kathmandu forestry college · different income generation activities. a good participation for...

Kathmandu Forestry College Koteshwor, Kathmandu Nepal

Email: [email protected]

Abstract Compilation of Project Work of Bsc

Forestry Student

Batch 1st -9th

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Abbreviations

1. BZCF: Buffer Zone Community Forest

2. CFUG:Community Forest User Group

3. CF: Community Forest

4. CNP: Chitwan National Park

5. DFO: District Forest Office

6. GIS: Geographic Information System

7. KCA: Kanchenjunga Conservation Area

8. NTFP: Non Timber Forest Product

9. PES: Payment for Ecosysytem Services

10. RS: Remote Sensing

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Batch 1 (2062BS)

1. Prospects of Promoting NTFPs for Livelihood Improvement :A case Study of

Habeli Community Forest in Kaule Village, Nuwakot, Nepal

Researcher: Biraj Pyakurel

Supervisor: Bishnu Hari Pandit

This research entitled “Prospects of promoting NTFPs for Livelihood

Improvement” was carried out in Habeli C F, Kaule with the specific objectives of

assessing the status of NTFPs in the study area, studying the local people’s

knowledge about NTFPs , their attitude towards collection and domestication,

assessing the role of NTFPs to household economy and existing market system of

NTFPs. Altogether 30 households were sampled to carry out the research and

the information regarding biophysical and socio economic conditions, perception

towards NTFPs and its domestication were collected through various PRA and

RRA tools like Household Survey, Group Discussion and Key Informant Survey

(KIS). Secondary data were collected from DFO Nuwakot, Kakani Range Post and

libraries of various institutions. The quantitative data were analyzed by using

appropriate statistical tools i.e. percentage, mean, etc. and summarized

accordingly. The quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive measures and

presented in form of charts, figures and tables.

People were generally familiar with the NTFPs and its importance and are slowly

heading towards NTFPs domestication although on a small scale. The

respondents have been utilizing their agriculture land to grow NTFPs like

Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis and other species like Dendrocalamus

strictus and Arundinaria intermedia that are grown naturally on the farmlands

and are also willing to domesticate more NTFPs having higher market value such

as Swertia chirayita in the upcoming days. At recent days, these naturally grown

NTFPs are being utilized and marketed smoothly from where people are fulfilling

some portions of their basic needs. Altogether 34 NTFPs of 28 different families

have been documented in the study area where most of them are in their wild

stage. The CF has the immense opportunity of promoting NTFPs in future which

is at the rapid conservation stage right now. The geographical and climatic

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condition is also favorable to grow NTFPs that may lead towards the initiation of

forest based small scale enterprises that can eventually generate employment

and income. NTFPs promotion has become essential in all parts of the country so

research on this subject matter can create a milestone in the economic

upliftment of the country. The future research on promotion of NTFPs, local

manufacturing of NTFPs, distribution ecology and responsibilities biology of

NTFPs also has the great responsibilities.

2. Impact of Sub-Group on Participation and Livelihood Improvement of Poor and

Women: A Case Study of Dharedhunga and Jhingan Sub Groups

Researcher: Babu Ram Pokhrel Supervisor: Bishnu Hari Pandit The study entitled “Impact of Sub-Group on Participation and Lvelihood

Improvement of Poor and Women”- A case study Dharedhunga and Jingan sub-

groups of Shankhadevi CFUG, Dholakha was conducted to fulfill the objevtive of

analyzing the impact of sub-group model for participation and Livelihood

Improvement of Poor and Women. The study is descriptive in nature. Out of the

twenty-two- sub-groups in the district, 10% of sampling intensity was conceded.

For the primary data collection, household interviews, key informants interview,

direct observation, sub-group meeting and group discussion were used. Data

were analyzed using simple statistical tools. Secondary data were collected

mainly from the CFUGs records, ANSAB support programme. About 10 ha of

community forest land has allocated to each sub-groups. The sub-groups have 45

households comprising of all from ethnic community. Potato farming, domestic

alcohol production, retail shop and labour work for construction are the major

occupations of these households. The educational status for higher education

was found poor. The sub-group representation of women and men were 89%

and 11% respectively. Study reveals that one-third of the sub-group members

are of identified poor households. These poor were selected simply from the

general assembly as many GFUGs select using well being ranking method. The

positive impact of sub-group is seen as the plantation of Argeli (Edgeworthia

gardenerii) with a good stock of approx. 225 kg per ha (dry weight). They have

mobilized their micro-saving fund of Rs 38, 445/- three times in a year for

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different income generation activities. A good participation for general assembly

and sub-group meeting from women and poor, well inclusiveness of poor and

women in sub-groups, the decrease in the demand of fuelwood by 29%,

availability of leaflitter in allocated land are the major findings of the study.

