kartvelta agmnishvneli saxelebi

qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 33-185

fragmenti wignidan:

Tavi I - terminologiuri problemebi …………….............. 33-200

Chapter I - Terminological problems ……........................................... 404-447

I Bölüm - Terminolojik Sorunlar………………….............................. 338-370

1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da eri.................. 33-78 The relation of language and dialect and nation...................... 404-420 Dil ile Lehçe arasındaki ilişki ve ulus......................................

338-350

1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri....................................................... 33-41

Community, tribe, ethnos, nation............................................. 404-408

Topluluk, kabile, etno, ulus......................................................

338-341

1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti; saxel-mwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena..............

42-70

Literary language, unwritten language, dialect; state language, national language, mother tongue, foreign language...................................................................................

408-414

Edebi dil, sözlü dil (yazısız), lehçe, resmi dil, ulusal dil, anadil, yabancı dil, lehçe..........................................................

342-346

1.1.3. qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajg-ufebis sakiTxi......................................................................

71-78

Towards the grouping of modern linguistic units of the Georgians.................................................................................

415-420

Kartvellerin çağdaş dilsel birimlerinin sınıflandırılması....

346-350

1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi.. 79-185

Old and new names denoting the Georgians........................... 420-443

Kartvelileri tanımlayan eski ve yeni isimler............................

351-368

1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi................

79-159

The names denoting proto-Kartvelian (Iberian-Caucasian-Western Asian) and Kartvelian tribes......................................

420-439

Proto-Kartvelgil (İberylı-Kafkasyalı-Ön Asyalı) ve Kart-velgil kavimleri tanımlayan isimler.........................................

351-363

Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri

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1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba – qarTveli................. 160-181

The self-designation of the Georgians – Kart-veli...................

439-443

Kartvelilerin kendilerine verdikleri isim - “Kartveli”..............

363-366

1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema.......................

182-185

The diagram of the linguistic relations of the ethnonyms and themonyms denoting the Georgians.........................................

443-446

Kartvelleri tanımlayan terimlerin dilbilimsel şeması...............

366-368

1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa …..........................................................

186-200

Choronyms of different languages and various historical periods......................................................................................

447-450


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Tavi I

terminologiuri problemebi

1.1. enisa da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxi da

eri 1.1.1. Temi, tomi, eTnosi, eri

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, eTnikuri erTobis, eTnikuri jgufis, eTnosis, eris ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: is-toriuli dedaena (erTiani enobrivi xedva-aRqma), istoriuli kultura (tradiciuli religiur-kulturuli Rirebulebani), istoriuli mexsiereba, istoriuli fsiqikuri wyoba (tradici-ul garemosTan mimarTebiT formirebuli enobriv-kulturuli mentaloba) da istoriuli teritoria/saxelmwifo (Sdr.: didi warsuli - maRali Rirsebis gancda).

mecnierTa erTi nawili terminebSi: eTnosi, eTnikuri jgu-fi,”eTnografiuli jgufi moiazrebs rogorc ersa da toms, ase-ve, ama Tu im kuTxis mosaxleobasac; sanimuSod SevexebiT qarTu-lad Targmnil erT saxelmZRvanelos:

1991 wels gamocemuli "eTnografiis" SesavalSi vkiTxulobT: "eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli

nawili, romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yo-fis lokaluri specifikiT, zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogor-Rac gaorebuli TviTSegneba... qarTvelTa eTnografiuli jgufe-bia: qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, ingi-loebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi da sxva"... samecniero literatura-Si eTnografiuli jgufis paralelurad gamoiyeneba termini - subeTnosic.


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winaswarve SevniSnavT, rom amgvari mcdari kvalifikaciebis sa-Tave terminologiuri aRrevaa: termini "eTnografiuli jgufi" rusul samecniero literaturaSic ki "eTnikuri jgufis" parale-lurad ixmareba; mag., l. tolstovas tajikebisa da uzbekebis gver-diT gamoyofili aqvs iseTi eTnografiuli jgufebi, rogorebic arian: Sua aziis boSebi, ironebi, qurTebi, Turqebi, yivCayebi da sxv. (msjelobisaTvis ix. m.gegeSiZe, 1971, gv.117)... eTnografiis sa-xelmZRvanelos Sesavlidan gamodis, rom rogorRac gaorebuli cnobiereba SeiZleba hqondes qarTlels, kaxels, megrels, aWa-rels, guruls, TuSs... rac TavisTavad gamoricxulia, vinaidan qarTleli, kaxeli, megreli, guruli, aWareli Tu TuSi imitomaa qarTveli, rom qarTlelia, kaxelia, megrelia, gurulia, aWarelia, TuSia! "gaorebuli cnobiereba" SeiZleba hqondes safrangeTSi axaldamkvidrebul italiels, TurqeTSi - berZens, saqarTvelos moqalaqe somexs da a.S. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi kompaqturad mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi CaiTvlebian eTnikur Tu eTnografiul jgufad, subeTnosad Tu eTnikosad...

terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT, winaaRmdegobani gvaqvs TviT arn. Ciqobavas redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul qarTuli enis gan-martebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSic (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT calkeul lingvistur, eTnologiur Tu istoriografiul gamo-kvlevebze), romelic, TavisTavad, metad Zvirfas da akademiur gamocemas warmoadgens; kerZod, leqsikonSi gurulebi, imerle-bi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, megrelebi da sxva ganmartebulia, ro-gorc "saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis mkvidrni;" xolo aWarlebi, TuSebi da svanebi - rogorc "erT-erTi qarTveli tomi"...

aq, pirvel rigSi, miuRebelia aWaris, TuSeTisa da svaneTis Tanamedrove mcxovrebTa mimarT termin tomis gamoyeneba, vinai-dan eTnologiur literaturaSi am cnebis qveS igulisxmeba pir-velyofili eTnikuri ujredi; aseve, gaugebaria svanis, TuSisa da aWarelis gansxvavebuli terminologiuri kvalifikacia xev-surTan, gurulTan, kaxelTan SedarebiT... samwuxarod, zog enaT-mecnierul fundamentur gamokvlevaSic ki dasanani uzustobebia; mag., b.jorbenaZis mier calkeul eTnosebadaa CaTvlili: kaxeli,


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guruli, qarTleli da sxva; am "eTnosTa" sacxovrisebi miCneulia eTnikur kuTxeebad, xolo metyvelebebi - "eTnikur dialeqtebad" (b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.29, 42).

ucxour Tu zog qarTul gamocemebSic (sainterneto cnoba-rebSi, enciklopediebSi, saxelmZRvaneloebSi, calkeul gamokvle-vebSi), araiSviaTad, saqarTvelo warmodgenilia arabunebrivad mravalenovan da mravaleTnikur qveynad; zogjer komentarebis sa-xiT damatebulia isic, rom saqarTveloSi sxva eTnosTa uflebebi ilaxeba; garda amisa, zogi politizebuli ucxoeli dResac aqti-urad iRvwis, qarTvelTa nawili, mag., megrel-lazebi, gamocxad-des sxva xalxad/xalxebad (naciad/naciebad) da, Sesabamisad, aris mcdeloba, megrul da lazur kiloebze Seiqmnas axali salitera-turo enebi (ix. j.hiuiti, 2004; v.foirStaini, 2003). xazgasmiT aR-vniSnavT, rom megrel-lazebs gamorCeulad aqtiuri monawile-oba aqvT miRebuli saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze dafuZne-buli mravalsaukunovani qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi; vis sWirdeba laz-megrelTa kiloebis mixedviT, ”ga-TiSe da ibatones” principiT Seqmnili saliteraturo enebi? vis aZlevs xels didi qarTveluri kulturis Tanaavtori sazogadoebebis gamocxadeba damwerlobis armqone enobriv umciresobebad?

araiSviaTad, laz-megrelebi araqarTvelebadaa CaTvlili zo-gi evropeli mecnieris mierac. keTilsindisieri ucxoeli avtore-bis mier qarTvelur sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT daSvebuli amgva-ri Secdomebis saTave, zog SemTxvevaSi, laz-megrelTa istoriis arcodnaa, zogjer ki - qarTvel mecnierTa Sromebi; kerZod, rode-sac adgilobrivi mecnieris gamokvlevaSi uzustodaa gamoyenebu-li lingvistur-eTnologiuri terminebi da qarTvelTa calkeu-li jgufebi - eTnosebad, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvel-Ta kiloebi damoukidebel umwerlobo enebadaa gamocxadebuli, saqarTvelos istoriis armcodne ucxour sazogadoebaSi buneb-rivad Cndeba azri, daexmaro "daCagrul" da "CamorCenil" eTno-sebs: Seuqmna maT damwerloba, saxelmwifo da a.S. magaliTad, ara-qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom vinaidan svaneTis,


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lazeTisa da samegrelos mcxovrebTa saojaxo-saSinao metyveleba-ni saliteraturo qarTuli enisagan metad gansxvavebulia, vidre sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebi, svanebi, lazebi da megrelebi umwer-lobo enebis mqone damoukidebeli eTnosebia, romelTac kultu-ris asparezze "gamoyvana" sWirdebaT; Sesabamisad, cdiloben, am uZvelesi werilobiTi kulturis mqone qarTvelebs (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) umwerlobo enebad "monaTluli" kiloebis mixedviT Seuqmnan anbani, samwignobro ena, uTargmnon saxareba,

klasikosTa Semoqmedeba da sxv. samwuxarod, asea dResac: zogi Tanamedrove qarTveli

mkvlevaric ver izRvevs Tavs uneblie Secdomebisgan; mag., k.gabuni-as azriTac, megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi da qarTebi calkeuli qar-Tveluri eTnikuri jgufebia, xolo zanuri da svanuri - umwer-lobo enebi (k.gabunia, 2004, gv.172-177).

pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom qarTi xelovnurad Seqmnili terminia (ix. qvemoT), garda amisa, mocemuli sazogadoebis eTno-sad Tu Temad saxeldeba gaumarTlebelia erTi romelime niSniT (genetikuri, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi Tu religiuri Tavise-burebiT), ramdenadac, eTnosi da eri enobriv-kulturul-fsi-qikuri istoriuli erTobaa, xolo konkretuli Temi eris, ro-gorc zogaderovnuli erTobis konkretuli variantia (Semadgene-li nawilia); Sesabamisad, mocemuli sazogadoebis statusze msje-lobisas sakiTxs kompleqsurad unda mivudgeT; Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli eri, rogorc istoriuli superorganizmi, Camoyalibe-bulia ramdenime aTeuli monaTesave tomisgan; qarTveluri erov-nuli meobis, qarTuli kulturis da qarTuli samwignobro enis CamoyalibebaSi Tav-Tavisi wvlili Setanili aqvs qarTvelur dia-leqtebze molaparake yvela sazogadoebas - istoriuli Tu Tana-medrove saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis qarTvels, amdenad, roca vla-parakobT dRevandeli qarTveli eris eTnostruqturasa da kul-turaze, TavisTavad moiazreba is zogadqarTveluri fenomeni, romelic samwignobro enisa da erTiani TviTsaxelwodebis Camo-yalibebis Semdeg mainc erTian eTnosad unda ganvixiloT...


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qarTul sinamdvileSi eTnikur terminTa araswor gamoyenebas ramdenime naSromi mieZRvna (g.gegeSiZe, v.iToniSvili), sadac aRi-niSna araqarTvel avtorTa mcdeloba, qarTveli eris Semadgen-lobidan gamoacalkevon svanebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, kaxelebi da sxv... eTnologTagan ukanasknelad am problemas sayuradRebo werili uZRvna r. TofCiSvilma (r.TofCiSvili, 1995; r.TofCiSvi-li, 2005); qarTveli eris istoriisa da eTnostruqturis safuZ-vliani analizis Semdeg is samarTlianad askvnis:

"saqarTvelos sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris mosaxleobis _ aWarlebis, gurulebis, megrelebis, imerlebis, svanebis, TuSebis... moxsenieba ar SeiZleba eTnosad, eTnikur erTobad, eTnikur jgufad, xalxad, tomad, eTnografiul jgu-fad, subeTnosad da misT; aseTi aRreva garedanaa Tavs moxveuli. dasaxelebuli terminebi eTnologiur literaturaSi aRniSnaven ers, erovnebas, an jer erad Camouyalibebel enobriv-kulturuli TviTSegnebis mqone erTobliobas; eTnosebia: ingliselebi, germa-nelebi, frangebi, qarTvelebi da a.S., xolo tomi mxolod winafe-odaluri gaerTianebebis aRsaniSnavad SeiZleba iyos gamoyene-buli da ara Tanamedrove mosaxleobis mimarT."

warmodgenili mniSvnelobiT termin tomis gamoyeneba imito-mac aris gaumarTlebeli, rom Zvel qarTul originalur Tu Tar-gmnil ZeglebSi saSualo sparsulidan nasesxebi es sityva damou-kidebel eTnoss aRniSnavda (ix., mag., "SuSanikis wameba", saxarebis Targmanebi da sxv.; terminis istoriisaTvis ix. d.meliqiSvili, 1998). termini "tomi" unda damkvidrdes, rogorc mxolod pir-velyofili sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis - winareeTnosis - aR-mniSvneli sityva.

saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxle-Ta aRsaniSnavad Tanamedrove avtorebi inerciiT mainc iyeneben arazust terminebs. magaliTad, v.iToniSvilTan dafiqsirebulia: eTnografiuli jgufi, eTnolingvisturi jgufi, eTnote-

ritoriuli jgufi... r.TofCiSvili gvTavazobs axal termins - eTnografiul-dialeqtologiuri erTeuli; Cveni azriT, mis damkvidrebasac ramdenime garemoeba SeuSlis xels: a) mouxerxebe-


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lia samsityviani termini; b) cneba “"eTnografiul-dialeqto-logiuri" mainc ver gamoricxavs eTnikurobis gagebas...

aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT iseTi erTsityviani termini unda gamoviyenoT, romelic ufro teqnikuri xasiaTisa iqneba da Tavis-TavSi ar moiazrebs eTnikurobas; garda amisa, vinaidan, saqarTve-los ama Tu im mxaris mosaxleoba aris qarTveli eris erTi kerZo saxe (rogorc, magaliTad, aWaruli kilo aris qarTuli enis erTi mikrovarianti), terminma xazi unda gausvas swored am aspeqts: Ta-namedrove qarTveloba ar warmoadgens megrelTa, gurulTa, svan-Ta, aWarelTa, imerelTa da sxvaTa meqanikur jams; mag., megreli Tu kaxeli qarTvelis kerZo gamovlinebaa; zogadad, qarTveli, ro-gorc eTnofsiqikur-enobrivi erTeuli, konkretulad ganxorcie-lebulia sxvadasxva Taobis svanad, megrelad, aWarelad, guru-lad, kaxelad, TuSad, imerelad, taoelad... da, amdenad, TiToeu-li es jgufi iseve miemarTeba qarTvelis cnebas, rogorc saerTo enas misi regionaluri nairsaxeobani - kiloebi...

am da sxva mizezebis gamo, Cveni azriT, sxvadasxva kuTxis qar-Tvelebis: aWarlebis, gurulebis, svanebis, kaxelebis da a.S. aRsa-niSnavad mizanSewonilia, gamoviyenoT istoriuli termini Temi.

Temi berZnulidanaa Semosuli; dasavlur-qarTul dokumen-tebSi XIII saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxediTaa damowmebuli (T. be-raZe, 1976, gv.225) ); sabasTan Temi ganmartebulia, rogorc "qveynis erTi nawili," d.CubinaSvilTan - rogorc "xalxi erTi Temisa" ("народ одной области"); CvenTvis saintereso mniSvnelobiT damowme-bulia qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSic: "am TveSi guriis Temi Seiyris Tavs Cvens sofelSi" (e.ninoSvili). saqarTvelos is-toriul-geografiuli provinciebis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad Tems iyenebs mixako wereTelic, ivane javaxiSvilic da niko berZe-niSvilic...

qarTulSi Tems sxva mniSvnelobebic aqvs: is, rogorc teqniku-ri termini, niSnavs sazogadoebis erT socialur-ekonomikur mTlianoba; gamoyenebulia "xevis" Tu "erTi gvaris" xalxis aRsa-niSnavadac da a.S. magaliTad, svaneTSi termini "Temi" gulisxmobs rogorc dasaxlebul punqts (magaliTad, lenjeris Temi, latalis


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Temi) aseve, mTel xeobas: Cube Tem /Cube xeE (qveda Temi /qveda xevi - igulisxmeba balsqvemo svaneTi), Jibe Tem /Jibe xeE (zeda Temi /ze-da xevi - igulisxmeba balszemo svaneTi)... al.WinWaraulis cno-biT, xevsureTSi gamoiyeneba Temwyali: "Cveni Temwylisa aris," e.i. Cveni xeobis, Cveni Temis kacia (Sdr.: makroTemi - kuTxis, mxaris mo-saxleoba, mikroTemi - xeobis mosaxleoba).

amgvarad, eTnikuri terminebiT: "eTnosi", "eTnikuri jgufi", "subeTnosi" da misT. unda aRiniSnos damoukidebeli eTnostruq-turisa da enis mqone adamianTa erTobebi; teqnikuri terminiT: Temi ki - erTi eTnosis SigniT arsebuli lokaluri jgufebi (Sdr.: eTnosi - Temi - pirovneba ise miemarTeba erTmaneTs, ro-gorc ena - kilo - idioleqti); mag., eTnologiuri Tu lingvis-turi aspeqtiT, qarTveli eris calkeuli Temebia: aWarlebi, gu-rulebi, CaRmaTuSebi, wovaTuSebi, imerlebi, herebi (ingiloebi), megrelebi, lazebi, mTiulebi, imerxevelebi, maWaxlelebi, samcxe-lebi, SavSelebi, livanelebi, taoelebi, moxeveebi, svanebi, fere-idnelebi, javaxebi, xevsurebi, qarTlelebi, fSavelebi, kaxelebi, raWvelebi, leCxumlebi...

SeniSvna: warmodgenili sityvebis (eri, tomi Temi...) myar terminebad qcevas garkveulwilad xels uSlis maTi polisemanturoba... istoriulad qarTveli eris erT-erT Temad moiazreba afxa-

zebic, magram ruseTis imperiis zewoliT maTi erTi nawili Tavs qarTvelad aRar aRiqvams (metic, maTs gaorebul cnobierebas dResdReobiT antiqarTuli mimarTuleba aqvs; afxazTa TviTaR-qmisa da erovnuli meobis gaorebis istoriisaTvis ix.: z.papaskiri, 1994; z.papaskiri, 1998; T.gvancelaZe, 2000; T.gvancelaZe, m.tabiZe, r.Serozia, r.Wanturia, 2001 da sxv.).

evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxeda-vad, sxva kontinentidan Camosulic ki, Tuki is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gaxdeba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli) eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac is ukve flobs saxel-mwifo enas da emorCileba saxelmwifo kanonebs. saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri jgufebis: osebis, TaTrebis, rusebis, somxebis (da sxv.) erTi nawili istoriis am etapze qarTveli eris


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nawilad ver miiCneva, vinaidan es adamianebi ver floben saqarTve-los saxelmwifo enas, ar aRiareben saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas da saxelisuflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli politikis interesebis Sesabamisad urTierToben. damoukidebeli saqarTve-los Semdgomi ganviTareba swored im mimarTulebiT unda wari-marTos, rom saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes, eTnikuri warmomav-lobis miuxedavad, hqondes patriotuli grZnoba Tavisi samSob-los - saqarTvelos - mimarT, SeeZlos Tavisufali urTierToba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo eniT da gaaCndes moTxovnileba, dae-morCilos saqarTvelos konstitucias. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba is Tavisufali sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri saqar-TveloSi... mxolod amis Semdeg SegveZleba Cven vTqvaT, rom, msgav-sad frangi, germaneli, espaneli… erebisa, qarTvel nacias, Ziri-Tad - qarTul (qarTvelur) eTnosTan erTad qmnian sxva zemoT da-saxelebuli eTnikuri jgufebic...

bevr seriozul Secdomas udebs saTaves, agreTve, termin eT-nonimis araswori gamoyeneba; specialur literaturaSi "eTnoni-mad" CaTvlilia ara mxolod eris/naciis aRmniSvneli sityvebi (qarTveli, rusi, osi...) aramed, TemTa saxelebic; mag.: kaxeli, qar-Tleli, megreli, imereli da sxva (v.iarceva, l.tolstova, p.cxa-daia, n.xazaraZe, T.oCiauri, b.jorbenaZe, g.Tofuria, v.iToniSvili da mravali sxva); Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjelobidan lo-gikurad gamomdinareobs, rom eTnonimad CaiTvalos mxolod is istoriuli leqsika, romelic eris, eTnosis, eTnikuri jgufis, tomis aRmniSvnel sakuTar saxelad damkvidrda (samecniero li-teraturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa eTnonimis sakuTar saxelad mi-Cnevis Sesaxebac: zogi mas Tvlis onimad, zogi nomenad).

Temis aRmniSvnel saxels SeiZleba vuwodoT Temonimi; igi sxva enebSic SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (temonym), an axali termini SevqmnaT inglisuri sityvidan community "Temi", "erToba", "mxa-ris mosaxleoba". Sdr.: qomiunonimi/komunonimi... Tuki moveride-biT axali terminis SemoRebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi, umjobesi iqneba, gamoviyenoT sintagma warmomavlobis saxeli da ara - eTnonimi;


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gurulis, mesxis, svanis, kaxelis, qarTlelis... mimarT eTnonimis gamoyeneba aSkarad gaumarTlebelia.

amgvarad, ramdenadac qarTveli eris Temebad anu qarTveli eris Semadgenel nawilebad erTnairad ganixilebian: svanebic, me-grelebic, lazebic, aWarlebic, gurulebic, kaxelebic, qarTle-lebic, raWvelebic, imerlebic, fSavlebic, xevsurebic, TuSebic, ingiloebic, taoelebic, SavSelebic, imerxevelebic, fereidnele-bic… maTi aRmniSvneli saxelebi erTnairad unda CavTvaloT ara "eTnonimebad", aramed warmomavlobis saxelTa gansakuTrebul jgufad - Temonimebad.

zog lingvistur leqsikonSi "eTnonimebis" gverdiT ganxilu-lia aramxolod Temonimebi, aramed - regionebis mcxovrebTa aR-mniSvneli saxelebic da lokalur jgufTa saxelwodebebic; Sdr., magaliTad: "К энтонимам близки названия жителей, образующиеся от разл. типов топонимов. Это могут быть этнохоронимы - названия от имен обширных регионов (хоронимов): "Европа - европейцы" и т. п. - или названия жителей крупных или малых поселений: "Москва - москвичи" и т.п. а также неофициальные, исторически сложившиеся прозвищные обозначения групп насселения, напр., "Казаки", "москали", "чалдоны"... (Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь, М., 1990, gv.598).

Cveni azriT, aseTi gaudiferencirebeli masala erTi termi-nis qveS ver gaerTiandeba; dasaxelebuli sityvebis erTi nawili warmomavlobis saxelia, xolo meore nawili (kazakebi, moskalebi) ki - Temonimebi.

calke samsjeloa qarTul lingvonimTa (ena-kiloebis saxel-Ta), eTnonimTa, TemonimTa, qoronimTa da warmomavlobis saxelTa ucxoenovani dawerilobac; gansakuTrebuli tradiciis arar-sebobis SemTxvevaSi daculi unda iyos qarTulisTvis damaxasia-Tebeli ZiriTadi mimarTeba eTnonimsa (Temonimsa) da qoronims Soris; Sdr.: qarTulSic zogjer Temis/tomis saxelia amosava-li kuTxisTvis (svani - svaneTi), zogjer ki - qoronimisgan iwarmo-eba sazogadoebis saxeli (aWara - aWareli). garda amisa, geogra-fiuli saxelebis ucxourad dawerilobisas daculi unda iyos qarTuli sityvis struqtura (sqema ix. gv. 567-575).


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SeniSvna: wignis daskvniT nawilSi warmodgenil TemonimTa, eTnonimTa, qoronimTa da lingvonimTa leqsikinSi zogjer mocemulia fuZis erTze meti varianti (mag., Бальсземойский / Верхнобальский...), rac aixsneba imiT, rom Cven miznad ar dagvisaxavs qarTveluri eTnonimebis, qoronimebis... ucxouri Sesatyvisebis sarekomendacio variantebis warmodgena: pirvelad vwerT CvenTvis misaReb

variantebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom wignis SesavalSi mocemuli satransliteracio sqemis (gv. 23-24) laTinuri variantebi SevarCieT kompiteruli simboloebis mixedviT.

samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti...

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1.1.2. samwignobro ena, umwignobro ena, dialeqti; saxelmwifo ena, erovnuli ena, dedaena, ucxo ena

Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebsa da enciklopediebSi msof-lioSi arsebul enaTa raodenoba meryeobs 4000-dan 7000-mde. daax-loebiT sami aTasi enobrivi erTeulis statusi specialistebis mier sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodgenili; Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1952, gv.119: "msoflioSi ori aTasze met enas iTvlian; es cifri udavod gadaWarbebulia: bevri dialeqti enadaa miCneuli, radgan bevri ena Tu dialeqti jerovnad ar aris Seswavlili”…

mravali enobrivi erTeulis statusis gansazRvras dResac abrkolebs: enisa da kilos gasamijn sakvalifikacio kriteriumTa sxvadasxvaoba, msjelobisas gamoyenebuli terminebis (cnebebis) siWrele, eTnosis istoriis sxvadasxvagvari gaazreba da sxv. (saki-Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 2000).

warmodgenil problemaze msjelobisas, Cveni azriT, termine-bis mkafio ganmartebis Semdeg, arsebiTia, erTmaneTisagan mkveT-rad gansxvavdes problemis xedvis ori aspeqti:

_ istoriulad (tradiciulad) ra principebis mixedviT mo-xda ukve arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebis saxeldeba enebad Tu ki-loebad;

_ Tanamedrove mecnierTagan ra kriteriumebia SemoTavazebu-li enisa da dialeqtis gasamijnavad.

aseve, sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yu-radRebiTaa Sesaswavli is enobriv-eTnikuri da istoriul-poli-tikuri viTareba, sadac mZafri kamaTia lingvisturi erTeulis enad Tu dialeqtad miCnevis gamo.

msoflios tradiciul enebze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom enad kvalificireba xdeba "sistemuri igiveoba-sxvaobebis" miuxedavad, kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri niSniT enebadaa kvalificirebu-li analogiuri fonematur-gramatikuli sistemis mqone er-Teulebi (belorusuli da rusuli, ruminuli da moldovuri, azerbaijanuli da Turquli da sxv.) da piriqiT, fonematur-gra-


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matikuli sistemis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli buxaru-li da alJiruli, prusiuli da bavariuli (da sxv.) erTi enis ki-loebadaa miCneuli. rogorc wesi, monaTesave enobrivi erTeu-lebis erTi enis variantebad Tu sxvadasxva enebad CaTvla uSu-alod ukavSirdeba mocemuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebebis) miCnevas erTi istoriuli kulturis mqone eTnosad (Tu naci-ad). araiSviaTad, enis statusi ganisazRvreba religiuri an poli-tikur-saxelmwifoebrivi midgomis mixedviTac (sakiTxis mimoxil-visaTvis ix. m.tabiZe, 1999; m. tabiZe, 2002; m.tabiZe, 2003); es ukanas-kneli ki mWidro kavSirSia saxelmwifoTa Soris sazRvrebis prob-lemasTan da qveynebis saSinao Tu sagareo politikur orienta-ciebTan; kerZod, eTnikur-politikuri konfliqtebi zogjer "en-obrivi konfliqtebidan" iwyeba (p.h.nelde); Sdr., g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.172: "gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa Soris konfliqtis mizezi, agreTve, lingvisturia". araiSviaTad, agre-sori qveynebis mesveurni TviTmiznur enobriv politikas ideo-logiur iaraRad iyeneben (globalizaciis enobrivi aspeqti!):

dasapyrobi teritoriis mcxovrebTa erTiani erovnuli

cnobierebis dasaSlelad dialeqtebs acxadeben enebad; am e.w. enebisTvis qmnian anbans, saliteraturo enas da aseTi formiT axal ”erad” Sobil xalxs ubiZgeben kulturul-saxelmwifoebri-vi damoukideblobisaken; paralelurad, imperia am ”damoukideb-el” xalxs Tavs axveves imperiul enasa da kulturas. mag., sabWoTa imperiis mSeneblobis dasawyisSive i.stalinis mier daixvewa mefis ruseTSi SemuSavebuli imperiuli koncefcia, romelic TiTqosda emyareboda enebisa da erebis Tanasworobisa da "Cagruli" "erebi-sadmi", "enebisadmi" daxmarebis ideas; sinamdvileSi, erTi romel-ime kuTxis mosaxleobis damoukidebel eTnosad, xalxad, xolo mi-si dialeqtis enad gamocxadebiT imperiis mesveurni miznad isaxav-dnen istoriuli eris (enis) da axalwarmoqmnili "xalxis" ("enis") "gaTanasworuflebianobas", Sesabamisad, dasapyrobi qveynebis is-toriuli mosaxleobis warmodgenas eTnikur-enobriv konglomer-


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atad - mcire imperiebad (ruseTis politikis SedegebisaTvis afx-azeTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi, daRestanSi... ix., T. gvancelaZe, m. tabi-Ze, r. Serozia, r. Wanturia, 2001).

sakuTriv qarTul sinamdvileSi i.stalinma Tavisi ”enis" mqo-ne erovnebebad gamoacxada ara mxolod megrelebi, lazebi da sva-nebi, aramed - aWarlebic, qobuleTlebic, ingiloebic; misi azriT, jer unda ayvavebuliyvnen am patara "daCagruli" erebis enebi, Sem-deg ki yvelas gza unda daeTmo erTi msoflio enisTvis - TavisTa-vad cxadia, didi rusi eris enisTvis (ix. i.

i.stalinis naSromebi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi", "nacionaluri sakiTxi da leninizmi"; msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve, a.nikoleiSvili, 2000, gv.34-35). i.stalinma daiwyo kidec erTa da, Sesabamisad, enaTa daaxloeba-Serwymis politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic momavalSi enaTa sruli SerwymiT unda dasrulebuliyo (T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.9). sastiki sabWouri ideologiuri wnexis pi-robebSi saxelganTqmuli mecnierebic ki veRar bedavdnen am saki-Txebze profesionaluri azris gamoTqmasa Tu msjelobas...

i.stalinis sabWoTa epoqis suliskveTebis gagrZelebasa da re-cidivs warmoadgens j.hiuitis, v.foirStainis da sxvaTa msjeloba (j. hiuiti, 2004; v. foirStaini; 2000; kaCkari, 2003…) lazuri da me-gruli saliteraturo enebis Seqmnis aucileblobis Sesaxeb; ne-bsiT Tu uneblieT, es ucxoelebi megrelebsa da lazebs arTme-ven sakuTar udides werilobiT kulturas - qarTvelur mwig-nobrobas, romelsac, ax.w. V saukunis moRvawe ioane laziT dawye-buli dRemde, sxva qarTvelebTan erTad qmnian Woroxisa da rion-enguris auzebSi mosaxle laz-megrelebic.

monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa SefardebiTi gansazRvra-kva-lifikacia, rogorc wesi, iolad xerxdeba erTi istoriuli naci-is/erovnebis farglebSi (sabWoTa periodSi xelovnurad garTul-da qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi); me-tic, adrec da Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSic, xan-grZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad gaCenili msgavsebebis gamo, aramo-naTesave lingvisturi erTeulic ki mocemuli enis dialeqtad kva-lificirdeba; kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aramonaTesave


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enobrivi erTeulis dialeqtad qcevis gansasazRvravad SemuSave-bulia e.w. gadafarvis kriteriumi (ix. i.gosensi, 1977); sanimu-Sod ganvixilavT prusiuli metyvelebis istorias:

1230-1284 wlebSi germanelebma daipyres litvuri modgmis to-mebi – prusielebi; droTa ganmavlobaSi prusiis mosaxleoba ga-germanelda (g.tivaZe, 1970, gv.101-102); me-17 saukunemde arsebuli Zveli prusiuli enis - litvuris monaTesave baltikuri enis - "memkvidre" axali prusiuli metyveleba dRes ukve ramdenime ger-manul (brandenburgul) dialeqtad ganixileba; Sdr., aseve, v. Jirmunskis pozicia slavTa teritoriaze - saqsoniis miwaze - Camoyalibebuli aRmosavlur Suagermanuli dialeqtebis Sesaxeb (v.Jirmunski, 1956, gv.24); Sdr., a.onianis Sefaseba: germanuli eni-sa da dialeqtebis specialistebi zemogermanul da qvemoger-manul enebs, erovnul-politikuri interesebidan gamomdina-re, dialeqtebs uwodeben (ix. a.oniani, 2003, gv.139-140).

mecnierTa mier enisa da dialeqtis problemis araarsebiTad CaTvla an politikis interesebis sferod miCneva kacobriobisa-Tvis zianis momtani SeiZleba gaxdes. garkveviT unda iTqvas, rom enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis TiTqosda uwyinar lingvistur problemasTan dakavSirebulia ara mxolod erTi konkretuli qveynisa da eris bedi, aramed sxvadasxva erTa mSvidobiani Tana-cxovrebis perspeqtivac.

Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis mimarTebis problema sinqro-nuladaa gansaxilveli sazogadoebriv-istoriuli, eTnikur-kul-turuli, religiuri da sakuTriv lingvisturi aspeqtebiT; aseve, saWiroa mecnierTa kvlevis Sedegebis gasazogadoebrioba, vinai-dan, aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba mocemuli sazogadoe-bis mowyveta Tavis kulturul warsulTan: xalxs eqneba gacnobie-rebuli arCevani TviTidentifikaciisaTvis da, rac mTavaria, da-culi iqneba adamianis Tu eTnosis ufleba, icodes Tavisi war-suli; samagaliTod moviyvanT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi lazi gogonas werils, romelic daibeWda Jurnal mJoraSi (Sdr.: laz. mJo-ra/bJora, megr. bJa, svan. miJ da samwign. qarT. mze) da 2002 wlis oq-


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tomberSi internetiTac gamoqveynda (Lazebura.com); werilis saTa-uria: "erTi qalaqeli gogonas ”egoisturi" siyvaruli"; moviy-vanT werilis ZiriTad fragmentebs:

"wlebis manZilze megona, rom me musikis armqone kulturis Svili vi-yavi, radganac, lazur garemocvas mowyvetili, erTi Soreuli qalaqis kulturis pirobebSi gavizarde...

rizes findiklis raionis sofeli pizxala Cemi sofelia. me pizxalas xeobis Svili var. dedaCemic imave raionis sofel derbentidanaa. ese igi, me orive mxridan lazi var. magram 1972 wels izmiTis goljuqis raionSi davbadebulvar. Tvramet wlamde iqve, Semdeg ki, universitetis wlebis gamoklebiT, sul stambolSi vcxovrobdi da vcxovrob.

vxedav, rom lazebi, rogorc eTnikuri koleqtivi, viSlebiT da sada-caa im wertilze mivalT, roca aRar viarsebebT.

Cemi mSoblebi sakmaod axalgazrdul asakSi, rogorc yvela, realur sinamdviles gamoeqcnen da movidnen ucxo qalaqSi... deda - saswavleblad, mama ki - samuSaod.

yovel zafxuls davdiodiT sofelSi. Cemi mSoblebis iq yofna da ga-CaRebuli keria axlac maxsovs. yvavilian da msxlis xeebian baRs, viwro arxiT orad gayofil ezosa da ded-mamisagan uCumrad gasaxmobad gafeni-li Txilis moparvas roca vigoneb, Tvalebi cremlebiT mevseba xolme...

1992 wlis 10 ivliss ded-mama davkarge. ori wlis Semdeg ki 90 wlis da CemTvis ”mosiarule biblioTekad” miCneuli babuac mivabareT miwas... maT didi monatrebiT vixseneb...

maTTan gamomSvidobebis Semdeg arc sofeli SemrCa da aRarc saxli. qalaqma ufleba ar momca, maT davpatronebodi. ukve aRarc moxucebi myavs, aRarc yanebi da baRebi maqvs da arc sofelSi wasvlis SesaZlebl-oba. 1997 wlis oqtombris TveSi, roca bolos Cavedi sofelSi, saxlis Weridan cis kamara moCanda ukve. arada, sityva mqonda micemuli, rom ro-ca gavizrdebodi, aRvadgendi. diax, gavizarde, magram me saxli aRar dame-loda. Cavikece Sua oTaxSi da vitire Cveni daqcevis gamo.

yvela es Cemi ubedoba da naRveli cota xniT daviviwyoT da imas mogi-TxrobT, Tu dRevandel Segnebamde rogor mivedi.

1994 wels Jurnal OGNI-s saSualebiT Sevityve zugaSi berepes musi-kaluri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. xazis radioTi lazuri programebisa da zo-gierTi gadacemis, aseve birol TofaloRlus "HEYAMO"-s wyalobiT Seg-nebam imisa, rom me lazi var, mTlianad momicva.

gudastviris sulSi Camwvdomi xma, lazur enaze siamovnebiT mosmeni-li nawarmoebebi, maTSi gamoTqmuli arsi da Sinaarsi me TiTqmis Tavs ma-


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kargvinebs... mixaria, rom Cvenc gvqonia desTanebi da Setirebebi, musika-luri kultura; bolo or weliwadSi lazurs kargad daveufle. nawar-moebebis sityvebis gagebac daviwye da ukve lazurad SemiZlia laparaki.

axla lazuri Jurnali MJORA-c gvaqvs. me mjera, rom, misi wyalobiT, erTmaneTis Sesaxeb ufro meti informacia gveqneba, erTmaneTs ufro ga-vuwvdenT daxmarebis xels.

uwinares yovlisa, mimaCnia, rom, iseve rogorc yvela xalxma, lazebmac TavianTi warsulisa da warmomavlobis Zieba unda daiwyon. amisaTvis Ta-nadgoma da mxardaWera aucilebelia, radganac Tanadgomis gareSe darCe-nili koleqtivi TandaTan mcirdeba, degradirdeba da evropis qveynebis universitetebSi "mkvdar enaTa kaTedrebze" mxolod sakvlevad iyeneben. Cvenc aseve SeiZleba dagvemarTos, magram, sabednierod, varsebobT da nab-ij-nabij win mimavali kultura varT.

me, siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT, rwmeniTa da enTuziazmiT savse er-Ti lazi gogona, uaxloes momavalSi Sexvedris da azrTa gaziarebis sur-viliT yvelas gesalmebiT". pativiscemiT: refika yadioRlu (Turqu-lidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem).

aSkaraa, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa udidesi nawilisa-Tvis jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia ara mxolod TavianTi istoriuli warsulis, samwignobro enis Tu mSobliuri literaturis, ara-med sakuTriv lazuri folkloris arsebobis codnac. mag., refika qadioRlum ar icis, rom ioane lazi, stefane sananoisZe, iovane minCxi, iovane petriwi, giorgi Wyondideli, iovane maruSisZe da mravali sxva lazi Tu megreli didi qarTveluri werilobiTi kulturisa da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis burjni arian; aseve, mas ara aqvs informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeboda lazTa dagegmili asimilacia: ra gulmodginebiT cdilobda qemalistu-ri TurqeTi lazTaTvis sakuTari warsulis daviwyebas - lazTa ga-Turqebas. am sakiTxs mravali naSromi mieZRvna, mag., davimowmebT wa-Te bawaSis mimoxilvis vrcel fragments (w.bawaSi, 1988, gv.13-15):

"sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sulTnis "qveSevrdomni" Tavis Tavs mkveT-rad ganasxvavebdnen eTnikuri gagebiT. bunebrivia, rom qarTvelebi (lazebi), albanelebi, arabebi da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi arasodes uwodebd-nen Tavs Turqebs. amasTan erTad, lazeTis mTavrebi, ramdenadac es SesaZ-lo iyo, inarCunebdnen erTgvar damoukideblobas. amas isini axerxebdnen XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde, Tumca evalebodaT, omis SemTxvevaSi gamoeyvanaT


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laSqari osmaleTis dasaxmareblad, magram lazTa razmebi Turquli jarisa-gan yovelTvis gancalkevebiT idgnen da masTan arasodes hqondaT urTierTo-ba" (АКТЫ КАК, t. 3 gv.53)...

miuxedavad didi survilisa, rom waSalon yvelaferi, rac miuTiTebs lazebis (qarTvelebis) araTurqul warmoSobaze, TurqeTis mmarTveli wree-bi iZulebulni arian aRiaron, rom lazebi miekuTvnebian kavkasiuri jgufis xalxebs da warmoadgenen erT-erT qarTvel toms. amasTan, cdiloben, es problema moaqcion wminda lingvistur CarCoebSi. yvela Turquli leqsiko-ni erTxmad amtkicebs, rom "lazebi arian lazurad molaparake, patara kavka-siuri tomis warmomadgenlebi, xolo stambolSi miRebuli azri, aRmosav-leT SavizRvispireTis yvela mcxovrebs ewodos lazi, mcdaria" (Turquli enis didi leqsikoni, stamboli, 1977, gv.786; axali Turquli leqsikoni, sta-mboli, 1980, gv.649; Turqul enaze).

oficialur Turqul istoriografiaSi lazi moRvawis lazad xseneba miRebuli ar aris da Turqi erisaTvis mavned aris miCneuli. rogorc i.da-niSmendi wers, "saxelwodeba "laz"-s akuTvnebdnen trapizonelebs. iqauri mosaxleoba amayad iCemebda lazobas. am cudi Cvevis bevri magaliTi gvaqvs" (i.daniSmendi, osmaleTis istoriis ganmartebiTi qronologia, IV tomi, 1955, gv.492; Turqul enaze). magram imave istorikoss ratomRac aviwydeba imis Tqma, Tu ratom iCemebdnen ase amayad lazebi lazobas da ara albanel-obas, arabobas da a.S.; meore mxriv, islamis enciklopediaSi garkveviT weria, rom "lazebi" arian samxreT kavkasiuri (qarTuli) tomis warmomadgenlebi da istoriulad ukaviaT Savi zRvis sanapiros samxreT-aRmosavleTi" (isla-mis enciklopedia, VII tomi, stamboli, 1955, gv.25; Turqul enaze). doRan av-jioRlu Tavis "Turqul istoriaSi" pirdapir uTiTebs, rom "XI saukunis da-sawyisSi Turqmenebis (seljukebis - w.b.) mosvlamde, Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi Warbobdnen qarTvelebi da lazebi, maT enaze laparakobda mosax-leobis umravlesoba" (d.avjioRlu, Turqebis istoria, wigni I, stamboli, 1979, gv.44, 144; Turqul enaze).

fars TuRlajis enciklopediur leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: "lazuri ena axloa qarTulTan da warmoadgens megruli enis kilos" (f. TuRlaji, encik-lopediuri leqsikoni "okeane", IV tomi, me-2 gamocema, gamomcemloba "jemnie-Ti", 1978, maisi, gv.1776; Turqul enaze). "ena, romelzec laparakoben lazebi, miekuTvneba kavkasiuri enebis samxreTul jgufs da Zalian axloa qarTulTan" (i.a.govse, axali leqsikoni da enciklopedia ilustraciebiT, gv.1954; Tur-qul enaze). qemal qaradenizli Tavis "trapizonis istoriaSi" ambobs: "tra-pizonis, giresunis, rizes, Torulis da sxva adgilebis mosaxleoba Sedgeba lazebisagan, romlebic cxovroben qarTuli wes-CveulebebiT da aqvT saerTo warmoSoba, rjuli da adaTi" (q.qaradenizli, trapizonis istoria, stambo-


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li, 1877, gv, 68; Turqul enaze). avtori iZulebulia aRiaros: "es qveyana da-saxlebuli iyo WanebiT, lazebiT da qarTvelebiT, romlebic, marTalia, sulTnis qveSevrdomebad iTvlebodnen, magram ar cnobdnen centralur xel-isuflebas da eqvemdebarebodnen mxolod Tavis begebsa da aRebs"...

Turquli istoriografia ver axerxebs, uaryos lazebisa da qarTvele-bis naTesaoba da eTnikuri erToba, magram mainc cdilobs, "mecnierulad" da-amtkicos laz-WanTa Turquli warmoSoba. am sakiTxs garkveul adgils uT-moben saxelmZRvaneloebsa da popularul gamocemebSi. ewevian imis propagan-das, TiTqos laz-Wanebi ganekuTvnebian alTauri warmomavlobis Turqul eT-nikur jgufs".

lazTa sakiTxi ufro da ufro rTuldeba: sakuTari erovnuli istoriis arcodnis gamo, qarTvelobas

Tavisi nebiT emijneba TurqeTSi mcxovreb lazTa erTi nawili; maT ar ician, rom qarTuli (qarTveluri) samwignobro enis, kultu-risa da saxelmwifoebriobis SeqmnaSi arsebiTi wvlili swored laz-megrelebisaa; rom, gansxvavebiT germanuli, italiuri, espanuri da sxva enebisgan, qarTvelTa samwignobro ena saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze Seiqmna (da ara romelime kilos mixedviT); rom maTi winaprebi saukuneebis manZilze sxva qarTve-lebTan erTad saerTo enaze qmnidnen samwignobro kulturas... saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi da ganaTlebuli lazebisTvis cnobilia es istoriuli simarTle; Sdr.: ucxoeTSi myof zog lazs es sinamdvile e.w. qarTuli imperiuli azrovnebis gamovlineba hgo-nia. araiSviaTad, lazTa amgvari ganwyoba marTulia romelime im-periis mesveurTa mierac.

qarTvelur kulturasTan lazTa TviTgaigivebas, TviTident-ifikacias arTulebs saerTo qarTveluri enis divergenciis is mcdari qronologiebic, romlebic aqamde iyo damkvidrebuli; sa-nimuSod moviyvanT germaniaSi moRvawe lazi gubaz Cibarisis msj-elobis fragments werilidan: "megrel-lazebi da saqarTvelo" (statia Turqulad gamoqveynda Lazebura.com-is gverdebze 2003 wlis martSi):

"megreli (? - t.f.) arqeologi da istorikosi lorTqifaniZe aRniS-navs, rom iberiuli kultura da kolxuri kultura erTmaneTisagan sru-liad gansxvavebuli materialuri kulturis mflobelebi arian. aseTi


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viTareba gviCvenebs, rom am periodSi megrel-lazebsa da iberielebs (qar-Tvelebs) Soris kavSiri an ar arsebobda, anda iseT doneze iyo, rom er-TmaneTze gavlenas ver axdendnen. kolxuri kultura, megrel-lazTa ga-qristianebis periodamde, ese igi, Cv. w. aR-is me-4, me-5 saukuneebamde grZeldeba (afaqiZe). elinuri da romauli kolonizacia da am kulture-bis gavlenaze damokidebuli megrel-lazebi gaqristianebis Semdeg saber-ZneTis marTlmadideblur eklesiaze iyvnen damokidebulni da eklesiis ena berZnuli iyo.

qarTvelebisa da megrel-lazebis SesaZlo pirveli seriozuli kul-turuli Sexeba megrel-lazTa adreul saukuneebSi qarTul orTodoq-sul eklesiasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo...

qarTvelebi da megrel-lazebi daaxloebiT 3000 weli erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukideblad viTardebodnen. kolxuri kultura iberiuli (qarTuli) kulturidan daaxloebiT 700 wliT gvian iwyeba.

gnebavT enobrivi, gnebavT istoriuli ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, na-Tlad Cans, rom megrel-lazebi qarTvelebisagan (qorTuebisgan) gansxva-vebuli eTnikuri jgufia. am ori xalxis fizionomiuri saxeebic ki Tavi-suflad SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT. mokled rom vTqvaT, megrel-lazTa da qarTvelebs Soris yvelaze axlo kavSirebi mxolod am ori enis erTi da imave enaTa ojaxis wevrobaa...

megrel-lazTa, qarTvelTa da svanTa erT xalxad gamocxadeba da "qar-Tvelianebad" saxeldeba istoriulad da lingvisturad alogikuria. Tuki yvelani qarTvelebi varT, ese igi, erTi xalxi varT, maSin mecniere-bisa da literaturis enad qarTulis gamoyeneba faruli asimilaciis tolfasia. aq arsebuli alogikuroba qarTulis Cv. w. aRricxvamde 4000-5000 wlebSi daSlis Sedegad warmoqmnili enis verdanaxva, anda, danaxvis usurvelobaa. lazebi ukve Tavisi nebiT, qarTvelebisa da Turqebis sur-vilebs ar TanaugrZnoben; maTi asimilaciis msurvelTa umarTebuloba cxadia" (Turqulidan Targmna giga qamuSaZem). gubaz Cibarisis msjeloba efuZneba qarTvelur dialeqtTa da-

Slis im mcdar qronologias, romelic pirvelad warmoadgina g.klimovma. aq mokled vityviT (vrclad ix. qvemoT): dRes bunebaSi ar arsebobs Tvisobrivad ucvleli arc erTi ena, romelic arseb-obda 5000 wlis win; raRa svanuri, qarTuli Tu lazur-megruli SemorCa dedamiwas? bevri wyaro da logikuri argumenti arsebobs saimisod, rom vTqvaT: saerTo qarTveluri enis kiloebad di-vergenciis ufro logikuri da realobasTan axlo myofi Tari-


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Ria welTaRricxvaTa mijna (t.futkaraZe, 2000, gv.98-100); garda amisa, am dros saerToqarTveluridan iRebs saTaves sa-mwignobro qarTulic (Sdr., arn.Ciqobava, 1966, gv.92), megrul-Wanuric, qarTlur-kaxuric da sxva qarTveluri kiloebic. Se-sabamisad, qarTuli samwignobro kultura isevea lazebis kuTvni-leba, rogorc - aWarlebis, qarTlelebis, raWvelebis, svanebis, ka-xelebisa Tu mesxebisa.

