kapitulli iv-gsm-prezantim.pptx
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Kapitulli IV-GSM-prezantimTRANSCRIPT
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Kapitulli IV :Sistemet Mobile GSM
Sisteme te Telekomunikacionit
Lektor:
Dr.Ing Olimpjon SHURDI
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Historia e sistemeve mobile
1. 1979 AMPS, Advanced Mobile Phone System, USA
2. 1981,NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone, vendet nordike,
3. 1982, TACS Total Access Communications System , UK dhe ne Europe
Karakteristikat :
Transmetim analog, modulim ne freq. 450 MHZ, 900 MHz, terminalet
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Historia e GSM 900 dhe DSC1800, DCS1900
Problemet qe kishin sistemet NMT dhe TACS
1. Kerkesa per mbulim shume madhe se mundesia e teknologjise dhe rrjetit analog
2. Sistemet ishin jo kompatibel
3. Fatura per permisimin e sistemit ishte shume e madhe
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Rritja e perdoruesve mobile
Rritja e nr te perdoruesve GSM (Million)
0500
100015002000250030003500400045005000
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GSM
Historia, 1978 u percaktuan frekuencat, 2 breza prej 25MHz ne 900MHZ
1982, CEPT krijoj nje grup GSM, 31 vende 1990, u shtuan edhe 2 breza prej 75 MHz
freq ne 1900MHz, DCS1800 1992 grupi e quajti GSM, Global System for
Mobile Communications, me logon perkatese
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Karakteristikat e sistemit GSM
Sistemi teresisht numerik
-brezi mesatar freq, barteset me 200KHz te ndara
-debiti i transmetimit 16 kbit/s
-multipleksim ne kohe me 8 TS, me mundesi kalimi ne 16 TS
-ndryshimi automatik i freq. FH
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Stantartizimi GSM
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Evulucioni i Teknologjise Mobile
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Mbulimi celular
Perhapja e valeve elektromagnetike Mungesa e spektrit te nevojshmeZona e mbulimit ndahet ne qeliza ose celula,
per te rritur dendesitetin e trafikut dhe eliminuar 2 pb e mesiperme.
Paisjet qe bejne te mundura mbulimin radio quhet BTS dhe veprojne ne nje zone gjeografike qe quhet celule, cele
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GSM nje sistem TDMA / FDMA
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TDMA, avantazhet
1. Skemat jo komplekse
2. Menyra e transmetimit hand-off
3. Per transmetimet data mund te lidhen TS, disa TS per frame
Disavantazhet
4. Kerkesa per sinkronizim
5. Koha shtese ndermjet TS dhe biteve per te mos lejuar perplasjen
6. Vetem modulime numerike mund te perdoren11
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GSM, TDMA/FDMA FDD
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GSM Nderfaqja Radio: FDD and FDMA
UPLINK DOWNLINK
GSM900: 890 MHz - 915 MHz 935 MHz - 960 MHz
GSM1800: 1710 MHz - 1785 MHz 1805 MHz - 1880 MHz
1 2 3 ...
Channel 1 - 124 1 - 374
200 kHz
1 2 3 ...
Duplex frequency 45 MHz / 95 MHz
guard band
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GSM Nderfaqja Radio: TDMA
TDMA frame= 8 timeslots
01
23
45
76
01
23
45
76
01
23
45
200 kHz
Physcial channel, e.g. allocated to onesubscriber with FR
voice &no frequency hopping
frequency
time
TDMA frame
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Efektiviteti i GSM, TDMA
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Qeliza dhe riperdorimi i frequencave
Diametri i qelizes deri ne 70km Ndertohet qeliza deri ne 100m Dendesiteti i perdoruesve Kostoja e rrjetit Numri i frekuencave
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Kapaciteti dhe perdorimi i spektrit
Nevoja:Perdorimi optimal
I spektritShume kapacitetCilesi te larte
sherbimiKosto e ulet
Duam te Rritim kapacitetinPa shtuar BTS te reja!
C’fare duhet te beje?
Kapaciteti I ofruam per QoS, duke planifikuar freq.
Rritja e nrte perdoruesve
Koha
Jashte kapacitetit!!!