Overall conclusion shows that the impact of sub-group model for participation

and livelihood improvement of poor and women is very constructive and

encouraging so that it can influence a wide range of community forestry

programme in Nepal.

Keywords: Sub-group, poor, income generation, micro-saving fund.

3. Economic Impact of Ecotourism in Protected Areas: A Case Study of Chitwan

National Park, Nepal

Researcher: Bharat Gotame

Supervisor: Shiv Raj Bhatta

Nepalese Protected Area (PAs) has over 3 decade long history of conservation

and management. Oppurtunities and challenges are issuing with this era of

paradigm shift in protected area management. Ecotourism, an up-to-the-minute

program in most Pas of Nepal can potentially open up new vistas when it comes

to economic harmony for stakeholders and park authority.Among three major

types of economic impacts, direct, indirect and induced: this study focused on

direct and indirect impacts including economic inequalityassessment and fiscal

impact analysis was carried out with the budget of PAs and revenue. The he

need to identify the economic impacts of ecotourism in PA is important to

assess the local economic benefit and sustainable development of protected

areas. I his study was carried out in Chitwan National Park (CNP) of Nepal. The

objective of the study was to identify the contribution of ecotourism in local

economy and trend of tourist flow in CNP for a decade. Household survey,

Business stakeholder survey and informal discussion were applied for data

collection, which were further probed by information from secondary sources

and direct observation. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 and MS-excel.

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The study revealed that variability in income and expenditure due to earning

from ecotourism is significant. The lack of equal distribution of economic

investment in all entrance points tends to bring different perception to people.

Increasing economic inequality, effect on pollution and biodiversity, increase in

commodity price were major indirect economic impacts to local people. Major

beneficiaries of ecotourism were businessman and they didn't have remarkable

contribution to conservation. There was significant difference between

indigenous and immigrated people in terms of their engagement in the tourism

business. The study also revealed significant role of tourist expenditure in

tourist's level of satisfaction. Increase in services and facilities in tourism

potential areas can provide higher level of level of experience and also

increased with demand of more recreation in nature. There was unpredictable

pattern of tourist flow in CNP and the trend of revenue generation in PA due to

tourism was found increasing, but no relation was found between revenue

generation and budget allocation by PAs.

Keywords: Economic. Impacts, Ecotourism, Protected Area, Local Economy

4. Local Understanding of the Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and

Adaptation Practices- A case Study of Ghunsapatal CFUG, Dolakha, Nepal.

Researcher: Dipak Bishwokarma

Supervisor: Ngamindra Dahal

Climate change has posed the biggest threat to human civilization, thus,

emerged as the top global agenda of this century. Ever growing mean

temperature of earth triggered by the persistent increase of greenhouse gases

(GHGs) particularly, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chloroflouro

carbons are the main attributing factors for increase in surface temperature of

the earth. Scientific studies have gathered enough evidences about the causes

behind the increase of GHGs. Further, they have concluded that the increases

are not part of earth’s natural processes but manmade. Ever growing

dependency of industrialized nations on fossil fuel for energy needs and

unsustainable lifestyle has been identified as the key reason behind the

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pollution of GHGs. Though the globalshare of greenhouse gas emission of the

developing countries like Nepal is highly exposed to its vulnerability and lacks

enough capacity to face the change challenges. The temperature of Nepal

isincreasing by 0.6oC per decade, making it one of the global climate change

hotspot. Fast melting glacliers, changing weather patterns, particularly the

characterstics of rains and shifting vegetation line are some of the common

examples of climate change impacts. Forest and biodiversity, agriculture and

water resources are the most vulnerable sectors of climate change impact.

These sectors are linked directly to the livelihood of local people and hence

human livelihood is in stake due to climate change.

The Himalayan region is the source of 10 major rivers of Asia and also known as

'Water Tower' on which depend millions of population. Because of steady rise of

temperature, glacier retreat is the most serious and widely acknowledged

impact on the Himalayas. However, there is a serious gap in the knowledge of

the short and long run implications of the impact of climate change on water

resources and livelihoods of the mountain communities in the Himalayas.