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: eTnikur-erovnuli TviTaRqmis TvalsazrisiT, arsebiTia codna sakuTari fesvebisa; Sdr.: saqar-Tvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSi mcxovrebi Tanamedrove megrel-lazebis mier kargadaa gacnobierebuli, rom maTi winaprebis Rvawlis Sedegicaa qarTuli/qarTveluri samwignobro kul-tura; TurqeTSi/ruseTSi mcxovrebTaTvis ki ukve gaucxoebulia ioane lazis, Wyondidlebis, bagrationebis da sxva moRvaweTa mier naloliavebi samwignobro enac da kulturuli tradiciac (vinai-dan maTi ganaTlebis ena Turqulia/rusulia); Tumca, gubaz Ciba-riss kargad rom Seeswavla Tundac TurqeTis moqalaqe lazTa folkori, is iolad aRmoaCenda, rom lazebisTvis sayvareli winaparia Tamar mefe (ix., magaliTad, i.yifSiZe, 1917):

XII saukunis erTiani saqarTvelos didi mefe Tamari lazuri xalxuri Tqmulebebis gamorCeuli gmiria, msgavsad svanuri, meg-ruli, heruli, taouri, aWaruli, fSav-xevsuruli, qarTl-kaxuri Tu imerxeuli gadmocemebisa; garda amisa, saqarTvelos sxva ku-TxeTa msgavsad, lazeTSic Tamaris saxels ukavSirdeba mravalsaukunovani xidebis, cixesimagreebis, taZrebis mSenebloba da a.S. aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom sofel makrialis (amJamindeli xofis raionis sofeli qemalfaSa) mkvidri memd-ali veziroRli-anCabaZis cnobiT, lazebi Tamar mefes lazad Tvlian; metic, makrialelTa (qemalfaSelTa) rwmeniT, Tamar mefis saflavi makrialis taZarSia (bagrationTa lazur warmomavlobas qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic amowmebs; memd-ali veziroRli-anCabaZis Canawerebi daibeWdeba "qarTveluri me-


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mkvidreobis" IX tomSi; teqstebs da gamokvlevas gamosaqveyneblad amzadebs mixeil labaZe).

saukuneebis manZilze romeli xalxi inaxavs "sxvaTa" mefis saxels aseTi didi siyvaruliT? dampyrobel-asimilatorTa me-fis xotba-dideba imperiis dacemasTan erTad kvdeba... aSkaraa, rom Tamaris saxe erT-erTi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia qarTvelTa saerTo istoriuli mexsierebisa, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa erov-nuli TviTaRqmisa.

megrul-lazur enobriv velSi samwignobro enis saxis Sesaxeb uTuod sayuradReboa prokopi kesarielis msjeloba quTaisis sa-xelis Sesaxeb; kerZod, is wers: lazebma berZnuli ena ar ician, amitom amaxinjeben da kotiaions quTaTiss/qoTaiss eZaxian (geor-gika, 1965, gv.195). cnobilia, rom megrul-Wanurad quTaiss quTe-Si hqvia; gamomdinare aqedan, prokopis dros an lazuri (megrul-lazuri) metyveleba CvenTvis cnobili saxiT jer Camoyalibebuli ar aris, an lazTa ZiriTadi saurTierTo-saxelmwifo ena iyo samwignobro qarTuli; Sdr., bagrati, giorgi I Tu saqar-Tvelos gamaerTianebeli da qarTuli mwignobrobis amRorZineb-eli sxva mefeebi, aseve, Wyondidlebi da mravali sxva moRvawe la-zeT-klarjeT-egrisidan iyvnen (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT).

tradiciulad, erTi eris Svilebs erTi ena aqvT, swored ami-tomaa, rom, mag., Zveli mematianeni da Cveni didi moRvaweni (gri-gol xanZTeli, leonti mroveli, vaxuSti, sulxan-saba, ilia WavWa-vaZe, akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, konstantine gamsaxur-dia...) arasodes saubroben qarTvelTa ramdenime enis arsebobaze; metic, Cveni mwignobari winaprebi xazgasmiT weren, rom qarTvel-Ta istoriuli kulturis tradiciuli enaa - dedaenaa - samwig-nobro qarTuli, xolo odiSuri (megruli), mesxuri, kaxuri, sva-nuri da qarTvelTa sxva metyvelebani kuTxur-sofluri kiloebia (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. arn.Ciqobava, 1948; b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.22-23; a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.58-63, 114-118; ix., agreTve, t.futkaraZe, 2000; t.futkaraZe, n.nakani, 2001; T.gvancelaZe, 2003).


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adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da qarTvel-Ta erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT gansa-kuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTobis traqtati", romel-sac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTl-kaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTi-sa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma; traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami:

"vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Si-na qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa aqvsT erT morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTolike eklesiisagan So-bilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni, aqvsT mavasxelobiTica ( - ur-TierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.) siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTe-savTa da moyvarobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris.

amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da mefeni da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis pirobisa saxeliT yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtkicesa amas erTobasa, romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Sina hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..."

sayuradReboa istorikosTa da eTnografTa daskvnac: “da-qucmacebul saqarTveloSi “marto sakuTriv qarTli ar aris sa-qarTvelo, sxva samefo-samTavroebic Tavs saqarTveloebad warmoadgenen. aseTi mravlobiTi Segnebidan ibadeba uCveulo forma “saqarTveloni anu saqarTveloebi; aseTi saqarTveloe-bia: mesxeTi, kaxeT-hereTi, qarTli, imereTi, guria, odiS-afxazeTi (msjelobisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. a.jafariZe, 1996; r.TofCiSvili, 2002); yvela am mcire samefoSi samefo kancelariis ena qarTuli, xolo kultura - zogadqarTuli iyo.

naTelia: tradiciulad, qarTvelebi vTvlidiT, rom mxo-lod erTi enis mqoneni varT.

ra safuZvlis, kriteriumis Tu mecnieruli argumentis mixed-viT gaCnda mosazrebebi, rom gvaqvs ori Tu sami samwignobro ena (Zveli, axali, saSuali), sami Tu oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, zanuri (megruli, Wanuri) da svanuri da... ramdenad Seesabameba realur viTarebas amgvari kvalifikaciebi?

qarTvelTa sami sxvadasxva samwignobro enis - Zveli litera-turuli enis, saSualo saukuneebis literaturis enisa da axali


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qarTuli enis - Sesaxeb msjeloba pirvelad warmodgenilia n.maris naSromSi (n.mari, 1922, gv.5); ak. SaniZem da mecnierTa didma jgufma ukritikod miiRo amgvari Sefaseba. arn. Ciqobavam aCvena, rom saSu-ali qarTuli aris "Zveli" da "axali" normebis Sereva, Sesabami-sad, man ganaviTara mosazreba, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod Zveli da axali qarTuli ena. b.jorbenaZis azriT, qarTuli samwig-nobro enis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi an eqvsi etapi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe, 1993).

Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebelia samwignobro qarTulis warmodgena e. w. Zvel, saSual da axal qarTul enebad (an Zvel da axal enebad) berZnulisa da sxva enaTa msgavsad (Zveli qarTu-li enisa da axali qarTuli enis arsebobis dausabuTeblobis Se-saxeb ix.: r.TvaraZe, 1985, gv.19; z.gamsaxurdia, 1991, gv.534; t. futk-araZe, 1993; t.futkaraZe, 1998; c.bendeliani, 2003...).

Zveli da axali berZnuli marTlac sxvadasxva struqturis enebia da maT Soris gagebinebac SeuZlebelia; Sdr., qarTvelur sinamdvileSi Zveli da axali qarTuli enobrivi qvesistemebi er-TmaneTisagan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdeba: "gansxvavebul droTa Wrilebsa da horizontalur ganStoebebSi qarTuli ena struq-turul saxes arsebiTad yvela doneze inarCunebs" (T.uTurgaiZe, 2002, gv.19; Sdr., T.uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.12); garda amisa, saukuneebis manZilze leqsikuri fondis gasaocari simyaris gamo, arc gagebi-neba gamxdara problema. samwignobro qarTulis amgvari stabilu-roba gansazRvra unikalurma situaciam: igi TiTqmis oci sauku-nis manZilze erTdroulad aris saxelmwifo enac, saeklesio enac da samwerlobo enac; amdenad, ufro logikuria, vilapara-koT qarTuli samwignobro enis stilur variantebze; kerZod, sau-kuneebis manZilze gverdigverd funqcionirebda da dResac arseb-obs erTi samwignobro enis saeklesio, saliteraturo, sakancela-rio, samecniero stilebi da xalxuri metyvelebis nairsaxeobani.

ukanasknelad am Temas Seexo g.gogolaSvili (2004, gv.32-37; TandarTuli SeniSvniT, naSromis saboloo varianti Seqmnilia 2000 wels), romelic Seecada daesabuTebina, rom arsebobs sami sa-erTo-saxalxo qarTuli ena (Zveli, saSuali da axali) da ori qar-


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Tuli saliteraturo ena (Zveli da axali). g.gogolaSvilis msje-loba aseTia: "Zveli qarTuli ena da axali qarTuli ena Cvens warmodgenaSi sxvadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebia" (gv.35); "ar arsebobs erTiani saSuali qarTuli saliteraturo ena, magram arsebobs saSuali qarTuli ena, rogorc enobrivi rea-loba Tavisi mravalgvari nairsaxeobiT" (gv.37).

vfiqrobT, qarTuli samwignobro enis stiluri variantebi ar warmoadgenen "klasikuri gagebiT or saliteraturo enas" (Sdr., g.gogolaSvili, 2004, gv.35); isini erTmaneTs arc droSi enacvle-bian: XI saukuneSi ar wydeba "e.w. Zveli qarTuli"; amave stiliT iwereba saeklesio xasiaTis Sromebi XII-XVIII saukuneebSic da XIX s. pirvel naxevarSic ki; garda amisa, qarTuli marTlmadideb-eli eklesiis RvTismsaxureba amJamadac am eniT mimdinareobs; e.i. qarTuli samwignobro enis saeklesio da saero-samecniero sti-lebi dResac Tanaarseboben saeklesio da saero velebis mixedviT; es stiluri variantebi ar arian sxvadasxva drois enobrivi donee-bi. garda amisa, Tavisi funqcionirebis yvela periodSi qarTuli saerTo-erovnuli ena warmodgenilia Tavisi "mravalgvari nairsa-xeobiT". Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli saer-To-saxalxo erovnuli enis stiluri variantebis funqcionire-bis periodebze (da ara ramdenime qarTuli samwignobro enis ar-sebobaze), mag.:

damwerlobamdeli periodi: funqcionirebs zogadqarTuli enobrivi koine, misi oficialuri (saxelmwifo), sakulto saxes-xvaobebi da qarTveluri kiloebi;

V-X saukuneebi: funqcionirebs saeklesio ena da qarTvelTa zepiri metyvelebis oficialuri da xalxuri nairsaxeobebi;

IX-XX saukuneebi: gverdigverd arsebobs samwerlobo enis normirebuli saeklesio, saliteraturo (saero-sakancelario), samecniero stilebi, teritoriuli da socialuri dialeqtebi, Jargonebi da a.S.

saerToqarTvelurisgan momdinare erTiani qarTveluri erovnuli samwignobro enis uwyvetad arsebobis pirobebSi, vfiqrobT, naklebargumentirebulia msjeloba sami Tu oTxi qar-


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Tveluri enis (qarTulis, zanuris, svanuris) Sesaxebac. dRes am-gvar daskvnebs akeTeben isini, vinc Tvlis, rom ena-kilos sakvali-fikaciod sakmarisia gagebineba, rogorc lingvisturi kriteri-umi (bolo amgvari msjelobis Sesaxeb, ix. T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe… 2003, gv.615).

Tavidanve aRvniSnavT, rom gagebineba ar aris lingvisturi kriteriumi (vrclad ix.: t.futkaraZe; 2002, T.gvancelaZe, 2003). garda amisa, sayovelTaodaa cnobili (ix., mag., h.paulis, h.hirtis, v.Jirmunskis, g.t.Sarbatovis, n.v.iuSmanovis, v.a.Jukovskis da sxva-Ta gamokvlevebi), rom gagebinebis ararsebobis Tu sakuTriv lin-gvistur maxasiaTeblebSi didi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, arabTa, germanelTa, sparselTa, CinelTa, espanelTa, italielTa, frang-Ta, iaponelTa da mraval sxva xalxTa "saSinao metyvelebani" saer-Toerovnuli samwignobro enis dialeqtebad iTvleba; metic, ara-iSviaTad, adamianebi ver floben samwignobro enas, magram maT de-daenad mainc zogaderovnuli ena miiCneva. sanimuSod moviyvanT n.i.konradis daskvnas: "iaponiasa da CineTSi ara mxolod sofelSi, aramed qalaqSic mosaxleobis nawili saerTod ver flobs saerTo saliteraturo enas da zepiri urTierTobebis dros iyenebs Ta-vis dialeqts" (n.i.konradi, 1960); es sulac ar niSnavs, rom iapo-nels, romelic ver flobs samwignobro enas da mxolod dialeqt-ze metyvelebs, dedaena ara aqvs, an misi dedaena misive dialeqtia: saerTo-samwignobro enis armcodne iaponelisTvisac dedaenaa sa-literaturo iaponuri. swored msgavsi faqtebis aralogikuri gansjis gamo zogs gauCnda azri, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes ori dedaena (ix., mag., a.oniani, 2003, gv.143); iqve, erTmaneTSia aRreuli dedaenisa da samwignobro enis cnebebi.

dedamiwaze arsebuli enobrivi erTeulebi, rogorc wesi, ene-bad da dialeqtebad kvalificirebuli ar aris gagebinebis krit-eriumis mixedviT; Tumca am faqtors arsebiTi mniSvneloba Sei-Zleba mieniWos werilobiTi tradiciis armqone enobrivi erTeu-lebis statusis gansazRvrisas: Tu monaTesave sazogadoebebs ar gaaCniaT winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwignobroba, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis CamomZerwavi, gama-


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erTianebeli kulturul-enobrivi sistema; Sesabamisad, saerTo eTnokulturuli erTobis codnis ararsebobisa da metyvelebis gagebinebis dabali xarisxis pirobebSi, umwer-lobo monaTesave kontinuumebi am sazogadoebebis mier enebad SeiZleba iqnen miCneulni.

werilobiTi tradiciis mqone sazogadoebis zepiri (xalxu-ri) metyvelebis statusis gansazRvrisas gagebinebis kriteriums ver daveyrdnobiT, vinaidan, logikaSi gagebineba metad pirobiTi cnebaa da, rac mTavaria, amgvari e.w. araprofesionalur-xalxu-ri midgomiT, iZulebulni gavxdebiT, werilobiTi tradiciis mqone TiTqmis yvela ena ramdenime enad davSaloT: msoflioSi arsebul TiTqmis yvela enas moepoveba iseTi dialeqti, rom-lis gageba gauWirdeba sxva dialeqtis mflobels; araTu ki-loebs Soris, aramed kilokavebs Sorisac ki xSirad ara gvaqvs ga-gebineba.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom msoflios sxva enebisa da maTi kiloebis msgavsad, momijnave qarTvelur kiloebs Soris gagebinebis prob-lema naklebadaa; mag., qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris abaSis ra-ionSi arsebuli gardamavali zonis metyveleba SemaerTebel xids warmoadgens megrulsa da imeruls Soris (Sdr., v.boederi, 2003 da k.gabunia, 2004, gv.171). saqarTveloSi sustadaa Seswavlili gardamavali sametyvelo zonebi; samwignobro enis normebis da-woliT amJamad gardamavali zonis metyveleba ufro da ufro ni-velirdeba, Tumca, qsu dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi in-stitutis TanamSromlebis mier mainc moxerxda gardamavali me-tyvelebis saintereso nimuSebis Cawera; ix., agreTve, "qarTul di-aleqtologiaSi" gamoqveynebuli teqstebi (1961, gv.479-480).

momijnave monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris gagebineba rTuldeba mTagoriani landSaftis pirobebSi (samegrelo da sva-neTi, kaxeTi da TuSeTi…): bunebrivi barierebi xels uSlis in-tensiur komunikacias; Sdr., TiTqmis yvela enaSi mkveTrad gansxva-vebulia aramomijnave kiloebic.


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enisa da kilos gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb msjelobis ga-grZelebamde, ganvmartavT samecniero literaturaSi gamoyene-bul terminebs - ena, dedaena:

ena. ena aris garkveuli semantikis mqone bgeriT niSanTa - en-obriv niSanTa - istoriulad Camoyalibebuli sistema, romelic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, codnis Senaxvis da komunikaciis saSualebas; Sdr.: calke aRebuli dialeqtic (rogorc mocemuli enis qvesistema/mikrosistema) bgeriT niSanTa bunebrivad mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic warmoadgens sa-myaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciis saSualebas; Sesaba-misad, enis am logikuri definiciis mixedviT ver gavmijnavT enasa da kilos.

enis ganmartebis sxva variantebic ar iZleva saSualebas, gavmijnoT ena da kilo; Sdr., mag:

"ena aris urTierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema: sistema pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebisa, romelic azris gamoxatvisa da urTi-erTgagebinebisaTvis gamoiyeneba" (a.oniani, 2003, gv.142-143). bevri qveynis (iaponiis, CineTis, espaneTis, saqarTvelos, arabeTis...) zog raionSi ZiriTadad dialeqtiT xdeba komunikacia; aseve, ur-TierTgagebinebis saSualebaTa sistema SeiZleba iyos morzes anbani, cxovelis bgeriTi ena, raime pirobiTi bgeriTi niSnebi da sxv. a.onianis ganmartebaSi sakamaToa bgeriTi niSnebis pirobi-Tobis sakiTxic; saxeldebis motivaciisa da enobrivi niSnis nebis-mierobis - am uZvelesi problematikis - Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan vmsjelobT; aq ki sakiTxs mokled SevexebiT (ix., agreTve, t.futka-raZe, 1996):

enobrivi niSnis arsze mecnieruli msjeloba saTaves iRebs C.persisa da f.sosiuris naSromebidan; mag., f.sosiuri, gulis-xmobs ra aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis pirobiTobas, wers: "aRmniSvneli motivirebuli ar aris; e.i. pirobiTia aRsaniS-nis mimarT" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.76). ramdenad zustia amgvari mi-dgoma maSin, roca Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi enobrivi niSnis cneba moiazrebs: morfemas, damxmare sityvas, damoukidebel si-tyvas, Sesityvebas, winadadebas; esenia pirobiTi bgeriTi niSne-


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bi? aqve moviyvanT g.ramiSvilis mier dasmul kiTxvas (g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.93):

Tu pirobiTia niSnis kavSiri sityvasa da sagans (warmodgenas) Soris, maSin rogor SeiZleba ena, rogorc pirobiT niSanTa siste-ma, gamodges sagnobrivi viTarebis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebis in-strumentad?

anda: ras niSnavs f.sosiuriseuli motivirebuloba: bgeriTi xati-

sa da cnebis Sepirobebulobas? zogadad, saxeldebis gamWvirva-lobas?

saxeldeba motivirebuli SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod xmabaZvi-Ta da bgerweriT, aramed sagnobrivi mimarTebiTac; mag.:

Seneba: mSenebeli, asaSenebeli, amSenebeli, auSenebeli, aSe-nebs, uSenebs, gadaSenebuli da a.S.

aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove aglutinaciur enebSi amgvari si-tyvebi umravlesobas Seadgens; garda amisa, f.sosiurive gvaf-rTxilebs, rom uxsovari enobrivi tradicia anu "warsulTan kav-Siri erTTavad abrkolebs arCevanis Tavisuflebas. vambobT "ada-miani" da "ZaRli", radgan Cvenamdec ase ambobdnen" (f.sosiuri, 2002, gv.80).

enobrivi niSnis nebismierobis kritikis TvalsazrisiT, sayu-radRebo daskvna warmoadgina T.gamyreliZem naSromSi: "damatebiTobis principi" da enobrivi niSnis pirobiTobis problema" (T.gamyreliZe, 2000, gv. 246): aRsaniSnTa "horizontalu-ri" mimarTebebi garkveulwilad apirobebs aRmniSvnelT; Sesabami-sad, amgvari motivirebuloba gasaTvaliswinebelia enobrivi niS-nis daxasiaTebisas.

vfiqrobT: morfemebi, frazebi Tu winadadebebi ver miiCneva pirobiT

niSnebad; garda amisa, saxeldebis procesSi sagnobrivi mimarTe-bis arsebiTi rolis gamo, Tanamedrove enebis sityvaTa didi nawi-lic motivirebulad unda miviCnioT (ZiriTadad, nawarmoebi si-tyvebi; mag.: sakace, kacuri, kacoba); Sesabamisad, aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis mimarTebis sxvadasxvawaxnagovani Teoriebis arsebobis


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pirobebSi, enis (rogorc niSanTa sistemis) ganmartebaSi enobrivi niSnis ucilobeli pirobiTobis moazreba, rbilad rom vTqvaT, uzustobaa...

dedaena. dedaena (Muttersprache; Mather tongue, Native language) aris winaprebis mier Seqmnili kulturis ena, romelic, rogorc samyaros xedva-aRqmis sistema, mraval Taobas aerTianebs (magram, Tu mag., romelime afrikeli daibada safrangeTSi da is Tavis ded-aenad franguls Tvlis, bunebrivia, mis dedaenad franguli miiC-neva); dedaena mTavari enaa da ara maincdamainc mxolod biologi-uri dedis ena (Sdr.: dedamiwa, dedaboZi... Sdr., mamazecieri!).

miCneulia, rom erovnuli ena, rogorc konglomerati, aerTi-anebs saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebs (ix., mag., b.jorbenaZe, 1989, gv.151; Sdr., i. boduen de kurtene, 1963, gv.76: "erovnuli/to-mobrivi ena warmoadgens garkveuli raodenobis individTa metyve-lebebis tolqmeds").

qarTul enobriv sinamdvileSi konglomerati sqematuri, pirobiTi enobrivi sistemaa, romelic samwignobro enis mixedviT igeba; Teoriulad navaraudevi sxvaenobrivi modelebi naklebad emTxveva arsebul enobriv erTeuls; is, rac ar aris realuri enobrivi sistema, rogor SeiZleba iyos dedaena? dedaenad ver mi-viCnevT savaraudo (Teoriul) models. Sdr., amgvarive daSvebiT, oTxi svanuri da ori zanuri kiloebis mixedviT, Teoriulad warmosaxaven e.w. zogad svanur da zogad zanur enebs da maT deda-enebad (a.oniani, m.qurdiani…) Tu erovnul enebad miiCneven (j.hi-uiti, v.foirStaini…). amave principiT vinmem SeiZleba aRadginos fxouri "ena" (miT umetes, arsebobs fxouri koine – poeziis ena), mesxuri ena da a.S.

faqtia: qarTvelTa saerTo enis - samwignobro qarTulis - fonze ar-

sebobs fxouri xuTi, svanuri xuTi da zanuri ori kilo, magram bunebaSi ar arsebobs saerTo fxouri, saerTo svanuri da saerTo zanuri enebi. Tuki, mag., zanuri kiloebis amosaval enobriv siste-mazea laparaki, aseTad SeiZleba aRdges saerToqarTveluri ena,


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misi zanur-svanuri dialeqti, an sakuTriv zanuri dialeqti (Sdr., kaxuri kilosgan sam saukuneSi kaxelisTvis Znelad gasagebi fereidnuli kilo warmoiqmna). qarTvelTa Tanamedrove dialeq-tebica da saliteraturo enac momdinareoben saerToqarTve-luri enobrivi koinesgan (ix. qvemoT); amosavali viTareba ZiriTadad daculi aqvs samwignobro enas, Sesabamisad, qar-TvelTaTvis zogaderovnuli ena, dedaena da samwignobro qarTu-li sinonimebad unda davsaxoT:

qarTvelTa samwignobro ena Tvisobrivad erTnairad iqmnebo-da istoriul lazeTSic, samegreloSic, svaneTSic, mesxeTSic, imereTSic, saqarTvelos mTianeTSic da kaxeT-hereTSic, Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelur enobriv koineze aRmocenebu-li samwignobro qarTuli yvela am kuTxis qarTvelis dedaenaa, xolo zanuri, svanuri, mesxuri, heruli, fxouri, raWuli, mesxu-ri da centraluri jgufis dialeqtebi qarTvelTa mSobliuri kiloebia... Sdr.: iaponiaSi, indoeTsa Tu CineTSi, mravali adamia-ni ver flobs oficialur saxelmwifo enas, magram maT dedaenad mainc iTvleba samwignobro ena (iaponuri, Cinuri, induri). zoga-dad, dedaena SeiZleba iyos umwerlobo enac, Tuki konkretul sazogadoebas werilobiTi kultura ar Seuqmnia. Sdr.: qarTu-li enis semantikuri velis mixedviT, sxvaTa enas ucxo ena hqvia (Sdr.: иностранный язык - sityvasityviT: "sxva qveynis ena").

samecniero kvlevebisas, bunebrivia, hipoTezis saxiT unda da-vuSvaT zogaderovnuli enis Teoriuli modeli. vfiqrobT, erovnuli enobrivi modeli arsebobs genetikur kodSic:

z.jafariZis gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom memkvidreobiTia bavSvis saartikulacio Cvevebi (z.jafariZe, i.strelnikovi, 1981); aseve, savaraudoa, rom genetikurad kodirebulia mocemuli enis (kilos) percefciuli bazac... Tanamedrove neirolingvisturi kvlevebi daadasturebs, rom dedaenac iseTive memkvidreobiTi fe-nomenia, rogorc adamianis sxva pirovnul-genetikuri maxasiaTeb-lebi (Sdr., gansxvavebuli midgoma: adamians genetikurad eZleva


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"enis niWi" da romel sazogadoebaSic aidgams is enas, im sazogado-ebis enis mixedviT realizdeba misi enobrivi unari).

mocemuli saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze oficialuri ur-TierTobebis (saxelisuflebo struqturebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis) ena saxelmwifo enaa; mocemuli eTnosisTvis saxel-mwifo ena SeiZleba iyos dedaenac da ucxo enac. araiSviaTad, sa-xelmwifo enis sinonimad dasturdeba termini erovnuli ena; erovnuli ena am mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, Tuki ter-min ers moviazrebT mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeebis aRsaniSnavad; roca eri erT eTnoss gulisxmobs, maSin erovnuli ena” erTi na-ciis, erTi modgmis xalxis enas aRniSnavs; aseT SemTxvevaSi erov-nuli enis sinonimad dedaena ufro gamodgeba (dedaenasa da erovnul enas sinonimebad miiCnevs cnobili enaTmecnieri g.ra-miSvili). warmodgenil msjelobaSic da sxvaganac CvenTvis amosava-lia mimarTebani:

eris (eTnosis) metyveleba - ena eris Semadgeneli nawilis (Temis) metyveleba - kilo

rogorc wesi, erT ers (eTnikuri gagebiT) erTi dedaena aqvs (frangebs, qarTvelebs, somxebs…), erT saxelmwifos - erTi an ram-denime saxelmwifo ena, Sesabamisad, erTi saxelwifos moqalaqeebs ramdenime oficialuri enac SeiZleba hqondeT (Sveicarielebs, ka-nadelebs…), xolo erTi ena ramdenime saxelmwifos saxelmwifo ena SeiZleba iyos (am sakiTxebis garSemo vrclad ix. wignis meore nawilSi).

civilizebuli sazogadoebis kulturis ena (RvTismsaxure-bis, mecnierebis, mwerlobis, TviTSemoqmedebis) da saxelmwifo ena, rogorc wesi, aris tradiciuli damwerlobis mqone ena. kul-turis an saxelmwifo ena mocemuli xalxisTvis SeiZleba iyos: sa-kuTari ena - dedaena, sxvisi ena - ucxo ena (mag., ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia, afxazebis kulturis enaa Tavsmoxveuli rusuli ena). bunebaSi ori dedaena ar arsebobs, amdenad, e.w. diglosiis pirobebSi gvaqvs: dedaena da mSobliuri dialeqti; orenovno-


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bis (bilingvizmis) dros ki arsebul or enaTagan erTi dedaenaa, meore - ucxo ena... zogi mkvlevari iswrafvis, mis mier orenovnad gamocxadebuli qarTvelTa nawilis (megrelebisa da svanebis) er-Ti ena CaTvalos dedaenad, meore ena ki - erovnul enad (ix., mag., m.qurdiani 1999: "svaneTsa da samegreloSi istoriulad damkvid-rebulia orenovneba: svanur-qarTuli da megrul-qarTuli…"; aq-ve, es mimarTebani bilingvur diglosiad cxaddeba). Cveni azriT, igive mkvlevari winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba maSinac, rodesac saqar-TveloSi mcxovreb zanTa (qarTvelTa!) metyvelebas (misi termino-logiiT - "lingvisturad ueWvel enas") ganixilavs qarTulis so-ciolingvistur dialeqtad, xolo TurqeTSi mcxovreb zanTa me-tyvelebas - Turquli enis sociolingvistur dialeqtad (ix. m.qurdiani, 1996, gv.42). Sdr., amgvari midgomiT, saxelmwifo enis statusis mqone dedaenis mimarT erTnairi rangiT ganixileba: ucxo ena, ucxo enis erT-erTi kilo da dedaenis organuli kiloe-bi; mag., TurqeTSi Turqulis mimarT: qarTuli, afxazuri, ubixu-ri da Cerqezuli enebi, lazuri kilo da Turquli enis kiloebi. moyvanili aRrevebic cxadyofs, rom gaumarTlebelia enobrivi erTeulebisadmi enisa Tu kilos statusis miniWeba gansxvavebu-li (e.w. sakuTriv lingvisturi, e.w. sakuTriv sociolingvistu-ri, eTnopolitikuri, religiuri, normirebulobis da sxva) kri-teriumebiT; enobrivi erTeulebis statusis gansazRvrisas sakva-lifikacio niSnad erTi saxis kriteriumi unda aviRoT; rogorc wesi, dRes arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gansazRvrulia eT-nopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT (Sdr., k.gabunia, 2004); aqve aRvniS-navT: sxvadasxva ojaxis enebi erTmaneTis kiloebad sociolingvis-turi aspeqtiTac ki ar unda ganvixiloT; umjobesia sxvagvari mi-dgoma, mag., lazuri metyveleba TurqeTis respublikaSi Turqu-lis sociolingvisturi dialeqti ki ara, saojaxo enis funqciis mqone qarTveluri kiloa (Sdr.: saojaxo enis funqciiT SeiZleba iyos: samwignobro ena, dedaena, sxvaTa ena, mSobliuri kilo...).

sabWoTa periodSi iyo mcdeloba, agreTve, dedaenis nacvlad


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damkvidrebuliyo terminebi: mSobliuri ena da meore mSobliu-ri ena... "mSobliuri ena" rusulis kalkia da saqarTveloSi mis damkvidrebas mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen wlebis ganmavloba-Si; am kalkis, agreTve, terminebis: "pirveli ena"(first language), "ba-zisuri ena" miuReblobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix. g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv.70-71, sadac mimoxilulia germaniaSi gamarTuli diskusiac

termin Muttersprache-s (dedaenis) Sesaxeb. Cvens Semdgom msjelobebSi gamoyenebuli iqneba naTlad gansa-

zRvruli Semdegi terminebi: saxelmwifo ena, saeklesio ena, dedaena (eTnosis, anu eTnikuri gagebiT, eris ena), ucxo ena, dia-leqti (kilo).

warmodgenili zogadi mimoxilvis fonze sainteresoa enisa da kilos gamijvnis is sxva kriteriumebic, romlebic arsebobs Tana-medrove samecniero literaturaSi. Cvens xelT arsebul ganmart-ebebs garkveuli pirobiTobiT vajgufebT debulebaTa msgavsebis mixedviT (aqve, madlobas movaxsenebT marburgis universitetis germanuli enis kvlevis institutis direqtors, prof., doqt. gurgen erix Smidtsa da mis asistents, doqt. stefan rabanuss, romelTac CemTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxades ara mxolod TavianTi Sexedulebebi, aramed zog sxva mkvlevarTa mosazrebanic); qvemoT warmodgenili kriteriumebi dadgenilia monaTesave enobrivi er-TeulebisTvis:

g.e.Smidti, u.amoni, a.baxi, T.levandovski, p.vizingeri, b.sovin-ski, a.linke da sxv.:

ena - ganfenis xarisxis mravalferovneba (prestiJuloba) - gamoyenebis maRali xarisxi, kodificirebuli damwerloba, sta-ndartuloba, samwerlobo statusi, garkveulwilad xelovnuroba.

dialeqti - gamoyenebis dabali xarisxi, arastandartuloba, zepiri komunikaciis saSualeba, bunebrioba...

p.finke, b.jorbenaZe, g.nebieriZe (dialeqtebis mflobelTa So-ris gagebineba unda iyos)...

v.Jirmunski, e.koseriu, i.qloupeki, j.hergeni da mravali sxva (dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba araarsebiTia):


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ena - ZiriTadi sistemaa, dialeqti ki aris sistemis (erovnu-li enis) nairsaxeoba, varianti.

mecnierTa erTi jgufis azriT, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebs Soris Tuki aris bgeraTSesatyvisoba, maSasadame, isini enebad un-da kvalificirdes (m.qurdiani)...

g.belmanis, v.konigis da sxvaTa azriT, dialeqtsa da enas So-ris zRvari Zneli gasavlebia; dialeqtidan enaSi gadasvla Tavi-suflad xdeba...

h.harmani, p.aueri da sxv. Tvlian, rom enobrivi erTeulis st-atusi misma mflobelma sazogadoebam unda gansazRvros.

prestiJuloba-standartulobis mixedviT SeiZleba samwig-nobro enisa da dialeqtis daxasiaTeba, magram, Cveni azriT, Seu-Zlebelia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna.

enobrivi sistemis variantulobis mixedviT msjelobac me-tad pirobiTia, vinaidan, magaliTad, fonematuri, morfologi-ur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT rusuli, belorusuli, ukrainuli, polonuri enebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT ufro axlomdgomi variantebi arian, vidre, magali-Tad, germanuli enis dialeqtebi; aqve, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom xelovnuri da problemis kvlevisaTvis TiTqmis arafris momcemia enobrivi erTeulebis enebad Tu dialeqtebad kvali-ficireba, erTi mxriv, sociolingvisturi, meore mxriv ki, "sa-kuTriv" lingvisturi kriteriumebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna: ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTvelur sinamdvileSi pirveli amgvari mcdeloba hqonda niko mars i.vostorgovis antiqar-Tveluri poziciis mxilebisas; ix. n.mari, 1905, gv.7-10 da arn. Ciqoba-va, 1952, gv.358, sadac warmodgenilia n.maris kritika: "lingvisturad erTi" enis or dialeqts "kulturuli daSorebis" gamo n.mari or enad - lazur da megrul enebad miiCnevda).

Tu mkvlevris mizania mocemuli enobrivi erTeulis statusis kvleva sakuTriv lingvisturi Tu sociolingvisturi aspeqtebiT, Sesabamisad, man jer unda Seiswavlos ukve arsebuli (sayovelTa-od miRebuli) enebisa da dialeqtebis saxeldebis principebi da Semdeg, miRebuli daskvnebidan gamomdinare, unda ganaviTaros


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msjeloba sakamaTo statusis mqone enobrivi erTeulis Sesaxeb; lingvistikis Tu sociolingvistikis fardobiTi cnebebiT ar un-da xdebodes saukuneebis manZilze ukve arsebuli tradiciuli kvalifikaciebis TviTmiznuri gadasinjva, mag., rusuli ramdenime saukunea damoukidebel enadaa miCneuli da risi momtania Tana-medrove rusulis CaTvla erT-erT slavur kilod? anda, megruli (odiSuri) metyveleba mravali saukunis manZilze qarTvelTa erT-erT dialeqtad iTvleboda (qarTvelTa sxva kiloebis msgav-sad) da ras moemsaxura, an moemsaxureba XX saukuneSi misi statu-sis Secvlaze msjeloba? miT umetes, svanTa, megrelTa da lazTa zepiri metyvelebebisaTvis axali damwerlobebis Seqmna? pasuxi erTia: amgvari "aqciebiT" dasaxelebul qarTvelT gauucxovdebaT da, faqtobrivad, daekargebaT qarTul-qarTveluri mwignobr-obis saxiT arsebuli sakuTari didi kulturuli warsuli, Tundac is Teqvsmetsaukunovani warsuli, romelic ioane lazisa (ix.a.jafariZe, 2002) da petre iberis moRvaweobiT iwyebs Tavisi ganviTarebis axal etaps. warsuldaviwyebul xalxs ki Tavisi inte-resebisaTvis iolad iyenebs xolme esa Tu is imperia.

sagangebod aRvniSnavT: enisa da dialeqtis gamijvnis problema ver gadaiWreba mxolod sakuTriv lingvisturi kriteriumebiT; me-tic, kulturuli tradiciis mqone msoflios arc erTi ena sa-kuTriv lingvisturi niSnebiT (bgeraTSesatyvisoba, morfo-logiuri da sintaqsur-semantikuri kategoriebi, leqsika) ar aris saxeldebuli enad; garda amisa, jer aravis daudgenia enob-riv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa is zRvari, ris Semdegac mona-Tesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxva-vebani gadadis TvisobrivSi, Sesabamisad, sistemis varianti iqce-va damoukidebel sistemad. Cveni es mosazreba adre gamoqveynda statiis saxiT (t.futkaraZe, 2003); am debulebis sapasuxod da mas-ze dayrdnobiT k.gabuniam Tavis msjelobaSi gamoiyena e.w. "siste-murobis kriteriumi" (k.gabunia, 2004); misi azriT, "megrul-lazu-risa da qarTulis brunebebi sxvadasxva sistemebia, vinaidan rao-denobrivi cvaleba gadasulia TvisobrivSi; Sesabamisad, isini sxvadasxva enebia”.


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sapolemiko werilSi k.gabunia ver pasuxobs mTavar kiTxvas: ro-meli kriteriumiT Tu samaniT ganisazRvreba raodenobrivi cva-lebis gadasvla TvisobrivSi? is sxvaoba, romelic gvaqvs, mag., me-grulsa da samwignobro qarTuls Soris, sakmarisia enebad misaC-nevad? Sdr., saliteraturo arabulsa da buxaruls Soris ufro meti sxvaobaa, magram mainc buxaruli arabulis dialeqtadaa mi-Cneuli maSin, roca metad axlo mdgomi rusuli da belorusuli aRiarebuli enebia...

garda amisa: samwignobro qarTulisgan met-naklebad gansxva-vebulia qarTveluri qvesistemebic (imerulic, xevsurulic, me-grulic, lazuric, balszemouric...) da sxva enebic: afxazuric, rusulic, Cinuric... romeli myari kriteriumiT vavlebT zRvars qvemoimerulsa da megruls Soris? megruli fonematuri struq-tura imerulis analogiuria; saxeluri paradigmac ZiriTadad imeorebs ara mxolod adrindeli samwignobro enis brunvaTa sistemas, aramed qarTuli enis xevsuruli dialeqtisac ki; aseve, Tvisobrivad erTgvaria megrulisa da imerulis mwkrivTa sistema da sxv. garkveuli sxvaobebic arsebobs, magram sakmarisia isini me-grulisa da imerulis Tvisobrivi sxvaobis samtkiceblad?

Sdr.: Cveni azriT, sistemuri sxvaobaa, mag., qarTulsa da mis monaTesave afxazurs Soris, qarTulsa da arabuls Soris, da ara samwignobro qarTulsa da megruls, an TuSurs Soris.

arsebobs Tu ara enobriv cvlilebaTa Tu TaviseburebaTa (sistemur sxvaobaTa!) is zRvari, romlis Semdegac monaTesave enobriv erTeulTa Soris arsebuli raodenobrivi gansxvaveba-ni gadadis TvisobrivSi?

aseTi zRvris dadgena SeuZlebelia: dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom sxvadasxva enad saxeldebul sist-

emebs Soris arsebul lingvistur sxvaobaTa procentuli maC-venebeli SeuzRudavad meryeobs.

"wesi" Tu "kanoni" erT sasurvel kerZo SemTxvevas ar unda mo-vargoT; Tuki Cveni mizani enobrivi situaciis realuri aRweraa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT mocemuli enobrivi koleqtivis tradici-ac, monaTesave enobriv erTeulebTan sakuTriv lingvisturi mi-


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marTebac da sociolingvisturi statusic; miT umetes, Tu Cveni kvlevis mizania ara enobriv erTeulTa istoriulad Camoyalibe-buli statusebis gadasinjva, aramed sadavo statusis mqone ena-ki-loTa argumentirebuli kvalifikacia.

enisa da kilos gamijvnisTvis lingvistur niSanTagan yvelaze sando kriteriumad zogs enobriv erTeulebs Soris arsebuli bgeraTSesatyvisoba miaCnia. bgeraTSesatyvisobis arseboba-

ararsebobis mixedviT, msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi ena Tu dia-leqti ar aris kvalificirebuli; garda amisa, mraval monaTesave enas Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar gvaqvs da piriqiT: kanonzomie-ri da regularuli bgeraTSesatyvisobebi gvaqvs dialeqtebad mi-Cneul enobriv erTeulebs Soris (germanulSi, CinurSi, iaponur-Si...), metic, mag., Crdilokavkasiur enebSi bgeraTSesatyvisobebi dadasturebulia TqmebSic ki...

enisa da dialeqtis statusis gansazRvra Tavad mocemuli en-obrivi koleqtivis mier adekvatur Sedegebs mogvcems axalSeq-mnili mwignobrobis mqone an werilobiTi kulturis armqone en-obrivi erTeulis SemTxvevaSi: werilobiTi kulturis armqone xalxis TviTaRqma xdeba gagebinebis mixedviT gansazRvruli um-werlobo enis farglebSi (Sdr., Crdilokavkasiuri enebi). am me-Tods gadaulaxavi problemebi Seeqmneba xangrZlivi werilobiTi kulturis mqone sazogadoebis gamokiTxvisas, radganac, sazoga-doebis ganaTlebuli fenisTvis Tu gasagebi da mSobliuri iqneba arqauli ena da kultura, sazogadoebis gaunaTlebeli fenisTvis is ucxo aRmoCndeba; mag., saliteraturo iaponuris an sinhalu-ris armcodne glexisTvis Tu Tavisi mSobliuri dialeqti aRiqme-ba dedaenad, igi misdauneburad emijneba sakuTar uZveles kultu-ras; Sdr., agreTve: istoriulad afxazebic qmnidnen zogad qar-Tul-afxazur samwignobro kulturas; meoce saukunemde afxazTa ganaTlebulma nawilma kargad icoda, rom, sxva qarTvelTa darad, didi qarTveluri kulturis memkvidre iyo. ruseTis imperiis mes-veurTa mecadineobiT XX saukuneSi aqtiurad ganviTarda afxaz-Ta jer kulturul-enobrivi separatizmi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa impe-riis mier afxazTa ganaTlebuli nawilis - aristokratiisa da


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inteligenciis - gaJletiT, am kuTxis mosaxleobam dakarga bune-brivi kavSiri zogadqarTul kulturul warsulTan. dRes afxaz-Ta nawili uars ambobs qarTvelebTan saerTo saxelmwifozec ki...

ase rom, ganaTlebis simwiris (erovnuli kulturisa da sa-mwignobro enis verflobis) pirobebSi, adamianTa jgufma dedae-nad SeiZleba CaTvalos mSobliuri kilo.

Cveni azriT, enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna arc am e.w. plebisci-turi meTodiTaa SesaZlebeli da seriozulad arc aravin cdi-lobs am kriteriumis gamoyenebas; Sdr., rogorc wesi, enobrivi TviTmikuTvneba Sedegia erovnul-eTnikuri TviTmikuTvnebisa.

SeniSvna: qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dRes mkvidrdeba ucxouri termini identoba (identity), arada, masze bevrad moxerxe-bulia tradiciuli TviTobac da m.tabiZiseuli TviTaRqmac; ag-reTve, rig SemTxvevebSi, identity-s warmatebiT Secvlis Cveneuli TviTmikuTvnebac.

enisa da kilos gasamijn kriteriumebze msjelobis dasasruls, kidev erTxel sagangebod aRvniSnavT, rom Tu romelime specia-listi kriteriumad aiRebs bgeraTSesatyvisobas, misTvis monaTe-save enobriv erTeulTa ena-kiloebad kvalifikacia, bunebrivia, sxvagvarad moxdeba (mag., germanuli enis bavariuli da meklenbur-guli kiloebi sxvadasxva enebad CaiTvleba); Tu gagebinebas aiRebs kriteriumad, bevri enobrivi erTeulis statusi gaxdeba gadasa-sinji (mag., arabuli kiloebi: alJiruli da buxaruli, qarTvelu-ri kiloebi: ingilouri da guruli sxvadasxva enebad misaCnevi ga-xdeba) da a.S. bunebrivia, yvela mkvlevars aqvs ufleba, airCios romelime kriteriumi, imsjelos, mis mixedviT gadaajgufos enebi Tu kiloebi (ix., mag., gagebinebis mixedviT, T.gamyreliZe slavuri enebis mxolod sam zonas gamoyofs; T.gamyreliZe, z.kiknaZe.. 2003, gv.616) da samsjelod gamoitanos…

Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad iyo gansazRvruli: sasurvelia, dadgindes is zogadi logikuri sqema, romlis mi-

xedviTacaa enebad kvalificirebuli ukve arsebuli erTeulebi da amis Semdeg moxdes sadavo statusis mqone kontinuumis - enob-rivi erTeulis - saxeldeba enad Tu kilod.


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vfiqrobT, naTelia, rom arsebuli enebis statusi, rogorc wesi, gansazRvrulia eTnokulturuli da politikur-reli-giuri niSnis mixedviT.

enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna rTulia umwerlobo sametyvelo erTeulis SemTxvevaSi. damwerlobis mqone kontinuumi, rogorc we-si, enadaa kvalificirebuli (Sdr., erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove mol-davuri ena, meore mxriv ki - italiuri kiloebi); Sesabamisad, pir-vel rigSi, erTmaneTTan mimarTebiT naTlad unda ganvsazRvroT umwerlobo ena da dialeqti.

dialeqti unda ganimartos, rogorc mocemuli eris/naciis sa-erTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba, romelic qveynis ter-itoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri) urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens.

sxva sityvebiT: konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli monaTesave struqturis

mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (standartuli) enis dialeqtad CaiTvleba, Tuki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas is-toriulad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi.

Sesabamisad, umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTni-kuri erTobis mqone im sazogadoebis metyveleba, romelsac saku-Tar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignob-ro enas. umwerlobo ena zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokave-bis, Tqmebis, Jargonebis saxiT...) arsebobs.

msoflios xalxebisa da ena-kiloebis mimarTebebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom enobrivi variantebis ierarqia TavisTavad reg-ulirdeba samwignobro enis istoriasTan mimarTebiT; kerZod, aq-tualuria sqema:

eri _ misi samwignobro ena _ am eris calkeul TemTa saSinao metyvelebani.

qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi

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1.1.3. qarTvelTa Tanamedrove enobrivi erTeulebis dajgufebis sakiTxi

msoflioSi cnobili bevri mecnieris mier qarTveluri ena-ki-loebi Tanamedrove Crdilokavkasiuri da wina aziis Tu evropis Zveli enebis (Sumeruli, xaTuri, urartuli... agreTve, etrusku-li, pelazguri, baskuri...) monaTesaved ganixileba. Cveni azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri saerTo kontinuumis arsebobis periodi qro-nologiurad SeiZleba daukavSirdes mtkvar-araqsis arqeologiu-ri kulturis arsebobis periods, xolo iberiul-kavkasiurisgan momdinare saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro da gavrcele-bis areali _ did kolxur kulturas (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT). saerToqarTvelur enas uSualod agrZelebs qarTvelTa samwig-nobro ena, romlis dokumenturi nimuSebi uwyvetad arsebobs bo-lo 16 saukunis ganmavlobaSi; misi fonematuri, morfologiur-sintaqsuri da leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebi saerToqar-Tveluri Teoriuli modelis struqturuli adekvatia. gansxvave-biT bevri sxva samwignobro enisgan, qarTuli samwignobro ena ar momdinareobs arc erTi cnobili dialeqtisgan. samwignobro enas yvela zepiri qarTveluri metyveleba Tvisobrivad erTgvarad mie-marTeba, ramdenadac yvela erTeuli saerToqarTveluridan mo-mdinareobs da yvela met-naklebad Secvlilia; amosavali viTareba metadaa daculi samwignobro enaSi, vidre kiloebSi; dialeqtebSi cvlilebebi matulobs samwignobro enis velis Sesustebis pirda-pirproporciulad.

SeniSvna: Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.20, 49: "Tanamedrove qristia-nobis niadagze aRmocenebuli qarTuli mwerlobis ena qarTluria; "strabonisa da pliniusis dros saqarTvelos "barad sxvebis garda sa-mi umTavresi tomi unda yofiliyo: kaxni, qarTlelni, romelTa enac Semdeg yvela qarTveli modgmis tomebis sazogado da samwerlobo enad gadaiqca, da iberni, anu imerni/imerelni, romelnic megrul-la-zur Stos ekuTvnodnen".

sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis SeqmnaSi Tavidanve yvela qarTveluri modgma iRebda monawile-obas (mag., pirveli qarTuli warwerebi ioane lazisa da petre ib-


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eris saxelTan dakavSirebul palestinis monasterSi dasturde-ba); samwignobro-kulturuli mZlavri kerebi iyo egrisSi, lazeT-Si, svaneTSi, tao-klarjeTSi, mesxeTSi, afxazeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTsa da sxv., Sesabamisad, am qarTul kuTxeTa mosaxleobas aqvs istori-ulad formirebuli erTiani samwignobro ena da Tav-Tavisi kilo-ebi. aqve, dasamowmebelia, agreTve, arn.Ciqobavas daskvna: qarTuli samwignobro ena Seiqmna zanuri da svanuri dialeqtebis monawi-leobiT (arn. Ciqobava, 1948; sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi megrul-Wanuri leqsikisaTvis ix. k.danelia, 1984; T.bolqvaZe, 2003...); Sdr., agreTve, n.maris mosazreba:

"qarTuli saliteraturo enis Seqmna-ganviTarebaSi monawileo-bas iRebdnen: qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, laz-Wanebi, da sxvani… saRvTo werilis teqstSi Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanur anu megrul, imerxeul da sxva tomTa sityvebs. am realuris kultu-rul-istoriulis SexedulebiT, qarTuli saliteratoro ena imde-naTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, ramdena-Tac qarTluri. is aris RviZli samwerlo ena yvela saqarTvelos to-misaTvis…" (n.mari, 1905, gv.9-10).

saerToqarTveluridan zanur-svanuri wris (e. w. SiSina ti-pis) dialeqtebis Camoyalibebis dasawyisad vvaraudobT Zv. w. pir-veli aTaswleulis dasasruls (dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT); aqve aR-saniSnavia, rom T.gamyreliZisa da g.maWavarianis adrindeli mo-sazrebiT, amave periodSi emijneba erTmaneTs qarTuli da zanuri (T.gamyreliZe da g.maWavariani, 1965, gv.14).

saukuneebis manZilze qarTveloba ara mxolod qmnida samwig-nobro enas, aramed masSi, rogorc dedaenaSi, iwrToboda kidec; Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa kulturul-erovnul da saxelmwifoe-briv cnobierebas saukuneebis manZilze gansazRvravs erTiani da tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura (rogorc, magaliTad, berZenTa, CinelTa, arabTa da sxva Zvel xalxTa cnobierebas - TavianTi tradiciuli werilobiTi kultura)...

dRes arsebuli qarTvelTa zepiri Tu saSinao metyvelebani samwignobro enis (saerToqarTveluri modelis) meoreuli vari-antebi arian rogorc fonematuri da morfologiur-sintaqsuri,


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aseve, leqsikur-semantikuri struqturebis mixedviT; magaliTad, qvemoT CamoTvlil qarTvelur dialeqtebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi xmovnebi da maTi refleqsebi (mxolod zog ganapira kiloSi, ker-Zod, sam svanur, erT zanur, ramdenime mesxur da fxour, agreTve, herul kiloebSi dasturdeba sxva enaTa gavleniT warmoqmnili pa-latalizebuli xmovnebi), TiTqmis identuria TanxmovanTa da so-nantTa raodenoba da xasiaTi; svanuri dialeqtebis gamoklebiT, erTgvarovania V-XXI saukuneebis samwignobro qarTulisa da yve-la sxva dialeqtis saxelisa da zmnis paradigmebi (Sdr., T.uTur-gaiZe, 1966, gv.12; k.gabunia, 2004, gv.170); garkveuli superstratu-li gavlenebis miuxedavad, svanur kiloTa paradigmebic ZiriTa-dad qarTvelur modelebs mihyveba (ix. mag., v.Tofuria, 1967; g.ma-Wavariani, 2002, gv.78-79)...

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) samwignobro ena yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedaenaa da, ramdena-dac, adamians ar SeiZleba hqondes ori dedaena, qarTvelTa sxva sa-Sinao metyvelebani CvenTvis dialeqtebad kvalificirdeba.

SeniSvna: Sdr., qarTveluri musikaluri dialeqtebis Sesaxeb n.mai-suraZe (2002, gv.242) askvnis: svanuri da megruli musikaluri erTeu-lebi "qarTul musikalur fuZe-enas mxolod musikaluri dialeqte-bis doneze gamoeyofian".

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa imperiis gabato-nebamde megrul-Wanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebs kiloebad Tvlidnen qarTvelTa wina Taobebic da mecnierebic; mag., megruls kilod, ena-kavad, damaxinjebul anu arastandartul qarTulad (Sdr.: "mrudi qarTuli", "wamxdari qarTuli") e.i. samwignobro qarTulis dialeqtad moixseniebdnen: saba, vaxuSti, ilia, akaki, iakob gogebaSvili, petre Waraia, konstantine gamsaxurdia, besa-rion niJaraZe, giorgi wereTeli, oTar gigineiSvili, zviad gamsaxurdia da sxv; Sdr., k. danelia, 1984, gv. 68); ix., mag.:

konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1983, gv. 411: "Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSave-lam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas, miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTeli enas uwunebda mas".