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Kapaciteti dhe qeliza
Kapaciteti i sistemit varet nga:
1.Numri total i kanaleve radio
2.Permasa e qelizave
3.Faktori i riperdorimit te frequencave apo distanca
Minimumi i distances e cila lejon riperdorimin e te njejtes frekuence varet nga disa faktore:
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2/2
1.Numri I kanaleve qe perdorin te njejten frekuence ne qelizat fqinje
2.Terreni gjeografik
3.Lartesia e antenes
4.Fuqia e transmetuar ne cdo qelize
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Distanca e riperdorimit te frekuences varet nga faktori I grupimit K te qelizave
K = i2 + ij + j2
K = 22 + 2*1 + 12
K = 4 + 2 + 1
K = 7i
j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
D = 3K * R
D = 4.58R
1
2
35
6
7
D
R
Faktori K dhe distanca e ri-perdorimit te frekuences
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2
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7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Struktura e qelizave per K = 7
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11
1
2 2
22
3
3
3
3
4
4 4
45
5 5
5
6
6 6
6
7
7
7
7
8 8
889
99
9
10
1010
10
1111
1111
1212
12 12
Struktura e qelizave per K = 12
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1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
12
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
2
Struktura e qelizave per K = 4
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Te rritim kapacitetin e sistemit
Sektorizimi i qelizes– Duke perdorura antena direksionale ndajme
qelizes ne 3 apa 6 sektore– Mund te rritet kapaciteti i qelizes me nje faktor 3
apo 6 Ndarja e qelizes
– Uljen e fuqise se Trx ne BTS dhe ne MS– Rezulton ne qeliza te vogla– Riperdorim I frekuencave ne qelizat jo fqinje– Shëmbull: zvogelimi me ½ e qelizes sjell 4 fishimin e
kapicitetit24
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Antena 3 sektoriale per nje qelize
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Highway
TownSuburb
Rural
Shperndarja e qelizave ne nje rrjet
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Perdorimi optimal i spektrik,shembull
Gjeresia e brezit per operatorin 7.2MHz (36 freq. prej 200 kHz)
TDMA 8 kanale per bartese Faktori K = 12 Sa eshte numri i kanaleve te trafikut ne
dispozicion per kete, ne keto 3 raste:1. Pa ndarje ne qeliza2. Me 72 qeliza3. Me 246 qeliza
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1 qelize= 288 kanale trafiku
72 Cell = 1728 traffic channels
246 Cell = 5904 traffic channels
Ri perdorimi I frekuencave
8 X 36 = 288
8 X (72/12 X 36) = 1728
8 X (246/12 X 36) = 5’904
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Koncepti i kuadrove TDMA dhe i kanaleve
f
t
c
GSM kombinon teknikat e multipleksimit FDM dhe TDM: brezi eshte I ndare ne kanale prej 200khz, e cila ndahet ne kohe prej 8 time-slots, pra duke e ndare kohen per 8 stacione sipas kerkeses.
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GSM e vonon frame TDMA te lidhjes uplink
T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 T7T4 T8
R T
R T
R1 R2 R3 R5 R6 R7R4 R8
Uplink TDMA Frame
F1 + 45MHz
Downlink TDMA F1MHz
Fillimi I TDMA te lidhjes uplink vonohet
me 3 TSTDMA frame (4.615 ms)
Transmetim fixVonese me 3 time-slot30
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
frequ
ency
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4.615 ms
546.5 µs577 µs
guardspace
guardspacetail user data TrainingS S user data tail
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
GSM - TDMA/FDMA
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LOGICAL CHANNELS
TRAFFIC SIGNALLING
FULL RATEBm 22.8 Kb/S
HALF RATELm 11.4 Kb/S
BROADCAST COMMON CONTROL DEDICATED CONTROL
FCCH SCH BCCH
PCHRACH
AGCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH
FCCH -- FREQUENCY CORRECTION CHANNELSCH -- SYNCHRONISATION CHANNELBCCH -- BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNELPCH -- PAGING CHANNELRACH -- RANDOM ACCESS CHANNELAGCH -- ACCESS GRANTED CHANNELSDCCH -- STAND ALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNELSACCH -- SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNELFACCH -- FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL
DOWN LINK ONLY
UPLINK ONLYBOTH UP & DOWNLINKS32
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GSM Operation
Speech decoding
Channel decoding
De-interleaving
Burst Formatting
De-ciphering
DemodulationModulation
Ciphering
Burst Formatting
Interleaving
Channel Coding
Speech coding
Radio Interface
Speech Speech
13 Kbps
22.8 Kbps
22.8 Kbps
33.6 Kbps
33.6 Kbps
270.83 Kbps
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Kodimi ne GSM
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Modulimi ne GSM
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Arkitektura e sistemeve Mobile GSM
3 Nen sisteme baze
BSS Nensistemi i Stacioneve Radiobaze NSS Network & Switching Subsystems OSS Sistememi i Shfrytezim dhe Mirembajtje
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BSS
Sistemi BSS perbehet nga keto elemente
1. BSC Base Stations Controller
2. BTS Base Transceiver Station
3. TC Transcoders
BSS eshte pergjegjes per menaxhimin e rrjetit radio,i perket nje zone gjeografike te gjere
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BSS, arkitektuara