Though it is widely acknowledged that the poor and dependent on natural

resources will suffer the most from climate change, impacts of climate change

on small farm holding households in the rural Nepal who depend on rain-fed

spring sources for meeting their daily water needs, and small streams for

irrigation are rarely documented. This research has attempted to gather the

local perceptions and field survey based knowledge to identify the actual impact

of climate change on water resources and local peoples' livelihood, which

ultimately support on the further research. The case study has been done in

Dolakha, a midhill district of eastern Nepal.

Dolakha district is one high Himalayan settlement of Nepal. As a representative

community of the district, community of Simigaoun, which is managing

Ghunsapatal Community Forest, was selected for its typical geographical

location and comparatively higher elevation where climate change is more

pronounced. . Based on primary survey data, information received from key

informants and hydro-meteorological data of the reason, findings and

conclusions have been increased About 75 % of the respondents believe that

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climate is changing. They used ncreased number and intensity of warmer days,

dry months, higher frequency of droughts and intense rains and depleting snow

cover from the mountain they see from the village as indicators of the climate

change.

The metrological data of 30 years period from Jiri also support the local

perceptions. The station recorded 0.59 degree Celsious increase in temperature

between 1977and 2007.

Change in rain/snowfall patterns, drying of water holes and wetlands are

reported from most of the settlements within and beyond the study area. The

main impacts include increased stresses on agriculture-based livelihoods as the

farmers find the crop productivity has declined for more than one reason.

Uncertain rains, frequent attack of pest disease and intense rains/hailstorms are

the most common elements. The local adaptation practices were very limited

mainly due to lack of awareness and capacity to respond. No more community

based adaptation strategies in place. Launching of general public awareness

program on climate change impacts and adaptation technique would be the

best approach to support the local community.

5. Contribution of Community Based Forest Enterprise in Livelihood- A Case

Study from Everest Gateways Herbs Private Limited, Jiri, Dolakha

Researcher: Ganesh K. Bishwokarma

Supervisor: Ram Parsad Acharya

The Research study entitled "Role of Community Based Forest Enterprises and

Contribution in Livelihoods- was conducted in cluster CFUGs area of Everest

Gateway Herbs Pvt.Ltd. Jiri,Dolakha district with the objective of exploring of

involvement of identified poor in the employment in the company, benefits

sharing mechanism of the company between different stakeholders, and

possible role of community based forest based enterprises in livelihoods

upliftment and to recommend some possible measures of improving community

based enterprises. To achieve the research objectives 30 percent purposive

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sampling of the total number of concerned users on EGHPL were taken for the

purpose of find out the contribution of forest based enterprises on livelihoods

of forest dependent people. Both primary and secondary data were coded and

refined. Then data were entered in the computer for analysis. The quantitative

data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical tools like i.e. percentage,

mean, and presentation was displayed through table, graph, and chart. The

qualitative data were presented in descriptive ways.

The result showed that the people involved in EGHPL have generating good

supplementary income for livelihood. Hence ,it can be concluded that such

noble acts has great potential for income generation at local level, which can

increase the additional income of involved users and finally support their

livelihood as well as encourage to develop other community based forest

enterprises. In addition due consideration in marketing of the product is highly

recommended.

6. Status of Good Governance in Buffer Zone Management- A Case Study in

Shree Ramnagar User Committee, Bardia National Park, Nepal

Researcher: Kumar Bahadur Darjee

Supervisor: Shiva Raj Bhatta

This thesis entitled "Status of Good Governance in Buffer Zone Management"

seeks to assess the governance situation in the user group. It reviews, to some

extent, the buffer zone management programmes in Bardia NP and assesses the

situations of governance. The buffer zone management concept in Nepal has

been implemented for more than a decade. The concept is widely accepted by

local people and implementation has spread rapidly covering 11 of the 13 NPs

and WRs. Various studies have pointed the shortcomings of the buffer zone

management in relation to Good Governance. It is a burning issue for recent

years. With a view to find out the status of governance in Shree Ramnagar user

committee, this study has focused on governance within User Committee (UC)

in major governance dimensions: Decision Making Process, Participation,

Transparency, Rule of law, Accountability, Responsiveness, Equity and

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Efficiency, and Effectiveness. Mainly the household survey, key informants'

interview and interest group discussion were used in collecting data. Both

primary and secondary data were analyzed with the help of simple statistical

tools by using Ms Excel. The finding CF the study has shown that the UC

demonstrates no strong position of governance. The ratio of men and women

participation was very good, but there was passiveness of majority of users in

the discussion. In the decision making process, participation of all members was

very low. Agendas were found to be passed mostly by chairperson. Users had

perceived that the existing transparency situation was not enough. Majority of

the users were unaware about fund details and decisions made on the available

funds. There was compliance of rules however; legally prohibited activities had

been equally done. Situation of program implementation according to planning

was very low. Committee members were more accountable to marginalized

segments than that of general members. Remarkable participation of users was

perceived in the activities of protecting wildlife. The responsibilities of

committee member were not satisfactory. To some extent, attention to the

demand of marginalized segments was seen, but programwas not designed as

to the desires of target groups. Users are getting forest products; however,

some time it takes longer time to get forest products. Similarly, available

resources (financial and natural) are being used but its wise use should be

enhanced. The overall status of different elements or good governance in BZ

management was not satisfactory.