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besarion niJaraZe, 1904 (gazeTi "iveria"): "svanuri namdvi-lad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secvlilia, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gaiZaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao! netav vicode, visTvis an risTvisaa saWiro is daJineba da svanebis ga-sxvistomeba".

sabWoTa imperiis pirobebSi moRvawe mecnierTagan iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgenda akad. giorgi wereTeli, romelic me-grul-lazur-svanurisTvis ufro Sesaferisad miiCnevda termin qarTvelur dialeqtebs (nacvlad qarTveluri enebisa); cnobi-li mecnieri oTar gigineiSvilic analogiur pozicias emxroboda, kerZod, lazuri paramiTefes (1982, gv. 3) winasityvaobaSi is wers: "lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazur-me-grul dialeqtze. es dialeqti Seqmnes saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, romlebic antikur samyaroSi kolxebis saxeliTac iyvnen cnobilni; amitom lazur-megrul dialeqts kolxur dia-leqtsac uwodeben" (wigni Seadgina naTela quTeliam, leqsikoni daurTes naTela quTeliam da sergi jiqiam; wignis redaqtoria zurab Tandilava; n.quTelias cnobiT, am winasityvaobis avtoria o.gigineiSvili).

SeniSvna: sabWoTa periodis enaTmecnierebaSi aqtiurad damkvidrda termini qarTveluri enebi; adre gamoqveynebul gamokvlevebSi mas Cvenc viyenebdiT. qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusisa da zanur-svanuri dialeqturi teqstebis samwignobro enaze Targmanebis (da ara - Targmnis!) principebis problema samsjelod warmovadgineT 1994 wels "quTaisur saubrebze" (quTaisSi gamarTul samecniero se-minarze); 1997 wlis 4-11 aprilis "literaturul saqarTveloSi" da-beWdil werilSi: "eTnosis, eTnonimisa da sxva terminTa Sesaxeb" qar-Tveluri enobrivi erTeulebis statusi germanuli enis kiloebTan SepirispirebiT ganvixileT; kerZod, vwerdiT: "qarTul sinamdvileSi bavarielebisa da saqsonelebis enobrivi mimarTebis xarisxiT SeiZle-ba ganvixiloT zanebi da svanebi, xolo bavarielebisa da prusielebis xarisxiT - qarTvelebi, wovaTuSebi, udebi, qistebi da sxva". 1999 wels me-6 "quTaisur saubrebze" termin "qarTveluri enebis" paralelurad Cven ukve viyenebT terminebs: "qarTveluri ena" da "qarTveluri saSi-nao sametyvelo kodebi" (t.futkaraZe, 1999). samwignobro qarTulisa


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(qarTveluri samwignobro enisa) da qarTveluri kiloebis (da ara qarTveluri enebis) istoriuli mimarTebis amsaxveli axali sqema pir-velad daibeWda "quTaisuri saubrebi - VII" masalebSi (ix. t.futkara-Ze, 2000). enisa da kilos cnebebis gaanalizebis fonze qarTvelTa dia-leqtebis axleburi klasifikacia gamoqveynda 2001 wels (t.futkara-Ze, 2001). enaTmecnierTa da istorikosTa erTma nawilma gaiziara Cven mier warmodgenili sqema, meore nawili ki polemikaSi CaerTo. aq davimowmebT mxolod erT niSandobliv mosazrebas: "qarTul enas enaTmecnierebi qarTvelur anu iberiul enaTa ojaxs miakuTvneben. am ojaxSi Sedian qarTuli, megruli, svanuri, lazuri enebi, ufro zus-tad, dialeqtebi" (T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 29). sakiTxis istoriis ufro sruli mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.gvancelaZis naSromi, romelic wignis danarTSia warmodgenili. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom enaT-mecnierTa erTi nawili (r.Serozia, a.lomTaZe, m.tabiZe, T.gvance-laZe, e.dadiani, t.futkaraZe...) miviCnevT, rom qarTvelTa erTa-derTi samwignobro enis qmnadobis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifo enas unda ewodos qarTveluri (samwignob-ro) ena, Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxva enobriv erTeulebs - qarTve-luri dialeqtebi.

Cveni azriT, samwignobro qarTulis gavlenis velis Sesabami-sad, qarTvelTa Tanamedrove saSinao-sametyvelo erTeulebi unda daiyos centralur, ganapira da saqarTvelos istoriuli ter-itoriis gareT arsebul dialeqtebad; Tavis mxriv, ganapira dia-leqtebs eqvs qvejgufad warmovadgenT, kerZod:

centraluri kiloebi: kaxuri, qarTluri, imeruli, leCxumuri, guruli. ganapira kiloebi: mesxuri kiloebi: aWaruli, livanuri, maWaxluri, imerxeuli

(SavSuri), taouri, samcxuri, javaxuri (aqve Semova ordus regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa metyveleba);

heruli kiloebi: kakuri, aliabaTuri; fxouri kiloebi: CaRmaTuSuri, fSauri, xevsuruli,

moxeuri, mTiulur-gudamayruli; aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT wova-TuSuri, romelSic STambeWdavadaa warmodgenili rogorc qar-Tveluri, aseve vainaxuri enobrivi Sreebi; CvenTvis sainteresoa,


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rom d.meliqiSvili wovaTuSur metyvelebas qarTul Sereul dia-leqtad miiCnevs (d.meliqiSvili, 2001, gv.16).

raWuli kiloebi: barisraWuli, mTaraWuli; svanuri kiloebi: laSxuri, lentexuri, Coluruli, balsqve-

mouri, balszemouri (Sdr., germanuli enis almenuri metyveleba iyofa sam dialeqtad: Svaburi, qvemoalmenuri da zemoalmenuri; v. Jirmunski, 1956, gv.39).

zanuri kiloebi: megruli, lazuri (xofuri, viwur-arqabu-li, aTinuri; muhajir lazTa STamomavlebis metyvelebis nimuSebi mcire gvaqvs, Sesabamisad, maTi dialeqtebis/kilokavebis kvalificireba momavlis saqmed rCeba).

saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis gareT arsebuli qarTvelTa kiloebi:

fereidnuli (Sua sparseTSi Sah-abasis mier gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa metyveleba), "Cveneburebis qarTuli" (bursa-inego-lSi, adafazar-izmiTSi, gonensa da kaizeris midamoebSi gadasaxlebul muhajirTa qarTuli) da yizlar-mozdokel qar-TvelTa metyveleba.

qarTvelTa sametyvelo kodebis magaliTze istoriulad erTi eTnokulturuli sistemis mqone xalxis - eris - ori enobrivi er-Teulis Tanaarseboba e.w. diglosiad SeiZleba warmovadginoT, sadac istoriuli samwignobro ena (standartuli ena) dedaenaa, xolo saSinao metyveleba (mag., balszemouri kilo) - mSobliuri dialeqti (Sdr., q. TuiTi, 1997, gv. 2-3).

SeniSvna: bolo dros isev gaaqtiurdnen adamianebi, romelTac surT saqarTveloSic enobriv/eTnikur umciresobebad warmoadginon lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi... (ix., mag., am mxriv v.foirStainis, j.hiu-itis da sxvaTa "moRvaweoba"). saqarTveloSi am TvalsazrisiT aqtiu-roben saqarTvelos garedan dafinansebuli politikuri Zalebi; mag., i.Jvanias, g.siWinavas, m.ZaZamiasa da sxvaTa dausabuTebel mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT, (pro)rusi politikosi a.WaWia wers: "faqtia, rom wle-bis ganmavlobaSi ena, romelzec qarTvelTa erTi mesamedi nawili la-parakobs, uZvelesi ena, romlis leqsikuri maragi erT-erTi umdidre-sia msoflioSi, qarTvelebis mier xan kiloTi, xan dialeqtiT, xan da-maxinjebuli qarTuliT iwodeboda" (a. WaWia, 2002, gv.264)... aqve, a.Wa-


- 77 -

Wia acxadebs, rom arsebobs megrelebis TviTmyofadi ena da kultura (gazeT „galis" 2004 wlis 16-31 agvistos nomerSi analogiurad msje-lobs j.hiuitic)... am problematikas wignis meore nakveTSi SevexebiT; aq mokled vityviT: specialistebs ar dasWirdebaT imis Sexseneba, rom megrelTa da sxva qarTvelTa TviTmyofadi ena da kultura maTi winap-rebis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili zogadqarTuli ena da kul-turaa, xolo metad Zvirfas megrul kilos - udides ganZs da dauS-retel mravalsaukunovan wyaros qarTveluri samwignobro enisas, mofrTxileba da Seswavla sWirdeba (amJamad megruli masalis uwyve-ti programuli Cawera-damuSaveba, ZiriTadad, quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi xdeba, rac sulac ar aris sakmarisi; qarTvelur kiloTa Seswavlisa da SenarCunebisTvis specialuri saxelmwifo programa unda SemuSav-des). sagangebod aRvniSnavT imasac, rom isak Jvaniasa da mis mimdevarTa faruli miznebi Tavis droze amxiles didma sazogado moRvaweebma: konstantine da zviad gamsaxurdiebma (ix., mag., z.gamsaxurdia, 1989).

vfiqrobT, svanTa, megrelTa, lazTa da qarTvelTa sxva calke-uli jgufebis saSinao metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad aseve araadekva-turi da aralogikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebuli terminebi: erovnuli ena da eTnikuri ena, vinaidan warmodgeni-li Sesityvebebi uSualod gulisxmoben damoukidebel eTnokul-turul erTobas - ers: eTnikuri ena damoukidebeli eTnosis enaa (eTnosi - Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis er-Tobis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli adamianTa istoriuli jgufi, sazogadoeba); Sdr.:

eri (erovneba) _ Temi (eris regionaluri saxe) _ pirovneba dedaena _ kilo (enis regionaluri saxeoba) _ idioleqti

sxvagvari mimarTebani myardeba aramonaTesave enobriv-eTniku-ri sistemebis SereviT warmoqmnili pijinis, kreolisa da postkre-oli kontinuumis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve, maSin, roca sazogadoeba iyenebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. SesaZlo mimarTebani Semdegi sqemis saxiT SeiZleba gamoixatos (yoveli sqema garkveulwi-lad pirobiTad asaxavs SesaZlo sinamdviles; Sdr.: t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.73 da T.bolqvaZe, 2003, gv.7):

SeniSvna: qvemoT warmodgenil sqemaSi socialur dialeqtSi

moviazrebT: pijinsac, Jargonsac da argosac (pijini met Tavise-

burebebs avlens, amitom bolo grafaSi moTavsebuli meore

niSnebi mas miemarTeba). intonaciuri Taviseburebani SeiZleba


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hqondes yovel enobriv erTeuls, xolo prosodiuli - idio-

leqtsac ki (warmodgenil cxrils ara aqvs srulyofilebis

pretenzia).

enobrivi erTeulebi

formob-

riv-funqciuri

maxasiaTeblebi

samwignobro

ena

umwerlobo

ena

dialeqti

istori-

uli

post-

kreoli

istori-

uli

kreo-

li

adgil-

obrivi

socia-

luri

sakuTriv

lingvisturi

maxasiaT-

eblebi

gansxvaveb. fo-no-

taqt. wesebi + + + + + _ +

morfologiur-

sintaqs. Tavis. + + + + + _ +

leqsik. Tavis. + + + + + +

normatiuli

maxasiaTeble-

bi

weril.normebi + + _ _ _ _

zepiri normebi + + + + + _

bunebrivi

metyveleba + + + + + + _

eTnikur-

sazogadoeb-

rivi maxasia-

Teblebi

eTnosis, eris,

naciis ena + + + + _ _

Temis ena + + + + + _

socialuri

fenis ena + + + + + +

kulturul-

istoriuli

maxasiaTeble-

bi

eTnosis kul-

turasTan uwy-

veti kavSiri

+ _ + _ + _

praenasTan uSu-

alo kavSiri + _ + _ + _

werilobiTi

tradicia + _ _ _ _ _

SemecnebiT-

Semoqmedebi-

Ti maxasia-

Teblebi

pirveladi msof-

laRqm. ena

+

+

+

+

+

+

xalxuri Semoq-

medebis ena

_

_

+

+

+

_

profesionalu-

ri msoflaRqma

+

+

_

_

_

_

saero funq-

ciuri maxa-

siaTeblebi

saxelmwifo ena + + _ _ _ _

regionaluri me-

tyveleba + + + + + _

saSinao ena + + + + + +

sasuliero

funqciuri

maxasiaTebl.

wm. werilis ena + + _ _ _ _

samRvdel. ena + + + + + _

mrevlis ena + + + + + +

winareqarTvelur da qarTvelur tomTa saxelebi

- 79 -

1.2. qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli Zveli da axali saxelebi

1.2.1. winareqarTvelur (iberiul-kavkasiur-winaaziur)

da qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi

samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mosazreba, rom uZvelesi droidanve (mag., Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, zogis mixedviT ki - V aTaswleulidan!) arsebobda sami qarTveluri tomi sami gansxvave-buli eniT: qarTebi, zanebi (megrel-Wanebi) da svanebi; varaudo-ben, rom Semdgom periodSi qarTebisgan moxda sxva tomTa asimila-cia-qarTizacia... gaCnda saocrad araadekvaturi frazac: qarTi - tomiylapia (n.berZeniSvili). arada, arc erTi wyaros mixedviT ar Cans qarTis tomis arsebobis kvalic ki; am fonze sruliad usafuZvloa e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teoria; miT umetes, ara mxolod Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi, aramed I aTaswleulis da-sasrulsac ki ocamde qarTveluri tomis arseboba dokumenturad dasturdeba (Sdr., pontos qalaq amasiaSi dabadebuli strabonis cnobiT, dioskuriaSi Tavs iyris sul mcire 70 tomi, romlebic Tav-TavianT enebze saubroben; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv.123); ro-gorc wesi, TiToeul toms sakuTari sacxovrisi da gansxvavebuli metyveleba (ena Tu kilo) hqonda, mag., qsenofonte sagangebod la-parakobs adgilobriv tomebTan salaparako enebis (kiloebis) Se-saxeb; kerZod, makronebTan mimarTebiT is wers:

makronebTan urTierToba gaWirda; bedad, aTenSi tyvedmox-vedril molaSqres gaaxsenda bavSvobisdroindeli ena da qseno-fontes Tarjimnoba gauwia (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86); Sdr., qseno-fontem (435-355) mtkvris saTaveebidan ordumde teritoriaze na-xa: karduxebi, kolxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, tibarenebi, mosinoike-bi, fasianebi, taoxebi...

Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi 20-mde qarTveluri tomi arsebobs, rogor unda virwmunoT Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi mxolod im sami to-mis arseboba, romlebic ar Canan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodis


- 80 -

wyaroebSic ki, da romlebic dRes arseboben? aseT SemTxvevaSi da-ismeba upasuxo kiTxva:

saidan, rogor gaCndnen da maleve sad gaqrnen danarCeni tome-bi? an: e.w. qarTebi, zanebi da svanebi Tuki iyvnen 5000 wlis win (da SemTxveviT ar aisaxnen wyaroebSi), ram ganapiroba mxolod am sami tomis uprecedento unikaluroba - 5000 wlis manZilze arseboba Tvisobrivi cvalebis ganucdelad maSin, roca aseT xangrZliv pe-riods udidesma kulturebmac ki ver gauZles?

Cveni xedviT: termini qarTveluri tomebi (aseve: Cerqezuli/afxazur-

adiRuri, vainaxuri, lekuri/daRestnuri...)SeuZlebelia gamo-viyenoT Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis kavkasiis da mcire aziis sazoga-doebrivi jgufebis aRsaniSnavad; rogorc Cans, am periodSi arse-bobda winareqarTveluri, pirobiTad, iberiul-kavkasiuri mo-saxleoba, romlis divergenciiTa da sxva xalxebTan met-nakle-bi konvergenciiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi CamoiZerwnen - Crdilo-kavkasiuri tomebic da maSindel kavkasiaSi dominanti saerTo-qarTveluri eTnosic, romelmac Seqmna STambeWdavi "kolxuri kultura" (t.futkaraZe, 1999, gv.11-13); Semdeg, mravalricxovani omebisa Tu migraciis Sedegad, es xalxic daiqsaqsa 20-ze met qar-Tvelur tomad. am tomTagan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevar-Si isev Seikra qarTveli eri, aRdga qarTvelTa saxelmwifoc, romelic Semdeg periodebSi drodadro calkeul TemTa kuTxur samTavroebad iSleboda da isev erTiandeboda...

SeniSvna: aqve aRvniSnavT: kavkasia (teritoria Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris) aerTebs dasavleT evropas, aRmosavleT evropas, mcire aziasa da Sua azias; Sesabamisad, mas ver ganvixilavT verc oden evropis da verc aziis nawilad; gaumarTlebelia, agreTve, kavkasiis moazreba ax-lo aRmosavleTis cnebaSic. Tavisi evro-aziuri enobriv-

kulturuli da geografiul-klimaturi maxasiaTeblebis gamo, kavkasia evraziis centralur/gardamaval, Sesabamisad, TavisTavad regionad unda miviCnioT.

kidev erTi kiTxva: ramdenad logikuria 4000-5000 wlis winandeli da amJaminde-

li sazogadoebebis (maTi enebis Tu eTnonimebis) gaigiveba? mag.,


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zogi mecnieri xaTebs afxazebTan akavSirebs, zogic - qarTveleb-Tan... uZvelesi kulturebis werilobiT ZeglebSive dadastur-ebuli zogi sxva eTnonimic specialistTa erTi nawilis mier qar-TvelTa aRmniSvnelad miiCneva, meore nawils isini sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri (araindoevropeli da arasemiti) xalxebis, mesames ki in-doevropelebis aRmniSvnelad warmoudgenia da a.S.

winaswarve vityviT, rom Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulSi mcxovrebi Sumerebis, subarelebis (xuritebis) da xaTebis, Zv.w. II aTas-wleulSi mcxovrebi abeSlaelebisa Tu Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasa-wyisis xubuSqielebis enis (/xalxis) gaigiveba Tanamedrove qar-Tvelebis (CeCnebis, inguSebis, afxazebis, adiRelebis... qurTebis, somxebis... miT umetes, Turqebis, arabebis...) romelime enobriv erTeulTan, rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaWirdeba; 4000-5000-wliani in-tervali Zalian didia amgvari identifikaciisaTvis; sakiTxze msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia enaTa da eTnosTa isto-riis tipologiac; kerZod:

Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli yvela eris (eTnosis) enam, fsiqikurma wyobam, xasiaTma Tu kuTvnilma teritoriam bolo 10 saukuneSic ki seriozuli cvlileba ganicada; miT umetes, arsebi-Tad Seicvleboda 40-60 saukunis manZilze; mag., Zv.w. IV-III aTas-wleulebSi mcxovrebi didi tradiciebis damwerlobebis mqone xalxebic ki (Sumerebi, egviptelebi...) gaqrnen istoriis asparezi-dan da, warmoudgenelia, damwerlobis armqone, gacilebiT mcire-ricxovan eTnikur jgufebs dRemde Tvisobrivad ucvlelad Semo-enaxaT TavianTi ena/dialeqti, kultura (rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, am mxriv, garkveulwilad, iSviaTi gamonaklisia qarTuli samwig-nobro ena: qarTulis unikaluroba ki gansazRvra sruliad gansa-kuTrebulma garemoebam: sul mcire, 15 saukunis manZilze qarTu-li uwyvetad aris saeklesio, saxelmwifo da saliteraturo ena).

ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom Zv.w. VI-II aTaswleulebSi qarTvelur-Crdilokavkasiur-winaaziuri modgmis bevri tomi ar-sebobda, romelTa nawili saerTod daikarga, mezoblebTan airia, nawili ki, xangrZlivi konvergenciis procesiT, met-naklebad "ai-


- 82 -

saxa" Tanamedrove iberiul-kavkasiur eTnosebSi; uZvelesi droi-dan vidre "did kolxur kulturamde" arsebuli tomebi, pirobi-Tad, saerTokavkasiur-axloaRmosavlur modgmad SeiZleba mi-viCnioT, xolo Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan ukve SegviZ-lia vilaparakoT sakuTriv qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur tomebze. am naSromSi miznad ar visaxavT qarTvelur-kavkasiur-winaaziur tomTa istoriis kvlevas; mxolod gvsurs, cxadliv vaCvenoT, rom Zv.w. III-I aTaswleulebSi aTobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); Sesabamisad, qvemoT zogad StrixebSi warmovadgenT qarTvelur Tu winareqarTvelur (ibe-riul-kavkasiur-winaaziur) im eTnonimebs, romelTa didi nawili qarTvelTa winaprebis aRmniSvneli Cans (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: f.homeli, 1889; iv.javaxiSvili, 1908; a.svaniZe, 1937; s.yauxCiSvi-li, 1964; T.yauxCiSvili, 1967; gr.giorgaZe, 2002; S.gabeskiria, 2003; g.qavTaraZe, 2004 da sxv.):

xuritebi, miTanelebi, matienebi (miTani/miTanis mosaxle-oba), urartuelebi - Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebSi xuris enaze mo-laparake tomebi binadrobdnen mdinare evfratis Suawels zemoT CrdiloeTiT gadaWimul olqebSi (Crdilo mesopotamiaSi); am qve-yanas Sumerebi - subirs, aqadelebi da asurelebi subarTus eZax-dnen (Sdr., subarTu - geografiuli cneba). Zv.w. XVI saukunidan maT Seqmnes miTanis didi saxelmwifo. specialistTa daskvniT, xu-ritebis/miTanis ena aglutinaciuri tipis da ergatiuli kon-struqciisa iyo; mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT (arn.Ciqobava, i.diakonovi, s.starostini, n.nozaZe), igi enaTesaveba iberiul-kav-kasiur enebs:

arn. Ciqobavas azriT, iberiul-kavkasiuri enebi (maT Soris qarTulic - t.f.) enaTesaveba axlo aRmosavleTis Zveli kultur-is mkvdar enebs: xeTurs, haruls/xurituls, mitani-enas, urar-tuls, elamurs... qarTuli ena aris xeTur-iberiuli wris co-cxali ena; arsebuli gansxvavebani meoreulia (arn. Ciqobava, 1950, gv. 006). Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.19:

"xuris ena da masTan dakavSirebuli eTnikuri elementi meore


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aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde metad farTo teritoriazea gavrce-lebuli, Tumca am xalxis umTavres keras, politikuri da saxel-mwifoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, am dros zemo mesopotamia da va-nis tbis sanaxebi warmoadgenen; zemo mesopotamiaSia miTanis same-fo, vanis tbis sanaxebSi ki - xuris samefo (adre, xuris nacvlad, kiTxulobdnen xaris). "Tavisi fizikuri tipiTa da eniT xuri-mi-tanis (Semdgomi urartus) mosaxleobasTan dRes mcxovreb xal-xTagan yvelaze axlos qarTveluri, kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi dganan".

xuritebis gansaxlebis sazRvari ZiriTadad emTxveva mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis arealis nawils (specialuri li-teraturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: o.jafariZe, 1976; g.avaliSvili, 1994; gr.giorgaZe, 2002). miTani daemxo Zv.w. XIII saukuneSi. savara-udoa, rom amis Semdeg gaZlierdnen daiani/daiaene, kolxa, urar-tu da e.w. nairis sxva qveynebi. iTvleba, rom xuritulis uSualo memkvidrea urartuli, romelic TvalsaCinodaa Secvlili, rac sxva monaTesave Tu ucxo enebTan intensiuri interferenciiT aix-sneba: Zvel msoflioSi tomTa dapyrobiTi omebi Serevis did per-speqtivebs qmnidnen; Sdr., mag.: "eniT semiti asurelebi anTropo-logiurad narev xalxs - semituri elementisa da xuritebis Sere-vis produqts warmoadgenen" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv. 29).

logikuria mosazreba, rom xuritul-urartul enaze/enebze (abruptivebisa da ergatiuli konstruqciis mqone enaze) molapa-rake xalxis erTi nawili monawileobda qarTveli eris formire-baSi, meore nawili asaxulia sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, mesame nawili ki asimilirda mosuli indoevropeli armenebis mier (swo-red urartuli an qarTveluris monaTesave sxva romelime enis substratiT unda aixsnas somxurSi abruptivebis arseboba). Sdr.: hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472), herodotes (Zv.w. 484-425) da sxvaTa cnobebiT, matienebi cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT mosxebis, saspe~rebi-sa da alarodielebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.42, 144; herodote, 1975, gv.61, 111, 332).

Sdr.: s.janaSias mtkicebiT, "qarTlis moqcevis" arian-qarTli


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warmoadgens mogonebas hari-qveynis, rogorc qarTvelTa uZvele-si sacxovrisis Sesaxeb. realurad, aq SesaZlebelia, igulisxmebo-des rogorc mitani, ise urartuc - vanis tbis midamoebi, radgan hari-qveyana Seicavda erTsac da meoresac" (s.janaSia, 1952, gv.70); es mosazreba gaziarebulia Tanamedrove zog samecniero litera-turaSic (ix., mag., k.z. gamsaxurdia, 1997, gv.66; e.TayaiSvilis da-kvirvebiT, arian-qarTli aris hari-qveyana - xuritebis adgilsam-yofeli).

SeniSvna: garkveuli albaTobiT, xurit- fuZeSi SesaZloa gamoi-yos xur- Ziri, romelic har-/hal-/*xar-/*xal- variantebis saxiT SeiZleba veZioT hal-is-, xal-ib-, xal-d-, qal-d-, qar-T- formeb-Si, xolo xmovnis labializebuli variantiT - kol-/kul-x- (<*qol-/*qul-<*xul-/hur-); sakiTxi sagangebo kvlevas moi-Txovs; Tumca, am mimarTulebiT formobriv analizs Seaferxebs -it- (-et-/eT?), -T- (/eT?), -d- (/-ed-?) da -ib- (-eb-?) segmentebis kva-lifikaciis sirTule (ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

Zv.w. IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiisa da dRevandeli iran-TurqeTis momijnave teritoriaze arsebobda im droisaTvis erT-erTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo - urartu; Tavad urartuelebi TavianT qveyanas biainilis uwodebdnen (Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria, 1971, gv.407), xolo TavianT Tavs - xaldebs (i.me-SCaninovi, 1927, gv.3; Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.28-29: TviTsaxel-wodebaa bia/bianili);

Sdr., urartuelTa RmerTi iyo xaldi. asurul wyaroebSi urartus saxelad dadasturebulia uru-

atri; Sdr., agreTve: bibliuri ararati da berZnuli alarud. sayuradReboa, rom movses xorenaci ar imowmebs am toponims

da irCevs aSkarad Zvel, armenielebis mosvlamdel saxelwodebas - masis mTa. urartuli ena uaxlovdeba xurituls. miiCneven, rom urartuelebi arian herodotes mier matienebisa da saspe~rebis gverdiT moxseniebuli alarodielebi/alarodebi (herodote, 1976, gv.226), romlebic armenielTa mosvlamde cxovrobdnen sa-mxreT amierkavkasiaSi - araratis sanaxebSi.

iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, alarodeb/urartuelebSic unda vigu-


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lisxmoT qarTvelTa uSualo winaprebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.437). misive azriT, ramdenadac qsenofonte am regionSi alaro-debis nacvlad ukve armenielebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsje-loT armenebis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec; Sdr., armenebs ar axsenebs hekata~os mileteli.

qsenofontesave cnobiT, armenebs didi brZolebi aqvT xal-debTan; rac metyvelebs imazec, rom urartuelTa mezoblad mo-suli armenebis damxvduria urartuelTa moZme tomi - xaldebi; yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos eTnonim xaldisa da urartuelTa RmerTis saxelis - xaldis fonetikuri damTxveva; Sdr., mkvlevarTa yvela Taobis mier xaldebi qarTvelur tomad miiCneva.

SeniSvna: urartuelebi eomebodnen diaoxsac, kolxasac, magram arc erTi maTganis saxeli ar uqceviaT zogadad mtris saxelad; g.meliqiS-vilis cnobiT, maT mtris sinonimad aqcies mteri qveynis mosaxleobis saxeli - lulu (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.21); savaraudoa, rom eTnoni-mi lulu miemarTeboda mosul indoevropuli enis mqone tomebs.

xaTebi - Zv.w. XXIII saukunidan aTasi wlis manZilze centra-lur anatoliaSi (kabadokiisa da pontos teritoriaze) arsebobda Zlieri xaTis saxelmwifo (specialuri literaturis mimoxilvisa-Tvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002).

SeniSvna: qarTvelurisa da xuritulis msgavsad, qarTvelur-xaTuri naTesauri mimarTebis kvlevas seriozuli perspeqtiva uCans (ix.: arn.

Sumerulisa da xuritulis msgavsad, xaTuri ena iTvleba er-gatiuli konstruqciisa da aglutinaciuri tipis enad; specia-listTa varaudiT, igi enaTesaveba Tanamedrove qarTvelur da afxazur-adiRur enebs (qr. girbali, i.dunaevskaia, v. ivanovi). lo-gikuria, vifiqroT, rom xaTuri, rogorc oficialuri ena, Secva-la mosuli indoevropuli eTnosis enam - xeTurma, magram xaTuri tomebis ena-kiloebi darCa yoveldRiur gamoyenebaSi da garkveu-li transformaciebiT Semogvenaxa qarTvelur da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi siRrmiseuli dafenebis saxiT.


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Ciqobava, 1948; arn.Ciqobava, 1950; S.gabeskiria, 2003; Sdr., gr.giorga-Ze, 2002, gv.90)...

qasqebi/qaSqebi da abeSlaelebi - Zv.w. XVII-XIII saukuneebis xeTur lursmul wyaroebSi, aseve, asurul, egviptur ugaritul teqstebSi moxseniebulia xalxi, romelTa aRmniSvneli saxeli iyo: qasqa, qaSqa, gaSga, kaSka, kaSqa, qaSka; kaSkaS (egvipt.), kaSkaia, kaSka, kaSku (asur.); Ktkym (ugarit.)... isini cxovrobdnen xeTebis-gan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mogviano xanis ana-toliaSi (pontoSi).

mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (g.meliqiSvili, i.dunaevskaia, i.dia-konovi, a.kamenxuberi, v.arZinba, g.Cirikba) azriT, qasqebis ena erT-erTi afxazur-adiRuri enaa (terminis fonetikuri variante-bisa da literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.9-17). asuruli da xeTuri wyaroebis qaSqeb/qasqebis erT-erT saxe-lad (sinonimad) miCneulia asurul lursmul teqstebSi moxseni-ebuli abeSlaelebi. miuxedavad imisa, abeSla da qasqa sinonime-bad gamocxaddeba, Tu monaTesave tomebad (msjelobisaTvis ix.: g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.125; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.113-121), xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom SeuZlebelia 30-40 saukunis winandeli da Tana-medrove enebis igiveobaze laparaki; Sdr., agreTve, mag., m.qurdia-nis azriT, daaxloebiT 30 saukunis win arsebobdnen zanurenovani xubuSqielebi; avtoris varaudiT, paralelurad iyvnen qarTu-lenovani abaSebic, romelTa saxelic Semonaxulia toponim aba-Sas saxiT (arada, swored dRevandeli Tu istoriuli abaSelebi metyveleben erT-erT zanur dialeqtze - t.f.); misive varaudiT, xubuSqielebi abaSidan erT-erTi samxedro eqspediciis dros ami-erkavkasiidan gadasaxldnen vanis tbis midamoebSi; salmanasar III-sTan damarcxebis Semdeg maTgan mxolod "qveynis saxeli da samefo dinastia darCa" (m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.130-131)... m.qurdiani am da-skvnebs akeTebs xubuSqias saTuo etimologiis mixedviT; kerZod, misi azriT, saerToqarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) abaS- formisgan


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warmoiqmna abeSal- da zanuri xubuSq- varianti; aq logikuri Cans abaS- fuZis dakavSireba abaz- da abeSal- formebTan (ix. qve-moT). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom specialistTa daskvniT, xubuSqias mo-saxleoba ZiriTadad xuritulenovani iyo...

iv.javaxiSvilis, p.uSakovis da sxvaTa azriT, qaSqebi merminde-li kolxebis winaprebi arian; gr.giorgaZis varaudiT, tomTa gaer-Tianebani qasqebi da abeSlaelebi megrul-lazuri warmoSobisa-ni SeiZleba iyvnen, ramdenadac, eTnonim muSqSic da sxva toponi-mebSic xSiria sq/sg/Sq TanxmovanTkompleqsebi, romlebic zanur-svanuri rigis kompleqsebia (gr.giorgaZe, 2000, gv.16; gr.giorgaZe, 2002, gv.121).

pirvel rigSi, savaraudoa, rom mosx-/muSq- fuZeSi gamoiyofa -x- ( > q krebiTobis gamomxatavi sufiqsi. SesaZloa, qasq- fuZeSic veZioT Sexorcebuli uZvelesi -x/-q morfema; Sesabamisad, s-q (S-q) xom ar aris morfemaTa zRvari (Sdr.: qaSagi "tyve" saba; yabardo-eli - m.andronikaSvili)?; meorec, sq/Sq kompleqsi ar ikrZaleba arc saerToqarTveluris, arc samwignobro qarTulis da arc sxva qarTveluri dialeqtebis fonematuri struqturiT; amdenad, mxolod am kompleqsis mixedviT msjeloba gaWirdeba.

ufro logikuria, vTqvaT, rom xaTebisa da xuritebis mona-Tesave qasqebi, abeSlaelebi, xubuSqielebi, urartuelebi... winareqarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa aRmniSvneli saxelebia; am da sxva tomebisgan Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebSi CamoiZerwnen qarTve-lebic, Cerqezebic, vainaxebic da lekebic... sxvagvarad ver aix-sneba is faqti, rom Zveli winaaziuri enebis kvali STambeWda-via qarTvelurSic da sxva iberiul-kavkasiur (afxazur-adiR-ur, vainaxur, daRestnur) enebSic; aseve, Zvel eTnonimebTan ma-salobrivad axlos myofi terminebi dasturdeba rogorc qarTve-luri, aseve Crdilokavkasiuri sazogadoebebis mimarTebiT (qaSa-gi, abaza/ebze...).

muSqebi, muSqa/muSqi, mosxebi, mosoxi/meSexi, mosxikes mcxovreblebi - samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, Zv.w. XII-VII saukuneebis asurul lursmul wyaroebSi


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moxseniebuli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoq-/mosox-meSex- saxelwo-debebi (Sesaqme, X 2, 22-32), berZnul-romauli teqstebis mosoxe-bi, Zv. w. IV saukuneSi arsebuli saxelmwifo mosxike (iv.javaxiSvi-li, 1908, gv.22; iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; n.xazaraZe, 1998, gv.177; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.273; Sdr., i.diakonovi, 1984) - mosxebis/mesxebis qveyana, "qarTlis cxovrebis" arian qarTli da qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli Temonimi mesxi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli cnebebia; kerZod, isini miemarTeba qarTvelur modgmas, romlis gansaxlebis (Tu moZraobis) ZiriTadi teritoriaa zemo evfr-atispireTi (Zv.w. XII s.)-kabadokia-halisis Sua dinebis samxre-Ti (Zv.w. VIII s.)-pontos teritoris nawili da, bolos, samxreT-dasavleTi amierkavkasia.

Sdr.: "feodaluri xanis nomenklaturiT, mosxebis qveyana mo-icavda: samcxes, javaxeTs, klarjeTs, aWaras, egriss, SavSeTs, kola-artaans, amier da imier taos, basians, spers, anu mTel samxreT-da-savleT saqarTvelos" (msjelobisa da vrceli samecniero litera-turis mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.36-70; gr.giorgaZe, 1985; gr.giorgaZe, 2002).

Zv.w. XII saukuneSi (1165 wels) zemo mesopotamiaSi gamoCenili muSqebi e.kaveniakma istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleT olqebidan Camosulebad miiCnia (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.22); n.xa-zaraZis azriTac, "muSqebi, abeSlaelebis msgavsad, CrdiloeTi-dan unda gavrcelebuliyvnen samxreTisaken xeTebis samefos dace-mis Semdeg (n.xazaraZe, 2002, gv.124); mkvlevris varaudi efuZneba imas, rom xeTur lursmul teqstebSi muSqebi saerTod ar arian moxseniebuli.

Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom muSqTa winaprebad movi-azroT xaTebisa da xuritebis monaTesave da maTi gansaxlebis velSi mcxovrebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri modgma; logikuri Cans muSqebisa da qaSqebis monaTesaveobis daSvebac (qaSqi da muSqu eTnonimebis mimarTebis Sesaxeb gr.giorgaZisa da e.fon Suleris mosazrebebis analizi ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.283); Sdr.: xeTebi qas-qebTan debdnen sxvadasxva xasiaTis xelSekrulebas, qasqebi da xa-


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Tebi ki monaTesave tomebad iTvlebian. ramdenadac, araindoevro-peli xaTebis teritoriaze indoevropeli xeTebi mosulebi arian, logikuria varaudi, rom xaTebis SesaZlo memkvidre qasqebsa da xeTebs Soris daZabuli urTierToba iyo; Sesabamisad, sxvagvarad dadgeba qarTvelur tomTa migraciis mimarTulebis sakiTxic.

SeniSvna: k.f.leman-haupti fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibdnen Crdilo mesopotamiidan mosuli kardu-xebis (istoriuli gorduenes - korduqis mkvidrebis) da mcire azii-dan mosuli mesxebis Serwymis Sedegad (vimowmebT g.meliqiSvilis mi-xedviT; g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 19-20).

berZnul wyaroebSi mosxebis tomi pirvelad naxsenebia

ioseb flaviusis azriT (37-95), mosoxenebi dafuZnebulni arian mosoxis mier da "axla maT kabadokielebi ewodaT; kabadoki-

Zv.w. VI s. berZeni mwerlis - hekata~os miletelis mier; misi mowmobiT, mosxebi kolxuri tomia (Cveni azriT, aq kolxuri qarTveluris sinonimia - t.f.); isini cxovrobdnen matienebis (miTanis) mezob-lad - mesopotamiis CrdiloeTiT, anda mcire aziis Crdilo-aRmo-savleTiT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44).

herodotes (Zv.w. V s.) mixedviT, mosxebi kolxebTan (aq ukve kolxebi mxolod erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis saxelia - t.f.), sa-speirebTan, xalibebTan (qalibebTan), makronebTan, tibarenebTan, mosinoikebTan da marebTan erTad cxovrobdnen mcire aziis Crdi-loeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT Tu samxreT sanapiroze sparseTis mefe darios I (Zv.w. 524-485) dros (ix. herodote, 1976, gv.634; T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.47, 660).

strabonis (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w. 24) mixedviT, mosxebi cxovroben am-Jamindel dasavleT saqarTveloSi - Savi zRvis sanapiroze kolxe-bis gverdiT, henioxebisa da kerketebis samxreTiT (sakiTxis mimo-xilvisaTvis ix., g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 82-86); strabonisve cnobiT, adrindeli mosxuri qveynis (ivaraudeba Zv.w. IV saukuneSi arse-buli mosxike? albaT, ufro Zveli muSqebis sacxovrisi - t.f.) erTi nawili aqvT kolxebs, meore - iberebs da mesame - armenie-lebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.140-145).


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elTa es Zveli saxeli SemorCenilia maTi dedaqalaqis saxelad, romelic aris mazaxa" (ioseb flaviusi, 1987, gv.103).

evstaTi antioqelTan (280-360) kabadokielTa winaprebad da-saxelebulia mesxenebi, maT eTnarqad ki - osoxi (georgika, 1961, gv.34). ori saukunis Semdeg ki prokopi kesarieli mesxTa (mesxoi) sacxovrisad miiCnevs iberiis gaswvriv arsebul mTebs (georgika, 1965, gv.127).

stefane bizantielTan (IV-VII s.s.) dadasturebulia eTnonimi mosxi; igi, mihyveba ra strabons, mosxebs asaxelebs kerketebis ze-moT (e.i. samxreTiT - t.f.). XI saukunis moRvawe leon gramatikosi ucvlelad imeorebs wina Taobebis mosazrebebs da iafetis Svilad miCneul mesxosisgan momdinared miiCnevs mesxebs, romelTac ax-la kabadokielebi ewodebaTo...(georgika, 1963, gv.3-4).

mosx-/mesex-/mesx- terminTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa Crdi-lokavkasiur enaTa monacemebi:

p.uslarisa da a.diris cnobebiT, daRestnur enaTa samyaroSi qarTvelebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins - mosoqi/museqi; igi miemarTeba, agreTve, wovaTuSebsac (g.burWulaZe, b.SavxeliSvili, 1993, gv.325).

logikuria, davuSvaT, rom qarTlis mosaxleoba muSq-mesxebis uSualo memkvidrea; toponim mcxeTisa da qoronim samcxis mimar-Teba amis kidev erTi argumenti Cans: sa-mesx-e > *samsxe > samcxe; mesx-eT-a > *msxeTa > mcxeTa (literaturis mimoxilvisa da gan-sxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. g.bedoSvili, 1981).

Sdr.: i.zicaris azriT (i.zicari, 1998): mes-x- > vesk > bask-; bask- fuZis amgvari etimologia damatebiT argumentebs moiTxovs.

varaudoben, rom mesx-, mosx- musx- fuZeebi qarTveluri di-aleqturi variantebia; maTTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos *mas- Zi-ri (Sdr.: masisi - maRali mTa istoriul mesxeTSi - parxalis axlos; masis mTa - araratis Zveli saxeli), xolo -x- iyos xuri-tul-urartul-kavkasiuri sufiqsi (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. r.abaSia, 2001), romelic krebiToba-warmomavlobas gamoxatavs: *mas-x-; fuZisaTvis Sdr.: mas-is-i, fas-is-i da bas-ian-i.


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Cveni azriT, *mas-x- marTlac SeiZleba iyos amosavali forma, magram warmodgenili formebi (mosx-/musx-) iseve ver miiCneva qar-Tvelur dialeqtur (zanur-svanur-) variantebad, rogorc, mag., sxvadasxva Zvel enaSi dadasturebuli Targamosi/Togarma/Tor-goma/Tegerama/Tilgarimu, ararati/urartu da sxva paralelu-ri formebi; am rigis masala ise Zvelia, rom saTave (mizezi) wina-reqarTvelur-kavkasiur periodsa da sxvadasxva msesxebeli enis fonematur TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.401-402; g.Tofuria, 1970, gv.120; m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.189; n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.285 da sxv.).

SeniSvna: mesxi/masxi eTnonims saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsa-xelwodebad aRadgens m. qurdiani (m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.188); mesx-/mosx- termini qarTvelTa erTi jgufis aRmniSvneli romaa, es ueWve-lia, magram iyo Tu ara is saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxeli, saTanadod argumentirebuli ar aris; am mosazrebis kritikisaTvis ix.: gr. giorgaZe, n.xazaraZe 2002, gv.191)...

sadavo ar unda iyos, rom mosxebi/mesxebi erT-erTi Zveli qarTveluri tomis saxelia, romelic mezobel Tu aramezobel xalxTagan istoriis erT monakveTSi ganzogadebuli iyo "yo-velTa qarTvelTa" saxelad.

daianelebi, diauxelebi, taoxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis

asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi damowmebulia daiae-nis qveyana; mkvlevrebi am saxelwodebas ukavSireben urartuli lursmuli teqstebis diauxs, berZnuli wyaroebis taoxois, Zve-li somxuri wyaroebis taiqs da istoriuli saqarTvelos erT ku-Txes - taos (literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. gr.giorgaZe, 2002); varaudoben, rom es iyo Zlieri qarTveluri tomi (Sdr.: g.meli-qiSvili, i.diakonovi da sxv. diaoxis mosaxleobas xuritulenov-nad miiCneven), romlis mefe senze gamarjvebiTac sagangebod tr-abaxobda asureTis mefe tiglaTfileser I (1115-1077).

daianelebi/taoxebi/taoelebi cxovrobdnen TorTumis, ev-fratisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi; sarwmuno Cans, diaoxis dedaqala-


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qi SaSilu (SaSilo/sasiro) mdebareobda cnobili TorTumis ci-xis mimdebare teritoriaze - amJamindeli esendurakis adgilas (g.qavTaraZe, 2005, gv. 13-18).

berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi

taoxebi pirvelad gvxvdebian qsenofontesTan (Zv. w. V_IV s.s.): taoxebi, romlebic cxovroben mermindel olTisis olqSi, sparseTis mefes ar emorCilebian da xalibebTan erTad sparseli satrapis - tiribaZis - moqiravneebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.52). mogvianebiTac, mag., stefane bi-zantielic (IV-VII s.s.) taoxebs Sida pontoSi mosaxle tomad Tvlis; misi cnobiT, "zogierTebi maT taoelebsac eZaxian, ro-gorc ambobs sofainete Tavis "anabazisSi" (georgika, 1936, gv.284).

Zveli berZnebis cnobiT, aia igive kolxeTia; ix., mag., hero-dote: argonavtebi "micuravdnen a~aSi, kolxidaSi, sawmisisa-Tvis"; "movida es kitisorosi a~a-kolxididan da gaaTavisuf-la igi"... (herodote, 1975, gv.472-473); amave azrs imeorebs apolo-nios rodoselic Tavis "argonavtikaSi". Sesabamisad, logikuria T.miqelaZis azri, rom daiaeni SeiZleba iyos igive aia; Sdr., aia da xaiasa (Semdgomi suxmis qveyana) gaigivebuli aqvs g.hiusings (sa-kiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 161, 163; g.qavTaraZe, 2005). dentalur da velarul TanxmovanTa monacvleobis, agreTve, maTi dakargvis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa sxva kavkasiur-aRmo-savleTanatoliur toponimTa variantebic: xalibi/alibi, xaba-reni/obareni, xarimati/arimati, qaRzevani/aRzevani, tapi-

ri/apiri, toreti/oreti, Tuni/uni (magaliTebi moiZia g.qavTa-raZem; ix. 1985, gv. 53-58); Sdr., agreTve: aia, daia-en-i da xeTuri wyaroebis xaia-sa (-sa da qarTv. -is-: Sind-is-i)... d > x, q > 0, x > 0, t > 0 procesebi Znelad dasaSvebia, Sesabamisad, gardamaval fo-rmebad savaraudoa s/h fonemebis Semcveli fuZeebi, ramdenadac, bunebrivia s > h > 0 procesi (winaenismieri yru Tanxmovnis h-d qcevisaTvis Sdr.: saerToqarTv. w > svan. W > h); Sdr., mag., SesaZlo transformaciebi: *daia > *taia > (*waia/*Waia, an *saia >) *haia, romelsac SeeZlo moeca, erTi mxriv, aia (< *haia), meore mxriv - *xaia (< *haia). aia SeiZleba gamoiyos aiet- fuZeSic: -et- sufiqsi


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berZnulSi warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiTobis mawarmoebelia, Sesa-bamisad, mefe aietis saxeli miRebulia aia-sgan: aia-eti > aieti; Sdr. o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.32: "argonavtebis uZveles versieb-Si, qveyana, sadac argonavtebma ilaSqres, iyo aia; ufro gvian am qveyanas kolxidad moixsenieben".

SeniSvna: diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), romelic qsenofontes teq-sts mihyveba, taoxebis nacvlad axsenebs xaebs: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, motvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124); Sdr., heka-ta~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) mosxebsa da beqe~rebs Soris asaxelebs xo~ebs; rizes maxloblad mcxovreb xo~ebs Cveulebriv taoxo~s Se-ryvnil formad miiCneven, magram s. yauxCiSvilis azriT, maTi sacxov-risi imdenadaa daSorebuli taoxebis sacxovriss, rom xo~ebisa da ta-oxebis identifikacia gaWirdeba (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44).

kolxebi - Zv. w. XII-VIII saukuneebis asurul da urartul lursmul teqstebSi dadasturebulia kilxi da kulxa/kolxa ge-ografiuli terminebi, romlebic gaigivebulia berZnul-romau-li wyaroebis kolxoi da kolxis saxelwodebebTan; iv.javaxiSvi-lis azriT, kolxebi asuruli wyaroebis kaskebi arian (iv.javaxiS-vili, 1908, gv.30).

samecniero literaturaSi gaziarebulia n.maris azri, rom kolxTa politikuri gaerTianeba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasasruls da I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi (Zv.w. VII s. 20-ian wlebamde) iyo sa-mxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, centriT Woroxis xeobaSi; VII saukunidan misi centri gadadis dasavleT saqarTveloSi - ri-onispireTSi (g.meliqiSvili, T.miqelaZe, n.lomouri, m.inaZe; msje-lobisaTvis ix., agreTve: o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.68-69).

Sdr., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.4: "argonavtebis oqros sawmi-sisaTvis laSqrobis Sesaxeb berZnuli Tqmuleba mWidrodaa dakav-Sirebuli Cvens qveyanasTan - Zvel kolxeTTan, romelic dRevan-del dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyals moicavda..."(adreul gamo-kvlevaSi o.lorTqifaniZes sakamaTod ar miaCnda g.meliqiSvilisa da T.miqelaZis mtkicebulebani "argonavtikaSi" warmodgenili


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qarTveluri saxelebis Woroxis xeobasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb; ix., o.lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv. 21, I SeniSvna).

ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen (ak.uruSa-Ze, 1964, gv.6). urartuli warwerebica da Tanamedrove arqeolo-giuri monacemebic cxadyofs am azris siswores (ix. qvemoT, II Ta-vi); aSkaraa, rom Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dRevandel dasavleT sa-qarTvelos ar moicavda; kolxeTis gacilebiT didi teritoria (mtkvris zemo welisa da Woroxis xeobebi) dRes TurqeTis res-publikis SemadgenlobaSia moqceuli; Sdr.: kolxa/aia/tao.

varaudoben, rom werilobiT ZeglebSi kolxida formis pir-veli damowmeba gvaqvs Zv. w. XIV saukunis B-xazovan teqstebSi ko-kida/kokide~o variantebis saxiT (l. gordeziani, 2004, gv. 226-228). berZnul wyaroebSi termini "kolxida gaia" ueWvelad das-turdeba Zv. w. VIII saukunis poetTan - evmile korinTelTan; sava-raudoa, rom kolxidis paralelurad berZnebi iyenebdnen termin aiasac (arsebuli mdidari literaturis mimoxilva ix.: m. inaZe, 1955; g. meliqiSvili, 1965; n. lomouri, 1962; S. asaTiani, 1993; m. inaZe, 1993).

fsevdo-skilaqsis azriT, kolxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria vrceldeba dioskuriidan mdinare afsarosamde e.i. soxumidan Wo-roxamde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84)... fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebs imeorebs skilaqs kariandeli (Zv.w. VI-V s.).

herodote amtkicebda, rom kolxebi egviptidan iyvnen wamosu-li; misi azriT, samxreTis (mewamuli) zRvidan CrdiloeTis (pontos) zRvamde cxovrobda oTxi tomi: sparselebi, midie-lebi, sasperebi da kolxebi (herodote, 1975, gv.156, 262); aSkaraa, rom aq kolxebic da sasperebic ufro tomTa gaerTianebebis aR-mniSvnelia, vidre calkeuli tomebisa (kolxebis Sesaxeb ix. iv.ja-vaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12). amas adasturebs qsenofontes mogzaurobis dRiurebisa da fsevdo-skilaqsis cnobebis Sedareba; kerZod:

fsevdo-skilaqsi trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi asa-xelebs biZerebs, ekeqe~riebs, beqe~rebs, makrokefalebs da mosi-


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no~kebs; amave periodSive qsenofonte trapezunt-kerasuntis re-gionSi asaxelebs mxolod kolxTa toms (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97); Sdr., apolonios rodoseli (III s.): "qedmaRal mefes ver uSvelian kolxTa tomebi" (argonavtika, 1975, gv.113).

miTridate-pompeusis brZolebTan dakavSirebiT kolxebs ax-senebs II saukunis moRvawe apiane (apiane, 1959, gv.198); savaraudoa, rom kolxebad igi miiCnevs tomTa did gaerTianebas, romlebic Sa-vi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze cxovrobdnen; Sdr., aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi am dros iberebi saxeldebian.

arianes mixedviT, trapezuntelebis mosazRvreni arian kolxe-bi; amaT gverdiT arian sanebi (qsenofontes mixedviT, igive dri-lebi), makronebi da henioxebi (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158).

dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas ariane (II s.) ukve lazebis saxeliT ixseniebs: "lazikas Camoudis mdinare, saxe-lad reoni, sadac kolxebs Zvelad cixe augiaT"...(berZeni mwerle-bi... 1983, gv.188). am periodidan erTmaneTs xSirad enacvleba ter-minebi: kolxi da lazi; mag., V saukunis anonimi avtori wers: "di-oskuriidan vidre afsaris wylamde winaT cxovrobda is xalxi, romlebsac kolxebi ewodebodaT da mere gadaerqvaT lazebi" (ge-orgika, 1965, gv.6)...

ipolite romaeli (III s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), epifane kvipreli (314-403 ) da mravali sxva mogvianebiTac termin kolxebs irCeven, sxvebi ki lazebs iyeneben (ix. qvemoT); mag., ioane lide (VII s.) wers: "kolxikes amJamad lazikes eZaxian lazebis hegemono-bis gamo" (georgika, 1970, gv.3; s.yauxCiSvilis komentari); agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.): "lazebs rom Zvelad kolxebi ewodebodaT da swored isini arian, amaSi eWvi ar Seepareba aravis, Tuki is ga-ecnoba fazisis, kavkasiisa da maT garSemo mdebare qveynebis mosax-leobas... lazebi amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT" (georgika, 1936, gv.27, 50)...