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BTS, stacioni radio baze
Funksionet kryesore1. Siguron lidhjen e MS me BSC2. Kryen matje te # ne lidhje me fuqine dhe
sinjalit e marre, cilesine e informacionit te transmetuar, qe perdoren per proceduart handover
3. Kryen funksionet e transferimit te sinjalizimit te shtresave 1,2, dhe 3
4. Kryen funksione mirembajtje dhe kontrolli
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BTS, TRX
Administrimin e nderfaqes radio ndermjet NT Perpunimi ne brezin baze te cdo kanali fizik Administrimin e lidhjes me BSC, ndermjet
DTC Administrimin e kanalit logjik qe mbart
sinjalizimin, SCC Funksionet e BCF, funksionet e kontrollit
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BTS, arkitektura
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BSC, kontrolluesi i stacioneve radiobaze
Funksionet kryesore
1. Funksione komutuese SF, funksioni i nderfaqes me qendren komutuese dhe kontrollin e kanaleve gjate bisedes dhe handoverit
2. Administrimin e radio burimeve RR,funksionet aktivizimit, mirembajtjes dhe clirimin e radiokanaleve
3. Administrimin e BTS, BTSM , kryehet ndermjet 2 proceduravea): transferimi i mesazhit te nivelit te larte ne shtreses MTPb): administrimin e burimeve drejt BTS
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BSC, arkitektura
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BSC, funksionet -2
4. Protokolli i aksesit ne lidhjen e kanalit Dm(LAPDM) i cili vepron ne MTP 2
5. Pjesen aplikative te BSS, BSSMAP i cili kontrollon lidhjen e kanaleve te trafikut, paging, handoverin dhe procesin e kriptimit
6. Shperndarjen e mesazheve prej nderfaqes A
7. Kontrollin e lidhjes dhe sinjalizimit SCCP, funksionet e drejtimit te trafikut dhe administrimin e rrjetit
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BSC, funksionet -3
8. Transferimine mesazheve MTP
9. Shfrytezimine dhe mirembajtjen O&M
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TC, transkoduesit apo TRAU
Kodimi dhe dekodimi i bisedes Pershtatja e debit binar, 64kbps—13 kbps Perbehet nga 2 elemente TC, funksionet transkoduese OAM
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BSC
TRAU
MSC
OMC
OAM
Transcoding
LAPD TS1
Speech TS
CCS7 TS
X.25 TS2
Speech TS
CCS7 TS
X.25 TS2
PCMLINK PCM
LINK
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NSS, Nensistemi i rrjetit te komutimit
Funksionet : Kryen te gjitha funksionet komutuese Funksionet e tarifimit Funksionet e rregjistrimit dhe lokalizimit te
vendodhjes Lidhjen me rrjeta e tjera, PSTN, ISDN,IP etj.
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Arkitektura
NSS perbehet nga keto pjese :
1. Mobile Switching Center MSC
2. Home Location Registers HLR
3. Visitor Location Registers VLR
4. Authentication Center AUC
5. Equipment Identity Register EIR
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Arkitektuara
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MSC,Mobile Switching Center
Nyja kryesore komutuese ne GSM, zemra e sistemit Menaxhon komunikimit e GSM me sistemet e tjera Vendosjen e thirrjes dhe te gjitha funksionet komutuese Rrugezimin e thirrjeve Tarifimin dhe mbledhjen e te dhenave, CDR Menaxhimi i levizjes (Mobility management)
- Rregjistrimin- Lokalizimi i MS, Location Updating- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
MSC kryen funksionet e roamingut per abonente vizitor duke komunikuar me HLR/VLR.
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HLR,Home Location Registers
DataBase permanent, i cili ruan te gjitha te dhenat e abonenteve.
DataBasa permban IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming restrictions,supplementary services
Funksione te tjera:
Siguron komunikimin e AuC me VLR
Rregjistrimin e vendodhjes
Tarifimin
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VLR,Visitor Location Registers
- Ruan te dhenat e perkohshme kur nje MS ndryshon vendndodhje duke komunikuar me DB e HLR
- Kontrollon MS roaming, dhe zonat perkatese - Permison punen e HLR, per queries te
ndryshme per lokalizimin- Database permban
IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key
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EIR,Equipment Identity Register
DataBase qe mban te dhena per ME duke perdorur numrin IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
EIR permban tre lista baze Lista e bardhe, te gjitha IMEI qe jane ne aprovuar per te
perdorur rrjetin GSM Lista e gri, te gjitha IMEI qe jane perkohesisht jashte
pune Lista e zeze, te gjitha IMEI qe jane jashte pune,
vjedhur apo difekte te renda ne hardware
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AuC
Qendra e sigurise dhe autentifikimit te rrjetit GSM
Ruan te dhenat, celesat personale per cdo abonente,
Komunikon me HLR Kripton biseden ne TC
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Siguria ne Sistemet GSM
Ne nderfaqen ajrore sistemi GSM perdor numrin TMSI ne vend te numrit IMSI, te kriptuar
Karta SIM siguron nje privaci 4-8 digits 3 algoritme prdoren gjeresisht :
- A3 algorithm for authentication- A5 algorithm for encryption- A8 algorithm for key generation
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Autentifikimi ne sistemin GSM
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Key generation and Encryption
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Pyetje?
?
60