Key words: Buffer Zone, Conservation, Governance, Protected Areas

7. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Ethno Botanical Uses in Dolakha District,

Central Nepal Himalayas

Researcher: Lalit Kumar Dangol


Historically plants used in traditional medicine by the indigenous population

across the world have produced some of the most useful modern

pharmaceuticals. The science of Ethno botany has recently received much

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attention in certain part of the world, particularly in developing countries like

Nepal. It is the present requirement to prepare a people centered implementing

strategy of MAPs management and development, which is not possible without

the prior information of indigenous knowledge and ethno botanical studies of

rural areas. Hence this study aims to assess the ethno botanical use of Medicinal

and Aromatic Plants in the study area. The research was based on explorative

and descriptive endeavors. Primary and secondary data were collected by using

different RRA and PRA tools like focused group discussion, semi-structured

interview, key-informant survey (KIS), field observation, Transect walks, and

review of documents. Twenty-three (23) households from Kalo Bhir Community

Forest and 30 households from Suspa Chhemawati Community Forest were

selected randomly taking into considerations about ethnicity, well-being and

Education status. Both biophysical and socioeconomic data were collected.

Secondary data were collected from operation plan of CF, DFO, IUCN, ICIMOD

and other websites. Qualitative data were analyzed through descriptive method

and tabular presentations while quantitative data were analyzed through pie

chart, bar diagram by using the software MS excel.

Fifty-eight (58) species of MAPs are recorded from the study area, and the

ethno botanical uses of them are documented by using knowledge of the local

healers' and from different secondary information. The MAPs has played a

crucial role in the day to day life of the local people as it not only provided

medicinal treatment but also serves in the economic sustainability. Due to the

lack of infrastructure, illiteracy, poverty people are dependent upon MAPs and

Local Medicinal practitioners. This study also assesses the perceptions of

localpeople towards MAPs and Local Medicinal practitioners. The Findings will

help local community for developing better strategy to gain more benefits

fromMAPs. It also helps other agencies like NGOs INGOs,government develop

plans and policies to apply and recommend forpromoting the indigenous use of

MAPs.

8. An Assessment of Plummeting Population of Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in

Nepal- A Case Study in Rapti and Narayani Rivers of Chitwan National Park

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Researcher: Madhav Khadka

Supervisor: Narendra M. B. Pradhan

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is both taxonomically and structurally unique.

Gharial, biological treasure of the Indian subcontinent now restricts its

existencein few big river and systems of India andNepal only. Innumerable

threats posed to Gharial and its natural habitat led to extinction of the species

from Bhutan, Burma and Pakistan and almost extinct from Bangladesh.Despite

of the concerted Gharial conservation effort of Nepal and India since mid-

twentiethcentury, the species finds its status as critically endangered on the

TUCN 2007 Red list. Realizing the fact that a basic step in any conservation plan

involving mega herpetofauna is to estimate its population status and structure

and its geographic distribution, I undertook this study in collaboration with and

generous financial support from Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF),

WWF Nepal Program and National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC).

The general objective of the study was to assess the habitat use pattern of

released Gharials and identify the factors responsible for its decline and the

specific objective were to document and map the potential habitat in Narayani

and Rapti Rivers, study hot dry season habitat preference of released Gharials

and Identify the factors responsible for declining Gharials population. This study

relied on both primary and secondary information. Primary data basically

constituted data on locations of the released Gharials collected through the

regular monitoring by radio transmitter. Simultaneously, human activities in and

around the Gharial locations were documented to detect and analyze threats to

these animal. In addition to this, Social survey was carried out in four Buffer

Zone User Committees in proximity to the River to assess people’s perception

regarding the Gharial and its conservation.Both quantitative and qualitative

methods were used for the data analysis.