Sdr., ioane cece (1110-1180 ): "kolxebi indoeli skviTebi ari-an, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, winandeli masa-geTebis maxloblad"; "kvitaia kolxeTis qalaqia, xolo kolxebi


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lazuri tomia, cxovroben abazgebis maxloblad"; kolxebs azieli skviTebic da levkosirebic hqviaT; isini cxovroben aziis mxareSi mdinare fazisis irgvliv"... (georgika, 1967, gv.32, 36-37)...

Sdr.: II saukunis aleqsandrieli moRvawis - dinisios periege-tis "dedamiwis aRwerilobis" mixedviT, kolxebi evropidan mo-sulni arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.93); am cnobaSi SeiZleba asa-xuli iyos evropidan pontos zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze ibe-rielTa mosvlis legenda.

SeniSvna: hekata~osis "dedamiwis aRwera" cxadyofs, rom Zv.w. VI s. berZenTaTvis cnobili iyvnen Semdegi tomebi: melanqla~nebi, koraqse-bi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mo-sino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi. fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV) "perip-lusSi" ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze md. donidan Tanamedrove TermeCai-mde dasaxelebulia Semdegi tomebi: savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, kerketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, makroke-falebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 81-82). T.yauxCiSvilis azriT, herodotesTan qarTvel tomebad misaC-nevia: kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesave tomebi arian: alarodielebi, ma-tienebi. mosxebi da tibarenebi omSi erT meTaurs emorCilebodnen; makronebi da mosino~kebi - meores; marebi da kolxebi - mesames, xolo, alarodiebi da saspe~rebi - meoTxes (herodote, 1975, gv.27-28; ix. ag-reTve, T.yauxCiSvili, 1955).

kolxa unda momdinareobdes Zveli qarTuli provinciis ko-las saxelisgan (i.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.12):

kola/kol-i - kol-x-i; qarTul wyaroebSi fuZe kola adri-danve dasturdeba, xolo qoronimis meoreuli varianti kolxeTi qarTulSi berZnulis analogiiT gvian iqmneba. Sdr., patriarq ni-konis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli erT-erTi terminia kolxekia (g. paiWaZe, 1993). p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolxisganaa na-warmoebi qluxori (kolxori > kluxori > qluxori; Sdr., koda > kod-or-i; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.143).

logikuria vivaraudoT, rom Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Sua pe-riodidan kerasuntis regionSi, halisisa (kizil-irmakis) da


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Woroxis auzebSi, Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelosa da mtkvris zemowelis mxareebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri politiku-ri gaerTianeba, romlis Tavdapirveli berZnuli (?) saxeli Se-iZleboda yofiliyo aia (Sdr.: aieti; Sdr., agreTve: daiaeni, tao); Semdeg am saxels Caenacvla kolxa/kolxida.

Zv.w. XII-VIII saukuneebSi am gaerTianebaSi hegemonobda kolxebis Zlieri tomi, romlis saxelis mixedviT aisaxa es sa-xelmwifo mezobeli saxelmwifoebis dokumentebSi Tu berZeni mwerlebisa da mogzaurobis mexsierebaSi; igi am periodSi ukve moicavda Savi zRvis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nawilis CaTvliT (Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv.412)... metic, rogorc zogi berZnuli wyaro, aseve, Tanamedrove arqeologiuri gaTxrebi cxadyofen, rom e.w. "

logikuria davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos istoriuli provin-cia kola, eTnonimi kol-x-i/kol-x-a da kolebi/kolike saerTo fu-Zisgan warmomavali sityvebi iyos (Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138: kolxi da kolaelebi sinonimebia); aseve, SesaZlebelia, vivarau-doT, rom trapizonisa da biWvinTis regionebSi erTsa da imave dros dafiqsirebuli kolxebi da kolebi monaTesave tomebi ari-an. p.ingoroyvas azriT, kolasganaa nawarmoebi klarji: kol-ar-i > kolarji (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.138); mas axsnili ara aqvs j-s warmo-

didi kolxuri kul-tura" moicavda dRevandel qarTlsac da Crdilo kavkasiis did nawilsac.

kolebi - kolebi pirvelad dasturdebian hekata~os mile-telTan (Zv.w. 549-472); fsevdo-sqilaksis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mi-xedviT, koraqsebi da kolebi daaxloebiT bzifis SesarTavis rai-onSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83). axali wel-TaRricxvis V saukunis anonimuri periplusis avtori kolebis qveyanas - kolikes asaxelebs, erTi mxriv, henioxebis, koraqsebisa da, meore mxriv, melanqlainebis, maqelonebis, kolxebis mezoblad (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.105); Sdr., stefane bizantieli: kolebi - tomi kavkasionTan; kavkasionis qveda ferdebs ewodeba kolebis mTebi, qveyanas ki kolike hqvia (georgika, 1936, gv.281).


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mavloba, magram dakavSireba swori Cans: SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom *kolar- da dialeqturi kolaj- (za-

nurSi bunebrivia r > j procesi sityvis bolos: xari > xoji, qmari > qomonji...) formebis kontaminaciiT miviReT kolaraj- forma, ro-melmac mogvca klarj- fuZe; aseve, araa gamoricxuli, -r fonetikur CanarTad miviCnioT: kolar- > kolaj- > klaj- > klarj- (sakiTxi Se-mdgom kvlevas iTxovs).

koraqsebi

"kavkasionis qvemoT aris tba (kaspiis tba), romelsac adgi-lobrivi mcxovreblebi zRvas uwodeben. radgan am tbas mravali da didi mdinare erTvis da cxadi gamosavali ki ara aqvs, igi miwis qveS miedineba koraqsebisken da gamodis pontos e.w. siRrmeebTan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.36); aristotele ar sazRvravs maTs sa-cxovriss da arc maT eTnikurobas, vinaidan, Cans, rom mis mkiTxvel Tu msmenel sazogadoebas amisi sagangebo axsna ar sWirdeboda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.) Tavis "geografiul leqsikonSi", hekates "aziis" kvalad, koraqsebs miiC-nevs kolxur tomad (Sdr., misTvis lazebi skviTuri tomia; geor-gika, 1936, gv.280-281); amave avtoris mixedviT, "kerketebis zemoT

- Zv.w. VI saukuneSi moRvawe hekata~os miletelis cnobiT, koraqsebi kolxuri tomia (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43).

skilaqs kariandeli (Zv. w. VI-V s.) koraqsebs asaxelebs henio-xebis Semdeg (T. yauxCiSvili, 1967, gv. 47). koraqsebs axsenebs fsev-do-sklaqsic (Zv. w. IV s.); misi azriT, koraqsebi cxovroben henio-xebze samxreTiT da kolebze CrdiloeTiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. amaTze kidev ufro samxreTiT aris tomi kolxebisa da mis teritoriazea dioskurisi. ase rom, am avtoris Tanaxmad, ko-raqsebis tomi Tanamedrove soxumze ufro CrdiloeTiT aris nava-raudevi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.10). koraqsebi da kolebi daax-loebiT dRevandeli bzifis (klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT, mdinare koraqsis) SesarTavis raionSi arian sagulvebeli (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1976, gv. 83; ix. agreTve n. lomouri, 1963, gv. 22).

Sdr., aristoteles (Zv. w. 384-322) "meteorologiaSi" vkiTxu-lobT:


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cxovroben mosxebi da qarimatebi, xolo qvemoT henioxebi da ko-raqsebi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.289).

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, koraqs- fuZe daiSleba kor- Zirad da -qs- sufiqsad, sadac, -qs- igive "sakveci" -x- aris, rac gvaqvs kol-x- formaSi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.411).

logikuria kol-, kor- fuZeebis, aseve, kolxebis, kolaele-bis, koraqsebis, gviandeli klarjebis saerTo warmomavlobis sa-kiTxis dasma; xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom ukve hekata~osis dros koraqsebi, kolebi da kolxebi monaTesave, magram sxvadasxva to-mebi arian; Sdr.: sxva SemTxvevebSic monaTesave qarTvelur tomebs erTi fuZidan nawarmoebi msgavsi saxelebi aqvT (ix.: sani, zani, Wa-ni... xalibi, qaldi, xaldi, karduxi...).

karduxebi - qsenofontes cnobiT, es meomari da ubatono to-mi ebrZvis rogorc berZnebs, aseve sparselebsa da armenebs; maTi sacxovrisi am dros miuval mTebSia: "molaSqreebma tyveebisgan ga-iges, rom Tu isini SeZleben karduxebis mTebis gadalaxvas da mdi-nare tigrosis saTaveebze gadasvlas, mivlen armeniaSi" (qseno-fonte, 1976, gv. 63-66, 74-75).

karduxebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriis sazRvrebia: Crdiloe-TiT - Tanamedrove botan-Cai, dasavleTiT - tigrosi, samxreTiT - Tanamedrove qurTistanis mTianeTis dasavleTi nawili.

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi karduxebis saxelis variantebia: gordueno~ da Cordueni (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 52). tomi kar-duenebi amave teritoriaze dasturdeba mogvianebiTac; ix., mag., petre patrikiosi (VI s.): romaelebsa da sparselebs Soris mola-parakebis erT-erTi sadavo sagani iyo qveyana karduene (mas romae-lebi iTxovdnen), romelic tigrosis saTaveebTan mdebareobda (georgika, 1936, gv.193)...

kardu/kardu-x- fuZesTan akavSirebda qarTu(-el-) fuZes iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv.411-412); kardu- formas xald- fuZisgan mo-mdinared Tvlis a.svaniZe (a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14); Sdr., ufro adre,


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qarTu-el- formas qald-e (qaldea) saxelTan akavSirebda ilia WavWavaZe: "Zalian WkuasTan axloa da advilad safiqrebeli, rom lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli "qaldi", "qaldisi" igive "qarTlisi" iyos..." (i. WavWavaZe, 1941, gv.376).

qsenofontes mier dadasturebuli karduxebi mecnierTa erTi jgufis mier qurTTa winaprebad miiCneva; amgvar dakavSirebas sxvebi usafuZvlod Tvlian da karduxebs qarTvelTa winaprebad miiCne-ven (msjelobisaTvis ix. a.svanaZe, 1937, gv.14; S.gabeskiria, 2003). vfiq-robT, ufro logikuria, indoevropel tomebTan mebrZoli kar-duxebi da maTi mezobeli xaldebi monaTesave tomebad ganvixi-loT: Zvel berZnul wyaroebSive xaldebi qarTvelur tomad iT-vleba (ix. qvemoT), xolo Zvel somxurSi kordu-k qarTvelTa aRmniS-vneli eTnonimia (ix. S.gabeskiria, 2003). problema Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

Tabalebi, Tobelebi - Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebis asuruli wya-roebis Tabalis qveyanas (Ta-ba-lu) mkvlevarTa umravlesoba an-tikuri xanis did kabadokiaSi aTavsebs; mag., b.landsbergeris va-raudiT, Tabali mdebareobda Zveli mazakas, dRevandeli kaiseris raionSi - samxreT-dasavleT kabadokiaSi; miCneulia, rom Tabale-bis saxeli asaxulia bibliuri eTnarqis - Tubal-/Tobelis sa-xelSi (Sesaqme, IV,22; X,2; XI, 28).

istoriul wyaroebsa da samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs mtkicebulebani, rom Tubal/Tobalis Camomavalni arian tibare-nebi, tibarebi, iberebi anu qarTvelebi (ioseb flaviusi, vivian de sen marteni, n.mari, i.javaxiSvili, p.ingoroyva... msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.22-23; s.janaSia, 1959).

Tabalebsa da tibarenebs sxvadasxva xalxebad miiCnevs n.xaza-raZe (Sdr.: Tabali - gviandeli xeTuri politikuri gaerTianeba mcire aziaSi); misi azriT, asuruli Tabal-, Zvelebrauli Tu-bal- da Zvel berZnulad naTargmn bibliaSi damowmebuli Tobel- SeuZlebelia qarTveluri dialeqturi (Sesabamisad, qarTul-sva-nur-megruli) variantebi iyon, vinaidan identur saxelTa msgavsi


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variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; mag., Sdr.: asuruli gamir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuru-li kammanu; xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma...

n.xazaraZis logikuri daskvniT, "TabalisaTvis navaraudevi teritoria ZvelTaganve xeTur-luviuri tomebis gavrcelebis arealSi Sedioda" (n.xazaraZe, 1978, gv.64, 82; n.xazaraZe, 2001; aqve ix. sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom Tu bibliuri meSehi da Tobeli sxvadasxva xalxebis winaprebad ivaraudebian: bibliis ganmmartebelni Tobelis STamomavalT ibe-rebTan aigiveben, im iberebTan, romlebic, amave dros, mkvlevarTa azriT, tibarenebis Camomavlebi arian. sainteresoa isic, rom qa-laqi mazaxa/mazaka, romelic muSqTa/mosxTa dedaqalaqad moiaz-reba, masalobrivad aSkarad uaxlovdeba *masx-/masax-/mesx- fuZes; n.xazaraZis daskvniT ki, swored am qalaqis siaxloves cxovrob-dnen Tobalebic.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroe-bis Tobelebi/Teobelebi da qarTuli Targanebis Tovilebi sa-xeldebian mxolod bibliur konteqstSi; kerZod: ioseb flaviusi (I s.): "... Tobelma daafuZna Tobelebi, romlebsac axla iberebi ewodebaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.34; Sdr., XII saukunis qarTuli Tar-gmani: "daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilissa TovilTasa, romelni aw ivi-rad iwodebian"); evstaTi antioqeli (280-360 ): obelisgan warmo-iSven Teobelebi, dRes rom iberebi ewodebaT (georgika, 1961, gv.34); leon gramatikosi (XI): "... Tobelisgan - Tobelebi, axlan-deli iberebi, mesoxisgan - mesxenebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.49)... Sdr., giorgi singelozi (VIII-IX): Tobelisagan warmodgnen Tetalielebi, xolo mosoxisgan - iliri-elebi (georgika, 1941, 61-62)... Cveni azriT, kvlevis am etapze upa-suxoa kiTxva: Tabalebi indoevropuli tomia Tu qarTvelur-kav-kasiuri?

tibarenebi/tibareni - hekata~os miletelis (Zv.w. 549-472) mi-


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xedviT, tibarebi cxovrobdnen Tanamedrove ordus midamoebSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1978, gv.44). herodotes (Zv.w. 484 -425 ) cnobiT, me-fe dariosisgan (524-485) "mosxebs, tibarenebs, makronebs, mosi-no~kebsa da marebs Sewerili hqondaT 300 talanti" (herodote, 1975, gv.226).

qsenofontem (Zv.w. IV s.) tibarenebi naxa mosinoikebs damorCi-lebuli xaldebis mezoblad, Savi zRvis sanapiroze; misi rwmune-biTac tibarenebis qveyanaSi iyo elinTa axalSeni kotiora/ordu (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.106-107). fsevdo-skilaqsi tibarenebs mosini-kebis mezoblad asaxelebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 84-85).

apoloniosi (Zv.w. 295-215) tibarenTa qveyanas aTavsebs xalibe-bis (/xaldebis) CrdiloeTiT (a.rodoseli, 1975, gv.107).

strabonis mixedviT, tibarenebi trapezuntisa da farnakiis zemoT cxovroben, xald-xalibebsa da sanebTan erTad (aqvea mosxu-ri mTebi, romlebic kolxidis zemoT mdebareoben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 146).

diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.) tibarenebs asaxelebs mosvino-ikebis Semdeg: karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi - T.yaux-CiSvili), fasianebi, xaldebi, skitinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mo-svinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).

macxovris wyalobiT velurobidan gamosul tomTa Soris asaxeleben tibarenebs evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ) da Teodorite kvireli (393-457 ).

Savi zRvis sanapiroebis aRweris dros amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: mdinare halisis auzSi cxovroben: xalibebi (strabo-nis azriT, igive qaldeebi, romlebmac pirvelad moipoves da daa-muSaves rkina), bizerebi, sapirebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makro-nebi... "romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnobni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.110-111). stefane bizantielis mixedviT, qveyana tibarenia aris pontoSi, xalibebisa da mosinikebis mezoblad (georgika, 1936, gv.285)...

berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi arsadaa miTiTebuli, rom tiba-renebi da iberebi erTi da igive xalxia; i. javaxiSvilisa da s. jana-


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Sias kvlevebis Semdeg tibarebisa da iberebis igiveoba qarTul samecniero literaturaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia; Cven SesaZ-leblad migvaCnia tiber-en-/tibar- da iber- fuZeebis saerTo warmomavlobis daSvebac (tiber-/hiber-/iber-?) da am tomTa naTes-aobac (da ara igiveoba): aSkaraa, rom tibarenebic da iberebic qarTvelur tomTa gansaxlebis velSi cxovroben da isini qarTve-lur tomebad unda miviCnioT.

saspe~rebi, svispiritebi, iberebi (iberia/kavkasiis ibe-ria) - herodotes mixedviT, saspe~rebi cxovrobdnen kolxidasa da midias Soris:

"kolxididan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi tomia am qveynebs Soris, esaa saspeirebis tomi" (herodote, 1975, gv.76). ramdenadac herodotesTan saerTod araa naxsenebi iberebi, specialistebi varaudoben, rom saspe~rebi igive hiberebi/ibere-bi arian (i.javaxiSvili, s.janaSia...). herodotesTanve saspeirebi, matienebi (miTanelebi) da alarodielebi (urartuelebi) gver-digverd moixsenieba; Sdr., tomTa meore jgufi: mosxebi, tibarene-bi, makronebi, mosino~kebi da marebi (ix. iqve, gv.227)... es cnobebi xels SeuSlis hiberebis, tibarenebisa da saspeirebis identifika-cias; tibarenebi da saspeirebi aSkarad sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia, xolo saspe~rebisa da iberebis igiveobis daSveba SesaZ-lebelia; ix., mag., s.janaSia:

saspe~rebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria romaul xanaSi sispi-ritad iwodeboda; igi moicavda iberia-qarTlis samefos teri-toriasac; mxolod, misi politikuri centri mcxeTa-armazis rai-onis samxreTiT aris saZiebeli. saspe~r-iberebi cxovrobdnen araqsis xeobaSi, Woroxis xeobis zemoTa nawilSic da evfratis sa-TaveebSic (s. janaSia, 1952, gv.21, 101; msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT).

Sdr., qsenofontes mier dasaxelebul hesperitebsa da stra-bonis svispiritebs saspeirebTan akavSirebda p.ingoroyva (p.ingo-royva, 1957, gv.506-507; ix., agreTve, T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.145-146; g.qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.133-134).


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g.meliqiSvilis azriT, saspe~rebi igive taoxebi arian (g.me-liqiSvili, 1959, gv.268), T.miqelaZisa da v.liCelis azriT ki, da-savlur-qarTuli, kerZod, megrul-Wanuri enis mqone eTnikuri jgufia (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.129; v.liCeli, 2001, gv.23); aqve aRvniS-navT, rom v.liCelis azriT, saspe~ritebs unda SeeqmnaT "proto-qarTuli aso-niSnebi", romlebic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Sevida kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (iqve, gv.19-25).

istoriuli dokumentebidan aSkarad Cans, rom saspe~re-bi/svispiritebi karduxebisa da taoxebis mezoblad cxovroben; Sdr., qsenofontes cnobiT, hesperitebi/esperitebi fasianTa me-zoblebi arian da orives erTi mmarTveli - tibarizi hyavT (T. mi-qelaZe, 1955, gv. 24-27); hesperitebi berZnuli Hespera-s mixedviT warmoqmnili warmomavlobis saxeli Cans da dasavleT armeniis mosaxleobas aRniSnavs (g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv. 132).

vfiqrobT, istoriuli toponimebic (tao da speri/ispiri) cxadyofen taoxebisa da sperebis cal-calke arsebobas; SeuZ-lebelia sperebis metyvelebis gamocxadeba lazur-megrulad, ramdenadac, pirvel rigSi, dasasabuTebelia, saerTod iyo Tu ara am dros megrul-Wanuri; meorec, Tuki kolxuri tomebi mxolod megrul-Wanurad molaparake mosaxleobis winaprebia da herodotes mier dasaxelebuli meore didi xalxic - saspei-rebic megrul-Wanurad metyveleben, kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi sxva qarTveluri tomebis adgili saerTod aRar gvrCeba (hero-dote: zRvidan zRvamde cxovroben: sparselebi, midielebi, sa-spe~rebi, kolxebi)...

Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis istorikos megasTenes "

saspeirebis gviandel saxelad, savaraudoa, ganzogadda termini iberebi, romelic adre erTi patara tomis saxeli un-da yofiliyo.

indikas" mixed-viT, nabuqodonosor II (Zv.w. 605-562) iberebi pirineidan ayara da pontos marjvniv daasaxla; savaraudoa, am SemTxvevaSic "iberebSi" kolxebic igulisxmebian. strabonis cnobiT (XI,2,18), iberebi cxovroben kavkasionidan vidre armeniamde da kolxidamde (ibere-


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bis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT); iberiaSi aris patara qalaqi friqsipolo-si, gviandeli idesa anu oZrxe.

sayuradReboa termin iberia

apianes (90-170) cnobiT, iberebma 70 000 kaci daaxvedres pompe-uss mtkvarTan (apiane, 1959, gv.199). dionisios periegetis (II s.) "msoflios aRwerilobaSi" Tanamedrove Woroxis Crdilo-aRmo-savleTiT kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris arsebul yelSi cxovroben aRmosavleTis iberebi; Sdr., misi rwmeniT, henioxebi da Zigiebi pe-

s sparsuli variantebi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi Zvel sparsulad (parTulad) saqarTvelo

(iveria) ixsenieba rogorc virSan/virCan, xolo saSual sparsul-Si - v.ruCKn; Sdr., Sapur I samenovan warweraSi sparsulis parale-lur berZnul teqstSi gvaqvs - iberias (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.98).

strabonis azriT, iberebis monaTesaveni arian aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTianeTis mkvidri sarmatebi da skviTebi (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.145-149); Sdr., amave periodSi berZnebi werdnen, rom mosxebis qveynis erTi nawili aqvs iberebs.

strabonis (da miTridates istorikosebis) Semdeg ucxouri wyaroebi dRevandel aRmosavleT da istoriul samxreT-aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos, ZiriTadad, iberiis/iveriis saxeliT (an misi fonetikuri variantebiT) moixsenieben; amave periodidan dasav-leTi da istoriul samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo lazikad iwodeba. istoriuli, Tundac farnavazisdroindeli qarTlis amgvari danawevrebis safuZvelia sparseTisa da romis mier sa-qarTvelos ganawileba da ara sakuTriv qarTuli realoba.

Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnidan terminebi: iberia/ibe-rebi da lazika/lazebi bizantiur wyaroebSi politikuri viTa-rebis amsaxveli iyo da ara eTnikuri sinamdvilisa; Sdr.:

ioseb flaviusisTvis bibliuri Tobelis (Tovilis) kuTvni-li teritoria aris iberia/iviri; klavdios ptolemaiosi (100-178 ) ki iberiis sazRvrebs ase warmoadgens:

CrdiloeTiT sarmartia, dasavleTiT - kolxida (suramis qe-di), samxreTiT - didi armenia, aRmosavleTiT - albania (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.149).


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lazgebis Camomavlebi arian, xolo kolxebi - egviptelebis (T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1967, gv.149-151). Sdr., sokrate sqolastikosi (380-440): "es iberebi cxovroben evqsinis pontosTan; eseni gamosulebi ari-an ispaniis iberTagan" (georgika, 1961, gv.229-230); Sdr., agreTve, stefane bizantieli: "iberia oria, erTi herakles svetebTan, mdi-nare iberisagan atarebs saxels; mas ixseniebs apolodore... meore iberia sparselebis gverdiTaa. eTnikuria iberebi, rogorc piere-bi, bizerebi" (georgika, 1936, gv.278-279).

ipolite romaeli (III s.) iberebs aTavsebs kabadokielTa gada-Rma, marjvena mxares:

"marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberebi da berane-bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi, skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19). Sdr., gelasi kesarieli (IV s.): "imave xaneb-Si RmerTis cneba miiRes pontos gaswvriv mdebare miwa-wyalze mcxovrebma iberebma da lazebma, romelTac RmerTi ar swamdaT" (georgika, 1961, gv.186). iberiis amgvar mdebareobas adasturebs epifane kvipreli (314-403 ), Temistiosi (317-338 ), evsevi kesarieli (260-340 ), armenieli agaTangelosi (IV s.), amiane marceline (IV s.), eremia sozomene (V s.), rufinusi (V s.), Teodorite kvireli (393-458 ), menandre protiqtori (VI ), giorgi amartoli (IX s.).

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa nikifore qsanTopulosis (XIII-XIV s.) cnoba, romelic iberiad miiCnevs dasavleT saqarTvelos nawilsac:

"

"amrigad, dadgenilad unda CaiTvalos, rom uaRresad Semcda-ria dRemde moqmedi Teoria dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnikuri Se-madgenlobis Sesaxeb: dasavleT saqarTvelo dasaxlebuli iyo ara marto megrul-Wanuri tomebiT, aramed iberebiTac (gv.117). Sdr.,

im mxareSi, sadac aris didi sebastopolisi, afsaris cixe, pi-sis navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, mosaxleoben iberielebi, suse-bi, fustelebi da alanebi"; Sdr., agreTve: "xolo igi andria wamo-vida amisodan da movida trapezuntSi, lazikas qalaqSi... iqidan wamovida da SeCerda iberiaSi; mas Semdeg, rac man zRvis piras mcxovrebni mravalni gananaTla, is Cavida ierusalimSi" (georgika, 1967, gv.113-114); aqvea s.yauxCiSvilis Semdegi komentari:


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agreTve, laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): iberia gadaWimulia eg-reTwodebul baTumidan da mdinare fazisidan vidre axalcixe-mde; istorikosis azriT, iberiaSi Sedis samegreloc, guriac... (georgika, 1970, gv.91).

sayuradReboa kidev ori cnobac: strabonTan damowmebuli gadmocemiT (straboni, 1964, gv. 473: XI, II, 19; T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; Sdr., miuSenkos Targmani: straboni, 1879, gv. 507), oqros sawmisi aRmosavleTis iberTa qveyanaSi, kerZod, svanTa

mxareSia; xolo dedis mxridan abazguri (megrul-Wanuri? - t.f.) warmomavlobis iovane ceces azriT, iberebis tomisani arian abazgebic (georgika, 1967, gv.23).

Tuki verwmunebiT samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mtki-cebebs (ix.: i. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.23; i. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18; s.ja-naSia, 1959, gv.48) da davuSvebT, rom Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi mo-xseniebuli qarTuli provincia speri/ispiri (Sdr., "qarTlis cxovreba": mdinare speri - Woroxi; speris zRva - Savi zRva), hero-dotes mier naxsenebi Temonimi saspe~rebi, qoronimi iberia da sa-qarTvelos sparsuli saxelwodeba virSan/virCan saerTo warmo-mavlobis fuZeebia, maSin iberiis qarTul variantad da, saerTod, warmodgenil variantTa amosaval saxed unda davsaxoT swored speri (Sdr., speri/ispiri Woroxis erT-erTi saxelia; s.janaSia, 1952, gv.274). SesaZloa, drois garkveul monakveTSi, mezoblebma speri - erTi qarTuli mxaris/tomis saxeli - ganazogades qar-TvelTa zogad saxelad.

warmodgenil analizs mxars dauWers sper-, iber- ber-, ver-... formebis fonetikur variantebad miCnevis SesaZleblobac; ker-Zod: logikuri sqemis mixedviT, sper- fuZisgan kanonzomierad qarTulSive SeiZleboda migveRo, erTi mxriv:

sper > ~per > ~ber/iber (s > ~ > i, s > ~s/~h da s > h > 0 proce-sebi bunebrivia qarTveluri dialeqtebisaTvis), meore mxriv:

sper > hper > hber > ber/Eer/ver/vir; Sdr.: sparsul-somxuri variantebi: veria/virqi/vrkan/vir-

qan/EaruCan, gurgan, gurC/gurj (aqedan ki, aziuri Tu evropuli


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sxva variantebi: georgia, jeorjia, gurjistan, gruzia; Sdr., agreT-ve: arabuli wyaroebis jurzaani/jurjaani da saqarTvelos erTi qalaqis, raionis saxeli - gurjaani).

Sdr., g.wereTlis (1993) mixedviT, qarTvelTa sparsul-somxu-ri saxeli momdinareobs saerToindoevropuli fuZidan, romel-sac Zvel sparsulSi Seesabameboda vrka > virSan > varuC > gurCan > gurgan > gurj; aqedanaa nawarmoebi arabuli, siriuli, rusuli, inglisuri da sxva variantebic).

sper- > ber- > ver-/vir- gzis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi naTeli ga-xdeba somxur vir-q formaSi -q segmentis arsi:

somxuri -q momdinare Cans kavkasiur-winaaziuri enobriv vel-Si gavrcelebuli -x- morfemidan, romelic krebiToba-warmomav-loba-mravlobiTobas gamoxatavda; Sesabamisad, vir-q-i, Sdr.: ib-er-n-i, iber-eb-i. somxuri formis amgvar warmomavlobas cxadyofs somxurSive dadasturebuli veria formac, romelic jer kidev fsevdo movses xorenecis geografiis mokle redaqciaSi dastur-deba.

SeniSvna: patriarq nikonis matianeSi saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad er-Tdroulad sxva sami terminia gamoyenebuli: kolexkia/kolox, iveri da gurzi (g.paiWaZe, 1993). sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom evropaSi saqarTvelos saxelad adridanve icodnen berZnul-laTinuri (dasav-luri) warmomavlobis kolxidac, mosoxic, iberia (ix., mag., g.zedgini-Ze, 1993), magram, saboloo jamSi, evropaSic da ruseTSic saqarTvelos saxelwodebad damkvidrda sparsul-arabuli (aRmosavluri) varianti gurj/jurj/georg- fuZis saxiT.

sapirebi - sapirebs/sabirebs Suagul pontos mcxovreblebad Tvlis stefane bizantieli (georgika, 1936, gv.284); Sdr.,

quTebi, koitebi/kvitebi - "anabasisis" dasasruls qsenofon-te CamoTvlis im qveynebis mmarTvelebs, romlebic berZenma molaS-qreebma gaiares; aqve asaxelebs im xalxebsac, romlebic Tavisu-

apoloni-

os rodoselis mixedviT, sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomia biZerebi (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); sapirebic igive sa-spe~rebis modgmisani Canan.


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falni arian; maT Sorisaa ko~tebi: "karduxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinike-

bi, ko~tebi da tibarenebi damoukidebelni arian" (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.115).

pliniusi ko~tebis toms savromatebis siaxloves asaxelebs. m.maqsimova ki maT mcireaziel xalxad Tvlis.

T.yauxCiSvili am xalxs qarTuli modgmisad miiCnevs da mis sa-xelad aRadgens quT-/kvit- fuZes, romlisganac miRebulad miaCnia quTaisis saxelic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.58-59).

sayuradReboa, rom mogzaurobis aRwerisas qsenofonte ko~tebis Sesaxeb arafers ambobs, magram mosinoikebsa da tiba-renebs Soris asaxelebs erT toms, romelic berZnebisadmi megob-rulad ganwyobilia; maTac xalibebs uwodebs (Sdr.: manamde qse-nofontes jarma gamoiara berZenTa mimarT mtrulad ganwyobili, taoxebis mezobeli xalibebis qveyana). SesaZloa, qsenofontes (an mis romelime redaqtors) morCil-megobruli "xalibebi" da ko~tebi erTmaneTSi aeria...

aseve, ver gamoiricxeba, rom ko~tebis aRmniSvnel saxelTan iyos dakavSirebuli amave teritoriaze arsebuli qalaqi kotio-ra (gviandeli ordu). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom quTaisis saxelis yve-la variantis morfologiuri analizi (gansakuTrebiT svanuri quT@S << *quTa-Si << *quTa-iS-i) mxars uWers toponimis fuZed quTa-s (berZnuli formiT: kota/ko~ta) ganxilvas (ix. qvemoT).

p.ingoroyvas azriT, SemTxveviTad ar unda CaiTvalos is gare-moeba, rom erTmaneTs emTxveva jiqeTSi mdebare "Zveli lazikis" Temis saxelwodeba (quTasi/qoTaSi) da amJamindeli qalaqis - qu-Taisis - saxeli.

vfiqrobT, ko~tebi formisTvis amosavalia *quTebi; Sdr.: VI saukunis moRvawis - prokopi kesarielis - cnobiT, Zvelad quTaiss ko~taioni erqva); Sdr.: m.inaZis mixedviT, quT- fuZiani saxeli kolxTa miwas, mxares aRniSnavda (m.inaZe, 1994, gv.64).

warmodgenili quT- fuZe SeiZleba gacilebiT Zveli droidan momdinareobdes, kerZod, Seusabamoba ar iqneba, Tuki davuSvebT


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varauds, rom quT- fuZe Zveli xaTebis aRmniSvneli saxelis fone-tikuri varianti iyos: xaT-/qaT- > quT- (Sdr.: *mas-x- /mosx-/musx-...) sakiTxs Semdgomi kvleva esaWiroeba.

marebi - hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) dasturdeba ma-rebis tomi; marebi cxovroben makronebsa da mosino~kebs Soris trapizon-kerasuntis regionSi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1972, gv.44); Sdr., g. meliqiSvili: "marebi cxovrobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT Savi-zRvispireTSi, CrdiloeT anatoliis mTebSi" (g.meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.414). herodotes mixedviT, marebsa da kolxebs erTi meTau-ri hyavdaT (herodote, 1975, gv.435).

beqe~rebi - pirvelad hekata~os miletelTan (Zv.w. 549-472) vxvdebiT beqe~rebsac; beqe~rebi saxloben xoiebs (taoxebs?) da diZerebs Soris rizes raionSi; beqeirebs icnobs fsevdo-skilaq-sic (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43-44, 81-86), dionisios periegetic (III s.) da mravali sxva.

haliZonebi, xalibebi da xaldebi/qaldebi - haliZonebis tomi dasturdeba homerosTan; maTi qveyana alibe Savi zRvis sa-mxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirozea sagulvebeli. strabonis azriT, homerosis haliZonebi, xalibebi da qaldebi (romlebic cxovro-ben trapizontisa da farnakiis zemoT), erTi da igive xalxia (XII, 3,19-24). es azri gaziarebulia Tanamedrove mecnierebaSic (ix., mag., T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.34-35).

antikur wyaroebSi xalibebi kolxur tomadaa miCneuli (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix., r.gordeziani, 1966, gv.267); aRsaniS-navia isic, rom xalibebi/haliZonebi gaigivebuli aqvs stefane bi-zantielsac (georgika, 1936, gv.288); es tomebi rkinis (liTonis) damuSavebis pionerebad miiCnevian.

varaudoben, rom urartul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli didi ga-erTianeba xalitu xalibTa tomebis saxelmwifo iyo (i.diakonovi, 1952, gv.111; T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.109). xalibebi gaigivebulni arian xaldebTan; xalibebs mogvianebiT Wanebad ixsenieben; mivyveT is-toriul cnobebs qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT:

homerosi (Zv.w. VIII s.): "haliZonebi epistrofoss, odios mo-


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hyvnen vercxlis Soreul sabadodan - alibes mxridan" (homerosi, 1975, gv.95). tibarenebis mezoblad asaxeleben xalibebs hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. VI s.) da fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.). herodotes mixedviT, xalibebi cxovroben mcire aziis Crdilo sanapiroze mi-siebs, mariandinebsa da paflagonelebs Soris (herodote, 1975, gv.45, 660).

qsenofonte (Zv.w. IV), strabonisgan gansxvavebiT, xalibebsa da xaldebs sxvadasxva tomebad miiCnevs, kerZod: berZenma moqirav-neebma jer mZime brZolebiT gaiares karduxebis qveyana, Semdeg maT vanis tbis mezoblad mcxovrebi xaldebi Sexvdnen, Semdeg aseve mZime brZolebiT gaiares taoxebisa da xalibebis qveynebi da Sem-deg, kerasuntsa da ordus Soris isev Sexvdnen mosino~kebs da-morCilebul da berZnebisadmi keTilganwyobil xalibebs (wyaro-ebisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967).

Sdr., straboni: "xaldebi Zvelad xalibebad iwodebodnen" XI, 14,12; XII, 3,12).

qsenofonte, rogorc TviTmxilveli, bevrad sarwmuno cno-bebs unda gvawvdides; amdenad, terminebis: xalibebisa da xalde-bis sinonimebad miCneva gaWirdeba (Sdr.: iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.147), miuxedavad imisa, rom konstan-tine porfirogeneti (912-959 ) xaldiis Temis dedaqalaqad trape-zunts asaxelebs (georgika, 1952, gv.300).

ufro logikuri Cans, vivaraudoT, rom xalibebi da xaldebi ukve qsenofontes dros ori sxvadasxva, magram monaTesave qarTve-luri tomia; ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maTi saxelebi erTi si-tyvis variantebi iyos; amosavali fuZe xal-/hal- sagulvebelia toponim xanZTaSi (< xald-Ta) da mdinare halisis saxelSic; xal-d-, hal-is- da xal-ib- formebSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros gareT sakvlevi darCeba mxolod -ib- sufiqsis sakiTxi, Tuki gamo-iricxeba, rom -ib ar momdinareobs qarTveluri -eb- krebiToba-mravlobiTobis sufiqsisgan (*xal-eb-i > xalibi); Sdr.: xal-d-/qal-d- fuZeSi -d-/-ad- warmomavloba-kuTvnilebiToba-krebiTo-bis iseTive mawarmoebeli SeiZleba iyos, rogorc -l-/-al-/-el-, -n-/-an-/-en-, -s-/-is-/-es- da sxv. Sdr., agreTve: xar- (xari) fuZe da xal-


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di/qarTu - mamrobiTi RvTaeba (fuZeTa mimarTeba sakvlevia). xaldebi/qaldebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSic; urar-

tus dacemis Semdeg am teritoriis nawili daipyres mosulma arme-nebma. rogorc Cans, am periodidan xalibTa centri gadmodis Savi-zRvispireTSi.

xalibebs iafetis STamomaval tomad miiCnevs berZnuli tradi-cia (ix., mag., georgika, 1961, gv.13). xalibebs meomar da rkinis dama-muSavebel xalxad Tvlian apolonios rodoseli, straboni, dioni-sios periegeti (II s.), amiane marceline (IV s.) da mravali sxva.

sayuradReboa kidev erTi garemoeba: ioane ceces azriT, skviTuri warmoSobis xalibebis tomi

cxovrobs trapizuntTan Zalian axlos; maTTan moipoveba saukeTe-so rkina (georgika, 1976, gv.27-37). aSkaraa, rom termini skviTebi am SemTxvevaSi an qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomebs miemarTeba, an ucxo tomTa zogadi saxelia (Sdr.: barbarosi); ramdenadac romaul-bi-zantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad ixseniebian kolxebic, monRolebic, TaTrebic, xvarazmelebic. logikuria samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom skviTebi zogadi terminia, magram gamoi-yeneba ara saerTod araberZenTa, aramed, mocemul konteqstSi, ucnob tomTa aRsaniSnavad.

Cans, mogvianebiT, zog ucxour wyaroSi terminebi: xaldebi da xaldia ganzogadda qarTvelur tomTa erTi jgufis aRsaniSna-vad; ix., mag., ioseb genesiosi (X s.): "Semdeg Seqmna saxelganTqmuli saerTo jari agarianTa, indTa, egviptelTa, asirielTa, midielTa, abazgTa, jiqTa, iberTa, kabirTa, slavTa, hunTa, vandalTa da get-Tagan da yvela imaTgan, vinc manis mwvaleblobas iziarebda, ag-reTve lazTa da alanTagan, xaldTa da armenielTagan da yovel-gvar sxva tomTagan Seqmna jari da mTel aRmosavleTSi gabatonda".

Sdr., iovane sabanisZe: afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) Sedis SavizRvispireTi qaldiis qalaq trapizuntidan nikofsia-mde: "...sazRvar ars zRva~ igi ponto~sa~, samkAdrebeli yovladve qristianeTa~, misazRvramde qaldia~sa, trapezuntia~ mun ars, sayofeli igi afsarea~sa~ da nafsa~s (e.i. nikofsiis) navTsadgu-ri..." (qarTuli proza, I, gv.128-129); ix., agreTve: georgika, 1952,


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gv.232 da georgika, 1966, gv.111 (s.yauxCiSvilis komentari anna kom-nenes cnobaze, sadac gaziarebulia azri, rom xaldebi lazur-Wa-nuri tomia).

SeniSvna: Zv.w. VIII saukunis epikosis - evmelos korinTelis "korinTia-kaSi" naTqvamia, rom heliosisa da antiopes vaJi aieti/aietesi iyo pe-lazguri korinTos (imave efires) patroni; mas ar moswonda korin-To, amitom wavida kolxeTSi (Sdr., berZnuli TqmulebiT, iazonTan konfliqtis Semdeg Tavis mamiseul samemkvidreoSi - korinToSi - brundeba medea). kolxeTis mefe aietis pelazgur warmomavlobas adasturebs epimenidec; kolxebisa da pelazgebis naTesaobis sakiTxs specialistebic ndobiT ekidebian (ix.: ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.21-26; g. qavTaraZe, 1985, gv.31...). antikur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ak. uruSaZe askvnis: berZnuli (indoevropuli) tomebis samxreT evropaSi Camosax-lebis periodSi pelazgi makriselebi-makronebi, sxva pelazguri tome-bis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis raionidan ayrilan da aRmosavleTiT jer marmarilos zRvis, Semdeg ki Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken gamoxiznulan da iq ZvelTaganve damkvidrebuli naTesavi tomebis mezoblad dabina-vebulan (ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.135); Sdr., ap. rodoseli: makriebi - tomi pelazguri (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.70); Sdr., makrisi (evbei) kun-Zulia egeosis zRvaSi. ix., agreTve, r.gordeziani: haliZon-xalibebic, pelazgebis msgavsad, egeosis zRvis auzidan unda iyvnen gadmosaxle-bulni. maT erTianobas troasTan, etyoba, haliZonTa da egeosur tom-Ta Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi kavSiri gansazRvravda (r. gordeziani, 1970, gv.168). makriselebi-makronebi, haliZon-xalibebi, henioxebi (Sdr., dionios periegeti: henioxebi da zigiebi - pelasgidebis qveynis Svilebi) da sxva qarTveluri tomebi odiTganve mkvidrad Canan mcire aziaSi (ara mxolod Savi zRvis gaswvriv!), amdenad, Cveni azriT, pelaz-gur tomebTan erTianoba-siaxlove Sepirobebulia ara egeosis zRvi-dan qarTvelur tomTa gadmosaxlebiT (Tumca tomTa erTi nawilis mi-gracia, SesaZloa, marTlac moxda!), aramed pelazgur da qarTvelur tomTa saerTo warmomavlobiT. am konteqstSi ufro logikuri gaxde-ba s. yauxCiSvilis mier aRniSnuli faqtis komentireba: kolxur-kavka-siuri xalxebis monaTesave troelebma elene moitaces adre gatacebu-li kolxi medeas sanacvlod (Sdr., r.gordeziani, 1970, gv.168).

mosino~kebi, massini/mossinebi/mossvini, heptakometebi - he-kata~os miletelis Tanaxmad, mosino~kebi cxovroben kerasuntisa da farnakiis midamoebSi; qsenofontes cnobiT, mosino~kebis qve-


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yana iyo mTagoriani, magram maT zRvac hqondaT; mosino~kebis me-zoblebi aRmosavleTiT iyvnen kolxebi da drilebi, dasavleTiT - maTive qveSevrdomebi, xalibebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.97, 103-105;

saxelwodebis fuZis (san-) qarTulobis garda, niSandobli-via, rom mosino~kebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xaldebsa da kolxebs Soris mtrobis gareSe cxovroben (Sdr. karduxebisa da armenebis mZime Tanaarseboba). sayuradReboa isic, rom strabonis dros am adgilebSi xalibebi Canan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.419).

T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 58). mosino~kebs asaxelebs herodote (Zv.w. V s.), fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.), evdoqse rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.), apoloniosi (Zv.w. III s.), fsevdo skimnos qioseli (Zv.w. II s.), diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.), dionios periegeti (II s.), epi-fane kvipreli (314-403), amiane marceline (IV s.), stefane bizan-tieli (IV-VII s.)...

mosino~kebze vrclad msjelobs straboni; misi azriT, xalibe-bis mezoblebi - heptakometebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi, amitom maT Zvelad mossvinikebs eZaxdnen (msjelobisaTvis ix.: iv.javaxiSvi-li, 1960, gv.419; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146).

berZeni da romaeli avtorebis rwmeniT, mosino~kebis saxeli momdinareobs berZnuli mossun "xis koSki" da oikos "saxli" saxe-lebisgan.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, "mossviniki" aris qarTveluri warmo-mavlobis sityva: mo-/ma- TavsarTia, ssvin- igivea, rac Wan- (WaneTi) fuZe, xolo -i-k- aris mravlobiTobis -x- sufiqsis refleqsi (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.25; iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.405; ix., agreTve, T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 56, 133, 146; aqve ix. msjeloba muSvan- da mo-svin- fuZeebis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb). iv.javaxiSvilis msjelo-bas agrZelebs s.janaSia (1959, gv. 31, 60); misi azriT, sanig- fuZe amosavalia mosinik- fuZisaTvis; am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa ma-/me-/mo-/mu- saerToqarTveluri prefiqsi (Srd. svanuri dialeqtebis mu-/mH-), sin-/san- Ziri da -ik- sufiqsi. q. lomTaTiZe, iziarebs ra amgvar analizs, damatebiT argumentad warmoadgens qarTvelur enobriv arealSi s-s gavleniT g-s k-d gamkveTrebis logikurobas (q. lomTaTiZe, 2000).


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sakmarisi safuZveli gvaqvs, vivaraudoT: mosinikebic qarTve-lur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomia.

diZerebi, biZerebi/bizerebi, buzerebi - hekata~os mile-telTan (549-472) dadasturebuli diZerebi cxovroben mdinare Woroxis samxreTiT, daaxloebiT mdinare orxofidan mdinare ar-xavemde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.44). qsenofonte biZerebs saerTod ar axsenebs, xolo iq, sadac man kolxebi naxa (trapezunt-kerasun-tis midamoebi), 50 wlis Semdeg fsevdo-skilaqsi aRwers biZerebis toms, romlebic kolxTa uSualo mezoblebi arian; T.yauxCiSvi-lis azriT, am cnobaTa gansxvavebuloba Sepirobebulia imiT, rom qsenofontes dros kolxebis saxeli aerTianebda iq mcxovreb wvril-wvril tomebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-84).

apolonios rodoseli biZerebs sapirebsa da kolxebs Soris mosaxle tomad miiCnevs (ap. rodoseli, 1975, gv.91); straboni maT heptakomebi-mosinikebis gverdiT aTavsebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.146); dionios periegetTan (II s.) biZerebi beqirebisa da makro-nebis mezoblebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92). V saukunis ano-nimi avtori bizerebs aTavsebs afsaris wylidan vidre arqabamde (georgika, 1965, gv.3).

T.yauxCiSvilis sayuradRebo SeniSvniT, biZerebis saxelTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli toponimi viwe; Sdr., g. meliqiSvi-ls am terminis danaSTad miaCnia saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriu-li olqis saxeli oZrxe (g. meliqiSvili, 1970, gv.382). Cven SesaZleblad migvaCnia viw- da biZ- fuZeebis kavSiri: biZ-er-; -er-/-ar- qarTveluri krebiTobis sufiqsia; Semdgom dakvirvebas saWiroebs biz-/biZ-, bas-/fas- (fas-ian-i) fuZeTa mimarTeba.

biZerebis qarTvelur-kolxuri warmomavloba sadavo ar Cans. Cveni azriT, am da sxva SemTxvevebSic sakamaToa drois mo-cemul monakveTSi arsebuli yvela tomis (xalibebis, tibarene-bis, mosvinikebis, drilebis...) metyvelebis miCneva sakuTriv la-zur-Wanurad (Sdr., mag., iv. javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.423). vfiqrobT, ufro marTebuli iqneba iTqvas, rom es tomebi laparakob-dnen Zvel qarTvelur dialeqtebze, romelTa didi nawili


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saerTod daikarga, nawili ki sxvadasxva plastebis saxiT Semo-rCenilia Tanamedrove qarTvelur dialeqtebSi (megrul-Wa-nurSi, svanurSi, mesxurSi, maWaxlurSi, taourSi da a.S.).

Zidritebi - arianes mixedviT, "makronebisa da henioxebis me-zoblebi Zidritebi arian, eseni farsmanis qveSevrdomebi arian" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158). Zidritebi pritanididan (fur-tun-su) afsarosamde cxovrobdnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); n.lomouris azriT, Zidritebs eWiraT dRevandeli aWaris teri-toria (n.lomouri, 1968, gv.10).

arianes TxrobaSi farsmanis samflobelos Sav zRvamde ga-vrcobis aRiareba metyvelebs, rom farsmanis mier aRdgenili qar-Tli moicavda SavizRvispireTsac.

makrokefalebi, makronebi - hekata~os mileteli (549-472) makronebs asaxelebs diZerebsa da marebs Soris; misi azriT, makro-nebi cxovrobdnen trapezuntis raionSi.

herodotes (Zv.w. V) cnobiT, makronebi sirielebis mezoblebi arian. hipokratesTvis (460-356) cnobili makrokefalebi, igive mak-ronebi, cxovroben trapezuntisa da kerasuntis midamoebSi (T.ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.63, 84).

qsenofonte (435-355) makronebs asaxelebs skviTinebsa da kol-xebs Soris; makronebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva xalxia: makronebi qse-nofontes berZen molaSqreebs exmarebian, kolxebi ki - ebrZvian; qsenofontesve cnobiT, termini makroni am tomis TviTsaxelwo-debaa (qsenofonte, 1967, gv.86-87).

herodotes cnobiT, makronebma kolxebisgan iswavles wina-dacveTa (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43, 52, 63; herodote, 1975, gv.156); Sdr., makronebi igive sanebi/Wanebi arian (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100); Sdr., agreTve, makronebs aigiveben Tanamedrove megreleb-Tan. egr- ZirTan akavSireben ptolemaiosis mier dadasturebul ekritike fuZesac (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.55, 100)...

