwe site are supposed to be met with by

December 31,2008

S.N

Conditions

1 Obtain license annually from NEMAto transport waste to the site and ensure that the vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering,vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering, along the transportation routes;

2 Ensure that private waste transporters have obtained licences for transportation of waste to the site before entering into agreements with KCC to transport the waste to the site, and ensure that the licenced transporters transport the waste collected to Kiteezi Waste Dump Site and avoid dumping such waste in other places such as wetlands;

3 Ensure that the disposed solid waste is covered with at least 15 cm (6') murram at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, blowing litter, offensive odour and scavenger. KCC shall also consider employing low cost technologies for suppressing odours including sprinkling of leachate;

4 Erect and maintain a fence around entire site used for waste disposal to restrict access and place appropriate hazard signs at strategic points of of the fence;

5 Landscape the site to ensure that runoff rain water does not stagnate on the site resulting into vector breeding pools of water;;

6 Obtain a Waste water Discharge Permit from the Directorate of Water Resources Management 7 Institute and document a proper waste management system on site including checks at the gate

to establish the composition of wastes and the sources, plus proper record keeping to ensure that wastes that were not approved for disposal on the site are not allowed and that the disallowed waste is properly tracked so that it does not endanger human health and the environment;

8 Ensure that empty drums and any containers disposed of on site are first emptied and perforated before disposal on site to avoid serving as disease vector breeding grounds;

9 Comply with the requirements in the Operations Monitoring Plan (OMP) regarding environmental management reporting;

10 Undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA) of the project to be implemented under the CDM and obtain approval of the environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementation of the project;

11 Extend the existing water supply system to areas neighbouring Kiteezi Waste Disposal site to include supplies for watering of animals and agricultural uses;

12 Regularly undertake checks on the entire drainage system of the landfill to ensure that there are no leakages of leachate before drainage into the Leachate Treatment Plant;

13 Ensure that the Leachate Treatment Plant treats leachate to levels manageable by the Reed Bed System and undertaking monitoring of discharges into the reed bed system based on flow rates and quality to ensure that the levels of pollutants released into the system are within the levels for which the system was established. Such monitoring should be undertaken on a daily basis and monitoring reports submitted to NEMA and the directorate of water resource management(DWRM) on a quarterly basis


14 Re-engineer the Reed bed system to consist of sedimentation and root system components, properly developed and functioning to further polish the effluent from the treatment plant to levels acceptable under the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of the Effluent into Water to Land) Regulations, 1999;

15 Monitor ground water quality on a regular basis to ensure that the leachate does not pollute the water and just in case it happens corrective measures should be undertaken through remediation. Such monitoring should be designed based on the findings of geotechnical surveys undertaken on site and should cover a control well. The monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) on a quarterly basis;

16 Regularly monitor the quality of surface water, including the Walufumbe stream before and after the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point, down stream of the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point and down steam after the discharge point from the proposed reed bed and further down stream in Bitarabeho's farm. Monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the DWRM on a quarterly basis;

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