The length and area of Rapti and Narayani River was calculated by using ArcGis

9.0. The total aerial length of potential Gharial habitat was found 131.52km.

88.06 km habitat length was categorized as highly disturbed, 11.56km as

moderately disturbed and 31.9km river length was caregorized as least

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distributed habitat. In hot dry season, released Gharial preferred less distributed

areas and they randomly used moderately disturbed areas while they avoided

the highly disturbed areas (P<0.05).

Factors responsible for decreasing Gharial population were flood and dam

construction, habitat destruction and decline in food quality &quantity. Over

fishing, use of use of gill nets and River poisoning adversely affected the quality

and quantity of fishes. The study also revealed that there was increasing

awareness among local community regarding Gharial conservation.

Key words: crocodiles, Gharial, Gavialis gangeticus, habitat preference, habitat,

habitat distribution

9. Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Option for

Sustainable Livelihood- A Case Study of Baglung municipality, Nepal

Researcher: Pratigya Silwal

Supervisor: Nawa Raj Khatiwada

Climate change is now a scientifically established fact. Ongoing climate

variability and change are projected to impact a variety of sectors in Nepal.

Various studies have shoe n that the impacts of climate change are evident on

forests, water resources, agriculture and other sectors in Nepal. The effects of

climate change are expected to affect livelihoods, assets, infrastructure,

environmental resources and economic growth. It can be said that the

vulnerabilities of climate change at local level is realized more severe, therefore

there is a need for adaptive strategies.

The present study was conducted in Baglung district with the objective of

assessing the vulnerability of people to climate change and also the adaptation

strategy. Household interview with questionnaire format, key informant's

survey, focused group discussion withchecklists; direct observation and informal

discussion were used to collect the primary data whereas secondary data were

collected from different published and unpublished literatures. Data are

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analyzed using SPSS (version 11.5) and information is presented in tables,

percentage, mean, and graphs accordingly.

Majority of the people in Baglung Municipality were found to be dependent on

agriculture and this sector has adversely been affected by the climatic

variability. Landslide and soil erosion were found to have taken away the land

itself or the top fertile soil leaving an unproductive land, as a result there was a

decline in agricultural production. Drought and desertification were seen to be

spreading. The people there were found to be less aware of causes and future

possible impact of climate change. The adaptive measures developed by

knowing the climate change issues were not implemented in the study area.The

study, discovered that the poor people were more vulnerable to climate change

due to their limited assets of- livelihood. They were also dependent upon the

environment and the direct use of natural resources and therefore were

affected when their access to natural resource were denied.

10. Contribution of Community Forstery on the Livelihood on Poor People and Disadvantaged Group Researcher: Pramila Neupane


The aim of this research is to gain insight and explore the contribution of

community forestry to the livelihood of poor people and disadvantaged groups.

Community Forestry has become a keyword in Nepal's forest management policy

and practice since 1976. This program has brought all stakeholders together with

their contribution to develop livelihoods improved livelihoods through

sustainable forest management of forest resources but also creation of

democratic institutions at the local level and an attempt to livelihood

improvement on poor and DAGs after benefiting them from maximum supply of

CF products. This research entitled "Contribution of Community forestry to the

livelihood of poor people and DAGs." (A case study was complete from

Jhyalungtar CF of Lalitpur).

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Household survey, focus group discussion, key informant interviews and direct

observation were adopted for primary data collection. Data related to the use of

forest products, household income from various sources, household inputs and

contribution in CF activities were collected from personal Interviews using pre —

designed and tested questionnaire; Other data related to income of CFUG

gathered from various sources, Like Expenditure of CFUG fund and status of

participation of users in group activities were collected from interview with

committee members. Secondary data were gathered from concerned DFO staffs,

Office records, CFUG operation plan and constitution, minutes and financial

records of CFUG, and other related journals and relevant websites. The collected

data were analyzed by using simple statistical tools and presented in various

figures such as pie chart, and bar diagram. This study revealed that CF has been

facing many challenges in benefit sharing and resource allocation process among

users and stakeholders. In particular, pro-poor support activities through derived

resources are very insignificant. Majority benefits such as timber, fuel wood and

other community funds were more enjoyed by upper wealthier than poor and

minority users. Similarly, poor and disadvantaged user's participation in the

decision process of the community forestry in planning and implementing

activities was found negligible.