SeuZlebelia, makron- da ekritik- fuZeebiT nawarmoebi saxe-


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lebi erTsa da imave qarTvelur toms miemarTebodes erTsa da ima-ve enasa da droSi, miT umetes, makronebi trapizonSi cxovrob-dnen, imdroindeli egrisi/ekritikes qveyana ki rionsa da RaliZ-gas Suaa; Tumca, dasaSvebia am fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba (oRond, ara rogorc e.w. qarTuli da zanuri variantebisa!). Tum-ca, TiTqosda, winaaRmdegobas qmnis is, rom sxva wyaroebis mixed-viT, Wanebi aSkarad kolxTa memkvidreni arian, aq ki makronebi, sa-nebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva tomia; faqti axsnadia: kolxi viwro ga-gebiT mxolod erT qarTvelur toms aRniSnavda, farTo gagebiT ki bevr qarTvelur toms aerTianebda.

Sdr., fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.): trapezunti makronebis elinuri qalaqia;

apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. III s.): "filirebs zemoT makrone-bia, makronebs iqeT beqirTa gvari, Semdeg sapirTa tomi, maT gver-diT - biZerebi da zemoT - meomar kolxTa tomebi" (1975, gv.90-91).

arianec sxvadasxva tomebad Tvlis makronebs, sanebs, kolxebs, sanigebs... (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99).

dionios periegeti (II s.) makronebs e.w. pontoel tomebSi asa-xelebs: biZerebi, begirebi, makronebi, filirebi, mosinikebi, tiba-renebi, xalibebi; eseni cxovroben "evqsinis pontos sanapiroze, fasisidan dasavleTisken, vidre Trakiis srutemde"; T.yauxCiSvi-lis SeniSvniT, dionios periegetis azri efuZneba Zvel cnobebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.92).

makronebs asaxelebs amiane marcelinec (IV s.): "Savi zRvis na-pirze xalibebis Semdeg vrceli miwebi uWiravT... tibarenebs, mo-sinikebs, makronebs... xalxebs, romlebic CvenTvis sruliad ucnob-ni arian" (georgika, 1961, gv.111).

miuxedavad imisa, rom memnonsa da strabons makronebis gvian-del saxelad sanebi miaCniaT, ariane maT mainc gverdigverd asaxe-lebs, rogorc sxvadasxva tomebs:

trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovrobdnen: kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi (ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); Tavad ariane sanebsa da Wanebs miiCnevs sinonimebad... es winaaRmdegobri-


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vi cnobebi, erTi mxriv, saTuos xdis makronebisa da san-Wanebis igiveobas, magram, meore mxriv, cxadyofs am tomTa naTesaobas.

V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes eyrdnoba, mak-ronebis nacvlad asaxelebs maqelonebs (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8): "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (soWis mida-moebSi) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130; aqve ix. agreTve: maxeron- da manral- fuZeebi); m.inaZis azriT, maxelonebi igive makronebia (m.inaZe, 1953, gv.231-233).

maxelon-/maqelon- da makron- fuZeebs Soris didi msgavsebaa da, Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia maTi meqanikuri damTxveva/aRre-vac, Tumca, SeiZleba vilaparakoT saxelTa fonetikur variantu-lobazec:

*ma-qar-on- _ ma-xel-on- _ ma-qr-on/ma-kr-on-: sayrdeni fuZea *kar-/qar-/kr-/xel- (Sdr.: qar-T-/kar-d-); ma- da

-on- qarTveluri afiqsebia; Sdr., agreTve, makrielebi: ma-kr-iel- (sqoliastis ganmartebiT, makrielebi makronebi arian; ap. rodo-seli, 1975, gv.70, 231).

fasianebi - amgvari saxelwodebis toms axsenebs qsenofonte (Zv. w. V_IV s.):

"...[strategosebi] movidnen qsenofontTan da uTxres, rom isini inanieben [yovelives]. amasTan, gamoTqves azri, rom umjobe-sia fasisisaken gacurva, raki xomaldebi aris, da fasianTa qveynis dapyroba. iq maSin aietis SviliSvili mefobda" (T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.113); teqstis TargmanisTvis Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili: paflagoniaSi myofi moqiravneebi amboben: "Cven gvaqvs xomaldebi, amitomac um-jobesia gavcuroT fasisisken da davipyroT fasianTa qveyana. iq ma-Sin aietis Camomavali mefobda" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1983, gv.125).

mdinaris saxelis mixedviT xalxis saxeldeba (an piriqiT!) ucxo ar aris berZnuli samyarosTvis. qsenofontesTan fasisi araqsia (sxvagan fasisi Woroxicaa, rionicaa)...


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Sdr., esqile "ganTavisuflebul promeTeosSi" evropisa da aziis sazRvrad fasiss Tvlis, xolo fasianebi taoxebis, xalibe-bis da hesperitebis (svispiritebis, saspeirebis) mezoblebi arian. fasianebs amave teritoriaze asaxelebs diodore sicilieli (Zv.w. I s.): karduxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xal-debi, skotinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosvinoikebi, tibarenebi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.124).

konstantine porfirogenetis (X s.) cnobebis mixedviT, araqsi fasisia, aqvea qarTuli (iberTa) provincia fasiani/basiani (geor-gika, 1952, gv.271-272).

logikuri Cans varaudi, rom araqs-fasisis regionSi arsebu-li Zveli termini fasianebi Semonaxuli iyos toponim basianis sa-xiT. T. miqelaZis azriT, fasiani eTnikur-geografiuli termi-nia; misi mtkicebiT, erTi xalxi - fasianebi - cxovrobdnen araqsis saTaveebidan kavkasionamde (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 35). fas- Ziri Cans amosavali -fsa (< fas-) morfologiuri erTeulisaTvis: su-fsa.

Tuki fasianebs monaTesave tomTa ganzogadebul saxelad ar CavTvliT, fasianTa sazRvrebis amgvari gansazRvra gaWirdeba (ama-ve periodSi araqsidan kavkasionamde aTze meti sxva tomi ivarau-deba!), magram sayuradReboa T.miqelaZis dakvirveba berZnul mi-TologiaSi kolxebis eTnarqosis - kolxis Sesaxeb; kerZod, eTnar-qi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTae-baa (T. miqelaZe, 1955, gv. 33-34). aq sainteresoa is, rom berZenTa cnobierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvne-li sityva) fasisi da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) faqtobriv sinonimebadaa miCneuli, rac logikuria, magram, amis miuxedavad, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, rom Tundac qsenofontes dros araqsidan kavkasionamde arsebuli teritoria erTi qarTuli tomis - fasi-an-kolxebis - sacxovrisad gamovacxadoT; rogorc aRvniSneT, am regionSi gacilebiT meti qarTveluri tomi cxovrobs; mag., fsev-do-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) mixedviT: biZerebi, kolxebi, gelonebi, melanqla~nebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, henioxebi, aqa~ebi, toretebi, kerketebi... Tavad qsenofonte mxolod araqsisa da Woroxis xeo-


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baSi asaxelebs: taoxebs, xalibebs, skviTinebs; Sdr., araqsidan kav-kasionamde ariane (ax.w. II s): henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsi-lebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi...

erTi ram faqtia: fasianebi da kolxebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur tomTa saxelebia, romlebic drois garkveul monakveTebSi, sxva TemonimTa msgavsad, ganzogadebuli iyo qarTveluri modgmis xal-xis aRsaniSnavad.

melanqlainebi da gelonebi - melanqlainebis tomi pirvelad saxeldeba hekata~os miletelTan; fsevdo-skilaqsi (Zv.w. IV s.) me-lanqlainebisa da gelonebis tomebs aTavsebs koraqsebs, kolebsa da kolxebs Soris; melanqlainebis qveyanaSi aris mdinareebi meta-sosisi da a~giposi.

T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, melanqlainebi da gelonebi cxov-robdnen koraqssa (bzifs) da dioskurias Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81-82; Sdr., n.lomouri, 1963, gv.22; Sdr., agreTve: miule-ris, tomaSekis, hermanis da kislingis pozicia; isini am tomTa sa-cxovriss dRevandel oCamCireSi aTavseben, T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.86). herodotec (Zv.w. V s.) icnobs melanqlainebsa da gelonebs; misi azriT, melanqlainebi arian araskviTuri modgmis xalxi; isi-ni Sav tanisamoss atareben, amitomac hqviaT maT es saxeli (hero-dote, 1975, gv.262-286).

ramdenadac, es ori tomi cxovrobda saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze kolebsa da kolxebs Soris, bunebrivia msjeloba ma-Ti qarTveluri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs; Sdr.: herodotes "skviTeTSi" miCneulia, rom gelonebi warmoSobiT elinebi arian; Sdr.: olbieli berZnebi gelonebs bu-dinebs (cxovrobdnen donis Suawelze, savromatebis mezoblad) miakuTvneben (qse, t. III, gv.39).

ekeqe~rebi/ekxirielebi, ekriktike/ekreqtike - fsevdo-ski-

laqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, ekeqe~rebi cxovrobdnen mdinareebs: arqabissa da ofiunts Soris; maTi sacxovrisi ivarau-deba aTinas (fazaris) regionSi; g.meliqiSvili amaT saxelwodebas


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ukavSirebda -egr- (egrisi) Zirs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.84). Sdr., V saukunis periplusSi daculi cnoba: "mdinare arqabidan moki-debuli vidre ofiuntis wylamde winaT cxovrobda egreT wode-buli ekxirielebis tomi (xolo amJamad cxovroben maqelonebi da henioxebi). afsaris wylidan vidre mdinare arqabemde winaT cxovrobdnen egreT wodebuli bizirebi; amJamad cxovroben zid-ritebi" (georgika, 1965, gv.3).

aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs dawerilobis mcdar wakiTxvasTan: ek-xirielebi da ekeqe~rebi erTi da igive xalxia; aqve gansaxilve-lia termini ekriktike, Tumca, ptolemaiosis mier damowmebuli ekriktikes qveyana aris rionis midamoebSi (amave termins imowme-ben pomponius mela, pliniusi...). warmodgenil sityvaTa, agreTve, makron-, maxeron- manral-, kerket-, kegritike- fuZeTa amosaval formad ganixileba egr- Ziri (literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.233, 257); eger-/egir- fuZe marTlac Se-iZleba davsaxoT ekeqe~rebi /ekxirielebi /ekriktike /ekreqti-ke sityvebis amosavlad, magram makron-, maxeron- da manral- fuZe-TaTvis amosavlad misi miCneva gaWirdeba.

henioxebi/henioqebi - Zveli wyaroebis mixedviT, henioxebi Sa-vi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT napirze cxovroben, xolo Sedare-biT axali, I-II saukuneebis cnobebis mixedviT ki, isini Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze - rize-afsarosis regionSi Canan; kerZod:

fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) cnobebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da he-nioqebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da gagras Soris unda vivaraudoT, saidanac, Semdgom, jiqebis dawolis gamo, isini samxreTiT gadaad-gildnen (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yauxCiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: m. inaZe, 1955, gv.13-17, sadac gatarebulia azri, rom kolxTa gabato-nebamde, Zv.w. IX-VIII saukuneebSi, henioxebi flobdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros centralur da sa-mxreT raionebs, kerZod, Cildiris tbisa da Woroxis mimdebare teritorias; m.inaZisve azriT, argonavtebi swored henioxTa saxelmwifoSi movidnen; maT saxels eTnonimi kolxebi gvian Ca-


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enacvla... kolxebis dawoliT, henioxebi gadaadgildnen Crdi-loeTiT.

aristoteles azriT (384-322), "fasisSi Tavdapirvelad henio-xebi cxovrobdnen, kaciWamia da adamianTa tyavisgamxdeli tomi, Sem-deg ki miletelebi" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.19, 57, 73).

pliniusi (Zv.w. I s.): "am mxareSi mTebs iqiT mdebareobs iberia, xolo sanapiroze cxovroben henioxebi, lazebi...".

straboni vrclad msjelobs henioxTa Sesaxeb; misi rwmeniT, kavkasieli henioxebi arian berZeni (lakoneli) henioxebis STamo-mavlebi, romlebic pontos Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze gadmosaxldnen iasonis laSqrobis Semdeg da romlebic zRvaze me-kobreobiT cxovroben; maT hyavT 4 basilevsi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137).

kolxTa mezoblad asaxelebs henioxebs ioseb flaviusi (I s.). afsarosamde (goniomde) naxa henioxebi arianem (II s.); misi

cnobiT, henioxebsa da makronebs erTi mefe anqiale hyavT (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1976, gv.101).

apiane (II s.) henioxebs asaxelebs miTridates mokavSireebSi tavrebis, aqeelebis, levkosirebis, xalibebis, skviTebisa da arme-nielebis gverdiT (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 25, 144, 196).

V saukunis anonimi avtori, romelic arianes mihyveba, heniox-Ta toms narevad acxadebs da maT asaxelebs sakuTriv kolxebis (ag-reTve, sanebad CaTvlili drilebis) da maqelonebis Semdeg, zid-ritebamde da lazebamde, e.i. Savi zRvispireTis samxreT-aRmosav-leT nawilSi (georgika, 1965, gv.7-8). Savi zRvis sanapiroze asaxe-leben henioxebs ufro gvianac; II saukuneSi isini makron-maxelo-nebTan erTad rize-afsaross Soris qmnian erTian saxelmwifos; IV-V saukuneebSi ki Savi zRvis sanapiroze henioxebi aRar Canan (T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.68-71).

samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom henioxi aris vari-anti satomo saxelisa - "sanigi"; mag., i.orbeli da n.mari heniox- formas ganixilavdnen san-/sanig- fuZeebis paralelurad da maT svanebad miiCnevdnen; Sdr., sanebs, sanigebs da henioxebs p.ingoroy-va da s.janaSia megrel-Wanebad miiCnevdnen; ix., mag., p.ingoroyva,


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1954, gv.124, 135). kislingi henioxebs sanebisa da lazebis monaTesaved Tvlis da

maT qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs; rac metad sayuradReboa, igi sa-nebsa da lazebs kerketebTan (CerqezebTan!) akavSirebs, miiCnevs ra maT erTi warmoSobis xalxad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1980, sadac gaziarebulia kislingis mosazreba).

lingvistur gamokvlevebSic heniox- fuZe dakavSirebulia Wan- ZirTanac: Wan-/Wen- > hen-; hen- fuZe Wan-is svanur variantad miiCneva; amosaval saerToqarTvelur formad ivaraudeba *wen- (b.gigineiSvili, 1975).

warmodgenil saxelTa dakavSireba logikuri lingvisturi wesebiT xdeba, magram rTuli warmosadgenia Wanebis svanuri sa-xelwodebis urartuli sufiqsiT gaformeba; aseve, aralogikuria dasaxelebul tomTa gaigiveba, vinaidan welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze arianec, strabonic da sxvebic gverdigverd da sxvadasxva tomebad adastureben Wanebs/sanebs, sanigebs, henioxebs da svanebs. aqve aR-vniSnavT, rom Wan- da hen- Zirebs Soris Wan- formis ZiriTadobas xeli SeiZleba SeuSalos im faqtmac, rom berZnul wyaroebSi heni-ox- Ziri TiTqmis 500 wliT adre fiqsirdeba, vidre Wan-; hen- da Wan- fuZeTa saerTo warmomavloba SesaZlebelia, magram foneti-kuri procesebis sxva gza unda davuSvaT (ix. qvemoT).

Cveni azriT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze cal-calke tomebad Tu Temebad arsebobdnen henioxebic, sanebic, sanigebic, Wanebic... maT konkretuli sacxovrisi da TavianTi sametyvelo ena/dialeqti hqondaT. cxadia, droTa ganmavlobaSi zogi maTgani qreba.

sanebi, Wanebi

kolxebis mezoblebi arian Wanebi, igive sanebi; T.yauxCiSvilis daskvniT, ramdenadac ariane iyenebs oTx paralelur formas (san-noi, tsannoi, Tiannoi/tiannoi, tuannoi), cxadia, rom berZens

- memnonisa (I s.) da strabonis (I s.) mtkicebiT, "isini, vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian" (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1987, gv.22; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94, 146, 233).

Wanebi pirvelad moixseniebian arianesTan (II s.):


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uWirs qarTuli W-s warmoTqma (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99-100). arianes azrs exmianeba dinisios periegetis (II s.) komentato-

ris - evstaTi episkoposis (XII s.) komentaric: "Zvel makronebs axla sanebi ewodebaT, rac adgilobrivi gamo-

TqmiT "Wanebs" niSnavs (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.94); Sdr., prokopi kesarieli: lazebi kolxebi arian" (georgika, 1965, gv.120).

Cven ufleba ara gvaqvs, ar vendoT TviTmxilvelsa da mkvle-vars - prokopi kesariels: lazebisa da Wanebis gaigiveba marTlac SeuZlebelia, isini ufro monaTesave qarTveluri tomebi arian. Wanebisa da sanebis saxelTa dakavSireba albaT realuria; SesaZ-loa maTi saerTo warmomavlobis mtkicebac. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom somxuri Waniv-/WaneT- formis damowmebiT Wan- da san- fuZeebis sinonimuroba naTladaa dasabuTebuli b.gigineiSvilis mier (b.gi-gineiSvili, 1975).

arn. Ciqobavas varaudiT, sani igivea, rac zani (arn.Ciqobava, 1936, gv.3). s. janaSias azriT, amosavalia san- Ziri, romlis Tavki-duri bgeridan CrdiloeT samegreloSi warmoiqmna zan-/wan-, xolo samxreT samegreloSi (WaneTSi) - Wan- (s.janaSia, 59, gv.27-34).

amiane marcelines "istoriaSi", erTi mxriv, Wanebis qveyana, me-ore mxriv ki - lazika armenebis mezobladaa; mematianis cnobiT, sparselebTan brZolaSi daiRupa Wanebis legionis meTauri vet-ranioni. Zveli komentatorebi - anri valua da lindenbrogi aR-niSnaven: am konteqstSi moxsenebuli Zianni, igive Zanni, Tzanni, Sanni da Thanni, lazebisa da somxebis mosazRvre xalxia (georgika I, 1961, gv.89, 124, 128, 161, 173); aqve sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom qsenofontes mier nanaxi xaldebic karduxebis mezoblad (igive armenebis mier dapyrobili miwebis!), mTebSi cxovroben, Sesabami-sad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom xaldebic da Wanebic karduxebis mo-naTesave Tu Semadgeneli tomebi arian.

Sdr.: "xaldebi, romlebic Cveulebriv erT-erT Wanur tomad aris miCneuli, aseve ganTavisuflebulan sparsTagan da am droi-saTvis armenielebTan da mardebTan erTad sparseli satrapis,


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orontas da misi sardlis - artuxas moqiravneebi arian..." (T. ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.53).

am TvalsazrisiT, metad faseulia m. xorenacis cnoba keisar takites mkvlelobis Sesaxeb: "takitusi Tavisianebma mokles pon-toelTa WaneTSi, ese igi xaldeTSi" (movses xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., s.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: "takite moklul iqna pontos provincia WaniukSi, ese igi xaltikSi (georgika, 1936, gv.262, Se-niSvna). Wanikes qveyanas pontoSi moiazrebs ioane malalac (491-578): "imave takites mefobis dros moxda omi pontoSi da TviT me-fe gaemarTa iq saomrad da is mokluli iqna pontos erT qveyanaSi WanikeSi..." (georgika, 1936, gv.262).

prokopi kesarieli vrclad msjelobs Wanebis Sesaxeb; igi Tvlis, rom Wanebi ar arian trapezuntelTa mosazRvreni; Wanebi - arazRvispira xalxi - cxovroben mTebSi, SuaxmeleTze, armenie-lebis gverdiT:

"...im adgilebis marjvniv aRmarTulia WaneTis mTebi, romelTa gadaRma romaelTa qveSevrdomebi, armenielebi cxovroben. am Wane-Tis mTebidan Camodis mdinare, saxelad - boasi, romelic mas Sem-deg, rac gamoivlis mraval Walas, lazikis soflebis maxloblad gaswevs da erTvis e.w. evqsinis pontos, magram ukve aRar ewodeba boasi, vinaidan, rodesac zRvis maxloblad midis, icvlis am sa-xels... mas, sxvaTa Soris, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi akamfsis uwodeben..." (georgika, 1965, gv.120-122).

Sdr., agreTve: "

Sdr., agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.):

armeniis adgilebidan pers-armeniaSi rom mi-dixar, marjvniv aris tavri, mimavali iberiaSi da iq mosaxle xalxe-bamde, xolo marcxniv metad daqanebuli, did manZilze gaWimuli gza aris da aRmarTulia metad cicabo da mudam nisliTa da Tov-liT dafaruli mTebi, saidanac gamodis mdinare fazisi da midis kolxeTis qveynisaken. aq mosaxleobs Wanebis tomi, Tavidanve bar-barosebi, romelnic aravis qveSevrdomebi ar arian, wina xanebSi sanebad wodebuli, irgvliv mosaxle romaelebis mZarcvelni" (ge-orgika, 1965, gv.53).

"am dros WanTa tomi gaxda


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sazrunavi. Wanebi cxovroben evqsinis pontos samxreTiT q. trape-zuntis qvemoT; Tumca es Wanebi ZveliTganve romaelebTan dazave-bulni da maTi qveSevrdomni iyvnen, magram maSin maTi erTi nawili winandel mSvidobian wesebs icavda... umetesi maTgani ki Seqmnili mdgomareobiT sargeblobda da yaCaRobas misdevda... Tavs esxmoda armeniasac... amitom maT winaaRmdeg igzavneba Teodore, maTive Tvistomi" (georgika, 1936, gv.181-182).

lazebi da Wanebi sxvadasxva qarTveluri tomia mogvianebiTac; kerZod, termin lazikas gverdiT bizantiur wyaroebSi (ix. IX sa-ukunis moRvawe konstantine porfirogeneti; georgika, 1952, gv 292) arsebobs Wanaria (Wanaris erisTavebi).

ix., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi (XIVs.): XIV saukunis I naxevarSi trapizonis imperiaSi mefe basilis

qaliSvilsa da cols Soris dawyebuli Sina brZolebis dros la-zebi, Wanebi da yvela sxva adgilobrivni TavianT mSobliur, kom-nenosTa ojaxidan gamosul, dedofal ana xuTlus aZlevdnen upi-ratesobas, paleologosTa gvaridan gamosul irinesTan Sedare-biT (georgika III, 1967, gv.146).

Sdr.:

laonike xalkokondile (XV s.): "...Wanidebs uWiravT kolxi-dis adgilebi vidre qalaq amastriamde..." (georgika, 1970, gv.107).

s.yauxCiSvili: "erT-erTi SesaZlebeli axsna (imisa, Tu ratom ver moaxerxa bizantiis imperiam, iseve SeeerTebina trapezonis sa-mefos teritoria, rogorc bizantiis imperiis danarCeni teri-toriebi) is iqneba, rom Cven vaRiaroT: "trapizonis samefos" mo-saxleobis udidesi nawili qarTuli tomisagan - Wanebisagan - Se-dgeboda" (georgika, 1967, gv.164).

SeniSvna: V saukunis anonimi avtori imeorebs arianes azrs da qseno-fontes drilebs xazgasmiT sanebad ixseniebs; Semdeg maT kolxebSi aerTianebs (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.158; georgika, 1965, gv.7).

sanigebi/sanixebi/sanikebi - memnonis mixedviT (I s.) sanigebi Canan dioskuriis midamoebSi lazebTan erTad. aqve adasturebs maT pliniusic da arianec; mag., ix. ariane:


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"trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde) cxovroben kolxebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsile-bi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi".

Sdr., ariane: lazebi cxovroben Woroxidan kodoramde; ko-doris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi; afsilebis sacxovrisis (ko-doris xeobis) Semdeg mdinare Saxemde - sanigebi; sanigebis teri-toriazea qalaqi sebastopolisi (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23, 99, 171-172). mecnierTa nawili sanigebs zanebad miiCnevs, nawili - svanebad (mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1974).

Cveni azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli sanigebis gaigiveba zanebTan Tu svanebTan; sxvadasxva avtorTan sanigebi sanebis, la-zebis da svanebis paralelurad saxeldebian da, bunebrivia, isini im erT-erT qarTvelur tomad CavTvaloT, romelic an saerTod gaqra asparezidan, an sxva qarTvelur tomebs Seerwya, an afsua-afxazebis mier asimilirda.

ipolite romaelis (III s.) cnobiT, kapadukielTa gadaRma, mar-jvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosforelebi. "sanebi, egreTwodebuli sanigebi, romlebic gadaWimuli arian vidre pontomde, im adgilamde, sadac aris parembole afsarosi [da sebastopolisi], hisos navsadguri da mdinare fazisi, vidre trapezuntamde cxovroben da gadaWimuli arian es tomebi" (geor-gika, 1961, gv.20).

Sdr., evsevi kesarieli (260-340): "kabadokiis gadaRma marjvniT arian armenielebi, iberebi da

beranebi, xolo marcxniT - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporanebi, ag-reTve [sannebi], romelTac sannigebi ewodebaT da romlebic vrceldebian pontomde, sadac aris banaki afsarosi, sebastopoli [kausilimani], da mdinare fazisi. vidre trapezuntamde gadaWimu-li arian es tomebi" (georgika, 1961, gv 31-32).

afsilebTan, beqe~rebTan da lazebTan erTad abazgiis mezoblad mcxovrebi sanigebi skviTur tomadaa CaTvlili stefane bizantielis (IV_VII) mier. Sdr., agreTve, basili sofeneli (IX s.):


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"...romaelTa TviTmpyrobel traianes dros iq, vidre lazebis da sanigebis qveynamde, dafuZnebul iqna romael jariskacTa razme-bi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.201).

samecniero literaturaSi sanigi/sanixi, erTi mxriv, miCneu-lia henioxis fonetikur variantad, Sesabamisad, henioxTa meore satomo saxelad (marTlac, henioxebic da sanigebic erT sacxov-risSi moiazrebian), meore mxriv ki, sanigebi da sanebi erTmaneTTa-naa gaigivebuli.

ramdenadac sanigebi, henioxebi da sanebi arianesTan erTdro-ulad saxeldebian, Tanac, sanigebi da sanebi sxvadasxva adgilze cxovroben, ufro logikuria, davuSvaT, rom es samive qarTvelu-ri tomi drois raRac monakveTSi damoukideblad arsebobda. maTi naTesaobis samtkiceblad sakmarisi Cans ara mxolod maTi sacxov-risis saerTo qarTveluri veli, aramed maT aRmniSvnel saxelTa saerTo warmomavlobac; Sdr.:

san-/*han- > hen-: san-i, san-i-x-i, san-i-g-i/saniki da *hen-i, hen-i-o-x-i; x-/-g- krebiTobis sufiqsia.

niSandoblivia: sanebis, sanigebis da henioxebis gaigivebisa Tu erTmaneTSi aR-

revis romaul-bizantiuri tradicia am tomTa saerTo warmomav-lobiTa da axlo naTesaobiTaa ganpirobebuli.

lazebi - berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axse-nebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "herakles isto-riaSi" (da ara pliniusi, rogorc zogi avtori wers); memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansazRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); lazebTan erTad memnoni asaxelebs sanegebs/sanigebs (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.24; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.171-172).

arianes (95-175) cnobiT, arsebobda qalaqi Zveli lazike, ro-melic man Tavisi TvaliT naxa; mogvianebiT am qalaqs nikofsiad mo-ixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSkaraa, rom axal welTaR-ricxvamde lazebi dioskuriis CrdiloeTiT cxovrobdnen.

arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarseboben da sxvadasxva


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tomebi arian

astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-

(Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159). ariane (II s.) Tavis "pe-riplusSi" wers: "amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebi-dan abaskebamde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yaux-CiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). "lazebs iqiT cxovroben afsilebi, afsilebis mosazRvreebi arian abazgebi, abazgebis mezoblad arian sanigebi, romelTa qveyanaSi mdebareobs sebastopolisi"; maSasadame, sebastopolisi-cxumi abazgebis te-ritoriaze ki ar yofila, aramed sanigebis qveyanaSi..." (georgika, 1952, gv.235; s.yauxCiSvilis SeniSvna).

Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris

soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrob-dnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlenebi, maxe-lonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi. am ukanas-knel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mo-saxleobad Canan maxelonebi (kolxebi da lazebi Cveulebriv uf-ro samxreTiT igulisxmebodnen xolme), magram aq yvela tomi er-Tad aris xsenebuli am nakveTze; ase rom, aq sagangebo viTarebaa (T, yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130). periplusis (V s.) anonimuri avtori aq-ve wers: "dioskuriidan anu sebastopolisidan md. afsarosamde winaT cxovrobda xalxi, kolxebad wodebuli, axla lazebad saxe-Secvlili" - e.i. anonimma icis lazTa da kolxTa mimarTeba, kol-xuri da lazuri saxelmwifoebis gavrcelebis are (T. yauxCiSvi-li, 1976, gv.105).

Sdr., ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde (nikofsiamde, am-Jamindel novomixa~lovska~amde) cxovroben Semdegi tomebi: kol-xebi, sanebi, makronebi, henioxebi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi. sakuTriv lazebi cxovrobdnen afsaro-sidan (gonio Tu sarfi) daaxloebiT md. kodoris (Zveli hoposi) SesarTavamde.

Sdr., stefane bizantieli (IV-VII s.): lazebi - skviTuri tomi, aris [pontoSi], aqvea sofeli "Zveli lazike", rogorc ambobs ari-ane... (georgika, 1936, gv.281).


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ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan (bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerke-tebi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).

Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; ter-mini lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-melsac zog wyaroSi afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sazRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savro-maks armeniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades Seefarebi-naT Tavi maRal mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] la-zikisagan hyofen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).

Sdr., agreTve, agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzavnida iberTa qveyanaSi, zogs lazTa qveyanaSi." sa-interesoa arabuli Targmani, sadac iberiis nacvlad aris misist ad Georgian, xolo lazikis nacvlad - ad regionem Abchazorum (georgi-ka, 1961, gv.71)...

sayuradReboa, rom epifane kvipreli (314-403) lazebs semis STamomavlad Tvlis (semisa: kabadokielebi, finikebi, pontoele-bi, marmaridebi... xalibebi, lazebi, mosinikebi, iberebi, frigie-lebi...), xolo kolxebs - iafetisad (iafetisa: midielebi, armenie-lebi, amazonebi, kolebi, kabadokielebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi, mo-sinikebi, kolxebi, skviTebi...); semis teritoriaSi Sedis: palesti-na, siria, evropa, lazia, iberia, kaspia... (georgika, 1961, gv.39-41).

ix., agreTve, priske panioneli (V s.): "mis Semdeg, rodesac ro-maelebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, romaelTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika 1961, gv.254); priske panioneli: "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tom-Tan romaelebsa da lazebs, svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sema-tis (?) - lazTa sardlis winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261-262).


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nikifore konstantinopoleli (IX s.) lazikis samxreT-da-savleT sazRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada, lazikis gziT Se-Wriliyo sparseTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, misma colma Sva Ze"; 1042 wels qarTulad gadmoRe-bul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia ra trapezunted - sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208). Sdr., agreTve: niketa xoniates (XII s.) bizantiis keis-ris - manuelis titulebSi Seaqvs: lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (georgika, 1966, gv.131).

Sdr., Tamaris istorikosi: 1204 wels Tamarma berZenTa mefes waarTva: lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasundi, kitiora, amastria, araklia... (qarTlis cxovreba, 1959, gv.141-142). aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTvel mefeebs lazeTi/lazia araso-des ucvniaT TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi (p.ingoroyva, 2003, gv.40).

romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi miRebulia azri kolxebisa da lazebis igiveobisa; Sdr., mag., ioane lide: "kolxike, romelsac ax-la lazikes eZaxian..." (georgika, 1965, gv.242); ioane cece: "kolxebi skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT da cxovroben abazgebis, wi-nandeli masagetebis maxloblad (georgika, 1952, gv.7; T.yauxCiSvi-li, 1987, gv.132)... miuxedavad amisa, aralogikuria, vilaparakoT am terminTa sinonimurobaze, ramdenadac orive gamoyenebulia ro-gorc viwro eTnikuri, aseve, farTo politikuri mniSvnelobiT; miT umetes, SeuZlebelia, identuri iyos maTi zogadi Sinaarsi, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi gacilebiT farTo areals moicavda; erTi ki udavoa:

lazebisa da Wanebis winaprebic, saspeirebic, xalibebic, xal-debic, muSqebic da bevri sxva tomic Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua peri-odis kolxur Tu mosxur modgmad SegviZlia miviCnioT. am tomTa gaerTianebas sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxeli erqva (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).

laz- fuZes fonetikuri variantebi ar uCans; Tumca, gansa-xilvelia misi kavSiri, erTi mxriv - laS-x-, meore mxriv ki - riz-e


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formebTan; ix., agreTve, iv. javaxiSvili (1960, gv. 405): la-zan-ik-a > lazika, sadac la- svanuri mawarmoebelia. dasaSvebia, rom laz- fuZe ucxouri warmomavlobisa iyos (Sdr., qarTveluri warmomav-lobis eTnonimebs fonetikuri variantebi udasturdebaT).

abazebi, afxazebi, ebzeebi/obezebi, abazgebi/abaskebi, abaZa-xebi/abazaxebi

afxaz- fuZesa da masTan formobriv-semantikurad dakavSire-bul leqsemebs, afxaz da abaza tomTa istorias mravali mecnieri ikvlevda; bolo periodis Semajamebeli xasiaTis gamokvlevebi ekuTvnis T.gvancelaZes (T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1998; T. gvancelaZe, 2004); afxazur enaSi superstratuli fenebis gamo-wvlilviTi Seswavlis Semdeg igi askvnis:

"dRevandel afxazTa winaprebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar ucxovriaT ax.w. V saukunemde; afxazTa Tavdapirveli samSoblo afsni mdebareobda kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeTiT, mdinare yuba-nis auzSi. misi ZiriTadi masa aqve binadrobda 1561 wlis axlo xa-nebamde... Tanamedrove afxazuri eTnosis saboloo saxis Camoya-libebaSi mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze afxazTa (TviTsaxelwodebiT – afsuaTa; t.f.) mo-svlamde mcxovreb kolxur mosaxleobas" (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.60, 2004, gv. 58-63). misive varaudiT, afxazur-abazur da Cerqezul eneb-ze afxazur-abazur tomTa erTobis Tavdapirveli saxeli unda yo-filiyo ~a-abaz-a > abaza; amosavali formaa *~a-fas-a, romlisga-nac -Ea sufiqsiTaa nawarmoebi afsua < *~a-fas-Ea (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38-39).

warmodgenil sayuradRebo naSromebSi CvenTvis sakamaToa mxolod qarTuli afxaz- fuZis warmoqmnis gza; kerZod, T.gvance-laZis azriT, afxaz- fuZe momdinareobs Cerqezuli abaza xa kom-pozitisgan: abaza xa "qvemouri abaza" (Cerqez. "xa" iTargmneba, ro-gorc qvemouri, qvemoTa): Cerqez. abaza-xa/abzaxa > megr. abxaza > qarT. afxazi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.38); vfiqrobT, ufro naklebw-inaaRmdegobrivia abaz-x-i > afxaz-i gzis daSveba, sadac -x- krebi-


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Tobis sufiqsia. jer mivyveT wyaroebis Cvenebas: ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-

areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-bi, Zidritebi, lazebi, afsilebi, abaskebi, sanigebi, Zilqebi; "la-zebis mezoblebi afsilebi arian; maTma mefem - iulianem mefoba Seni mamisgan miiRo. afsilebis mezoblebi abaskebi arian. abaskTa mefe resmagaa. abaskTa mezoblebi sanigebi arian" (berZeni mwerle-bi... 1983, gv.158-159). abaskebi sanigebs zemoT, mTebSi saxloben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100-101); amave konteqstSi abazgebs axsene-ben V s. moRvawe Teodorite kvirieli (georgika, 1961, gv.227), V s. anonimi avtori (georgika, 1965, gv.8), stefane bizantieli (geor-gika, 1936, gv.284) da sxvebi. Sdr. agaTangelosis teqstis arabul TargmanSi lazTa qveyana Abchazorum-ad iTargmneba (georgika, 1961, gv. 71).

mogvianebiT farTovdeba termin abazgiiT moazrebuli teri-toria; mag., bizantiis keisari konstantine porfirogeneti (912-959), Tavis Svils acnobs ra bizantiis mezobel Tu dapyrobil tomebs, abazgiis Sesaxeb ambobs:

"jiqeTis sazRvrebis Semdeg, ese igi, mdinare nikofsiidan moki-debuli zRvis napiri vidre soteriupolisamde, 300 milis manZilze uWiravs abazgiis qveyanas" (georgika, 1952, gv.233). nikofsiis loka-lizeba ar Wirs, magram sakamaToa soteriupolisis sakiTxi; zogi mas biWvinTad miiCnevs, zogi - soxumad (sakiTxis mimoxilvisTvis ix. s. yauxCiSvilis msjeloba, iqve, gv.231-235).

Cveni azriT, ramdenadac, X saukuneSi abazgiis saxeliT, ara-iSviaTad, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo moixseneba, abazgiis sa-mxreT sazRvrad naTqvami qalaqi soteriupolisi Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoriaze unda veZioT nikofsiidan daaxloebiT 300 milis manZilze. X saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTuli wyaroebis afxa-zeTis samefo (gaerTianebuli dasavleT saqarTvelo, centriT qu-TaisSi) faqtobrivad damoukidebeli politikuri subieqtia; igi-ve keisari konstantine porfirogeneti, roca Tavis Svils aswav-lis ucxoelTaTvis mimarTvis wesebs, iberiis (tao-klarjeTis!) kuropalatsa da abazgiis mTavars erT rangSi ganixilavs (georgi-


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ka, 1952, gv.293); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodis qarTuli wya-roebi afxazeTs saqarTvelos erT-erT qveyanad - "Cuens queyanad" Tvlis.

s. janaSias redaqtorobiT gamoqveynebul saxelmZRvaneloSi iyo aseTi fraza: "afxazTa erisTavma advilad daipyro egrisi da argveTi..."; pavle ingoroyvam Semdegi marTebuli komentari gaake-Ta: pirvelwyaro "matiane qarTlisa~Si" pirdapir aRniSnulia, rom afxazTa erisTavi leon ganudga berZenebs da "daipyra afxaze-Ti da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa"; e. i. afxaz-Ta erisTavma afxazeTidan ki ar daipyro egrisi, aramed, ganudga ra dampyrobels, oriveSi gabatonda da dedaqalaqad quTaisi air-Cia...(p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.115-116); swored am droidan dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelad damkvidrda afxazeTi.

saerTod, istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda (aseTi gamonaklisebi yvela qarTul samTav-ros hyavda), afxazeTis mefe-mTavrebi zogadqarTveluri erov-nul-kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen; maTi moRvaweobiTac Cans, rom ruseTis imperiis kavkasiaSi gaaqti-urebamde afxazebi sxva qarTveluri Temebisgan Tvisobrivad ar gansxvavdebodnen.

afxazeTi da egrisi - "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT cnobili es ori qarTuli kuTxe - gorgaslis mefobis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTvelos im nawils moicavda, romelic dapyrobili ar hqonda bizantias; Cans, afxazeTi iyo cixegojamde, egrisi ki - cixegojidan lixamde; Sdr.: "masve Jamsa gamovidnen berZenni afxazeTad... da da-ipyres egriswylidan vidre cixegojamde" (q.c., 1955, gv.146,4-5); Sdr., iqve, gv.157, 19: dapyrobil afxazeTSi bizantielebis mier mmarTvelad dasmuli iyo leon, romelic "ucalo iyo brZolisa-gan sparsTasa, da verSemZlebel iyo spaTa gamogzavnad afxazeTs; da [vaxtang gorgasalma] sam wel wartyuenna yovelni cixeni afxa-zeTisani vidre cixe-gojamde". e.i. gorgasalma Semoimtkica berZen-Tagan axaldapyrobili qarTuli qveyana - afxazeTi.

aqve aRvniSnavT:


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farnavazisa da qujis ambebis Txrobis dros mematiane xazgas-miT aRniSnavs, rom egriswyals marjvnivac qarTvelebi cxovrob-dnen: egross ergo teritoria lixidan vidre mdinare xazareTis-wylis (yubanis) SesarTavamde (qarTlis cxovreba, gv.5,12-15), mag-ram berZnebTan omis Semdeg "egris wyals quemoTa darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa" (iqve, gv.24, 1-2).

logikuria, vTqvaT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi, Tavdapirvelad, egrisi moicavda afxazeTsac; momdevno periodSi orive saxeli re-alurad Tanaarsebobda - mezobel mxareebs aRniSnavda, Semdeg sa-erTo saxelad afxazeTi ganzogadda; istoriuli egrisis aRsaniS-navad odiSi da samegrelo SedarebiT gvian damkvidrda.

afxazeTis bizantiuri varianti iyo abazgia: Sdr.: saqarTvelos gaerTianebamde arsebobda abazgiis epar-

qia, romelic eqvemdebareboda konstantinepolis sapatriarqos (georgika, 1952, gv.129, 137-138)...

keisar konstantines dros afxazeTis mefeebi iyvnen giorgi II (912-957), leon III (957-967); Semdeg iyo Teodos III (975-978). Teod-osis taxtidan gadayenebis Semdeg 978 wels daviT III bagrationi (kuropalati) afxazeTSi amefebs mcirewlovan bagrats. swored am periodSi eyreba safuZveli dasavleT, samxreT-dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloebis (!) gaerTianebas; didi saqarTvelos aRorZinebis gamorCeuli organizatori iyo afxazeTis erisTavi iovane maruSisZe.

Sdr.: 1008 wels aRdgenil-gaerTianebuli didi saqarTvelos pirveli monarqi xdeba afxazTa mefe bagrati, SemdgomSi bagrat mesamed wodebuli (romlis Svili giorgi I Tavisi samSoblos da-mpyrobeli bizantiis dauZinebeli mteri iyo). Sdr., agreTve, ioa-ne zonaras (XI-XII) "msoflio qronikaSi" moTxrobili ambavi (ge-orgika, 1966, gv.233-239; teqsts vimowmebT s.yauxCiSvilis Tar-gmanisa da komentarebis mixedviT):

barda fokasa da barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg bizan-tiis mefe basili gaemarTa iberiaSi, sadac moawesriga is sadavo sakiTxebi, romlebic gaCnda iberiis kuropalat daviTis garda-


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cvalebis gamo da wavida finikiisken... Semdeg mobrunda da gailaS-qra abazgiis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misma mpyrobelma giorgi I daar-Rvia bizantiasTan dadebuli xelSekruleba... ficxel omSi damar-cxda abazgiis mTavari giorgi, Sida iberiisken gaiqca da zavi iTxova; man mZevlad misca Tavisi Ze bagrati (SemdgomSi bagrat IV)...

Zveli qarTveli mwignobarnic kargad icnoben termin abazgi-as, mas dasavleT saqarTvelod Tvlian da afxazeTad Targmnian; ix., mag., "mimoslvasa Sina wmidaTa mociqulTasa andria pirvelwo-debulisa mier qadageba~ Soris avazgia~sa, romel ars afxazeTi" (georgika, 1991, gv.214; ix., agreTve, aqve, gv.219).

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom X-XII saukuneebis sxva ucxouri wyaroebiT, afxazi ukve qarTvelis sinonimadaa qceuli; mag., ioane italosi ioane petriws abazg gramatikoss uwodebs, rac am kon-teqstSi qarTvel gramatikoss niSnavs.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ioane petriwi ara mxolod di-di filosofosi, aramed Seudarebeli moqarTule da sityvaTSe-moqmedi iyo; garda amisa, is sityvebs qarTveluri dialeqtebida-nac amkvidrebda; mag., samxmiani galobis meore xmis aRsaniSnavad man SemoiRo termini Jiri, romlis megruli warmomavloba uda-voa; logikuria davuSvaT, rom es didi qarTveli moRvawe egrisis mkvidri iyo (Sdr.: n.maris azriT, ioane petriwi tomiT afxazi iyo). sayuradReboa agreTve e.xinTibiZis dakvirveba: eqvTime mTaw-mindelma qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna "varlam da ioasafis" romani, romelic berZnulidan gadaiTargmna laTinurad. laTinu-rad mTargmnelis komentariT, "berZnuli Targmani Seasrula to-miT abazgma berma efTvimem" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.15). e.i. qarTveli eqvTime mTawmindeli, laTinTa azriT, tomiT abazgia. amave pe-riodSi afxazeTi sruliad saqarTvelos niSnavs sparsul wyaro-ebSic (k.tabataZe, 1993, gv.222-226); Sdr.:

sayuradReboa kidev erTi faqti: dediT qarTveluri

asureli istorikosi za-qaria ritori afxazTa/qarTvelTa qveyanas baz-g-on-Ta qveyanas uwodebs; msjelobisaTvis ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1960, gv. 402.


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(abazguri) warmomavlobis iovane ceces (1110-1180) azriT, abazgebi iberTa tomisani arian (georgika, 1976, gv. 20-25); Sdr., aqve, erTgan miTiTebulia iovanes dedis abazgoba (gv.23), meoregan ki - iberieloba (gv. 25); amave dokumentis mixedviT, iovanes abazgi bebia amalaSi axlda iberiis mefis asuls - marTas.

Cans, afxazeTis mosaxleoba qarTvelebad iTvleboda mezobe-li xalxebisaTvisac: yaraCaelebis, balyarelebisa da rusebis-Tvis; kerZod:

vfiqrobT, aSkaraa, rom Zveli droidan moyolebuli, vidre XVI-XVII saukuneebamde, jiqebisgan gansxvavebiT, abazebi/abazge-bi/afxazebi evropaSic da aziaSic qarTvelur (iberiul/kolxur) samyarosTan asocirdeba; samarTlianadac: Sua saukuneebSi sxva qarTveluri modgmis TemebTan erTad afxazebic qmnidnen erTian qarTvelur saxelmwifosa da samwignobro kulturas. gaerTiane-bulma saqarTvelomac didxans SeinarCuna "samefo afxazeTis" sa-xeli (g.alasania, 2004, gv.9). Sdr., agreTve, T.gvancelaZis daskvna: "sxvadasxva periodisa da sxvadasxva enaze Sedgenili werilobiTi

SemTxveviTi ar Cans is faqti, rom termini abaza/obezi/ebze Crdilo kavkasiis zog xalxSi da evropul Tu Zvel rusul wyaro-ebSi qarTvelis sinonimia; mag.: pap inokent IV elCi ioane de pla-no karpini, romelmac monRoleTSi imogzaura 1246 wels, saqar-Tvelos georgiania-s eZaxis, qarTvelebs ki - georgian-eb-s anu ob-ez-eb-s (s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53).

XIV-XVI saukuneebis rusuli wyaros mixedviT, obezi saqar-Tvelos aRniSnavda. faqtis axsna iolad SeiZleba: maSindeli sla-vebis enaSic qarTvelTa saxelad ganzogadda mezobeli tomis saxe-li - abaza, ramdenadac slavebisTvis abaza, egriseli, svani, kaxeli Tu mesxi erTi odenoba iyo; Sdr., agreTve: kavkasiaSi gvian mosuli yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebisTvisac qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli terminia ebze ( < abaza). amave dros, ebze sakuTriv svanebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki raWvelebsac aRniSnavs (T. gvancelaZe, 1993); Sdr., abaZa jiqTa TviTsaxelwodebacaa da dRevandel abazaTac (abazebi ramdenime saukunis win gaemijnen afsuebs).


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Tu kartografiuli masala cxadyofs: uZvelesi droidan gvian Sua saukuneebamde cxumis mosaxleoba qarTveluri iyo" (T.gvancelaZe, 1997, gv. 25).

erTiani saqarTvelos aRorZinebis paralelurad, afxazeTis xelisufalni iRvwodnen qarTuli eklesiis erTianobis aRsadge-nadac; mag., "afxazi" mefe-mTavrebis (leon II, Teodos II, demetre II, giorgi I, konstantine III, giorgi II, leon III... agreTve: cxumis erisTavi oTaRo ServaSiZe (XII s.), mxedarTmTavari dardin Serva-SiZe (XIII s.) da sxv.) erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi politikis Ziri-Tadi mimarTulebebi iyo:

_ dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamosvla konstantinepo-lis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan da qarTul avtokefalur eklesiasTan SeerTeba;

_ qarTulenovani saeklesio centrebis mSenebloba; _ brZola qarTuli samyaros politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis; _ Crdilokavkasiuri moZme xalxebis gaqristianebisaTvis

brZola da am gziT qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis uzrunvel-yofa (l.axalaZe, 2004, gv.12)...

logikuri Cans, gverdigverd ganvixiloT: abaz-/abaza/abaZ-/abas-... fuZeebi; garda amisa, tao - tao-x-i, kola - kol-x-i... mimar-Tebebis paralelurad, dasaSvebia abaz- - abaz-x-, abaza - abaza-x-... wyvilebis daSvebac: abaz-x-/*amas-x- fuZeSi warmomavlobiToba-krebiTobis -x- sufiqsis gamoyofa logikuri Cans, rogorc amas adrec varaudobdnen (n. maris, s. janaSias, q. lomTaTiZis mosazre-baTa Sesaxeb ix., o. kaxaZe, 1993). abaz-x- fuZisgan x-s metaTezisiT unda warmoqmniliyo afxaz- fuZe (Sdr., msgavsi fonetikuri pro-cesi qarTulSi: waTx-/wyaT-, balR-/ bRar-, barty-/ bRart-, be-rty-/bRert- da sxv..). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom Cerqezulma aba-zaxa formam, formobrivi msgavsebis gamo, gvian SeiZina "qvemo aba-zas" Sinaarsi (Sdr., T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.37).

adrindeli qarTveluri *abaz-x- fuZis adaptirebuli varian-tebia berZnuli abasx-, abazg- da abask- formebic (gansxvavebuli msjelobisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 1998, gv. 36). afxazis sxvadasxvag-vari etimologiis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve: n. mari, 1912, gv. 697; iv. java-


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xiSvili, 1960, gv. 401; T. gvancelaZe, 1989; o. kaxaZe, 1993; e. osiZe, 1993; T. gvancelaZe, 1993; T. gamyreliZe, 1993; d.musxeliSvili, 2000... ix., agreTve, a.lomTaZe, r.Serozia, 2002, sadac afxaz- fuZis amosavlad miCneulia svanuri metyvelebis msazRvrel-sazRvruli *afxaS zani "mTis zani".

savaraudoa, agreTve, a-baz- da *baz-g- fuZeTa saerTo warmomav-lobis daSvebac:

SeniSvna: bolo periodSi momravlda arakompetentur pirTa (m.Za-Zamias, z.qafianiZis, i.zeirekis, v.foirStainis, v.rcxilaZis, b.gogi-as...) "enaTmecnierul-kulturologiuri aRmoCenebis" publikacie-bi; samagaliTod moviyvanT b.gogias tipur msjelobas (b.gogia, 2005, gv.91): megruli sityvebis safuZvelze afxaz- fuZes ramdenime para-leluri etimologia eZebneba: I. afxa-Ji > afxaza; Sdr.: afxa - beWi; Ji - maRali; Sesabamisad: afxa-Ji - beW-maRali. II. afxa(m)-zani > afxa-za; Sdr.: afxa - mxar-beWi; zani - zani; Sesabamisad: afxa-za - mxarbeWi-ani zani; III. maTxozai ("Txis gamrekavi") > aTxazai > afxazi; IV. buzi > abasko~; Sdr.: Wanji > Wani; V. mesxi-sani > medicina... aralingvist etimologTa amgvari urapatriotuli "sibrZne" ar aris mxolod pirovnuli axirebis erTjeradi gamovlena; mavanTagan msgavsi publ-ikaciebis stimulireba sazogadoebaSi samecniero azris nivelire-ba-diskreditacias emsaxureba.

afxazuri ~a- da qarTveluri a-/sa- prefiqsebi ma-salobrivad msgavsia; a-baz- formis a- SeiZleba daniSnulebis sa-/a- prefiqsi iyos: *a-bazi/*a-masi - bazebis/masebis qveyana/adgili; Sdr.: speri - sa-speri, qarTveli - saqarTvelo; Sdr.: dgas - a-dg-il-i, bans - a-ban-o; civi - sa-civi, qari - sa-qari, wers - sa-weri... sa-erToqarTvelurSi sa- prefiqsis paralelur variantad a-s daSve-bas mxars dauWers zanurSi mosalodneli *so-s nacvlad o-s arseb-oba; ramdenadac saerToqarTvelur a-s zanurSi kanonzomierad o Seesabameba, logikuria, saerToqarTvelurSi daniSnulebis su-fiqsad a- prefiqsic davuSvaT; Sdr.: qaTami - saqaTme da qoTomi - o-qoTum-e; Sdr., agreTve: zan. o-xvam-e, o-yuj-e, o-fS-a... da svan. a-ha-, a-yb-a, a-kuad-... mosalodnelia, rom saerToqarTveluri a-/*ha-sada afxazuri ~a (/*ha-? dasaSvebia s/h/~ monacvleobani) saerTo warmomavlobis prefiqsebi iyos. Sdr., n. maris mixedviT: *masxi > bazgi > a-bazgi... warmodgenil sqemebs damatebiTi argumen-tebi esaWiroeba.


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samecniero literaturaSi afSil-/abazg- formebi dakavSire-bulia asurul wyaroebSi dafiqsirebul abeSlasTanac (z. anCaba-Ze, 1976; S. inalifa, 1976) da xubuSqiasTanac (m. qurdiani, 2001, gv.126-130; m. qurdiani, 2002, gv.80); -l-/-il- sufiqsTa kvalifikaci-is sirTulis miuxedavad, logikuri Cans asuruli wyaroebis ab-eSla, saerToqarTveluri abesa/abaza (→ abaSa; Sdr. zanuri oba-Sa > abaSa; m. Cuxua, 2003, gv. 73) da abSili/afsili formebs Soris kavSiri. Sdr., z.WumburiZe, 2002: abaSa unda modiodes ebraul sa-xel abasgan: aba-Sa "abas kuTvnili".

SeniSvna: ioane ceces (X s.) cnobiT, abazgebs adre masagetebi erqvaT (georgika, 1967, gv 25); Sesabamisad, *mas- Ziris arseboba SeiZleboda dagveSva mas-ag-et- eTnonimSic; Tumca, aqac bevri winaaRmdegoba gvaqvs: ver xerxdeba -ag- da -et- segmentTa damajerebeli kvalifikacia; garda amisa, sadavoa masagetebis kavkasiurobac: herodotes mixedviT, masagetebi momTabare da meomari tomia (maTTan brZolaSi daiRupa aqemenidTa damaarsebeli - kirosi). straboni maT xvarazmelebad Tvlida (qse, t. VI, gv.497); farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis mixed-viT, masagetebi arian Suaazieli skviTebi; Sdr., Teofane bizantieli (VI s.): Zvel masagetebs axla Turqebi hqviaT; maTve sparselebi kermixi-onebs uwodeben (georgika, III, gv.253). zogi mkvlevari masagetebs qar-Tvelur-kavkasiur samyarosTan akavSirebs; Sdr., stefane bizantielis mtkicebiT, misgetebi iberTa tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.282).

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT: warmodgenili lingvisturi sqemebi met argumentebs, xolo

sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs. aq udavo SeiZleba iyos mxo-lod is, rom ori sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi afsil-afsarebi da abazg-afxazebi saukuneebis manZilze, sakuTriv qar-Tvelur tomTa msgavsad, erTian qarTvelur kulturul-istori-ul Tu saxelmwifoebriv velSi cxovrobda... faqtia isic, rom is-toriul Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSic (kodoridan Sav zRvasTan yubanis Zvel SesarTavamde) odiTganve cxovrobdnen qar-Tvelur-kavkasiuri modgmis tomebi (zanebi, sanigebi, svanebi, afsa-rebi, abazebi...). SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom am tomTa sa-cxovrisebi da politikuri gavlenebi erTmaneTis teritoriebze


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monacvleobda (masalis mimoxilvisTvis ix., d.leTodiani, 1971). evlia Celebis cnobiT, ukve 1641 wels abazas qveynis mosaxleo-

ba abazur da qarTul (mis megrul dialeqtze) enebze laparakobs (evlia Celebi, 1971, gv. 100; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.133). T.gvancelaZis lingvisturi da istoriografiuli ZiebebiT naTladaa naCvenebi, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebSi istoriuli afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiidan - yubanis xeobidan - TandaTanobiT gadmodis da amJamindeli afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ramdenime xeobaSi kompaqturad saxldeba erT-erTi abazuri tomi, TviTsaxelwodebiT - afsua.

vfiqrobT, ramdenadac es sazogadoeba moZme qarTveluri mosaxleobis - afxazebis - sacxovrisSi nel-nela mkvidrdeba, mezobelTaTvis Camosulebzec gadadis damxvdurTa Temonimi afxazi. droTa manZilze, adgilobriv afxazTa nawili iTqvifeba megrelebSi, nawili - afsuebSi; Sesabamisad, qarTveluri Temonimi afxazi/afxaza qarTvelur enobriv velSi afsuebis aRmniSvnelad gadaazrianda da aqedanve Sevida sxva enebSic (Sdr., amgvari transformaciiT somxiTi/somexi iqca mosuli armenebis aRmniSvnelad). bolo dromde, afsua-afxazebic Tavs Tvlidnen zogadqarTuli kulturis Tanaavtorebad...

qarTveluri enobriv-kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi sivrci-dan Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovreb sxva iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa mkveTri ganmxoloeba iwyeba kavkasiaSi TurqeTis gaZlierebis Sem-deg, xolo afsua-afxazi xalxis identoba (erovnuli meoba - t. f.) "polarulad Secvala caristul-sabWouri ideologiis mZlavrma zegavlenam 1864 wlidan dRemde" (T. gvancelaZe, 2004, gv.19); kavkasiis sruli dapyrobis mizniT, ruseTis xelisuflebam daiwyo aqauri mosaxleobis gasaxleba an sruli gaucxoeba tradi-ciuli qarTvelur-kavkasiuri sivrcidan; mag., saqarTvelos Zir-Zveli kuTxidan - egrosis wili qveynis nawilidan - adler-soWi-tuafses regionidan ruseTis imperiam 1864 da 1878 wlebSi gaasax-la qarTvelTa monaTesave xalxebi: ubixebi, Cerqezebi, afsua-afxa-zebi (ufro adre da amave periodSic, rusul-Turquli mzakvru-


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li garigebiT, qarTvelobisgan icleba samxreTi da samxreT-dasav-leTi saqarTveloc)...

qarTvelTa da afxazTa (CerqezTa, vainaxTa, lekTa...) gasamijna-vad/dasapirispireblad sabWoTa imperiam ufro efeqturad gamoi-yena kulturuli gaucxoebis meTodi, vidre mefis ruseTma; qar-Tuli (afxazuri) mowinave azris aqtiurobis miuxedavad (ix. Ser-vaSiZeebis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba), ufro swrafad da xelovnurad gagrZelda gadarCenili afxazebis gamijvna erTiani qarTveluri (afxazur-egrisul-qarTlur-kaxur-mesxuri) istoriidan, kul-

turidan Tu eTnosidan; procesma piks miaRwia 1991-93 wlebSi gan-xorcielebuli putCis dros, rodesac afxazeTidan - ZirZveli qarTveluri kuTxidan - ruseTis imperiam gamodevna erTian qar-Tvelur cnobierebaze orientirebuli qarTvelebica da afxaze-bic, xolo darCenili afxazur-qarTul-somxur-rusuli mosaxle-obiTurT faqtobrivad miitaca afxazeTis teritoria. Sdr., ru-seTma iolad ganaxorciela qarTvelTa monaTesave sxva eTnosebis - Cerqezebisa da vainaxebis - daSla patar-patara xalxebad: abaze-bad, abazaxebad, SafsuRebad, adiRelebad, yabardoelebad... CeCne-bad, inguSebad; Semdeg ki maTi teritoriebic miiTvisa (Tumca aqac dasWirda mosaxleobis didi nawilis deportacia TurqeTsa da Sua aziaSi).

afsilebi/afSilebi, afsarebi, afsuebi. afsilebi pirvelad dasturdeba arianesTan; misi cnobebis mixedviT, afsilebi cxov-robdnen kodoris xeobaSi; z.anCabaZe maT Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad Tanamedrove galis raions miiCnevs (z.anCabaZe, 1964). mecnierTa er-Ti nawilis azriT, abazgTa msgavsad, afsilebic qarTveluri tomi iyo (s.janaSia, s.yauxCiSvili, d.musxeliSvili da sxv..), xolo, zogis azriT, maTi memkvidreebi Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi) arian (g.meliqiSvili, z.anCabaZe, n.lomouri...).

agaTia sqolastikosis (VI) mixedviT, afsarebi kolxebisa da misimielebis/svanebis monaTesaveni arian.

gviandeli avtorebi da komentatorebi afsilebs skviTur


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toms uwodeben (mag., stefane bizantioneli IV-VII s.); Sdr., kol-xi a~etesi skviTTa mefea, medea - skviTTa mefis asuli (libaniosi, ax.w. IVs.); makronebi skviTuri tomia (apolonios rodoselis sqo-liasti, ax. w. I-II s.); kolxebi azieli skviTebi arian (ioane cece XII s.); skviTebi egviptelTa kolonistebi arian (herodotes cno-ba kolxebis Sesaxeb pindares sqoliastTan) da a.S. e. i. am koncef-ciiT, abasgi da afsilic isevea skviTi, rogorc kolxi da makro-ni... (sakiTxis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.102).

aSkaraa, rom arianes dros abazgebi da afsilebi sxvadasxva qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomi iyo; Sdr., d.musxeliSvili, 2000, gv.17-34: "afSils" arc geografiulad (sacxovrisis mixedviT - t.f.), arc formalur-lingvisturad araferi aqvs saerTo "afsu-asTan"... gvaqvs safuZveli, afSilebi erT-erT dasavlur-qarTul tomad CavTvaloT, romlis nawili gvian saukuneebSi Seerwya me-grelebs, nawili ki - gaafsuvda" (iqve, Sdr.: n.lomouris azriT, afSilebi ueWvelad afsuebi arian).

logikuri Cans mosazreba, rom afs- Zirisgan qarTveluri sufiqsebiTaa miRebuli qarTveluri: *afS-el-i, afs-il-i, afs-ar-i eTnonimebi (T.gvancelaZe, 1998, gv.34, 39); aSkaraa afs- Ziris povniereba afs-ua fuZeSic. faqtia isic, rom afsua cxovrobda yubanis xeobaSi, afsilebi/afsarebi - kodoris xeobaSi svanebis sacxovrisamde (e.i. kodoris xeobis kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi svanebs eWiraT, rac gamoricxavs am gziT afsuaTa gadmosvlas). aseve, ueWveli Cans qoronim afxazeTi/abazgia-s warmomavloba afxaz-/abazg- fuZisgan da ara - afsua/afsilisgan; maSasadame, lo-gikuri iqneba davaskvnaT: erTi fuZisgan sxvadasxva sufiqsiT warmoqmnili ramdenime TemonimiT sxvadasxva monaTesave qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomebi aRiniSneboda (abaza, afxazi, afSili, afsari, afsua...); Sesabamisad, oTxi eTnonimiT (abaza, afsari, afsua da afxazi) erTi sazogadoebis aRniSvna gviandeli movlenaa.

svanebi, misimielebi - svanebi pirvelad strabonTan moixseni-


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ebian (soanas/Soanas); maSinac isini kavkasiis mTebSi cxovrobdnen; varaudoben, rom svanebi adridanve gansaxlebulni iyvnen agreTve Crdilo kavkasiaSic - Tergsa da yubans Soris arsebul terito-riaze; Sdr., mag., memandre protiqtori (VI s.), romelic, aRwers ra bizantiisa da sparseTis davas svaneTis gamo, vrclad iZleva svanTa daxasiaTebas (georgika, 1936, gv.213-233); misi cnobiT, svane-bi kavkasiis mTebis garSemo cxovroben (georgika, 1936, gv.231); ix., agreTve, T.mibCuani, 1993; z.ratiani, 1995, gv.57-61.

Cans, svanebs kavkasionis strategiuli gadasasvlelebi eWi-raT, vinaidan bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris didxans grZeldebo-da winaaRmdegoba svaneTis danarCunebis gamo (ix. georgika, 1936, gv.213-233). pliniusis mixedviT, svanebi dRevandeli samegrelos teritoriazec cxovrobdnen: "mdinare xobi kavkasiis mTebidan Camomdinareobs da svaneTis miwaze dis”; amasve amtkicebs sageog-rafio saxelebis dakvirvebac, mag., leCxumi, lebaCile da sxva. ”Semdeg svanebis miwebi kolxebs anu megrelebs daupyriaT..." (iv.ja-vaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46-47). Cveni azriT, pliniusis cnobis sxvagvari ganmartebac SeiZleba:

am periodis wyaroebSi, araiSviaTad, erTmaneTs faravs termi-nebi: suani, sani, zani, suanokolxi, egrsvani... Cans, strabonisa da pliniusis dros termini svani im ramdenime qarTveluri tomis (egrisis nawilis, dvaleTis, skvimiis, sakuTriv svaneTis mosaxle-obis...) gamaerTianebeli, krebiTi saxelia, romelTac romaelebi ver akontrolebdnen (Sdr.: lazika - romaelTa gavlenis sfero): yuradRebis centrSi svanebis moqceva, Cans, ganapiroba kavkasiis uReltexilebis strategiulobam.

Cveni azriT, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis dasasruls jer kidev dauS-lelia zanur-svanuri enobrivi erToba; swored es adreuli za-nur-svanuri (da ara megruli an svanuri) dialeqturi fena unda vivaraudoT osur-alanuri enis substratad (masalisaTvis ix. v.abaevi, 1949, 324-329); Sdr.: gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom osurSi zanuri/afsiluri substrati gaCnda kodoris xeobaSi osebis eq-spansiis dros (n. afxazava, 1998). rogorc cnobilia, substratis arseboba miuTiTebs damxvduri da mosuli eTnosebis xangrZliv


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urTierTobas; vfiqrobT, SeuZlebelia, osTa metyvelebaSi zanu-ri substratis warmoqmna davuSvaT kodoris xeobaSi alanTa mo-klevadiani eqspansiis periodSi. rac Seexeba osurSi sakuTriv svanuri leqsikis arsebobas: CrdilokavkasiaSi mcxovrebi osebis metyvelebaSi svanuri da afxazuri leqsika (rogorc adstratu-li fena) Sevida svanTa, afxazTa da osTa mezoblobis pirobebSi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, zanur-svanuri kontinuumis ba-zaze sakuTriv svanuri metyvelebis Camoyalibeba swored welTaR-ricxvaTa mijnidan xdeba qarTvelur (zanur) metyvelebaze Crdi-lokavkasiur tomTa metyvelebis dafenebiT (msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 1998); aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ara mxolod svanuri, ara-med araizolirebuli nebismieri mosaxleobis metyveleba (ena/kilo) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da konvergenciuli procesebis Sedegad.

strabonis mixedviT, svanebi gamoirCeodnen simamaciT da didi fizikuri ZaliT. strabonis cnobiTve, svanebs hyavT basilevsi da 300 mamakacisgan Semdgari sabWo; saWiroebis Jams gamohyavT 200000-kaciani laSqari. straboni svanebis sacxovrisSi arsebul mdinare-ebTan akavSirebs oqros sawmisis miTs; strabonTanvea Zveli

cnoba, rom oqros sabadoebis gamo (romlisganac warmoiSva miTi oqros sawmisis Sesaxeb), dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs zogi aRmosavleTis iberebsac uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros sabadoebi aris orive iberiaSi (rusuli TargmanisaTvis ix., stra-boni, 1964, gv. 473, XI, II,14-19); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvilis Targmani: svanebis qveyanaSi "zamTris niaRvrebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo barbarosebi agroveben oqros daxvretili varclebiT da banjgvliani tyavebiT: aqedan momdinareobs miTi oqros sawmisian verZze... (dazianebuli teqsti)... Tu ar deben iberebs msgavs saxels dasavleTelebisas, romelTac aqvT oqros sabadoebi orive mxares: es adgili SeiZleba gavigoT ornairad: a)espaneTis iberebs orive mxares aqvT oqros sabaduri; b) oqros sabadoebi aqvT, rogorc espaneTis iberebs, ise saqarTvelos iberebs" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139-144).

svanebi sxva wyaroebSic Canan:


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priske panioneli (V s.): "didi uTanxmoeba hqondaT svanTa tomTan romaelebsa da lazebs; svanebma sastiki brZola gaaCaRes sematis (?lazTa sardlis) winaaRmdeg" (georgika, 1961, gv.261);

prokopi kesarieli (VI s.): "marto es lazike ki ar Caigdes xelT sparselebma, aramed svimniaca da svaniac da, amrigad, moxi-risidan iberiamde mTeli miwa-wyali gamoecalaT xelidan romae-lebsa da lazTa mefes” (georgika, 1965, gv.202).

agaTia sqolastikosi (VI s.) vrclad msjelobs misimielTa Se-saxeb; misi cnobiT, es xalxi kolxTa mefis qveSevrdomia, msgavsad afsilebisa, oRond gansxvavebul enaze laparakobs. isini afsilTa tomze ufro CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, odnav aRmosavleTiT; aga-Tias misimielebi miaCnia kolxTa da afsilTa naTesavad; s. yaux-CiSvilis logikuri varaudiT, misimielebi/misimianebi svanuri tomia (georgika, 1936, gv.86, 161-162, 172, 347-348). misim- fuZe SeiZ-leba davakavSiroT svanTa TviTsaxelwodebasTan; SesaZloa, warmodgenili berZnuli forma muSuan- fuZis damaxinjebuli va-rianti iyos: muSuan- > *muSun- > miSin-/misim-; Sdr.: qvemosvanu-ri - muSEan, balszemouri - muSan, balsqvemouri - muSni, latalu-ri - muSEan/mHSan; mHSan formisTvis amosavali SeiZleba iyos mo-San-: mo-San/mo-san; Sdr.: mo-frang-e, mo-xev-e.

Sdr., p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144: "*mH-simi-an-i Tavisi gramati-kuli gaformebiT wminda qarTul tips warmoadgens: m- Tavkiduri prefiqsia, romelic erTvis eTnikur saxelebs, xolo -an-, aseve, eTnikuri saxelebis determinanti sufiqsia. aqve SevniSnavT, rom p. ingoroyvas sayuradRebo varaudiT, misimianeTis Zveli saxelia kolaeTi, ramdenadac antikur wyaroebSi kodoris xeobaSi mosax-le toms ewodeba kolike (p. ingoroyva, 1954, gv.142).

samecniero literaturaSi naTladaa garkveuli svan- fuZis-gan warmoqmnili variantebis fonetikuri safuZvlebi:

saerToqarTv. svan- → zan.-svan. → SEan (→ TviTsaxelwodeba: mo-Suan-) → zan. Soni;

saerToqarTv. svan- zan.-svan. → SEan → afxaz. a-SEan-ua... vfiqrobT, Temonimi svani momdinareobs *san- fuZis labialize-


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buli *sºan- variantisgan, romelic, Cans, saerToqarTvelurSive arsebobda; swored am labializebuli bgeris mezoblobas unda Se-ewyo xeli *San-/Svan- > Son- procesisTvis.

SeniSvna: Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri a xmovani interkonsonan-tur poziciaSi im SemTxvevebSi gvaZlevs zanur o refleqss, rodesac winamavali Tanxmovani labialuria, an arabagismieri labializebulia (labiovelarizebulia): winaenismieri an ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnebis labiovelarizebuli alofonebi warmoadgenen bazas zanuris a > o procesisTvis; Sdr.: qarTv. kaci > zan. koCi, magram: qarTv. laviwi > zan. laberji/laberwi; qarTv. sadave "avSara" > zan. sadio; qarTv. ga-cnoba > zan. gaCinefa; qarTv. adarebinebs > zan. odarebafuans; qarTv. amzadebs > zan. zaduns; qarTv. zadi > zan. zandi "Cirqi"; qarTv. kakala-mi > zan. kakliani; qarTv. kakani > zan. kakafi; qarTv. kavi/kakvi > zan. kak-vi; qarTv. kalo > zan. kale; qarTv. kani > zan. kani; qarTv. kari > zan. ka-re; qarTv. kalTa > zan. karTe da mravali sxva. amgvari sityvebi zanuri leqsikuri maragis udides nawils Seadgens, amdenad, ulogiko iqneba, isini qarTuli saliteraturo enidan "nasesxobad" CaiTvalos; am rigis formebi saerToqarTveluridanaa momdinare (am sakiTxis Sesa-xeb vrclad sxvagan gvaqvs msjeloba).

suanokolxebi - Temonimi souannokolxoi dasturdeba mxo-lod klavdios ptolema~osTan (100-178 ); suanokolxebi cxovro-ben henioxebsa da mdinare koraqss (bzifs) Soris; daaxloebiT am adgilebSi ariane da sxva avtorebi sanigebs asaxeleben (T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.160-162). ramdenadac ptolema~osi suanokolxebs kolxeTs gareT aTavsebs, gaWirdeba im azris gaziareba, rom isini is svanebi arian, romlebic kolxeTSi cxovroben (Sdr., T.yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.161).

ptolema~osis saxelmZRvanelo ZiriTadad mihyveba fsevdo-skilaqss, arianesa da pliniuss (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.164); buneb-rivia, is icnobs strabonsac; gamomdinare aqedan, unda davuSvaT, rom igi eTnonim sanigebs gaazrebulad cvlis suanokolxebiT, romliTac, Cans, igi aRniSnavs Zveli kolxebis memkvidre erT-erT toms; amgvari xazgasma imitom gaxda saWiro, rom, ptolema~osis mi-xedviT, suanokolxebi cxovroben miseuli kolxeTis gareT - sarma-


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tiaSi. sayuradReboa isic, rom hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472) dRevandeli mdinare bzifis raionSi asaxelebs kolxur toms - koraqsebs (Sdr., misi azriT, kolebi bzifis auzsa da dioskurias Soris arian). suano-kolxebs svanebisa da megrelebis SereviT warmoqmnil tomad miiCnevs iv.javaxiSvili (1960, gv.429).

p. ingoroyvas azriT, svano-kolxebis aRmniSvneli unda iyos termini eger-svanic, romelic gvxvdeba somex istorikos favstos bizantielTan (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.145).

amarantebi - stefane bizantielis (IV-VII s.) cnobiT, amaran-tebi kolxuri tomia; maTi qveynidan modis fazisi (georgika, 1936, gv. 275); aqve: kolxeTSi arsebobs mTa amarantioni; Sdr.: mkvlevre-bi am toponimSi amiranis mTas xedaven.

dvalebi - antikur wyaroebSi dvalebi ax.w. I saukunidan ixse-nebian Talis, valis da ualis saxelwodebiT (r. TofCiSvili, 2002, gv. 62). Zveli qarTuli wyaroebisa Tu Tanamedrove mkvlevar-Ta didi nawilis mixedviT, dvalebi qarTvelebi arian (zogi maT naxebad Tvlis); dvaleTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo 1859 wlamde, vidre ruseTis imperiam es qarTveluri mxare saqarTve-los sabolood ar CamoaWra.

tuskebi - klavdios ptolema~osi aRmosavleT sarmatiaSi asa-xelebs tuskebs, didurebsa da sanarebs. T.yauxCiSvilis azriT (1976, gv.167), eseni unda iyvnen wovaTuSebi, didoelebi da wanare-bi. gaumarTlebeli Cans adreul periodSi wovaTuSebisa da CaR-maTuSebis daSoriSoreba; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom CvenTvis cnobili TuSebis didi nawili erT-erT qarTvelur kiloze metyvelebs, xolo ufro mcire nawilis - wova-TuSebis - metyveleba emsgavseba rogorc vainaxurs, aseve - Zvel qarTuls, logikuri iqneba, davuSvaT tuskebis/TuSebis qarTveloba:

TuSebis vainaxuri warmomavlobis tomad miCnevis SemTxvevaSi gaWirdeba mtkiceba, rom saqarTvelosgan maRali mTebiT mowyve-tilma mosaxleobam iswavla da saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCuna


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qarTuli maSin, roca daiviwya regionSi intensiurad gamoyenebu-li dedaena - erT-erTi vainaxuri ena (T.uTurgaiZe, 1996).

vfiqrobT, tuskebi qarTveluri warmomavlobis xalxia, ro-melTa nawilis (wovaTuSebis) metyveleba Zlier Seicvala mezobe-li Tu "sisxlis Ziebas" gamoqceuli vainaxebis gavleniT. am pozi-cias amyarebs lingvisturi monacemebic: wova-TuSurSi arsebiTi adgili uWiravs adreul qarTul substrats (m. miqelaZe, 2004, gv. 45); Sdr.: g. cocaniZis azriT, TuSuri mosaxleoba enobrivad gansxvavebul or jgufad ganiyofa: CaRmaTuSebad da wovaTuSebad (g. cocaniZe, 1993, gv. 539). a. SavxeliSvilis azriT, wovaTuSuri naxurad qceuli qarTveluri enaa, xolo b. SavxeliSvilis mtkice-biT, wovaTuSuri ena gardamavali, damakavSirebeli rgolia qar-Tvelur (gansakuTrebiT Zvel qarTul) da vainaxur enebs Soris (b. SavxeliSvili, 2003).

aqa~ebi/aqeebi, aqeelebi - fsevdo-skilaqsis (Zv.w. IV s.) masa-lebis mixedviT, aqa~ebi da henioxebi Tanamedrove tuafsesa da soWs Soris unda vivaraudoT (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.83; T.yaux-CiSvili, 1980); Sdr.: V saukunis anonimuri "periplusis" mixed-viT, iq, sadac adre aqa~ebi cxovrobdnen, axla Ziqebi arian.

straboni asaxelebs aqeis qveyanas, ariane - "Zvel aqa~as", pto-lema~osi - sofel aqa~as...

miuxedavad imisa, rom berZeni istorikosebi (straboni, apia-ne, dionisios periegeti...) eTnonimsac da tomsac berZnuli warmomavlobisad Tvlian, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom aqa~ebi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri tomia; "rogorc Cans, aqa~ebis saxeliT cnobili tomi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-piros Crdilo monakveTze cxovrobda daaxloebiT argonavtebis laSqrobis droidan ax.w. I saukunemde; II saukuneSi mcxovrebi ariane maT ukve aRar axsenebs, magram icnobs geografiul punqts "Zveli aqa~a" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1980, gv.37).

specialistebi fiqroben, rom berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxul saxelwodebaSi romelime qarTveluri sityvaa areklili...

sindebi, Ziqebi, zixebi/zinxebi, jiqebi - aristoteles (Zv.w.


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384-322) mixedviT, sindebi skviTuri modgmis tomia; ufro zustad, meoti tomia. sindebi cxovrobdnen dRevandeli anapis midamoebSi; evstaTis komentaris mixedviT, sindebi igive jiqebi arian (T. yaux-CiSvili, 1969, gv. 25). zikxebTanac aigiveben sindebs; mag., dionisi-osis (ax.w. II s.) "periegesiss" evstaTis (XII s.) komentaris mixed-viT, sindebi igive zikxebi arian, zikxebi ki gaigivebuli arian strabonis jiqebTan. Sdr., dionisiosi iqve, 5 striqonis qvemoT, asaxelebs eTnonim jiqebsac (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 222).

zigebi pirvelad Cndebian strabonTan (Zv. w. 64 - ax. w. 24): is erTad asaxelebs aqeebs, zigebsa da henioxebs, romlebic kolxebis CrdiloeTiT, zRvis sanapiroze cxovroben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.137).

Sdr., devnili miTridate gverds uvlis ziqebis sacxovriss maTi velurobisa da cudgzianobis gamo; napir-napir aRwevs aqee-bamde, romelnic mas kargad iReben (straboni, XI, 2, 12-14).

V saukunis periplusis anonimi avtori wers: "Zvel aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da mdinare aqeuntamde (es aris soWidan 30 km da-Sorebuli) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kole-bi, melanqlainebi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi; axla ki cxov-roben zixebi" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.130).

T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, es ziqebi/Ziqebi, Semdegi periodis jiqebi, adre qeds gadaRma, sarmatiis dablobze cxovrobdnen da strabonis dros axalgadmosaxlebulni arian zRvispireTSi; straboni da misi momdevno bevri avtori (ariane, dionisios peri-egeti, stefane bizantieli...) Semdeg ukve aq asaxelebs maT (T. ya-uxCiSvili, 1976, gv.139).

Sdr., mag., ariane: "zRvis piras da Semdeg, kodoris xeobaSi cxovroben afsilebi. maT Semdeg ise, rom qalaqi sebastopolisi maT teritoriazea, md. Saxemde arian sanigebi; sanigebs zemoT mTebSi saxloben abaskebi. md. Saxedan md. negofsuxumde cxovro-ben Zilqebi (jiqebi)" (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100).

klavdios ptolema~osis mixedviT (II s.), zinxebis sacxovri-sad ivaraudeba teritoria mdinare yubanidan mdinare labas saTa-veebamde; ptolema~osis azriT, kolxidis CrdiloeTiT aris aziis


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sarmatia (Tavi VIII), sadac cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerketebi, henioxe-bi da suanokolxebi. pirvel sam toms ara erTi Zveli avtori asa-xelebs da, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi klavdios ptolema~os Zve-li wyaro hqonda xelT: misi henioxebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sana-piros CrdiloeT nawilSi arian da ara samxreTiT, rogorc es gvi-andel wyaroebSia. mas Zveli wyaroc rom hqonda xelT, amaze miu-TiTebs zinxebis (anu jiqebis) xsenebac sarmatiaSi, rac strabonis droidan aRar gvxvdeba (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.160).

jiqeTi Crdilo kavkasiaSia gviandeli wyaroebiTac: konstan-tine porfirogeneti (IXs.): "bosforis pirdapir aris e.w. tama-tarxis cixe. am srutis sigrZe aris 18 mili. Sua manZilze aris di-di vake kunZuli, e.w. atexi. tamatarxidan 18 Tu 20 milis manZilze aris mdinare e.w. ukruxi, romelic hyofs jiqeTsa da tamatarxas, ukruxidan nikofsiis mdinaremde, sadac imave saxelwodebis cixea, aris jiqeTis qveyana... jiqeTis zemoT aris qveyana, papagiad wodebu-li, da papagiis qveynis zemoT - kasaxiad wodebuli qveyana; kasaxiis zemoT kavkasiis mTebia, xolo am mTebis zemoT - alaniis qveyana. ji-qeTis sanapiroze aris kunZulebi, erTi didi da sami patara kun-Zuli; maT Sua sxva kunZulebicaa, dasaxlebuli da gaSenebuli ji-qebis mier: es aris turganerxi, Carvagani da erTic sxva; aris kidev sxva kunZuli mdinaris navsayudelTan, erTic pteleasTan, sadac jiqebi Tavs Seafarebdnen alanTa Tavdasxmebis dros"... (georgika, 1952, gv. 231-233).

Sdr., agreTve, nikifore grigorasi ( XIVs.): "Cingisxanis meo-re vaJi telepua imorCilebs masagetebisa da savromatebis qveya-nas... Semdeg man gadalaxa tanaisis saTaveebi da gaswia evropel tomTa miwa-wylis gziT; es tomebi bevrni iyvnen da sxvadasxvani... tomebi, romelnic meotis tbis mezoblad iyvnen da pontos sanapi-ros mosdebodnen, iyvnen: jiqebi da abazgebi, guTebi da amaqsovie-bi, tavroskviTebi da borisTenelebi, garda amisa, iyvnen iseTebi, romelnic istros SesarTavTan mdebare miziaSi cxovrobdnen. maT hunebi da komanebi ewodebodaT..." (georgika, 1967, gv.130-131).

qarTuli wyaroebi kargad icnoben jiqebs: qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, isini cxovroben Crdilo kavkasiaSi (q.c., 43, 45, 156-


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157…). jiqebi aSkarad Zveli Crdilokavkasiuri tomia, romelsac naklebi Sexeba hqonda qarTvelur kulturasTan.

savromatebi/sarmatebi/svirmatebi - savromatTa saxeli ber-Znul mwerlobaSi uZvelesi droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dastur-deba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); esaa Crdilokavkasiis mosax-leoba ufro aRmosavleTiT, vidre meotidaa; iv. javaxiSvilis az-riT, es saxeli momdinareobs Saro/Sarur formidan da niSnavs "SaroelTa toms" (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221). Sdr., straboni: "skviTebsa da sarmatebs enaTesavebian mTis iberebi" (T.yauxCiSvi-li, 1976, gv.149). zogi mkvlevari savromatebs miiCnevs alanebisa da osebis winaprebad (d.langi, 1997, gv.19).

kerketebi - kerketTa saxelic berZnul mwerlobaSi Zveli droidan gvxvdeba; pirvelad dasturdeba fsevdo-skilaqsTan (Zv.w. IV s.); isini cxovroben Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sana-piroze sindebsa da toretebs Soris (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.81). strabonis mixedviT, kerketebi cxovroben henioxebis samxreTiT; berZnuli termini kerketebi gaigivebulia CerqezebTan (mimoxil-visaTvis ix. T.yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.90); Sdr., T.yauxCiSvili 1976, gv. 257-258, sadac kerket- fuZisTvis amosavladaa miCneuli egr- (egrisi) Ziri. Cer-q-ez- da ker-k-et- formebis saerTo warmomav-lobis mtkiceba SesaZlebelia (Tumca rTulia sufiqsTa ident-ifikacia), magram gaWirdeba egr- fuZesTan maTi dakavSireba.

skviTinebi/skviTebi - qsenofontesTan dadasturebuli skvi-Tinebi cxovrobdnen Woroxis marcxena nawilSi; marjvniv iyvnen xa-libebi; zog mkvlevars skviTinebi miaCnia skviTebis STamomavle-bad, zogs - qarTvelur tomad - heptakometebad - Svidsoflele-bad.

qsenofontes nanax skviTinebs hqondaT qalaqebic da sofle-bic, e.i. maT gaaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi wyobac (sakiTxis mimoxil-visaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1967, gv.132)...

faqtia, rom Woroxis xeobaSi uZvelesi droidanve mosaxleob-dnen qarTveluri tomebi; aSkaraa isic, rom terminebi skviTi da


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skviTini erTi fuZisaa. berZnul-bizantiur wyaroebSi skviTebad xSirad moixsenieba sxva qarTveluri modgmis xalxebic, amdenad, savaraudoa, rom qsenofonte am SemTxvevaSic qarTvelur toms gu-lisxmobdes. Sdr., skviTis mniSvneloba wyaroebis mixedviT:

ariane: "dioskuriidan rom modixar, pirveli sadguria piti-untSi, samas ormocdaaTi stadionis manZilze, aqedan nitikemde as ormocdaaTi stadionia. aq Zvelad cxovrobda skviTTa tomi, ro-melsac ixseniebs istorikosi herodote. maT is girCis mWamelebs uwodebs [fTirofagebs]" (berZeni mwerlebi... 1983, gv.159);

ipolite romaeli (III s.): "...kapadukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da beranebi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi: skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi..." (georgi-ka, 1961, gv.20).

iovane cece (1110-1180): iberebi, abazgebi (masagetebi) da ala-nebi erTi tomisa arian; maTTan erTad sakebi, dakebi, savromarte-bi da sakuTriv skviTebi da yvela is tomi, romelnic CrdiloeTiT cxovroben, sazogadod iwodebian skviTebad (georgika, 1967, gv.23-25). kolxebi indoeli skviTebi arian, maT lazebic ewodebaT (iqve, gv.32-36).

Srd., nikifore grigorasi (XIV s.): pirvandeli skviTebi or nawilad gaiyvnen: erTma nawilma daarbia aziaSi mcxovrebi savro-martebi, masagetebi, melanqlainebi, amazonebi... da miiRes am damo-nebul tomTa saxelebi (georgika, 1967, gv.128-129).

samecniero literaturaSi termini skviTebi da qarTuli wyaroebis xazarebi, rogorc wesi, veluri indoevropuli tome-bis saxelebadaa miCneuli; miuxedavad berZnul wyaroTa winaaR-mdegobrivi Cvenebisa, vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs sakmarisi argumentebi, rom skviTebSi qarTveluri modgmis romelime sazogadoeba movi-azroT. gaWirdeba mtkicebac, rom Targamosis modgma igive indo-evropel skviTTa modgmaa (Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.50, 166); aseve, sa-eWvoa Targamos/Togormasa da gomeri/kimeri/kimerielis igiveoba, ramdenadac, bibliis mixedviT, gomeri iafetis Zea, xolo Togarma iafetis SviliSvili; Sdr., m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.43,167, sadac, imowmebs


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ra n.xazaraZis msjelobas, askvnis: "Targamosi ki aris igive Togorma, gomeri da kimiri, anu aq sa-

ubaria kimiriul-skviTur tomebze". bibliuri eTnarqebi saxeldebulni arian Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi centralur evraziaSi arsebuli tomebis mixedviT da ara piriqiT; garda amisa, am problemis Sesaxeb msjelobisas gasaT-valiswinebelia:

"qarTlis cxovrebiT", Targamosi iavanis/avanis SviliSvilia da ara – gomeris: iafeti – iavani – TarSisi – Targamosi:

"ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafetisi, Zisa noesi" (q.c., I, gv.3); Sdr.: r.gordeziani, 1993, gv.8 da a. jafariZe, 1994, gv.71.

Cans, bibliis Semoqmedi gomer-/kimiris Camomavlad ar Tvlida qarTvelTa eTnarqs.

vfiqrobT, eTnonimi skviTebi kavkasia-mcireaziaSi mosul in-doevropel tomTa zogadi saxelia; isini kunZulebad SemorCnen am regionSi (osebi, armenebi), ZiriTadad ki aiTqvifnen damxvdur mo-saxleobaSi; maTi metyveleba superstratuli fenis saxiT dRem-dea SemorCenili qarTvelur enobriv velSi. skviTinebis sakiTxi bundovani rCeba.

tavrebi - skviTuri tomi; nikoloz damaskelis ganmartebiT (Zv. w. 64 ax. w. 14), tavrebi skviTuri tomia; es is xalxia, romelic dRes yirimad wodebul teritoriaze saxlobda da romelsac an-tikur epoqaSi tavrika ewodeboda (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv.88).

Sdr., apiane (90-170 w.) skviTebsa da tavrebs sxvadasxva tome-bad Tvlis: "Zv. w. 74 wels miTridate emzadeboda romaelebTan me-samed sabrZolvelad; mokavSireebad hyavda, Zvelebs garda, xalibe-bi, armenielebi, skviTebi, tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosire-bi da sxvebi"; "yvelafris mimarT, rasac ki is brZanebs, mzad arian [misi] megobrebi: skviTebi, tavrebi, bastarnebi, Trakielebi, sa-rmatebi da yvelani, vinc tanaisis, istrosis da Tundac meotisis tbis irgvliv [cxovroben]"; "[miTridates], uwindeli Zalebis garda, mokavSireebad Seematnen: xalibebi, armenielebi, skviTebi,


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tavrebi, aqeelebi, henioxebi, levkosirebi da isini, romelTac mdinare TermodontTan egreTwodebuli amoZonTa qveyana uWi-ravT" (apiane, 1959, gv.23, 59, 143).

tavrebTan da skviTebTan mimarTebiT sainteresoa termin ru-sis sakiTxi, romelic pirvelad Cndeba VI saukuneSi; sakiTxis mokle istoria aseTia:

ioane cece (XII s.) ambobs, rom tavrebs (e.i. tavridis mkvidrT) ewodebaT rusebi. daaxloebiT amasve ambobs leoni: tav-roskviTebs Cveulebriv rusebi ewodebaTo. evstaTi ki cal-calke asaxelebs tavrebsa da rusebs.

T. yauxCiSvili: tavrebi Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi skviTur to-mad aris miCneuli, magram "skiTis" sabadlo termini "tavri" ara-sodes yofila. aristoteles naSromis - "cis Sesaxeb" - sqolioSi arsebuli ganmarteba (romelic ekuTvnis VI s. moRvawe simplici-uss) "skviTebi - rusebi" safuZvels iRebs swored skviTebisa da tavrebis gaigivebiT: skviTebi = tavrebs, tavrebi = rusebs. Tuki termini "rusi" iqca tavris Semcvlelad, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom skviTebi rusebis winaprebi arian (T. yauxCiSvili, 1969, gv. 28-29). tavrebisa da rusebis erTianobis mtkiceba gaWirdeba (samecniero literaturaSi pirvandeli rusebi skandinaviel va-riagebTan arian dakavSirebuli; Tanamedrove rusebis Camoyalibe-bis procesSi arsebiTi wili aqvs monRolur tomebsac).

qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (avtoqToni) tomebis garda, Zv.w. VI saukunidan amierkavkasiaSi Cndebian indoevropeli warmoSobis armenebi da alanebi.

armenebi - armenebi pirvelad Cndebian Zv.w. VI saukuneSi (heka-ta~os mileteli, herodote): "frigielebis mezoblad arian kapa-dokielebi, romelTac Cven sirielebs vuwodebT, xolo amaTi me-zoblebi arian kilikielebi... kilikielebis mezoblad arian arme-nielebi... xolo armenielebis mezoblad arian matienebi, romel-


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Tac es qveyana uWiravT" (herodote, 1975, gv. 330, V, 49); Sdr., iqve, gv. 434: "... frigielebs, rogorc makedonelebi amboben, ewodebaT brigebi, mTeli im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo, aziaSi rom gada-vidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales, frigielebi da-irqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigielebisagan momdinareoben, frigielebis msgavsad iyvnen mowyobilebi." Sdr., diodore sici-lielis mier CamoTvlili tomebis Tanamimdevroba (Zv. w. I s.): kar-duxebi, armenielebi, xaebi (e.i. taoxebi), fasianebi, xaldebi, ski-tinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosAinoikebi, tibarenebi" (T. yauxCiS-vili, 1976, gv.124); ipolite romaeli (III): "kapatukielTa gadaRma, marjvena mxareebSi cxovroben armenielebi, iberielebi da berane-bi, xolo marcxena mxareebSi - skviTebi, kolxebi da bosporelebi" (georgika, 1961, gv.19)... Zv.w. II saukuneSi armenebi did warmatebebs aRweven.

iv. javaxiSvilis azriT (1960, gv.437), ramdenadac qsenofonte araqsis midamoebSi

samecniero literaturaSi msjeloben armenebisa da skviTebis saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb (n.xazaraZe, 1984, gv.194); sarwmunoa mosazrebac, rom: haiki kavkasiaSi mosaxle (avtoqToni) urartul-

alarodebis nacvlad ukve armenebs asaxelebs, SesaZlebelia, vimsjeloT am tomis kavkasiaSi mosvlis SedarebiT zust TariRzec.

CvenTvis savsebiT sarwmunoa samecniero literaturaSi gaba-tonebuli azri, rom eTnonimi somexi Tavdapirvelad erTi ganapi-ra qarTveluri tomis an, sulac, monaTesave urartuelebis saxe-li iyo; Cans, saukuneebis manZilze TandaTan damkvidrebulma ar-menebma nel-nela moaxdines urartul-qarTvelur tomTa asimila-cia; asimilirebuli qarTveluri tomis metyvelebis danaSrevi aS-karaa rogorc armenielTa enaSi (kavkasiuri abruptivebis rigis arsebobis faqti!), aseve, maT anTropologiur maxasiaTeblebSi. SemTxveviTi ar Cans is, rom araratis Zveli saxeli - masis mTa da eTnonimi somex-i (< * so-mes-x- < * sa-mas-x-) erTmaneTTan daakavSira n.marma; ar gamoiricxeba sxva gzac: *mas-x- → *sam-x- → som-x-; saki-Txi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs.


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xurituli modgmis xalxis eTnarqia, xolo armeniaki - mosuli in-doevropelebisa - skviTebisa; moxda avtoqToni da mosuli xalxis Serwyma (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.42-43); Sdr.: kulturaTa/enaTa/xalxTa Serwyma-"ganayofiereba" Cveulebrivi ambavia Zvel samyaroSi; ix., mag., promeTe/amiranisa da zevsis mimarTeba.

alanebi - berZnul wyaroebSi alanebi naxsenebi ar arian axa-li welTaRricxvis I saukunemde. pirvelad axsenebs ioseb flaviu-si; maT ukve icnobs dionios periegeti, ptolemaiosi, lukiane... (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.221-222). alanebs xazarTa nawilad Tvlis qarTveli mematiane. alanebic (armenTa msgavsad) kavkasiaSi Seda-rebiT gvian damkvidrebuli tomia. "alanTa qveynisTvis saxelis mimcemi eTnosi unda yofiliyo ara osi mosaxleoba, aramed yaraCaelebi, romlebsac alanTa saxeliT icnobdnen rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, ise XX saukunis dasawyisis samegreloSic" (T.gvancelaZe, 2004, gv. 58). am xalxis, indoevropeli osebisa da damxvduri kavkasielebis SereviT warmoiSvnen amJamindeli osebi (v.abaevi osur enas ganixilavs samxreT ruseTis Zveli mosaxleo-bis - skviTebis, masagetebis, sarmatebis, alanebis... enaTa jgufSi; v.iarceva, 1990, gv.353).

Semdgomi msjelobis gagrZelebamde, kidev erTxel, Ziri-

Tadad, TviTmxilvel mogzaurTa Tu mecnierTa mixedviT, davasaxe-lebT im qarTvelur tomebs, romlebic cxovrobdnen Zveli wel-TaRricxvis dasasruls:

hekata~os mileteli (Zv.w. 549-472): melanqla~nebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, mosxebi, xo~ebi, beqe~rebi, diZerebi, makronebi, marebi, mosinoikebi, tobarenebi, xalibebi. sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom koraqsebisa da mosxebis Sesaxeb hekata~osi ambobs, kolxuri tome-biao (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.43);

herodote (484 - 425): kolxebi, saspe~rebi, xalibebi, makrone-bi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosino~kebi, marebi; maTi monaTesaveni arian: alarodielebi (urartuelebi), matienebi (herodote, 1975);


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qsenofonte (435-355): karduxebi, taoxebi, xaldebi, xalibebi, fasianebi, skviTinebi, makronebi, kolxebi, drilebi, hesperitebi, mosinikebi, ko~tebi (morCili xalibebi? - t.f.), tibarenebi (T.miqelaZe, 1967);

fsevdo-skilaqsi (IV s.): savromatebi, ma~otebi, sindebi, ker-ketebi, toretebi, aqa~ebi, henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolebi, melan-qla~nebi, gelonebi, kolxebi, biZerebi, ekeqe~rebi, beqe~rebi, mak-rokefalebi, mosino~kebi, tibarenebi, xalibebi.

ariane (II s.): trapizonidan Zvel aqaiamde Semdegi tomebi gavi-areT: kolxebi, sanebi (qsenofontes drilebi), makronebi, henioxe-bi, Zidritebi, lazebi (arianesTan lazebi da kolxebi Tanaarsebo-ben da xazgasmiT sxvadasxva tomebia - t.f.), afsilebi, abaskebi, sa-nigebi, Zilqebi;

kaxebi, kuxebi (iv.javaxiSvili, 1969, gv.437) da herebi (herTa vinaobis Sesaxeb ix. k.ficxelauri, 1973, gv.197). kaxebis qarTvelu-roba dResac yvelasTvis TvalsaCinoa; kuxebis mxare - kuxeTi, rogorc erTi qarTveluri tomis sacxovrisi, VIII saukunemde ar-sebobs; Semdeg ki kaxeTSi samTavros SemadgenlobaSi Sedis; Sdr., agreTve: d.musxeliSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis mier mocemu-li sazRvrebi kaxeTis, kuxeTisa da hereTisa Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis viTarebas asaxavs (d.musxeliSvili, 1966, gv.5-38). zog mkvlevars herebi albanur tomad miaCnda, magram hereTis teritoriaze ga-vrcelebuli wamyvani iaraRebi Tu sxva nakeTobani kaxeT-kuxeTSi -da qarTlSi mopovebul masalasTan erTad erT safuZvelzea warmoSobili da, bunebrivia, maTTan Seudareblad met msgavsebas iCens, vidre hereTis samxreTiT da aRmosavleTiT gavrcelebul masalasTan, romelic sul sxva sawyisebzea Seqmnili (k.ficxelau-ri, 1973, gv.197). garda amisa, herebis amJamindeli STamomavlebi – ingiloebi Tavidanve qarTvelebi (monolingvuri qarTulenovani

nikoloz damaskeli (Zv.w. 64 - ax.w.14): kolxebi, sindebi, tavre-bi, mosinebi, kerketebi, savromatebi...

am tomTa garda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi amave periodSi cxovrobdnen agreTve:


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mosaxleoba) rom ar yofiliyvnen, srul araqarTvelurenovan ga-remocvaSi verasodes iswavlidnen qarTuls.

kaxTa, kuxTa da herTa gverdiT unda davasaxeloT: fxovelebi (xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeveebi, mTiul-gudamayrelni) da dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri skvimnebi/skviminebi/cxume-

bi/*Cxumebi/Cxumni (sakiTxis istoriis, berZnuli wyaroebis skvi-miis, svimiis, cxum/leCxumisa da Takver-raWis Sesaxeb ix. l.fruiZe, 1993, gv.471-478; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.18-30). Sdr.: skvim/*cqvim-, Cxum-/le-Cxumi; savaraudo ckvim-/cxvim-/Cxvim-

/Cxum-/cxum- mosalodneli formebis Tavkiduri TanxmovanTkom-pleqsis gadmosacemad berZnulSi gamoyenebulia skv/sv mimdevro-ba, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom ax.w. VI saukuneSi leCxumis oficia-luri saxeli iyo saerToqarTveluri agebulebis sityva: ckvi-mi/cxvimi. leCxumi dialeqturi variantia; le-/la- saerToqar-Tveluri sufiqsi Cans, romelic produqtiulia zanursa da sva-nurSi; sakuTriv qarTulSi dadasturebuli masalisaTvis ix.: b.jorbenaZe, m.kobaiZe, m.beriZe, 1988, gv.268: la-rty-i, la-rTx-i... da m.Cuxua, 2003, gv.77: le-Jver-i = sa-Jver-e. daniSnulebis la-/le- aq warmomavloba-krebiTobis -eT-/-aT-, -ar-/-er- sufiqsebis fardia; Sdr., paraleluri warmoebebi: le-Cxum-i, sa-qarTvel-o da cxum-i, cxum-ar-i, sxim-ar-i/sqim-ar-i, svan-eT-i...

amrigad, aSkaraa, rom II aTaswleulis dasasrulidan wel-TaRricxvaTa mijnamde saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze cxovrobdnen qarTvelurad misaCnevi da, savaraudod, qarTve-lur ena-kavebze anu dialeqtebze molaparake Semdegi monaTe-save tomebi (SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom, araiSviaTad, maTi sa-cxovrisebi faravda erTmaneTs):

muSqebi/mosxebi/mesxebi, daianelebi/diauxebi/taoxebi, ko-laelebi, tibarenebi, iberebi/saspeirebi/sapirebi, quTebi/ko-itebi/kvitebi, koraqsebi, marebi, beqe~rebi, haliZonebi/xali-bebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, mosino~kebi/heptakometebi, diZerebi, biZerebi, Zidritebi, makronebi/makrokefalebi, fasianebi, me-lanqlainebi, ekriktikes mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sa-nebi/Wanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi, lazebi, afxazebi, abaskebi,

afsarebi, svanebi/misimielebi, svano-kolxebi, amarantebi (kolxuri tomi), tuskebi, kaxebi, kuxebi, cxumebi, fxovelebi,


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herebi...

am tomTa didi nawilis qarTvelurobis Sesaxeb sarwmuno cnobebi jer kidev antikuri periodidan moipoveba (mag., agaTias azriT, misimielebi, kolxebi da afsilebi naTesavebi arian). zogi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomi saerTod daikarga (mag., gugarTa to-mis Sesaxeb ix. iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.24-33); bevris saxelic dRe-mde SemorCa qarTveluri Temebis (mesxebi, taoelebi, lazebi, sva-nebi, fxovelebi, megrelebi, herebi, kaxelebi da sxva), an konkre-tuli adgilis, regionis (kolxeTis dablobi, oZrxe, viwe, quTai-si...) Tu romelime xalxis (mag., somxebis...) saxelebis saxiT.

unda vivaraudoT, rom II-I aTaswleulebSi ZiriTadad swo-red am tomTagan iZerweba qarTveluri eTnosi (amis Sesaxeb ix. II Tavi); xolo maTi kiloebis bazaze arsebuli koines mixedviT iqmneba samwignobro enac. warmodgenili masalis analizi cxad-yofs, rom Cvens istoriul sacxovrisSic xdeboda qarTvelur-kav-kasiur-winaaziur tomTa Sidamigraciebic da erTmaneTis xarjze politikuri hegemonobis velis gafarToebac; ucxo ar iyo indo-evropel Tu semit tomTa Semorevebic. bunebrivia, samwignobro enis Seqmnamde, politikuri liderobis Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa sxvadasxva kilouri normac batondeboda, riTac biZgi eZleoda gardamavali kiloebis warmoqmnasac. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuT-riv qarTveluri enis/koines, Zveli qarTveluri kiloebisa da am gardamavali metyvelebebis safuZvelze yalibdeba Tanamedrove qarTveluri kiloebi. saqarTvelos ganapira regionebSi dialeqt-ebis saxes gansazRvravs mezobel eTnosTa enebis adstratuli Tu superstratuli gavlenebic.

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli

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1.2.2. qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba - qarTveli

Zvel qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi "yovelTa qarTvelTa" sa-xelmwifos saxelia qarTli; mag., "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, farnavazis (Zv.w. IV s.) mier ganaxlebul-aRdgenili qarTli moi-cavs rva did saerisTavod dayofil Semdeg kuTxeebs (qveynebs): eg-riss, suaneTs, margueTs, kaxeTs, hereTs, kuxeTs, gardabans, ta-Sirs, abocs, javaxeTs, kolas, artaans, samcxes, aWaras, klarjeTs (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24-25).

mematiane xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom quj-farnavazis saxelmwi-foSi - sruliad qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Semovida Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (Tanamedrove kodoridan - yubanis Sesar-Tavamde teritoria) mcxovrebi qarTveluri (egrosis) modgma; eg-riselTagan gansxvavebiT, maT isev berZenTa proteqtoratis qveS darCena irCies:

"egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkAdrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa...", Tumca, mematianisve cnobiT, mogvianebiT es teritoria mainc dauTmes berZnebma qar-Tvelebs. egrosis wili qveynis am nawilSi, romauli wyaroebis mi-xedviT, welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze lazebi cxovroben, ufro adre ki, ZiriTadad, kolxuri tomebi (ix. zemoT).

ax.w. I-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze termin qarTls cvlis saqar-Tvelo (an: erTobili saqarTvelo).

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTvelTa ZiriTadi TviTsa-xelwodebaa qarTu-el-i; wyaroebSi qarTveli pirvelad Cndeba VII saukuneSi, Tumca es termini ufro adrec unda yofiliyo aq-tiur gamoyenebaSi; mag., wyaroebis mixedviT, "naTesaviT qarTvele-bi" arian: egriseli stefane sanano~sZe, afxazi (argveTeli) wame-bulebi daviT da konstantine, SavSeli mama proxore, taoeli mama iovane, svani beri iovane qscxianisZe... Sdr., X-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos kulturuli veli moicavs Crdilokavkasiis did nawi-lsac (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. d.musxeliSvili, 1993).

qarTuel-/qarTvel- fuZis istoriisa da etimologiis Sesa-


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xeb samecniero literaturaSi mravalgvari mosazreba gamoiTqva: n.mari (1908, gv. 5; 1933, gv. 31): qarT-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeebi

ukavSirdeba qasd- eTnonims, romlisganac miRebulia qald-/xal-di-c; kerZod: qasdiv- > qarTiv- > qarTiv-el-i > qarTveli (Sdr., i.WavWavaZe, 1955, gv.113: qaldi/qaldisi > qarTlosi)...

iv. javaxiSvili erTmaneTTan akavSirebda qarTu/kardusa da qarTvels; kerZod, misi azriT, "sityva qarTvelis pirveli nawi-li "qarTu" Cveni qveynis saxeli unda iyos... sityva "karduxic" ("megrul-Wanuri Stois tomis saxeli") Cveulebriv erovnebis aR-mniSvnel sakvec -xi-T bolovdeba; am sityvis pirveli nawilic un-da qveyanasa niSnavdes... raki am qveynis saxeli orive Stois (qarT-megruli) tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba, ueWvelia, igi qar-Tvelebis Tavdapirveli saerTo samSoblo unda yofiliyo"; "si-tyvebi nairi, ba~ana, urartu mxolod qveynebis sakuTari saxele-bia, TviTon xalxi ki TavisTavs qaldis anu xaldis uZaxda (xazi Cvenia - t.f. Sdr., g.meliqiSvili, 1954, gv. 28-29). Cven viciT, rom es saxeli qarTveli tomebis sazogado saxelwodeba iyo (qarTu-el-i, kardu-xi); amitom safiqrebelia, rom es qaldebi qarTvelebis RviZli Zmebi yofiliyvnen (iv. javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.27, 56; iv. java-xiSvili, 1960, gv.411; ix. agreTve s. janaSia, 1959, gv.194-195).

qaldeasagan qarTvelis momdinareoba popularuli gaxda XX saukunis pirveli naxevarSi moRvawe mwerlebisaTvis, gansakuTre-biT aRsaniSnavia grigol robaqiZis reminiscenciebi (romelsac, faqtobrad, lingvisturi argumentebis TvalsazrisiT, ver ga-scilda bevri mkvlevari); XX saukunis dasasruls ki amgvari mi-dgoma kvlav gaaaqtualura zviad gamsaxurdiam (1991, gv.27, 220), romelic, imowmebda ra niko maris mosazrebas, qarTvelTa saxels da sacxovriss mTa kardus saxelTan (amJamindel araratTan) da RvTaeba kardusTan akavSirebda; zogi ucxoeli specialisti ib-er-qarTebis winaprebad Tvlida zemo mesopotamiaSi – istoriul gordueneSi – mcxovreb karduxebs (g.meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.19-20); Sdr.; karduxebs miiCneven xuritul tomad, romelsac daefenen qurTebi.


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qarTvel- da qarTl- fuZeebis etimologiis Sesaxeb kidev aR-saniSnavia:

s. kakabaZe: qarTli (armazis Zveli saxeli) dakavSirebulia "qarTa" (baga), qori, qoredi, qardagi da svan. "qvilTxi" (maRali) sityvebTan (s. kakabaZe, 1924, gv. 6-8); msjelobas lingvisturi argu-mentacia ar axlavs; metic, mag., misi azriT, qarT-l- formaSi -l- mravlobiTobis sufiqsia. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom warmodgenili qarT-/qarTa mraval sxva enaSic dasturdeba; indoevropul enebSi am fuZes ukavSirdeba: garado, gard-, grad-, gorod-, kert- da sxva formebi. qarTvelur kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa (baga, SemoRobi-li adgili) fuZe marTlac nasesxebia; misi kavSiri qarTl-, qar-Tvel- fuZeebTan sxva mimarTulebiTaa sakvlevi (ix., qvemoT).

g. meliqiSvili: eTnonimi qarTveli momdinareobs indoevro-puli qarTa ("zRude", "cixesimagre", "koSki"…Sdr., somx. kert, rus. gorod da sxv.) fuZidan: qarTa-eli > qarTa-v-el-i > qarTve-li; Sdr., raWa > raWveli (g. meliqiSvili, 1965, gv. 238). amgvar va-rauds seriozuli winaaRmdegoba axlavs: ramdenadac qarTuli ena gverdigverd ver guobs or xmovans, erT-erTi umarcvlovnde-ba, an maT Soris Cndeba xmovanTgamyari, mag., xe - axevebs, qva - aqva-vebs… Tu qarTa-el- forma arsebobda da gaCnda v xmovanTgamyari, a-s reduqciis pirobebi aRar iarsebebda; raWvel- sityvaSi v aris C - V poziciaSi W-s labializaciis Sedegi da qarTvelis analogi-ad ar gamodgeba.

ak.SaniZe: Tavdapirvelad qarTli aRniSnavda ers, romelmac Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukuneSi daipyro mcxeTa da mimdgomi qveynebi… dapyrobili xalxi albaT iyo mesxebi, romelTac asimi-lacia mouxdines dampyrobel qarTls (ers) da miiRes maTi saxeli (a.SaniZe, 1980, gv.7).

SeniSvna: Sdr., ufro adre gamoTqmuli n.maris mosazreba: iberTa sa-mefo arsebobas wyvets 570 wels; iberebs cvlian lazebi (igive Wanebi), afxazebi da qarTvelebi; uZvelesi qarTuli ena, romelic Seqmnes sva-nomesxebma, anu adrindelma somexma xalxma (n.mari varaudobda, rom adrindeli somxebi qarTveluri modgmis xalxi iyo; bolos isini da-


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mkvidrdnen cxeniswylisa da enguris saTaveebSi - svaneTSi - t.f.), da-imsgavsa qarTvelebis enam - monaTesave enam, magram sxva xalxis enam (n.mari, 1922, gv.15, 18). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom swored n.maris naSrome-bidan iRebs saTaves e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis mcdari Teoria (ix., agreTve, iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.46).

ak. SaniZis varaudiT, dampyrobeli xalxi - qarTli igive parTni anu parTielebi arian; Sesabamisad: parTni > qarTli (mo-xda p > q procesi da n/l substitucia); Sdr., ak. SaniZisve azriT, sxva gziTaa miRebuli qarTveli: parTaveli > parTveli > qar-Tveli (ak.SaniZe, 1980, gv.16-18).

ak. SaniZis warmodgenil mosazrebas bevri winaaRmdegoba xvde-ba, da, Sesabamisad, is naklebadaa gaziarebuli samecniero wreeb-Si (kritikisaTvis ix. mag., g. burWulaZe, 1994).

d. musxeliSvili imeorebs mosazrebas, rom qarTveli momdi-nareobs sityva qarTu-sgan, romelic, "advili SesaZlebelia, pun-qtsac da qveyanasac ewodeboda" (d. musxeliSvili, 1993, gv. 338-339); iqve moyvanili msjelobidan Cans, rom avtori, n. berZeniSvi-lis kvalad, realurad Tvlis qarTi/qarTu tomis arsebobas, ro-melmac Semdgom moaxdina sxva qarTvelur tomTa konsolidacia-asimilacia (gv. 348, 354-355; Sdr., n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.237, 250). kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc erT wyaroSi ar dasturdeba qarTi/qarTus saxeliT cnobili tomi da sxva tomebis asimila-cia rogor unda moexdina? garda amisa, eTnonimisgan eTnonimis warmoeba, rogorc wesi, ar xdeba; aqve davZenT, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, warmomavlobis -el- sufiqsis Semcveli eTnonimis - qarTu-el-i - sayrdeni fuZe qarTu- unda iyos: qoronimi/adgilis saxeli an RvTaebis saxeli.

a.jafariZe iziarebs iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.janaSias mosazrebebs termin qarTvelis qaldeasgan momdinareobis Sesaxeb; misi azriT, bibliuri da istoriuli qaldea ebraelTa da qarTvelTa pir-velsamSobloa… "abraamis mamis - Tarras - qaldevelTa uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea marTlac qarTvelTa winapari to-mebiT yofila dasaxlebuli" (a.jafariZe, 1994, gv.31-33).

g. burWulaZis gamokvlevaSi (g.burWulaZe, 1999, gv.127-128) sa-


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Wiro yuradReba eTmoba sityvaformis Tanmimdevrul lingvistur analizs; kerZod, is vrclad msjelobs qarTvel- fuZeSi arsebuli -v-s Sesaxeb da askvnis: v SeiZleba momdinareobdes -av- sufiqsisgan; Sdr.: Zveli eTnonimi qarT-, romlisganac warmoebulia *qarT-av-i/*qarTevi; aqedan ki - *qarT-ev-el-i > qarTveli; misi azriT, eT-nonimis fuZis (qarT-) warmomavloba sakvlevia. Cveni azriT, warmodgenil msjelobaSi sakamaToa v-s kvalifikacia.

e.xinTibiZis mtkicebiT, "qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba Semcve-lia imave qar- Zirisa, romlisganacaa nawarmoebi qarTvelTa uZve-lesi ucxouri saxelwodebebi: Zveli sparsuli vrkaan, somxuri virq, veria, saSualo sparsuli varuCaan, axali sparsuli gurg, gurgaan (da maTgan nawarmoebi siriuli, arabuli, evropuli da rusuli saxelwodebebi) da romelic saTaves unda iRebdes mglis aRmniSvneli totemuri saxelisagan" (e.xinTibiZe, 1998, gv.39-40); aqvea mtkiceba, rom "qarT- eTnonimi miRebuli Cans mglis mniSvne-lobis Semcvel warmodgenil uZveles indoevropul Zirze -eT/-Ta sufiqsis darTviT: *qar-Ta-el-i > *qarTeli > qarTli". winaaR-mdegobebi am mosazrebasac xvdeba; kerZod: qarTvelTa aRmniSvne-li sparsul-arabuli saxelebis qarT- fuZesTan dakavSirebas ar axlavs damajerebeli lingvisturi argumentacia (mag., Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis cvlilebas), dausabuTebelia qarTaeli > qarTli procesi da sxv.

g. bedoSvilic (2001, gv.425) fiqrobs, rom eTnonim qarTisgan warmoqmnilia qarTli (< qarT-al-i), am ukanasknelisgan ki: qarTl-el-i > qarT-el-i > qarT-v-eli. misive varaudiT, qarT- (/qarT-u-/qarT-v-) Ziris mniSvneloba ucnobia; warmodgenil msj-elobaSi auxsnelia: l > 0 > v procesebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 2004 wlis 14 Tebervals g.bedoSvilma saqarTvelos sapatriarqos ra-dios samecniero gadacemaSi: "qarTveluri ena da kultura" axali varaudi ganaviTara; kerZod, amJamad is Tvlis, rom eTnonimi qar-Tveli miRebulia eTnarq qarTlosisgan... rogorc wesi, eTnarqTa saxelebi Zveli eTnonimebis mixedviT iqmneba; Sesabamisad, vfi-qrobT, rom rogorc bibliur, aseve qarTlis cxovrebiseul eT-


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narqTa sqemebSi asaxulia am wignTa qmnadobis procesSi arsebuli xalxebis/tomebis/Temebis saxelebi.

gr. giorgaZe (2002, gv.161), agrZelebs ra g.meliqiSvilisa da d.musxeliSvilis msjelobebs, varaudobs: "unda arsebuliyo eT-nonimi, iseve rogorc toponimi, an qoronimi "qarTu" - megrelTa mier aRmosavlel qarTvelTa saxelwodeba. mogviano xanebSi swo-red aqedan unda warmomdgariyo qarTu-el-i, rasac safuZvlad un-da dasdeboda sityva qarT-".

dRes megrelTa mier aRmosavleli qarTveli qorTu-d iwode-ba (m.Cuxua); Tuki megruli qorTu-sTvis amosaval formad qarTu fuZes davsaxavT, ra gviSlis xels, rom igive qarTu- saerToqar-Tvelurad gamovacxadoT? garda amisa, aq upasuxod rCeba mTavari kiTxva: ra warmomavlobisaa qoronimi qarTu?

S.gabeskiria (2003, gv.33-37) fiqrobs, rom qarTvelur, indoev-ropul da ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT- ("moRobili adgili", "qalaqi") Ziridanaa warmoqmnili qarTvel-, qarTl- da xaTT- (xaTebis sakuTari saxeli) fuZeebi; kerZod, ivaraudeba Sem-degi procesebi: qarT- > qarTu-x- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i; qarT- > qarT-n-i > qarTli; qarT- > xaTT-. warmodgenil mosazrebaSi sayu-radReboa qarT- da xaTT- formaTa dakavSireba; aqve, vfiqrobT, ufro logikuri iqneboda dagveSva, rom qarTi (RvTaebis saxeli da ara "moRobili adgili") amosavalia rogorc qarTueli, aseve, karduxi, sityvaformebisTvis; garda amisa, qarTni > qarTli uni-kaluri procesis daSvebas ajobebs, vivaraudoT qarT- Zirze -l- sufiqsis darTva (ix. qvemoT).

g.qavTaraZis azriT (2003, SeniSvna 176), mTa qarTlis saxelSi (Sesabamisad, qarTvel- fuZeSic) SeiZleba gamoiyos ard-/qarT- "qalaqi" xurituli fuZe; mkvlevari varaudobs, rom qarT-li formaSi -li adgilis mawarmoebeli urartuli sufiqsia, xolo Tavkidura Tanxmovnis da nulis monacvleobis magaliTebad moyva-nilia: aRzevani/qaRzevani, arimati/xarimati, obareni/xabareni, alibe/xalibe... g.qavTaraZis varaudiT, arT- fuZe saZiebelia ar-Tvini (/arT-vani < arT-ovan-i - t.f.), artanuji, artaani, vardcixe,


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varZia (< *vard-ia) da kardenaxi/kardanaxi sityvebSic (Sdr., g.be-doSvili, 1981, gv. 192: karT venaxi > kardenaxi).

Cveni azriT, nulTan monacvle labiovelarizebuli Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis Semcveli *q˚ard-/xald-/qarT-/ald-/arT- (/*qvard-/vard-/varZ-) fuZis - RvTaebis/salocavis saxelis - mi-xedviT SeiZleboda aRniSnuliyo mTa/cixe/punqti (Sdr., RvTaeba armazi - toponimi armazi); Sesabamisad, toponimebi: arTvini, artanuji, artaani, vardcixe (ardis cixe), varZia, kardenxi (karden-a-x-i), ardubani da sxva, marTlac SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli warmarTuli saqarTvelos mTavari RvTaebis saxelTan. aseve, ar gamovricxavT, rom ard- fuZisganaa nawarmoebi toponimi olTisi: *ard-is-i > *alT-is-i > olTisi; Sdr.: xurituli ard-in-i ardis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi; qarTveluri olT-is-i RvTaeba olTis/xaldis cixe-qalaqi.

sainteresoa, agreTve, urartuelTa umaRlesi RvTaeba xaldis musasiruli varianti aldi (g.meliqiSvili,1960, gv.416), Zv.sparsuli arta "RvTaeba" da alanur-osuri ard "RmerTi" (aqedan: qarT. ma-arT-al-i; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv, 26-27). marTal- fuZeSi unda gamovyoT urartul-kavkasiuri xald-/ald-/arT- da warmomavlobis m- -al-; Sdr., m-arT-al-i: "RvTis Camomavali", "RvTisnieri" (Sdr.: m-tbev-ar-i, m-egr-el-i...). Se-mdgomi kvleva albaT daadasturebs, rom xuritul-kavkasiuri xald-/qarT-/*harT-/ard-"RvTaeba", winaaziel indoevropelTa metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli ard "RmerTi" da qarTvelur, indo-evropul, ugro-finur enebSi dadasturebuli qarT-/arT-/kert-/gorod- "cixe-qalaqi" (< mTavari RvTaebis adgili, mTavari salo-cavi adgili) fuZeebi erTi warmomavlobisaa, kerZod: ard- /*harTi /xald- warmoSobiT xuritul-kavkasiuri fuZea, romelic Tavdapirvelad RvTaebas aRniSnavda da Semdeg indoevropul enebSi gadaazrianda cixesimagris saxelad (vinaidan, Zvel droSi salocavi yvelaze metad iyo daculi). indoevropuli varianti mogvianebiTaa nasesxebi qarTvelur kiloebSic; Sdr.,


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erTi mxriv, saerToqarTveluri xald-/qarT(u) da megrul, gurul, imerul da sxva kiloebSi arsebuli qarTa

("saqonlisTvis SemoRobili adgili"). SeniSvna: SesaZlebelia, davuSvaT, rom ardi /*harTi /qarTi

"RvTaeba" dakavSirebulia qarTvelur erT-/arT- ricxviT niSanTanac. dasaSvebia meore sqemac: kavkasiur-winaziuri ħald- > q˚arT- /*R˚arT- (/*RarT˚- /˚ard- /ard-) > saerToqarTveluri *RvarT- /*RmarT- /RmerT- > samwignobro qarTuli RmerTi (a/e monacvleoba da labializebuli R˚-sgan Rm kompleqsis ganviTareba savsebiT SesaZlebelia; Sdr., h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, 2000; aqvea mimoxiluli sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria). Cvens mosazrebas mxars uWers zanur-svanuri formebis analizic; Sdr.:

_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT-/*RerT- > svanuri RerT(-@l/@S); _ saerToqarTveluri *RmarT-/RmerT- > svanuri *RmereT > RermeT/RerbeT;

_ saerToqarTveluri *RarT- > zanuri *RorTi > megruli *RoroTi > RoronTi (Sdr., *tradi/tredi - toronji; megrulisTvis bunebrivia TanxmovanTkompleqsis superacia da winaenismier TanxmovanTan amave lokaluri rigis nazaluri sonoris ganviTareba); _ saerToqarTveluri *RmarTi > zanuri *RmorTi > lazuri *RmoroTi > RormoTi (m-s metaTezisiT Tavkidur poziciaSi moiSala da marcvalTgamyarze Seiqmna TanxmovanTkompleqsi)...

samecniero literaturaSi RmerT- "ufali" fuZeSi erTi (ricxviTi niSani) pirvelad gamoyo T.Jordaniam; man Rm- RmerTis semantikis Semcvel fuZed miiCnia. a.WinWaraulis azriT, RmerT- fuZe momdinareobs uerT-/xuerT- formidan - erTis aRmatebiTi xarisxidan (statia ibeWdeba "gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis JurnalSi"): xuerTi > RuerTi > RverTi > RmerTi.

damatebiT argumentacias saWiroebs R(m)erT- sityvaformis Tavkiduri Tanxmovnis warmomavloba: igi momdinareobs x- prefiqsisgan (*x-u-erTi...), Tu *Rald/xald fuZis pirveli bgerisgan? Sesabamisad gadawydeba erT-, xuerT- da xald- fuZeTa mimarTebis sakiTxic (kvlevis am etapze ufro logikuri Cans kavkasiur-xurituli fuZis variantuloba ena-kiloebis mixedviT: xald- /qald- /RarT- /R˚arT- /arT- /ard- /olT-... Sdr.: qarTv. Rvino, ven-a-x-i, somx. Rin "Rvino" da indoev. vin "Rvino".


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RvTaebis aRmniSvneli qarT-, qarTu- da sakuTriv qarTl-, qarTvel-, qarTul- fuZeTa mimarTebis istoria Cven ase gvesaxeba:

qarTvelur enobriv velSi realurad dadasturebul sityva-Ta Sepirispireba safuZvels gvaZlevs, pirvel rigSi gamovyoT ori fuZe: qarT- da qarTu-: qarT-l-i, qarTu-el-i, qarT-u-l-i; qarT-l- fuZis paralelurad SeiZleba davuSvaT qarTE-l-i/qarTv-l-i variantis arsebobac.

qarT-l- fuZeSi arsebuli -l- segmenti igive monacemi Cans, rac arn.Ciqobavas mier sxva fuZeebSi gamoyofili uZvelesi fenis sufiqsi; Sdr.:

samwignobro qarTuli: Tov-s, Tov-l-i da zan.: Tviri/Tiri; samwignobro qarTuli: saxe, sax-l-i, sax-el-i da zan.: oxori; samwignobro qarTuli: Tes-av-s, Tes-l-i da zan.: Tasi; samwignobro qarTuli: matyli, zan. montyori da svan.: m@ty

(svanurs usufiqso varianti daucavs? Sdr.: T.gamyreliZe, g.maWa-variani, 1965, gv. 76);

samwignobro qarTuli: ZaRli da zan. joRori, svan.: JaRE/JeRE; samwignobro qarTuli: Tafli da zan.: Tofuri, svan.: Tu (<

Tafu; g. maWavariani)... samwignobro qarTuli: kum-ev-a/kmeva, kum-od-a ("mTai igi sinai

kumoda") da kom-l-i/kEam-l-i; zan. kuma (kvamli, komli), kum-af-a (kmeva, Sebolva); svan.: kEam/kE@m (kvamli, komli);

samwignobro qarTuli: koWi, koW-l-i da aWar.: koW-al-i; samwignobro qarTuli: koJ-r-i ("gamagrebuli da amoburculi

adgili kanze") da aWar. koJi/koJo "koJri"; Sdr.: svan. koj (klde), qarTul-qarTveluri toponimebi: koJr-eb-i, koj-or-i;

samwignobro qarTuli: sisxli, zan.: zisxiri, svan.: zisx; agreTve: qerci, qerc-l-i (m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 118) da qeci; wux-s da (m)wux-r-i, mama da

-l-/r-s ZiriTad funqciad SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT warmomavloba-kuTvnilobis gamoxatva; Sesabamisad, Cvens SemTxve-

mam-r-i, deda da mded-r-i, si-ded-r-i (igive si- gamoiyofa: siZe, simamri, sityva, siTbo, sigrZe... forme-bSi; msjelobisaTvis ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1944, gv. 459; Cveni azriT, aq si- Tvisebis aRmniSvneli prefiqsia)...


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vaSi, logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarT-/qarTu- fuZe RvTaebis aRmniSvneli fuZea; masze -el- sufiqsis darTviT warmoiqmna qar-TvelTa avtoeTnonimi: qarTu-el-i; qarT-/qarTu-sgan nawarmoebi sityvebi: qarT-l-i da qarTu-el-i qarT-/qarTu-s Tvisobriobis qonas, an warmomavlobas gamoxatavs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Tvisob-rioba da warmomavloba sxva SemTxvevaSic gamoixateba erTi mo-rfemiT; mag., -an: deda - ded-an-i (-an gamoxatavs Tvisobis qonas); oTara - oTara-an-i (-an gamoxatavs warmomavlobas); si-grZ-e/grZ-el-i da kax-el-i da sxv.

erTi mxriv, urartul-kavkasiuri RvTaeba xaldis saxelSi, me-ore mxriv ki, xald-eb-i, kard-u-x-i eTnonimebSi (Sdr., movses xo-renacis teqstSi dadasturebuli korduelTa qveyana, romelic mdebareobda vanis tbis samxreTiT; Sdr.: somx. kordu da qarTv. kardu; somx. Torgomi da qarTv. Targamosi...) xald- da kardu- fuZeebis povniereba safuZvels gvaZlevs, davuSvaT, rom sityvebi: qarTli da qarTueli momdinareoben urartul-kavkasiuri RvTa-ebis - qaldi/xaldi/qarTu/kardu-s saxelisgan; amosaval formad savaraudoa *qard-/qald-: *qard- > xald-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarT+l-; *qard-/*qarT- > qarTu > qarTu-el-i... lingvisturi aspe-qtiT, problemuri ar aris d/T (bunebrivia sityvis bolos) da q/x monacvleobis daSveba: Sdr., q/x nasesxeb sityvebSi: qriste/xris-tos, qronologia/xronologia, qaosi/xaosi, qoro/xoro, qar-tia/xartia, qiloni/xiloni, qimera/ximaira, qitoni/xitoni, qi-mia/xemeia, qalosi/xalosi, qrise/xruse... ukanaenismier da xorxis-mier bgeraTa (q, B, x, R, y...) monacvleoba arc sakuTriv qarTvelu-ri dialeqtebisTvisaa ucxo (magaliTebi mravladaa il.abulaZis, arn.Ciqobavas, z. sarjvelaZis, h. fenrixis, m.Cuxuasa da qarTvelu-ri kiloebis sxva leqsikonebSi): Bce/qCe/xCe, qCini/xCini, Borba-li/xorbali/qobali, Benderi/qenderi, Babu/yabu, Bef-/yef-, Buri/yuri, Buila/yore, qveyana/xveyana/xoyana, qorwili/Borwili, Beri/Reri, Buezi/Ruezeli, BSiri/xSiri/ySiri, Rrtili/xrtili, Bbo/xabna/Rabna/qabula... savaraudoa, rom urartul qaldi/xal-di formaSi pirveli Tanxmovani q-sa da x-s Sua mdgomi labializebuli bgeraa.


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samsjeloa qarT > qarTu: ra funqcia aqvs u/E segments? arqa-ul qarTulSi (Sesabamisad, saerToqarTvelurSi) gvaqvs sityve-bis erTi jgufi, romelic u/E bgeriT bolovdeba: birTu, borcu (Sdr., falauri burz; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 293), daTu, eSu, verxu, Tagu, idayu, iWu, ixu, kicu, leku, leRu, mdogu, naZu, nezu, nerwyu, nezu, peSu, ricxu, fesu (Sdr., saS. spars. fas; m.androni-kaSvili, 1966, gv. 382-383), fetu, fiWu, Rawu, SaSu, cercu, ciRu (Sdr., osuri cirR; m.andronikaSvili, 1966, gv. 122), ZarRu, ZeZu, jaWu... aRsaniSnavia, rom megrul-lazur variantebSi, rogorc we-si, labialuri komponenti gadaadgildeba sityvis fuZeSi: daTvi - TunTi, idayvi - duyi, Tagvi - mTugi, leRvi - luRi, mayu (mayuali) - muyi, maCvi - munCqi, Cxiku - Cxviki... Sdr., agreTve: birTu/birTvi - burTi, kicu/kicvi - kvici... savaraudoa, rom qarTu sityvaSi bo-lokiduri u ar aris raime funqciis mqone sufiqsi; Cveni azriT, u segmenti qarTvelur-kavkasiuri enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli labi-alizaciis (/labiovelarizaciis) procesis gamovlinebaa (dawvri-lebiT ix. qvemoT): q°arT > qarT° > qarTu.

aqvea gansaxilveli sityvaforma qarTulic: SesaZloa, -ul- sufiqsi uSualodaa darTuli qarTu- fuZeze: qarTu > qarTu-ul-i > qarTuli; ar gamoiricxeba, agreTve, qarTu > qarTu-l-i procesic.

RvTaebis saxelisgan eTnonimisa da qoronimis warmoqmna uC-veulo movlena ar aris Zvel samyaroSi (Sdr., mag., RvTaeba asuri, xalxi - asurebi da qveyana asureTi)...

qarTvelTa istoriul mexsierebaSi qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwo-deba da qarTvelTa qveynis saxeli urartul mTavar RvTaebas (brZolis RvTaebas!) rom ukavSirdeba, moulodneli ar unda iyos:

simon janaSias azriT, urartus mosaxleoba - xaldebi (waviki-TxoT: RvTaeba xaldis xalxi - t.f.) - cnobilni iyvnen rkinis damu-SavebiT. "rkinis iaraRiT xaldebi kldeSi SesaniSnav cixe-darba-zebs kveTdnen. am rigis xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSia saqarTveloSi kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe" (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.31). Sdr.: kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi gvaqvs meSeq-mosxebis (mesxebis) istori-


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ul qveyanaSi - kabadokiaSi, xolo Zveli berZnuli cnobebiT, rki-nis mwarmoebeli xalibebi cxovrobdnen trapizonis regionSic. Sesabamisad, logikuria urartuelebis, karduxebis, mosxebisa da SavizRvispireTis xalibebis naTesaobis sakiTxis dasma; miT ume-tes, gviandeli amierkavkasia am tomTa naSTebis ZiriTadi sacxov-risi xdeba. Sdr., p.ingoroyvas azriT, qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi winaprebis – xeTas jgufis xalxebis: musxebis (mesxebis), Tobe-lebis (hiberebis), kasxebis (kolxebis) kulturuli centri Zv.w. VII saukuneSi xeTas saxelmwifos katastrofis Semdeg gadmo-dis saqarTvelos dRevandel teritoriaze (p.ingoroyva, 1978, gv.244). aq mciredi dazustebaa saWiro: kabadokiasa da halisis auzSi mcxovreb qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa (mosxebi, qaSqebi, kolxebi...) SesaZlo winaprebi arian xaTebi da ara xeTebi; es uka-nasknelni balkaneTis (?) gavliT mcire aziaSi mosuli indoevro-pelebi arian. SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom movses xorenacis Txro-baSi kabadokielTa da qarTvelTa jari xSirad gverdigverd ib-rZvis saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg (m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.95, 136); garda amisa, m.xorenacisTvis pontos samefoc da istoriuli kolxeTic qarTvelTa qveyanaa, xolo pontos mefe miTridate - qarTveli (iq-ve, gv.111-116).

s.janaSias azriT, wina aziis avtoqToni mosaxleobis politi-kur-kulturuli centris CrdiloeTiT gadmonacvleba aSkarad dasturdeba (s.janaSia, 1987, gv.20-24, 32, 44, 51); mag., "urartuli da asuruli wyaroebis mixedviT, ardini (musasiri) urartelTa wminda qalaqia - urartelTa uzenaesi RvTaeba xaldis kultis centria - xaldis qalaqia; mogvianebiT religiurad, kulturu-lad da eTnikuradac musasiris mosaxleoba Camocilebuli Cans danarCen urartus samyaros" (g.meliqiSvili, 1999, gv.25). aqve sa-yuradReboa ufliscixis saxelic da istoriac:

ufliscixe aSenebulia Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi; es is periodia, rodesac ukve ganadgurebulia urartu; logikuria davuSvaT: moZme kavkasiur-winaaziuri tomebis saerTo didi RmerTis - xal-dis - samefo centri gadmovida ufro CrdiloeTiT. Sdr.: xaldi


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mebrZoli, mamrobiTi RvTaebaa; urartuelebi mas swiravdnen xars. mebrZoli RvTaebac da xaris kulti saqarTveloSic STambeWdavia (RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos asaxuli wminda giorgis saxeSi)...

didi istoriuli kataklizmebis Jams marTlac mosalodneli iyo qarTvelur-kavkasiur tomTa religiuri centris gadmonac-vleba dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze (logikuria, aseve, RvTaeba xaldis/qarTis/ardis ramdenime cixe-qalaqis arsebobac); am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa k.z. gamsaxurdias daskvnac: "uf-liscixis arqetipuli RvTaeba xaldi unda iyos" (k.z. gamsaxur-dia, 1995, gv.21). aqve, Sdr., iovane petriwiseuli termini "xalde-velTa winasibrZne" (petriwi qaldevelebs xaldevelebs eZaxis; iovane petriwi, 1947, gv 41); k.z.gamsaxurdias mtkicebiT, "eTnolo-giuri TvalsazrisiT, "qaldeveli", amave dros, unda aRniSnavdes ara marto babilonel semits, aramed im uZveles presemitur xal-xsac, romelic samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia SumerTa sa-xeliT" (iqve, gv 79). aqve unda gavixsenoT iv.javaxiSvilis cnobili dakvirveba: Zveli qarTveli avtorebi qarTvelTa winaprebis iden-tifikacias axdendnen SuamdinareTisa da bibliur samyarosTan; misi azriT, qaldeveli aris sparselic, babilonelic da qar-Tvelic (ix., agreTve, "evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba"; qarTuli mwer-loba, I, gv.259-260).

SeniSvna: Zvel qarTul teqstebSi "qaldevelni" sparsTa mniSvnelo-biT gamoiyeneba, magram, "qarTlis cxovrebis" bunTurqebis epizodis avtori qaldevelebs babilonelebad, asurelebad Tvlis (msjelobi-saTvis ix. m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.27-29); Cveni azriT, aRrevis saTave adreul epoqaSia saZiebeli: Cans, Zvel wyaroebSi qaldea/qaldia wina aziis eTnopolitikuri centris aRmniSvneli iyo amave regionis avtoqTo-ni xalxebis enaSi; Semdeg es saxeli SemorCa rogorc qarTvelur-kavka-siur mkvidr xalxebs, aseve indoevropelTa Tu semitTa erT nawils. Sdr., qaldeelebi (kaldu) - istoriulad arsebuli momTabare, arameu-lad molaparake semiti tomebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi, romlebic babi-lonis samxreTiT damkvidrdnen Zv.w. IX saukunidan; Sdr., agreTve, bei-ruTis axlos mdebare sofeli xalde.

urartul-kavkasiur RvTaeba xald-Tan da qald-/xald- fu-ZesTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa kidev ramdenime garemoeba:


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1. strabonis mixedviT (geografia, XII, 3, 19-24), trapizonsa da farnakias zemoT cxovroben qaldebi - Zveli xalibebi, ro-melsac homerosi haliZonebs da alibebs uwodebs (ix., agreTve: d.baqraZe, 1889, gv.34 da p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.285);

2. "abos wamebisa" da movses xorenacis "somxuri geografiis" mixedviT, qaldia/xaldea/xaitiqi aris igive WaneTi/Wanivqi (ix.: qarTuli mwerloba, I, gv.454 da m.xorenaci, 1984, gv.162, 277); Sdr., SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli xaldis provincia Sedioda bizanti-is imperiaSi; igi Semoifargleboda trapizonis regioniT (masSi ar Sedioda rizes mxare; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.210). Sdr.: trapi-zonTan axlos xaldiis qarTul qveynas - daviT kuropalatis kuTvnil mxares - asaxeleben qarTveli mematianeni (sumbaT davi-Tis Ze, 1449, gv.70; "matiane qarTlisa", gv.285). sayuradReboa isic, rom VIII saukunidan berZnul wyaroebSi trapezuntis mxares la-zika hqvia; qarTul wyaroebSi (ix. mag., giorgi mTawmindelis "aka-Tistos sakiTxavis" qarTuli versia) am teritorias megrelTa mxares uwodeben (iqve, gv.214);

3. adiRuri enis SafsuRuri dialeqtis xayuCur kilokavSi qarTvelis aRsaniSnavi Zveli saxelia xalHde (cnoba mogvawodes ruslan naTxuam da mixeil labaZem; aqve SevniSnavT, rom adiRurSi arabunebrivia ld TanxmovanTmimdevroba da H neitraluri xmov-niT xdeba am arakanonikuri kompleqsis superacia);

4. Woroxis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze iyo qarTveluri qalaqi qaldia - vercxlis sabadoebis qalaqi (timoTe mTavarepiskoposis "mimoxilva... aRmosavleTis adgilTa"; ix. p.ingo-royva, 1954, gv.285);

5. Sua lazeTSi, amJamad TurqeTis sazRvrebSi moqceul daba ofis zonaSi, rizesa da surmenes Soris mdebareobs punqti xaldi da xaldis mTa; mdinare ofis wylis saTaveebSia punqti xaldize-ni (zena xaldi) - zemo xaldi. ofis wylis zemo Senakads ewodeba xaldizenis xevi, mTebs ki - xaldizenis mTebi;

7. saqarTvelos amJamindel sazRvrebSic ramdenime xalde dasturdeba: kavkasionis kalTebzea myinvari xalde da mdinare xaldeWala; aqvea sofeli xalde.


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SemTxveviTi arc is Cans, rom or sxvadasxva adgilas - didi kav-kasionis kalTebze da mtkvar-Worox-halis-araqs-tigros-evfra-tis saTaveebis mimdebare teritoriaze - mosxur mTebSi (mosxuri mTebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. n.xazaraZe, 2001, gv.315) - gverdig-verd dasturdeba adgilis aRmniSvneli ori sakuTari saxeli (to-ponimi): kola da xalde.

aqve daismeba kiTxva: rodis moxda qarTl- da qarTuel- fuZe-ebis warmoqmna?

vvaraudobT: TorTumis, Woroxisa da mtkvris saTaveebSi arsebuli qarTveluri saxelmwifoebis dakninebis Semdeg, ufro CrdiloeTiT maleve iqmneba qarTvelur tomTa morigi gaerTiane-ba; vfiqrobT, azon-quj-farnavazis wina periodSi mimdinare qar-Tveluri tomebis gaerTianebis procesSi saerTo qveynis saxelad mkvidrdeba qarTli, saerTo TviTsaxelwodebad ki - qarTueli: orive fuZe momdinareobs didi RvTaebis saxelisgan - qarTu/qar-Ti: qarTu > qarTu-eli (Teonimidan warmoiqmna eTnonimi); qarT- > qarT-l-i (qarTli - RvTaeba qarTis/xaldis qveyana). RvTaebis-gan momdinare qoronimisa da eTnonimis damkvidreba motivirebu-li SeiZleba iyos politikuri faqtoriTac: Cans, gaerTianebis procesSi qarTvelur tomTa mmarTvelebma uari Tqves romelime qarTveluri tomis saxelis ganzogadebaze, Sesabamisad, romelime tomis hegemonobaze...

erTi ram aSkaraa: qarTu-el-i qarTvelTa uZvelesi avtoeTnonimi (endogenuri

eTnonimi), qarTli ki - qarTvelTa saxelmwifos uZvelesi qarTu-lenovani qoronimi Cans.

SeniSvna: gorgasalis Semdeg, qarTvelTa daSla-dasustebis morig etapze, terminebi: qarTli/qarTveli daviwrovda qarTvelTa erTi provinciisa da misi mosaxleobis saxelad; Sesabamisad, qarTul qveya-naTa konsolidaciis morig etapze ganmazogadebel axal qoronimad SemoRebul iqna saqarTuelo (ufro gvian ki iyo mcdeloba, daemkvidre-binaT qoronimi iberia; ix.: 1790 w. "iberielTa erTobis traqtati").

rac Seexeba qarTu-/qarTl-/qarTvel- fuZeTa Tanamedrove dialeqtur variantebsa (qorTu, q@rT...) da maTi mniSvnelobe-bis istorias:


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samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTl- fuZis msgavsad, qarTvel- formac, sxvadasxva droSi Tu enobriv velSi, ramdenime semantikiT gamoiyeneba; kerZod:

_ qarTveli eris warmomadgenels (mag., mematianisaTvis qar-Tvelni arian wamebulni egriselni daviT da konstantine: "Tqmulni netarisa mowamisa qarTvelisa~"; p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv 669-671; d.musxeliSvili, 1993, gv.360); sxva qveynebis msgavsad, axlo momavalSi qarTveli SeiZleba damkvidrdes saqarTvelos moqala-qis fard saxelad (eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad). _ qarTvelur kiloebsa Tu samwignobro enaze metyvel

qristians (ix.: miqel modrekilis sagalobeli "Bseneba~ uZleve-lisa mowamisa habo ismaitel-yofilisa qarTvelisa~"; Sdr., amgva-ri kulturul-politikuri midgomiT, eTnikurad qarTveli da qarTulad metyveli muslimani TaTaria).

_ socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenels - glexs (saki-Txis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. m.qurdiani, 2001). am semantikiT qarTve-li dadasturebulia mxolod qarTlSi (Sdr., margali "glexis" mniSvnelobiT Cans mxolod egrisSi), rac safuZvels gvaZlevs, eT-nonimisTvis amgvari semantikis ganviTareba aixsnas ara "dampyro-beli, an mezobeli xalxis" xedviT, aramed eTnokulturuli da sociolingvisturi mizezebiT (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom, SesaZlebelia, mezobelma xalxma sxvas daarqvas damamcirebeli sa-xeli, magram sakuTar Tavs romeli xalxi Tu sazogadoeba daimci-rebs monis an glexis fardi saxelis darqmeviT? Sdr.: g.meliqiSvi-li, 1965, gv.90-91; m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.104); kerZod: Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, Sesabamisad, qarTlur kiloSi qarTvelad iTvleboda is fena, romelic mxolod qar-Tlur kiloze metyvelebda; Sdr., glexisTvis aznauri, Tavadi da mefe ar iyo Cveulebrivi, misnairi, kuTxuri ena-cnobierebis mqone adamiani; Sdr., opozicia: Tavadi - qarTveli/qarTleli... am-gvari mimarTebis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo feodalurma azrov-nebam, Tumca, maRali wris (ganaTlebuli) sazogadoeba Tu inte-ligencia arc Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi iTvleba romelime erTi


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kuTxis saxed, mag., aravin ambobs, rom akaki imereli poetia, vaJa - fSaveli, konstantine gamsaxurdia - megreli mwerali da a.S.

qarTlelisa/qarTvelisa da Tavadis mimarTebis analogiu-ria opozicia: margali da Jinosqua; sxva qarTvelTa metyveleba-Si megreli (egriseli) saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleobas miemarTeboda, magram sakuTriv megrul kiloSi gamoyenebuli mi-si Sesatyvisi forma - margali sulac ar iyo megrelis zusti "Targmani": megrul kiloSi margali megrelTa mxolod dabal fenas aRniSnavda; maRal fenas Seesabameboda Jinosqua ("aznau-ri", "zecis Svili", "zena Svili"; Jinosquas fena, Sesabamisad, warmodgenili opozicia moiSala bolSevikebismieri represiebis Semdeg). aqve xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavia, rom margalisa da qarTle-lis socialur statuss - qarTvelTa kerZo saxeebs - regionalur variantebs - Seesabameba ori dialeqturi metyveleba, xolo Ji-nosquasa da Tavads - rogorc zogadqarTul fenomens - erTi saerTo samwignobro qarTuli: e.i. socialuri fenis markireba xdeba sametyvelo kodis mixedviT...

SeniSvna: 2000 wels gamoqveynebul wignSi "qeba~ da dideba~ qarTuli-sa enisa~" margal- formis mier semantikis gafarToeba da misi gaTanab-reba megrel- sityvasTan axsnili gvqonda istoriuli procesebis Sesa-bamisad: komunistebis mier Jinosquas fenis gaJletisa da, saerTod, amgvari leqsikis (batoni, Tavadi, Jinosqua, aznauri...) akrZalvis fon-ze, margali forma semantikuradac gauTanabrda megrels; amgvari ax-sna "istoriuli perspeqtivis darRvevad" miiCnia m. qurdianma; is wers: "am hipoTezis argumenti, saliteraturo enis faqtori, sagangebod mi-sadagebuli "margalis" socialur funqcias, aRar muSaobs "qarTve-lis" analogiur situaciaSi" (ix. m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105).

_ mxolod qarTlels - saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis mosaxleo-bas; ara mxolod Sua saukuneebis qarTul wyaroebSi, aramed zog Tanamedrove qarTvelur kiloebSic ki qarTveli qarTlels aR-niSnavs; mag., al.WinWaraulis cnobiT, xevsurebisTvis saqarTve-los sxva kuTxeebis mcxovrebni arian: qarTvelni (qarTlelebi), mesxni, javaxni (Sdr.: ejavaxeba - ejiuteba), kaxni, fSavelni, moxeve-ni, gudamayrelni, TuSni, imerni, afxazni (afxazi - vaJkaci), meg-


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relni... Sdr., megr. qorTu (< qorTueli) - aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mkvidri; Sdr., agreTve, TuSuri: qarTulaGoba~ - "saubrisas literaturul kiloze qceva, cud tonad, metiCrobad iTvleba" (g.cocaniZe, 2002; ix., aqve: kaxi - "bareli qarTveli", kaxuraGi - "raime kaxuri" an: "kaxeTSi mozamTre TuSi"; Cans, TuSisTvis baruli qarTuli "kaxis" metyvelebaa).

Tanamedrove megrul metyvelebaSi termini qarTveli gamoi-yeneba zogadqarTvelis mniSvnelobiT; megreli am terminSi saku-Tar Tavsac moiazrebs. megrulSi dadasturebul qorTu formas SecdomiT qarTvelad Targmnian; merab Cuxuas cnobiT, "zan. qor-Tu da svan. mHq@rT leqsemebi miemarTeba mxolod aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mkvidr qarTvels; Sdr., megrulSi dasturdeba imere-li, aWareli, Soni, guruli da qorTu" (Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.186: mHqarT - qarTi/qarTveli; erovnuli saxelis mniSvnelobiT svanebi iyeneben termins mHqarTuel, megrelebi ki - qarTueli)...

vvaraudobT, rom VII-VIII saukuneebis daSlil-daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi, rodesac termini qarTveli mxolod qarTlels aRniSnavda, aRmosavleTeli qarTvelis aRmniSvnelad daviwrovda qorTu (< qorTuali < qarTueli); Sdr.: T.gamyreliZis da g.maWa-varianis mier daSvebulia: qarTvel- > qorTual- qorTuau > qor-Tuou > qorTuu > qorTu logikuri procesi (1965, gv.89-92); Sdr.: beReli - baRu, uReli - uRu... magram: yveli - yvali, wiTeli - WiTa-li/WiTa... (am rigis masalaSi ratom ar gvaZlevs -el- sufiqsi -u-s?). amave periodis warmonaqmni Cans svan. mHq@rT (qarTleli).

rac Seexeba zanur-svanur-afxazur arealSi dadasturebul qarT/q@rT ("dedaqalaqi") formas:

Cveni varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sruliad qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqsac - ufliscixesac, Tavdapirvelad, mTavari RvTaebis saxeli qarTu/qarTi erqva, romelic qarT/q@rT formiT Tbilisis saxelad Semoinaxa zanur-svanurma (Sdr., nasesxebia qarTa varianti): Zveli dedaqalaqis saxeli gadavida axal dedaqa-laqzec. arc is gamoiricxeba, rom zanur-svanuri qarT- warmoad-


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gens qarTl- formis gamartivebul saxes (qarTl- > qarT- > q@rT): didi qarTlis daSlis Semdeg - arabobis periodidan (qoronim sa-qarTvelos damkvidrebis paralelurad), misi semantika TandaTan dedaqalaqad daviwrovda.

axsnadia is faqtic, rom qarTu/qarT formis a xmovani zanur-Si ar iZleva o-s: zanur arealSi a-s labializebis Seferxeba SeiZ-leba ganepirobebina bolokidur u-s, Tuki amosaval formad davuSvebT qarTus, an bolokiduri l-s dakargvas, Tuki amosaval formad davsaxavT qarTls: qarTl- > qarT; Sdr.: Zma/Zmal- - jima, da/dal- - da, mama/mamal- - muma... magram: cxra - Cxoro, da - do (kav-Siri), mamali - mumuli... pirvel magaliTebSi a-s labializebas aferxebs bolokiduri l-s dakargva (am procesis Sesaxeb ix. t.futkaraZe, 1990); saerTod, SeiniSneba, rom saerToqarTvelur fuZeSi momxdari sxva fonetikuri procesi abrkolebs qarTvelur bgeraTSesatyvisobebad saxeldebul istoriul fonetikur pro-cesebs (ix. qvemoT).

vfiqrobT, Cven mier zemoT warmodgenili msjeloba cxadyofs, rom qarTveli (qarTleli) da margali formebis socialuri se-mantika savsebiT erTgvari viTarebiTaa Sepirobebuli; garda ami-sa, samwignobro enis faqtori sagangebod ki ar miesadageba arse-bul mdgomareobas, aramed asaxavs eTnokulturul da istoriul suraTs; Sdr., m.qurdiani, 2001, gv.105: "riTi unda aixsnas qarTul enaSi termin qarTvelis Sesabamisad megrulSi termin megreli-saTvis dabali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlis semantikiT aR-Wurva?.." xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom megrel- formas arsad udas-turdeba dabali socialuri fenis gamoxatva; amgvari SinaarsiT gvaqvs mxolod margali; aseve, qarTveli mxolod qarTlur dia-leqtur velSi Cndeba "glexis" mniSvnelobT da ara, zogadad, qar-Tul enaSi; amgvari niuansebis gauTvaliswinebloba msjelobas Cix-Si Seiyvans; margalis Sesaxeb ix., agreTve, g.meliqiSvili, 1974, gv. 103; t.futkaraZe, 1999.

SeniSvna: m.qurdiani termin qarTvelis kidev erT mniSvnelobas vara-udobs: "qarTveli niSnavs garkveuli dedaenobrivi erTobis (xazi


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Cvenia - t.f.) warmomadgenels, imasve, rasac niSnavda amJamad gamqrali termini "qarTi" da, rogorc aseTis aRmniSvneli termini, is Sedis opoziciaSi amave marTebuli aris analogiur terminebTan, mag., rogo-ricaa: svani, megreli da sxv." (m.qurdiani, 1999, gv.53); es mosazreba faqtobriv masalas ar emyareba. aseve, konkretul masalasTan Seusaba-moa m.qurdianis Semdegi azric: "# 5 marTebul areSi termini Turqi (muslimani suniti) SeiZleba Canacvlebuli iyos Sinaarsobrivad da mniSvnelobiT axlos mdgomi, magram arasinonimuri terminebiT _ me-sxi, aWareli...". pirvel rigSi, aq dasazustebelia is, rom mesxTa da aWarelTa didi nawili qristiania, meorec, muslimani qarTvelebi aWaraSic, taoSic da imerxevSic Seuracxyofad miiCneven TurqTan Se-darebasac ki; aseve, Tavs Turqad ar Tvlis qarTuli warmoSobis da qarTulis armcodne ucxoeTSi mcxovreb musliman mesxTa erTi nawi-lic (gansxvavebiT mesxeTidan gasaxlebuli eTnikuri Turqebisgan, an ukve gaTurqebuli qarTvelebisgan).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, obieqtur kritikas da-eqvemdebareba kaxelTa, herTa, imerTa, zanTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa da a.S. sxva qarTvelTa e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis Teoria, ro-melic saTaves iRebs n.maris Sromebidan da dRemde popularulia qarTvel Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa Soris (mesxTa qarTizaciis Sesa-xeb ix., mag., m.qurdiani, 2000, gv.191); Sesabamisad,

sruliad umarTebulod, samecniero literaturaSi termini qarTi damkvidrda e.w. sisina a tipis qarTvelur kiloebze me-

istoriuli suraTis realur asaxvas ar warmoadgenen samecniero literaturaSi da-mkvidrebuli terminebi: "dasavleT-qarTuli eTnosi (erovneba)", "qarTis erovneba" da sxva.

saerTod, istoriul eTnonimTa Tu qoronimTa mixedviT Tana-medrove terminTa Seqmnas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT, vinaidan Zvel terminTa erTma nawilma dRes mniSvneloba gaifarTova, an daiviwrova, zogi sulac daikarga; mag., leonti mrovelTan egrisi da svaneTi sinonimebi Cans; Semdeg gamoiyeneboda odiSi; bolos, termini egrisi gviandel odiSTan erTad sul gamovida gamoyene-bidan da damkvidrda samegrelo (Sdr., saingilo damkvidrda here-Tis nacvlad).


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tyvel qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad; xelovnurad gaCnda eTnonimuri opoziciebi: qarTi - zani; qarTi - svani... xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT:

saerToqarTveluri ena/koine da kultura yvela qarTveluri tomisa Tu Temis saerTo Semoqmedebaa; garda amisa, istoriul wyaroebSi arsad gvidasturdeba termini qarTi, xolo qarTveli, metwilad, zogadqarTvels - qarTveluri cnobierebis mqone ada-mians (adamianTa jgufs) - miemarTeba da yvela qarTvelur (30-mde!) Tems/toms moiazrebs; Sesabamisad, qarTvels qarTizacia-qarTve-lizacia ar sWirdeba. amgvari termini (qarTizacia/qarTveliza-cia) SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos gaqarTvelebuli araqarTvelis mimarT; mag., droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda Camosaxlebul yivCayTa erTi nawilis qarTvelizacia-qarTizacia...

garkveuli pirobiTobiT, termini qarTizacia SeiZleboda ga-gvemarTlebina, Tuki marTlac arsebobda e.w. qarTis tomi da misi ena/kultura ganzogadda sxva qarTveluri tomebisaTvis. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT da qvemoTac davrwmundebiT, amgvari mosazrebis mtkiceba metad gaWirdeba: termin qarTiT aRniSnuli tomi wya-roebSi ar Cans! garda amisa, megrel-Wanebi, lazebi, svanebi, here-bi, mesxebi, kaxebi, cxvimebi/skvimnebi/sviminebi, Takverlebi, mesxebi Tu sxva qarTveluri Temebi qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis process ver daeqvemdebarebodnen im martivi mizezis gamo, rom isini sa-kuTriv qarTlelebTan erTad arian qarTuli samwignobro enis, saerTod, qarTveluri cnobierebisa da kulturis Semoqmedni - Tavdapirveli qarTvelebi... Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva eTnosad Tu erovnebad arasodes yofila dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT "saqarTveloebis" mosaxleoba...

yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi daskvnis gamotana ufro SeiZleba bolo 3000 wlis enobrivi, arqeologiuri da saistorio masalebi-sa Tu wyaroebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna: sakiTxis istoriisaTvis: qarTizaciis sakiTxis kritika pir-velad warmoadgina mitropolitma anania jafariZem Tavis gamokvleva-Si: "deda eklesia", sadac is wers: "n.marisgan momdinareobs idea aRmo-savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqar-Tvelos mosaxleobis "qarTizaciisa" anu gaqarTvelebis Sesaxeb. xe-


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lovnuria termini da ideac aseTivea; sinamdvileSi ki, Zveli wyaroe-bis Tanaxmad, mTianeTis, kaxeT-hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTve-los mosaxleobas "qarTizacia" ar esaWiroeboda, radgan ZvelTaganve (da farnavazis drosac) aRniSnul kuTxeTa mcxovrebni, rogorc mTie-lebi, ise egriselebi (mesxebsa da her-kaxelebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT) qarTveli xalxis ZiriTad nawilad ganixilebodnen. es ase es-mis "qarTlis cxovrebas", Zvel qronikebs da Zvel avtorebs... didma ivane javaxiSvilma gamoikvlia, rom qristianobamde yvela qarTul tomTaTvis (samegrelosa da svaneTSic) kultmsaxurebis ena iyo qar-Tuli ena... Sesabamisad, am tomebs qarTizacia ar sWirdebodaT..." (a.ja-fariZe, 1996, gv.195-197, 213, 215-216; ix., agreTve, a.jafariZe, 1998, gv.261-263; a.jafariZe, 2003).

amrigad, eTnonimi qarTveli Tavidanve zogaderovnuli mniSvnelobis sakuTari saxelia da ara satomo saxeli (Sdr. b.gi-gineiSvili, 1975, gv.115). eTnonim qarTvelebis ucxo enebze Tar-gmnisas, sasurvelia, TargmanSic aisaxos dedniseuli varianti; mag., inglisurad ukeTesia - kartvels, xolo Turqulad - kartveller. aqve aRvniSnavT: samecniero literaturaSi jer kidev gaba-tonebulia azri, rom iberi da kolxi sxvadasxva eTnosebis aR-mniSvneli cnebebia; rogorc vnaxeT, sxvadasxva dros kolxic da ib-eri/iveri/speric qarTvels aRniSnavda; Sesabamisad, kolxuri ena/kultura da iberiuli ena/kultura CvenTvis sinonimuri mniSvnelobis terminebia, Tumca gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asaci-leblad mainc varCevT, am mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT termini qar-Tveluri ena/kultura; Sesabamisad, termin iberiul-kavkasiu-ris nacvlad, viyenebT termins - qarTvelur-kavkasiuri (Sdr., arn. Ciqobava iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gulisxmobda qarTvelur-kavkasiur enebs).

S

eniSvna: qarTvelTa istoriis sxvadasxva etapze, saerTo enasTan erTad, monaTesave TemTa makonsolidirebeli iyo saerTo RvTaeba: Cans, jer qarTu/xaldi, Semdeg, mcire xans, armazis kulti, bolos - qristianoba.

eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis sqema

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1.2.3. qarTvelebis aRmniSvnel eTnonimTa da TemonimTa lingvisturi mimarTebis amsaxveli sqema

wina paragrafebSi warmodgenil eTnonimTa da TemonimTa di-di nawili saerTo warmomavlobisa Cans. kidev erTxel arsebiTia imis aRniSvnac, rom mezobeli xalxebi qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad, araiSviaTad, ganazogadebdnen maTi momijnave qarTveluri (resp. qarTuli) tomis Tu Temis saxels; qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodeba ki miemarTeba

aris cduneba, qarT-/xald- fuZesTan davakavSiroT xal-ib- fuZec, Tumca manam, sanam -ib- segmentis damajerebeli kvalifikacia ar moxdeba, raimes mtkiceba SeuZlebelia (Cven vvaraudobT -eb- > -ib- process). Tavis mxriv, xal-ib- (xalibi) fuZesTan dakavSirebu-li Cans homerosTan dadasturebuli [h]al-ib-e: h, x, q ukana warmoe-bis fSvinvieri Tanxmovnebis monacvleoba mosalodnelia ara mxo-

RvTaeba xalde/qarTus. "yovelTa qarTvelTa" aRsaniSnavad yvelaze xSirad gamoiyene-

ba: qarT-/qald-/xald- (> *xalid-on-/haliZon-?), mosox-/muSq-/mesx-, san-/zan-/svan-, kolx-/kilx-/kulx-, iber-/iver-/sper- da abaz-/abazx- fuZeebi.

Sejamebis saxiT, qarTvelur tomTa da TemTa saxelebis SesaZ-lo etimologiuri jaWvi Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebis saxiT SeiZle-ba warmovadginoT:

SeniSvna: TiToeuli formis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT, aq aRar davasaxelebT wina Taobis mkvlevarTa mosazrebebs ("qarTvelebis" es nawili exmianeba s. janaSias naSroms: "Tubal-Tabal, tibareni, iberi", Tumca, s.janaSiaseuli zogi dakavSirebis gaziareba Wirs).

qvemoT warmodgenil logikur lingvistur sqemebs ara aqvs ucilobeli WeSmaritebis pretenzia.

a. qarTu(eli): saerToqarTveluri eTnosis TviTsaxelwodebaSi: qarTueli

gamoiyofa qarTu- fuZe, romelsac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes ara mxolod qald- (qaldea), xald- fuZeebi, aramed, kardu-x- formac (-x- krebiTobis sufiqsia; Sdr.; kola - kol-x-i, tao - tao-x-i, Wor-of-a - Wor-o-x-i, Rvino/vino - vena-x-i; Sdr. m.Cuxua, 2003, gv. 9).


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lod sityvaTa sesxebisas, aramed erTi enobrivi sistemis fargle-bSic (magaliTebi ix. zemoT); bunebrivia varaudi, rom hal- Ziri gamovyoT hal-is- (halisi - mdinare, kizil-irmaki) da hal-iZ-on- fuZeebSic: -is- kuTvnilobis mawarmoeblad, -on- qarTveluri kre-biTobis sufiqsad, xolo -iZ- < -eT-/ed-/-id- (Sdr., devs/Zevs) mrav-lobiTobis sufiqsad (sxvaenovan garemoSi transformirebul va-riantad) SeiZleba davsaxoT; Sdr. sxva gzac: xald-/hald- > *hal(i)d- > haliZ- > haliZ-on-... damajerebeli kvalifikaciac da warmodgenil varaudTa myari argumentirebac momavlis saqmed rCeba. dasasabuTebelia, agreTve, xald-/B˚ald- > RvarT- > RmarT- > RmerT da xald-Ta > xanZTa procesebi.

b. mesxi: masisi (mTa) da fasisi (mdinare) geografiuli saxelebisa da

eTnonim fasianebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovyoT mas-/fas- Ziri; Sdr.: berZnul miTologiaSi eTnarqi kolxi fasisis Svilad aris miCneuli, fasisi ki wylis RvTaebaa (sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix. T.miqelaZe, 1955, gv.33-34). aq sainteresoa isic, rom berZenTa cno-bierebaSi wylis RvTaeba (Sesabamisad, mdinareebis aRmniSvneli si-tyva fasisi) da kolxida (mxare mdinareebuxvi?) erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. saintereso Cans agreTve p.ingoroyvas varaudi, rom fas- Semonaxulia bas-ian-i formaSi.

*mas- Ziri amosavali SeiZleba iyos mes-x-, mos-x- da mus-x- fuZe-ebze nayari sityvebisaTvis (-x- - krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiq-si); Sdr.: n.xazaraZis azriT, mesx-/mosx-/musx- formebisTvis amosa-valia mosx- fuZe.

*masx- arqetipi, vfiqrobT, Semonaxulia muSqebis/kabadokiis qalaq mazaxa/mazaka formaSi: mas-x-/mas-a-x- > mazax-; Sdr., jer kidev ioseb flaviusis azriT (1987, gv.103), eTnonimi mosoxi da qalaqis saxeli mazaka saerTo warmomavlobis fuZeebia. mes-x- dadasture-bulia mesx- fuZeSi; misi povniereba sarwmuno Cans mesqin-, meSex- da mcxeTa formebSic (Sdr., g.bedoSvili, 1981, gv. 269-276).

mosx- forma daculia bibliur mosox-, mosoq, muSq-, berZnul


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mosx-/mosoxen- da qarTul musx- fuZeebSi (musxi - sofeli axal-cixeSi). aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom erTmaneTisgan mkveT-rad unda ganvasxvavoT, erTi mxriv, Zvel winaaziur da indoevro-pul enaTa velSi dadasturebuli labialurxmovniani Zirebi (Sdr.: asuruli Tabali da bibliuri Tubali/Tobeli; asuruli muSqebi, bibliuri mosoqi/meSexi, berZnuli mosxi/mosxike/mo-sxebi da kabadokiis dedaqalaqi mazaxa; somx. Torgoma da qarTv. Targamosi; bibliuri ararati da urartu, ardi da olT-...) da, meore mxriv, qarTvelur enobriv (zanur dialeqtur) arealSi da-dasturebuli o-xmovniani variantebi (kaci - koCi, da - do...); isini sxvadasxva droisa da enobrivi procesebis warmonaqmnebia. a/e/o/u variantuloba xSiria asurul, xeTur, ieroglifur-luviur, Zvel ebraul da Zvel berZnul enebSi; Sdr., agreTve: asuruli ga-mir-, muSqu da ZvelberZnuli gomer-, meSeh-; xeTuri kummani da asuruli kammanu; qarTveluri Targamosi, xeTuri Tegerma da ZvelberZnuli Togorma.

Sdr., *a-bas- (< *a-mas-/*mas- ?) hipoTetur formasTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli Semdegi qarTvelur-kavkasiuri fuZeebi:

*abas-, abaS-, abeS-l-/abeS-al-; *abas-, abaza; *ebeze/ebze, obez-; *abas-, *abas-ar-/*absar-/afsar-; *abas-, *abas-il-/*absil-/afsil; *abas-, *abas-ua/absua/afsua; abaz-, *abaz-x-/abxaz-/afxaz-;

abaz-, *abaz-x-, abaz-g- ... g. sani qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvneli erT-erTi uZvelesi fuZe

Cans zani/sani. Sdr.: erTi mxriv, winaenismier yru TanxmovanTa monacvleo-

biT warmoqmnili variantebi: san-, zan-, Wan-, *wan- (wan-ar-?); meore mxriv, ki:


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s-s labializaciiT (Tu labializebuli s-sgan?) miRebuli san- > svan-/Son-/(mu)Suan- fuZeebi.

d. kol-x-i qarTuli provinciis saxeli kola inaxavs amosaval fuZes: kol-/kor- Zirisganaa warmoqmnili kol-x-/kil-x-/kul-x- (-x- -

krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsi); aqve SeiZleba ganvixiloT: kor-a-qs-i, ma-kr-on-i, kl-ar-j-i formebic.

e. speri/iberi: amosavali fuZe Cans *hper-/sper- (Sdr.: speri, speris zRva);

aqedan: *hperi > ~peri > iper- > iber-/iver- (iberia/iveria); Sdr.,

speri > ~speri > ispiri (ix. s.janaSia, 1952, gv.60). h/s > ~/~h/~s > ~/i fonetikuri procesi qarTveluri kiloebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li movlenaa: gasTibs > ga~sTibs/ga~Tibs; stumari > ~htumari (b.jorbenaZe, 1998, gv.196, 357, 545, 550); 2005 wels iusufelis raionis qarTul soflebSi (Beva~, qoba~, balxi) Cven mier Cawerilma masalam aCvena, rom Tavkidur poziciaSi s/h > ~ procesi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuria taourSi.

ar gamoiricxeba arc: tiber- > hiber > hber- > sper- da tiber- > hiber- > iber- procesebi; sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas iTxovs.

speri: sa-sper- (sasperitebi), sa-peir-/sa-veir- (stefane bi-zantieli);

*hper- > *hber- > ber- > ver- > vir- > vir-q (>vr-a-c-)- > vir-San-; *ber-/ver- > var-, var-u-C-an, gurCan-, gurgan- (< georgi-an-), gurj-, kurg- (dadasturebulia XIII s.; s.janaSia, 1959, gv.53), gurZH- (osuri formaa), gruzin- (< guruzin-)... Sdr., Cerqezuli qurjH "Tbilisi", adiRuri (SafsuRuri) qHrce (< gurj) da osuri gurjHn "tanadi" (sparsul enobriv velSi va > gu procesisaTvis Sdr., g. wereTlis mier motanili magaliTebi: vard > gul, varaz > gu-raz, visnasp > gusnasp... (g.wereTeli, 1993, gv.104).

wyaroebSi dadasturebuli qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli sxva saxe-lebi naklebvariantulni arian; mag.: lazi, kaxi/kuxi, TuSi, java-xi/zabaxa... variantTa simcire aixsneba zogi saxelis araqarTvelu-ri warmomavlobiT, zogisa ki - lokaluri gamoyenebiT (mag., kaxi gamoiyeneba mxolod viwro enobriv velSi); Tumca, sakvlevia kuxis mimarteba kolxTan, rogorc amas varaudobda v.aleni (ix., T.papuaSvili, 1993, gv. 428).

sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa

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1.3. sxvadasxvaenovani qoronimebi da sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqa

(meTodologiuri SeniSvnebi iberia-qarTlisa da kolxeTi-lazika-egrisis mimarTebebis mixedviT)

istoriuli procesebis analizs didad uSlis xels eris TviTsaxelwodebisa da am sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli sxva eTnoni-mebis aRreva, agreTve, qveynis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb arsebuli gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi:

araiSviaTad, mocemuli eris/saxelmwifos mier warmodgenili Tavisi teritoriis sazRvrebi ar emTxveva mezobelTa xedvas; garda amisa, xSiria, roca erTi da igive eTnonimi (Tu qoronimi) sxvadasxva dros miemarTeba or an met sazogadoebas (qveyanas); Sdr.: abaza/ebze/obezi - qarTveli (yaraCaul-balyarul enaSi da Zvel rusulSi), abaza - afxazi (Turqul enaSi) da abaza - amJaminde-li yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobis er-Ti nawilis - abazebis - TviTsaxeli...

Cveni azriT, ufro met problemas qmnis mocemuli eris teri-toriis sazRvrebisa da istoriuli gzis gansxvavebuli xedva, ro-melic konkretuli eTnonimebisa Tu qoronimebis gaazrebaSic ai-saxeba; mag.:

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos sazRvrebsa da qarTveli eris uax-les istorias gansxvavebulad xedaven qarTveli, rusi da afxazu-ri warmoSobis prorusuli politikosebi (v.arZinba, r.xajinba...); araiSviaTad, amgvari subieqturoba istorikosTa kvlevebSic gamosWvivis (metic, zogi arakeTilsindisieri mkvlevari istoriu-li faqtebis gayalbebiT cdilobs, xeli Seuwyos politikuri procesebis provocirebas).

bunebrivia, saqarTvelos (Tu sxva qveynis) mimarT amgvari su-bieqturobisgan dazRveulni ar iqnebodnen Zveli berZnebi, romae-lebi, sparselebi, somxebi Tu sxva mezobeli xalxebi. es kargad Cans ara mxolod istoriul wyaroebSi, aramed - eTnonimebSic:


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rogorc wesi, mezobeli xalxebisTvis eTnonimebi iqmneba sa-zRvrispira tomis (an Temis) saxelis mixedviT (almanebi Allemand - germanelebi frangebisTvis), an romelime damakninebeli semanti-kis mqone fuZisgan (nemeci - rusTaTvis...); aseve, araiSviaTad, sxva eris aRmniSvneli eTnonimi iqceva xolme uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis sityvad (mag., eTnonimi lulu zogadad mtris saxelad gadaazri-anda urartulSi).

movlena martivad ixsneba: istoriuli ambebis Sefaseba xdeba sasurveli TvalTaxedvi-

dan: adamiani-mematiane Tavisi droisa da qveynis aTvlis sistemi-dan danaxul samyaros asaxavs terminebiTa Tu eTnonimebiT: Tavi-si enobriv-kulturul-politikuri xedviT alagebs sakuTar Tu sxvis istorias, awmyos, momavals.

araiSviaTia Zveli ambebis aRwera Tanamedrove viTarebis mi-xedviTac, Sesabamisad - axali eTnonimebis gadatana Zvel droSi; mag.: XII saukunis ambebis aRwerisas homerosi laparakobs finikie-lebis Sesaxeb, am dros ki finikielebi bunebaSi ar arseboben (iliada, Sesavali, gv.38). bibliis Semqmnelni eTnarqebs aRadgenen TavianTi Tanamedrove xalxebis saxelebis mixedviT; Sdr., agreTve: angariSs uwevs ra Tavisi drois viTarebas, "qarTlis cxovrebis" Sesavlis avtori (romelic, Cans, IX saukuneSi cxovrobda) mis-Tvis cnobili saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mixedviT asaxelebs: egross, qarTloss, kaxoss, kuxoss, gardabioss, gaCioss...

kidev erTi magaliTi: Zv.w. III saukuneSi moRvawe apolonios rodosels Zv.w. XIII sau-

kunis aietis qalaqad - kolxas Zvel dedaqalaqad - quTaisi aqvs mi-Cneuli, qalaqi, romelic did asparezze gamodis mxolod Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebis Semdeg.

aSkaraa, rom istoriis (nebismieri sxva dargis) kvlevis dros arsebiTi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos terminTa identifikacias; kerZod, sxvadasxvaenovan Tu Tanamoene mkiTxvels misi enisTvis ga-mWvirvale, adekvaturi, sxva qoronimebTan Sejerebuli termini unda miewodos; mag., qoronimi saqarTvelo dRes CvenTvis gulis-


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xmobs istoriul afxazeTsac, xolo ruseTis imperiul velSi aR-zrdili mkvlevrisTvis rusuli termini gruzia saqarTvelos am uZveles kuTxes ar moicavs. aTeuli wlebis Semdeg obieqturi mkvlevari valdebuli iqneba, erTmaneTisgan mkafiod gamijnos qar-Tuli termini saqarTvelo da proimperiuli mecnieris mier gamoyenebuli gruzia: mkiTxveli gaafrTxilos, rom mag., 1992-2005 wlebis saqarTvelos sazRvrebs zustad ar asaxavs, mag., istori-kos v.arZinbas mier gamoyenebuli qoronimi gruzia.

msjelobas gavagrZelebT lazika-egrisisa da iberia-qarTlis magaliTebis mixedviT:

qarTvel Tu araqarTvel istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa mi-Cneuli terminebi: kolxeTi, lazika, egrisi (ix., mag., i.anTelava, 1999, gv. 22; r.TofCiSvili, 2002, gv.7; d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.48, 55;, T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003, gv. 45, 63) da iberia - qarTli (iv.javaxiSvi-li, g.meliqiSvili, n.berZeniSvili...); vfiqrobT, maTi gaTanabre-ba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Zveli kolxeTi aRmosavleT saqarTve-los did nawilsac moicavda, lazika erqva romaelTagan dapyro-bil saqarTvelos teritorias, egrisi ki qarTveli mematianeebi-seuli qarTlis nawilia.

termini lazika da, Sesabamisad, lazikis saxelmwifos isto-ria, ZiriTadad, romauli wyaroebis xedviTaa Seqmnili, xolo termini egrisi da misiT aRniSnuli saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis is-toria qarTveluri aRqma-Sefasebis asaxvaa: qarTuli wyaroebi ax.w. VII saukunemde da IX saukunidan egriss erTiani saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xedavs, berZnul-romaul-bizantiuri wyaroebiT ki, lazika iberiaSi ar Sedis...

mivyveT Zvel wyaroebs da Tvali gavadevnoT sazRvrebis sxvadasxvaobas Tu mkvlevarTa uzustobebs:

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi lazebs pirvelad axsenebs miTridates istorikosi memnoni (I s.) Tavis "he-rakles istoriaSi"; memnoni lazTa sacxovrisad mkafiod gansa-zRvravs dioskuriis midamoebs (soxumi-anakofiis regions); aria-nem (95-175) Tavisi TvaliT naxa qalaqi Zveli lazike. mogvianebiT


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am qalaqs nikofsiad moixsenieben (T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.99); aSka-raa, rom welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde lazebi dioskuriis Crdiloe-TiT cxovrobdnen; Sdr.: arianesTan (II s.) lazebi da kolxebi Tana-arseboben: isini sxvadasxva toms warmoadgenen (Zveli berZnebi... 1983, gv.159); ariane Tavis "periplusSi" wers:

"amJamad lazebs uWiravT teritoria Zidritebidan abaskeba-mde"; e.i. daaxloebiT Woroxidan kodoramde (T.yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.23; T.yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100). Sdr., V saukunis "periplusis" anonimi avtori: "Zveli aqeidan Zvel lazikamde da md. aqeuntamde (es ki aris soWidan daaxloebiT 30 km.-iT daSorebuli - T. y.) uwin cxovrobdnen tomebi: henioxebi, koraqsebi, kolikebi, melanxlene-bi, maxelonebi, kolxebi da lazebi, axla ki cxovroben zixebi".

astronomiisa da geografiis fuZemdebeli klavdios ptole-ma~osi (100-178) kolxidas uwodebs teritorias md. koraqsidan (bzifidan) md. fasisamde (rionamde), sadac cxovroben tomebi: lazebi, manralebi da ekriktikis (egrisis) qveynis mcxovrebni; am kolxidis CrdiloeTiT - sarmatiaSi - cxovroben: aqa~ebi, kerkete-bi, henioxebi da suanokolxebi (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.100, 160).

Semdgom periodSi lazebi ufro aqtiurad ixseniebian; termi-ni lazika ukve politikuri erTeulis saxelad zogaddeba, ro-melsac zogjer afxazeTic enacvleba; mag., amiane marceline (IV s.) wers: imperatori valenti "daTanxmda iberiis gayofas ise, rom sa-zRvrad SuaSi md. kirosi (mtkvari) dadebuliyo da savromaks ar-meniisa da lazebis mosazRvre (mxare) rgeboda"; Saburis "mosvliT SeSinebulma papam da aseve kilakem ...scades SeefarebinaT Tavi ma-Ral mTebSi, romlebic Cvenebs [e.i. Cvens miwebs] lazikisagan hyo-fen" (georgika, 1961, gv.90, 128).

agaTangelosi (IV s.): "wminda grigoli... zog [mRvdels] gzav-nida iberTa qveyanaSi (arabuli Targmanis mixedviT georgiaSi), zogs lazTa qveyanaSi (arabulis mixedviT - afxazeTSi; georgika, 1961, gv.71)...

ix., agreTve: priske panioneli (V s.): "mas Semdeg, rodesac romae-lebi mividnen kolxidaSi da omi awarmoes lazebis winaaRmdeg, roma-elTa jari Tavis qveyanaSi gamobrunda..." (georgika, 1961, gv.254).


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Sdr., cota mogvianebiT, iovane sabanisZe (1987, gv.454) afxaze-Tis CrdiloeT sazRvrad miiCnevs nafsas/nikofsias (afsarTa sa-cxovriss; Sdr., p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.121, 211), anu qalaq Zvel lazi-kas, xolo samxreT sazRvrad - trapizons, xaldiis CaTvliT.

nikifore konstantinopolelic (IX s.) lazikis samxreT sa-zRvrad miiCnevs trapezunts; kerZod, irakli keisris laSqrobis aRwerisas is wers: "iraklim scada lazikis gziT SeWriliyo spar-seTSi; rodesac moaRwia trapezuntamde - lazikis sazRvramde, mi-sma colma Sva Ze"; sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom 1042 wels qarTu-lad gadmoRebul am teqstSi lazika Targmnilia samegrelod: "da mo~wia, ra trapezunted sanaxebTa samegrelo~saTa..." (georgika, 1952, gv.207-208; ix., agreTve, p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.214-215).

Sdr.: niketa xoniate (XII s.): bizantiis keisars titulebSi Seaqvs ...lazTa, iberTa, bulgarTa, serbTa... RvTivmmarTveli (ge-orgika, 1966, gv.131)..

uaRresad sayuradReboa agreTve is garemoeba, rom VII-IX sau-kuneTa geografia erTimeorisagan ganarCevs lazivis provincias (rizes mxares) da Wanivis anu xaldiis (xalteTis, trapizonis) provincias. maT Soris sazRvari gadioda ofi-surmenes seqtorSi" (p.ingoroyva, 1957, gv.210). Sdr., agreTve: somxuri usaxelo geog-rafiis mixedviT, VII-IX saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi oTxi mcire qveyana iyo: margvelivi (=margveTi), egreviki (=egrisi), lazivi (=lazeTi) da Wanivi (=WaneTi anu xaldeTi - trapizonis mxare); somexi istorikosisTvis am teritoriis saxelia kolxeTi, anu egri; misi azriT, "es aris qveyana aziasa da mdebareobs pontos zRvidan sarmartiamde, da mdinare drakonidan vidre kavkasiis mTamde da mis Stomde - lixamde, romelic mas hyofs iveriidan" (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.212).

"qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, qoronimi egrisi (megrTa sacxov-risi) odiTganve yoveli qarTlis (anu, sruliad saqarTvelos) erT-erTi ZiriTadi da ganuyofeli mxarea; Sdr., miTridates omebis Semdeg termini lazika berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebad qar-Tul regions aRniSnavs.


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istoriul wyaroSi samgvari egrisi dasturdeba: _ egrosis wili egrisi: lixidan yubanis SesarTavamde da tra-

pizonamde (CaTvliT); _ mefe arCilis samkvidro egrisi sazRvrebiT: egriswyali

(RaliZga), Sorapani, guriis sazRvari, Savi zRva da kavkasionis mTagrexili;

_ qujis anu Sida egrisi: teritoria egriswylidan (RaliZga-dan) - rionamde (qujis saerisTavo svaneTis gamoklebiT). "qarTlis cxovrebis" saTanado adgilis uzusto wakiTxvis gamo, samecniero literaturaSi swored qujis egrisTan mimarTebiT arasworadaa warmodgenili margveTis sazRvrebi; kerZod, yvela xelnaweris mixedviT, teqsti gveubneba:

"erTni gagzavna margvis erisTavad da misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRuadmde, rions zemoT".

iv.javaxiSvilisa da s.yauxCiSvilis mier fraza "rions zemoT" gaazrebul iqna rogorc "rionis zeda weli", Sesabamisad, mxolod zemo imereTi CaiTvala margveTad; saTanadod Casworda "qar-Tlis cxovrebac":

dedniseuli fraza: vidre zRuadmde dausabuTeblad Seicva-la fraziT: vidre zRuradmde egrisisa ("qarTlis cxovreba", 1955, gv.24; SeniSvna).

Cveni azriT, fraza "rions zemoT" niSnavs rionis samxreTiT; Sdr., "qarTlis cxovrebis" am monakveTSi sxva SemTxvevaSic zemoT - qvemoT opozicia gulisxmobs dapiririspirebas: samxreTi - CrdiloeTi; mag., iqve weria: "egris wylis qvemoTma ar isurva gan-dgoma berZenTagan" - igulisxmeba egrosis wili qveynis Crdiloe-Ti nawili - RaliZgas CrdiloeTi mxare vidre yubanis SesarTava-mde; Sdr., Zveli berZeni geografebis Tu istorikos-mogzaurTa teqstebSic zmnisarTebi zemoT, qvemoT analogiuri mniSvnelo-biT gamoiyeneba (Sdr., m.sanaZis dakvirveba mtkvris marcxena da marjvena mxareebis aRsaniSnavad, erTi mxriv, zemo - qvemo, meore mxriv ki - amier - imier opoziciebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb; m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.66, 95-96).


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vfiqrobT, leontis azriT, margveTi moicavda teritorias lixis mTidan Sav zRvamde da rionidan mesxeTis mTebamde (samcxe-aWaramde); Sdr., iv.javaxiSvilis Casworebis gaziarebis SemTxveva-Si, "qarTlis cxovrebis" am periodSi ausaxavi rCeba: guria, baRda-Ti, vani… (msjelobisa da sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix., agreTve: n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.544, SeniSvna; t.futkaraZe, 2002, gv.123;, d.leTodiani, 2003, gv.36-40).

sayuradReboa, rom leonti mrovelis "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrosis wil mxareSi - egrSi/egurSi (imereTSi; q.c. I, gv.331), romelic, amave dros, qarTlis nawilad ganixileba (ix., mag., gv.141), ramdenime saerisTavo Sedis (egrisis ramdenime eris-Tavis Sesaxeb ix., mag., gv.57); kerZod, did egrisSi moiazreba: Sida egrisi (/saegro/odiSi), argueTi (guriac aq igulisxmeba; Sdr., 1080 wels "dResa ivanobisasa asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis pira-mdis, SavSeTi, aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi, samoqalaqo da Wyondidi aRivso TurqiTa" - gv.319), suaneTi (es termini zogjer faravs egriss; ix. gv.27: "egrisi svaneTia"; Sdr., quji - egris-svane-Tis erisTavi), samoqalaqo, afxazeTi ("qveyana egriswyalsa da klisuras Sua"), afSileTi, Takueri (leCxumi), Wyondidi, niga-li (aq megrni cxovroben - gv.377), klarjeTi da sxv. Sdr., "somxuri geografiis" (gv.92-93) mixedviT, kolxeTi (dasavleT saqarTvelos gagebiT), Seicavs oTx qveyanas: manrili, egrevika, lazivi da WaneTi (xaldebis qveyana).

sayuradReboa is, rom did egrisSi leonti adgils ar tovebs sxva eTnikuri (araqarTveluri) jgufebis ZiebisaTvis: leonti mrovels afxazebic egrosianebad miaCnda (p.ingoroyva, 1954, gv.140; Sdr., n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.543, 551, 553). Sdr., qarTlis erisTavis saxeli abaza: ivane abazas Ze; gv.296. arc sxva qarTveli mematianeni miuTiTeben am vrcel regionSi, qarTulis garda, ro-melime sxva enis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

SeniSvna: yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, eWvis qveS dgeba Sua da zemo imereTis teritoriaze navaraudevi marguli metyvelebis


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("Zvelad ufro ena unda yofiliyo"; ak. SaniZe, 1981, gv.443) ara mxo-lod sazRvrebis, aramed, saerTod, arsebobis sakiTxi; miT umetes, -ev-sufiqsiani toponimebi aseve gavrcelebulia aragvisa da qsnis xeobeb-Sic (iqve, gv.440); mag., ak. SaniZe qarTlSi (ivris xeobamde), imereTsa da raWaSic adasturebs saTanado masalas: Zeglevi, alevi, arcevi, ortevi, Rvlevi, bobnevi, ikvnevi, atrevi, avnevi, frinevi, klonevi, avlevi, fle-vi, uwlevi, jablevi… raWaSi: RruSevi, Zeglevi, onWevi, Wibrevi, xeTle-vi, velevi, xotevi… axalcixeSi: woxtevi (ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.440-441).

-ev sufiqsiani toponimebi dasturdeba SavSeT-imerxevSic: devaZevi, valilevi, xoxlevi, (n.cecxlaZe, 2000, gv.65); Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv.443: "-ev sufiqsis gavrcelebis ZiriTad ared SegviZlia CavTvaloT teritoria aragvidan rionis Sua welamde".

-ev- sufiqsi saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli qarTulisa da samwig-nobro qarTulis afiqsTa (krebiToba-warmomavlobisa da daniSnule-bis afiqsebis) cxrilSi logikurad zis; Sdr.:

-av-, -ev-, -iv- -aT-, -eT-, -iT- -ar-, -er- -ir-

-al-, -el-, -il- -an-, -en-, -in- -as-, -es-, -isla-, le-, li- na-, ne-, ni- sa-, se-, si-

vfiqrobT, ara gvaqvs safuZveli, -ev- morfemis mixedviT vivaraudoT marguli enis arseboba; Sesabamisad, gaWirdeba imis Tqma, rom -ev su-fiqsi marguli warmomavlobisaa da Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba dakar-guli aqvs (Sdr., ak.SaniZe, 1981, gv 444).

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, arc erTi (didi Tu mcire) egrisi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar yofila: ZiriTadi nawili yovelTvis Sedioda qarTlis Semadgen-lobaSi, xolo mcire nawili, mag., gare egrisi (teritoria Ra-liZgidan yubanis SesarTavamde) qujidan gorgaslamde periodSi hqondaT berZnebs (bizantielebs). e.i. qarTuli wyaroebi saqar-Tvelos erTian qveynad warmogvidgens, rasac mxars uWers arqeo-logiuri da lingvisturi Ziebebic (ix. qvemoT). arada, bizantiu-ri wyaroebis mixedviT (rasac zogi qarTveli istorikosic mi-hyveba), gamodis, rom, TiTqos, mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-da-


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savleTi saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidan X saukunemde mowyve-tili iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos...

faqtia: berZnul-bizantiuri termini lazika sxvadasxva dros sxva-

dasxva teritorias miemarTeba; es qoronimi iSviaTad Tu emTxveva qarTuli wyaroebis egriss (Sdr., mag., IV da VII saukuneebis viTareba); Sesabamisad, metad saeWvod gamoiyureba terminebis: eg-risisa da lazikis gaigivebis mixedviT istorikosTa mier miRebu-li daskvnebi. amdenad, gadasasinjia am mcdari sinonimurobis mi-xedviT agebuli saistorio msjelobanic; mag., amgvari faqtebis fonze, bunebrivia, metad pirobiTia lazikisa da egrisis mefe-mTavrebis erT rigSi warmodgena; Sdr.: bizantiis mier dapyrobil egrisis nawils (romelsac isini lazikas eZaxdnen) ganagebda impe-riis mier daniSnuli mmarTveli, romelic drodadro, SesaZloa, ar emorCileboda "centrs", xolo, paralelurad, qarTlis nawil egrisis saerisTavos marTavda erisTavi, romelic Tavisi samSob-los - qarTlis - mefis nebayoflobiTi morCili iyo...

sanimuSod ganvixilavT kidev erT magaliTs: cota xnis win gamoqveynda g. grigolias faseuli naSromi: "eg-

ris-lazikis samefos saistorio geografiis problemebi", romel-Sic vkiTxulobT:

"IV saukunis damlevisaTvis TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT saqar-Tvelos gamaerTianeblis rolSi gvevlinebian lazebi, romelTa mier Seqmnil saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egriss uwodeben, xolo berZeni da bizantieli avtorebi lazikis saxeliT ixsenie-ben" (g.grigolia, 1994, gv.8).

aq ramdenime ganmarteba-dazustebaa saWiro: dasavleT saqar-Tvelos egriselni/megrelni aerTianeben; megrelebs ki bizantie-lebi lazebs uwodeben. Sdr.: lazebis saxelmwifos qarTuli wyaroebi egrisad ar ixsenieben (mxolod gviandel qarTul wya-roebSi Cndeba nasesxebi termini lazia); "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, am periodis egrisi qarTlSi Sedis da, rac mTavaria, termini egrisi drois am monakveTSic ver faravs berZnul-bizan-


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tiuri lazikas Sinaarss: lazika qarTlSi ar Semodis, xolo "qar-Tlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egrisi qarTlis erT-erTi regionia.

ra safuZveli gvaqvs, ar vendoT qarTul wyaroebs da metad sa-eWvo (da tendenciur) bizantiur cnobebs daveyrdnoT?

kidev erTi sadavo azri: istorikosTa erTi nawilis azriT, IV saukunis Sua periodSi

egrisis mefea gubaz I; TiTqmis amave periodSi vaxtang gorgasali "ipyrobs" dasavleT saqarTvelos (narkvevebi, II, gv 166-169; n.asaTi-ani, 2001, gv.82-85).

sinamdvileSi, bizantiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gubazi lazi-kis (bizantias daqvemdebarebuli qarTlis nawilis) mefea da ara egrisis im nawilisa, romelic qarTlSi Sedis: qarTvel mematia-neTa cnobebiT, am dros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia egrisic da margveTic (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.146, 185, 243); Sdr., ama-ve wyaros mixedviT, afxazeTidan gadmosuli berZnebi ipyroben egrisis nawils; mogvianebiT, Sida egrisi arCil mefis uSualo samkvidroa da a.S.

romel wyaros unda vendoT: imperiis istorikosisas Tu qarTvelisas? Cveni mematianis cnobebi detaluria da Tanamimdevruli, xo-

lo bizantiuri informaciebi wyvetilia da zogadi; Sdr., agreT-ve: "egrisis istoriis Sesaxeb gubaz pirvelis droidan vidre VI saukunis 20-ian wlebamde araviTari cnobebi ar moipoveba" (narkve-vebi, II, gv.169). SevniSnavT, rom qarTul wyaroebSi am periodis Se-saxeb detaluri informaciebi gvaqvs, bizantiurSi ki - ara.

ufro logikuri xom ar iqneba, lazika yvela etapze ganvmar-toT, rogorc berZen-romaelTagan kontrolirebadi qarTuli te-ritoria (miuxedavad amisa, lazikis mefeebis salaparako ena qar-Tulia; ix. qvemoT), romlis sazRvrebi drodadro izrdeboda Tu mcirdeboda; Sdr.: Tavdapirvelad, lazika iyo erTi qalaqi - Zve-li lazika, Semdeg - egrisis is nawili, romelic ar SemouerTda farnavazis qarTls ("xolo egris wyals quemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu mkvidrTa mis adgilsaTa, ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa";


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qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv.24) da VII saukuneSi - mTeli dasavleTi da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo.

SeniSvna: am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa m.sanaZis msjeloba gugarqTan dakavSirebiT: gugarqi qarTlis sinonimia somxurSi; araiSviaTad, gugarqi moicavda mxolod im teritorias, romelic ama Tu im epoqaSi somxeTis mier qarTlis samefosgan iyo CamoWrili (m.sanaZe, 2001, gv.68, 92).

sagangebo msjelobas iTxovs kolxeTisa da iberiis parale-lurad arsebobis saTuo sakiTxic:

dRes farTod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, Zv.w. VI saukuni-dan vidre daviT kurapalatamde (ax. w. X s.) gverdigverd arsebob-da ori qarTuli saxelmwifo: kolxeTi da iberia, anu SedarebiT gviandeli egris-lazika da qarTli-iberia; ix., mag., saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I, gv.422; Sdr., am mxriv, iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens mitropoliti anania jafariZe (ix. a.jafariZe, 1996, gv.86-114). Sesabamisad, XX saukunis istorikosTa yvela Taobis mier arasworadaa gaTanabrebuli, erTi mxriv: kolxeTi, lazi-ka, egrisi da, meore mxriv: qarTli, iberia; yovel am termins Ta-visi gamoyenebis are aqvs da maTi sinonimebad gamocxadeba kvlevis Sedegebs araadekvaturad warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSic mivyveT konkretul magaliTs:

1970 wels gamoqveynebuli "saqarTvelos istoriis narkveve-bis" I tomis VIII Tavis saTauria: "kolxeTi Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneeb-Si", xolo IX Tavia "qarTli (iberia) Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi"; Sdr., agreTve, d.musxeliSvili, 2002, gv.15: "Zv.w. IV saukuneSi Camo-yalibda aRmosavleTqarTuli samefo qarTli (iberia)" da sxv.

romeli utyuari wyaroebiT mtkicdeba, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleu-lis meore naxevarSi qarTvelTa ori damoukidebeli saxelmwifo arsebobda?

am periodis arc erTi ucxouri wyaro qarTvelTa qveyanas or saxelmwifod ar warmoadgens; rogorc wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, sa-qarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi qar-TvelTa mravali tomi Cans; berZnul-asiriul-urartuli da qar-


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Tuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi didi saxelmwifos arsebobac Se-iZleba davuSvaT, rasac daadasturebs erTiani arqeologiuri kulturac (ix. qvemoT); Sdr., agreTve, a. uruSaZe, 1964, gv.6: "Tav-dapirvelad berZnebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gu-lisxmobdnen"; Sdr.: Zveli wyaroebis kargi mcodne g.meliqiSvili (narkvevebis I tomis redaqtori da mTavari avtori) gviandeli berZnul-bizantiuri tradiciis mixedviT, kolxida-lazikas qarTl-iberiisgan mowyvetiT ganixilavs; arada: qarTveli mematia-neni kargad icnoben ucxour literaturas, terminologias, maTe-ul xedvebs, magram qarTveli eris istorias qarTul cnobiereba-Si CamoZerwili terminologiiTa da xedva-aRqmiT ageben. danam-dvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTvel JamTaaRmwerTa xedva ufro obieqturia (adreul qarTlSi ganixileba egrisic) vidre berZnebisa, romael-bizantielebisa Tu armenebisa; kerZod:

ris safuZvelze keTdeba daskvna, rom Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi kolxeTisgan damoukideblad arsebobda iberia?

SeniSvna: istorikosTa mier sinonimebadaa miCneuli qoronimebi qar-Tli da iberia; arc am terminTa gaigivebaa SesaZlebeli: Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi qarTli sruliad saqarTvelos (SavizRvispireTs md. yuba-nis SesarTavidan trapizonamde da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xunana-mde) moicavda, ucxouri iberia ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRsaniS-navad damkvidrda mxolod Zv.w. II saukunidan.

iberias ar axseneben hekata~os mileteli, qsenofonte, hero-dote, fsevdo-skilaqsi, platoni, aristotele, apolonios ro-doseli...

terminebi: kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberebi (Sdr., pirineis iberebi) pirvelad Cndeba Zv.w. IV-II saukuneebis avto-rebTan: megasTenesTan, TeofrastosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v.vaSakiZe, 1993, gv.61). ufro gviandel cnobebSi kolxida iberi-aSicaa moazrebuli; mag., plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanelebi da iberebi arian: iberebi binadroben dasavle-TiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof) mTebTan da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavleTiT, kaspiis zRvas-


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Tan (iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.18). svanebisa da aRmosavleTis iberebis igiveobis Sesaxeb msjeloba ix., zemoT, gv.144.

vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT, "iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdebareobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator traianes (98-117) dros mqa-dagebeli papi wm. klementis (papobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT mii-Ro... rac Seexeba qvemo iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kas-piis zRvis axlos cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba impe-rator konstantines dros miiRes (i.tabaRua, 1984, gv.171).

romauli wyaroebis iberia mxolod aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos (lazika - dasavleT saqarTvelo) teritoriiT ifargleba e.w. miTridates omebis periodSi; es bunebrivicaa, vinaidan, qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviTac, II-I saukuneebSi qar-TvelTa saxelmwifo dasustebulia: misi teritoriebis nawili romma daipyro, nawili - armeniam; miTridate evpatoris pontos samefoc qarTveluri tomebiTa da teritoriebiT iyo Zlevamo-sili.

Sdr., leonti mrovelis mixedviT, farnavazisa Tu gorgaslis qarTli moicavda: Woroxis, mtkvris zemowelis, liaxvis, rionis, enguris, kodoris, bzifis xeobebs; TiTqmis amave teritorias moi-cavs kolxuri arqeologiuri kulturac, e.i. aietis aia-kolxac; Sdr., s.janaSia, 1942, gv.728: strabonisa da pliniusis cnobebiT, tigran II dros teritoriebdakarguli iberiis samefo moicavs teritorias mtkvris saTaveebidan (kola-artaani) taos CaTvliT da Woroxis xeobis nawils.

vfiqrobT, Zveli kolxeTi (kolxur-yobanuri arqeologiu-ri kulturis veli) ufro sruliad qarTlis sinonimad Se-gviZlia miviCnioT, vidre lazikisa an egrisisa. rac Seexeba la-zika-iberiis mimarTebas:

lazika da iberia romaul-bizantiur wyaroebSi qarTuli sa-xelmwifoebis aRmniSvnel terminebad mkvidrdeba welTaRricxva-Ta mijnidan, maSin, roca dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTve-loSi romaelebi batondebian da, Tavdapirvelad maTive xelSe-


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wyobiT, sruliad qarTlis dasustebis mizniT, iqmneba pontosa da lazikis samefoebi (Semdgom pontoc romis mtrad iqca). spar-selebis politikur velSi darCenili qarTuli saxelmwifos nawi-li iberiis saxeliT damkvidrda.

lazikasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad sarapaniss (Sorapans) pirvelad uTiTebs straboni (Sdr., iv.javaxiSvili, 1908, gv.43-44); kolxidasa da iberias Soris sazRvrad lixis qeds debs ax.w. II sau-kunis moRvawe klavdios ptolemaiosi (n.lomouri, 1955, gv.44-46). es cnobebi sulac ar iZleva raime safuZvels, rom Zv.w. II-I da ax. w. I-II saukuneebis viTareba ganvazogadoT ufro adreul Tu gviandel periodebze; Sesabamisad, kolxeTi da iberia, an qar-Tli da egrisi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad warmovidginoT Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebSi Tu gorgaslis dros. miT umetes, rom ara-feri vTqvaT adreuli periodis berZnul wyaroebze, strabonis cnobebic ki metad winaaRmdegobrivia (kritikisaTvis ix., mag., iv.javaxiSvili, 1950, gv.22). am fonze miT ufro gasakviria, rom iv.javaxiSvilidan moyolebuli dRemde, qarTveli istorikosebi met ndobas iCenen ucxouri cnobebis mimarT da ufro mwyobri qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT ar ageben qarTveli eris istoriul qargas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ufro meti argumenti aqvs mosazrebas, rom azon-quj-farnavazis droSi (da ufro adrec) erTiani kulturul-saxelmwifoebrivi velia amJamindel dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic da, gacilebiT masStabur, samxreT saqarTvelSic (sadac, savaraudoa, qarTvelebs mcxeTaze adrindeli dedaqalaqic hqondaT).

sinanuliT aRvniSnavT, rom iv.javaxiSvilis sabWoTa periodamdeli gamokvlevebi eZRvneboda samxreT amierkavkasiasa da anatoliaSi mcxovreb qarTvelur tomTa istorias (albaT, didma istorikosma amitomac daarqva Tavis fundamentalur Sro-mas "qarTveli eris istoria" da ara - "saqarTvelos istoria"), Tumca mogvianebiT Seqmnil istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi nakle-bad aisaxeboda xolme qarTvelTa es Zveli istoria; metic, zog av-torTan oqros xanamde saqarTvelo erTian saxelmwifod arc iT-


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vleba... arada, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua periodSi iberiisa da kolxeTis cal-calke warmodgenam bevr seriozul Secdomas dau-do dasabami, Tundac imas, rom, mavanTa azriT, arasodes arsebula qarTvelTa erTiani saxelmwifo...

Cven ara gvaqvs istoriografiis dargSi kvlevis pretenzia; Tumca, vfiqrobT, SedarebiT obieqturi istoria qarTveli eri-sa jer kidev dasaweria. wignis am nawilSi (1.2; 1.3.) Cveni mizani iyo gveCvenebina:

winaistoriul da adreistoriul periodebSi kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi aTeulobiT qarTveluri tomi arsebobda (da ara mxolod sami!); am qarTvelur tomTa konsolidaciiT drodadro ikvreboda didi qarTveluri saxelmwifoebi, sadac iqmneboda didi saerToqarTveluri kulturuli faseulobani...

ZiriTadi debulebebi

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kartvelta agmnishvneli saxelebi

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