11. Forest Cover and Land Use Change in Laljhadi Corridor, Kanchanpur, Nepal

Researcher: Raja Ram Aryal

Supervisor: Him lal Shrestha

Land cover change detection and updating a land cover map is a prerequisite to

understand the land cover change dynamics and for the sustainable

management of natural resources. Landscape level conservation is a new

paradigm in conservation arena crafted to address the issueof expanding human

needs and their it pressure on the ecosystem. In this initiation, conservation is

extended beyond the boundary of protected area to cover larger landscape of

different if use patterns. Corridors maintain vital ecological or environmental

linkages between landscapes. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information

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System (GIS) technology have emerged as important tools in recent time for

monitoring and management ofnatural resources including conservation areas.

The study was carried out in Laljhadi corridor of Kanchanpur district with the

main objective of assessing forest cover and land use change since 1970's using

remote sensing and GIS-Multi temporal remotely sensed data from Landsat

sensors (MSS of 1977, TM of 1990, 1999 and 2010) was extracted and

interpreted with aid of image processing software ERDAS Imagine 9.2 by

applying supervised classification technique with maximum likelihood

algorithm. These GPS locations, topographic maps, aerial photo and rapid eye

image served as the basis for signature assignment. These classified images

were exported to Arc GIS 9.2 for spatial analysis. Classification accuracy was

assessed using overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient.

The change in forest cover and land use was detected using Percentual

comparison approach. The forest cover and land use map of the 1977, 1990,

1999 and 2010 was prepared. The change analysis showed that forest cover was

decreasing in alarming rate. The study was provided information about the

trend of the land use and forest cover change which can be very helpful in

devising necessary action plans and initiatives. The changes between the 1977-

1990, 1990-1999 and 1999-2010 in forest cover, water body and other land use

were decrease by 4.87%, increased by 2.37 %, and increased by 14.56%,

decreased 2.S7%, decreased 4.78 and increased 9.32% and decrease by 11.32%,

increase by 17.69% and increase by 19.53% respectively. Some checklist were

developed and asked with the people inhibiting the study area for people's

perception. Land use and forest cover change and the localknowledge about

cover changes will help as a cornerstone to prepare action fot diversity

conservation of the corridor. It is highly recommended that some protection

measures must be applied to check further decreasing of forest cover.

12. Effectiveness of Community Based Anti-Poaching Operation- A Case Study

from Eastern Part of Chitwan National Park

Researcher: Sudeep Paudyal


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Study entitled "Effectiveness of comunity based anti-poaching operation

(CBAPOs)" was carried out in eastern part of Chitwan National Park, in order to

assess effectiveness of CBAPO, attitude of local people towards anti-poaching

and explore existing management actions being taken to minimize illegal

activities.Primary data were collected through direct field observation, key

informant interview, focus group discussion and questionnaire survey.

Secondary data were collected through published or unpublished journal, report

articles and authorized website. Collected data were analyzed quantitatively

and qualitatively and presented in descriptive form through computer software

SPSS and MS-Excel.

The study revealed that CBAPO has helped to increase conservation awareness

among its members and general public. The regular activities of CBAPO include

patrolling, surveillance and information gathering against illegal activities, and

raising awareness about the importance of biodiversity, floras and faunas

through street shows, cultural programs etc. Most important source of funding

is TAL (WWF), Park, NTNC and bufferzone management committee. Financial

management is average showing there is opportunity for further improvement

as responded by 42% respondent from Janakouli and 45% from Baghmara BZCF.

CBAPOs are getting technical and financial support from the various

organizations mentioned above. Thus it is concluded that if these support are

not provided to CBAPO it is and will be difficult to sustain financially and

institutionally further. Attitude of the people towards the conservation of the

biodiversity, awareness and training was very positive due to developed sense

of respect and pride. Being voluntary, frequency of patrolling is good though it

take place only twice a month and according to requirement. For making the

CBAPO more effective, trainings, conservation, awareness and cultural

programs should be conducted as required which will enhance in the

conservation of endangered species and flora and fauna. Benefit perceived

being a member of CBAPO is conservation of their forest and biodiversity which

is known from the 62% respondent from Janakouli and 50% from Baghmara

BZCF. Most effective way of program enhancing knowledge and skill for

conservation is cultural programs on feast and festivals (awareness program

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about the protection of wild flora and fauna through songs, plays etc.).

Membership in CBAPO is also increasing due to awareness, conservation

motives and developed sense of responsibility. The members of CBAPO are

voluntarily contributing their time, efforts and resources on forest and wildlife

conservation. Thus the study explores that the awareness raising activities and

trainings related to anti-poaching should be launched frequently and the

patrolling activities should have a strategic move to reduce poaching and illegal

activities in and around CNP.

Key words: Poaching, anti-poaching, illegal trade, wildlife, Conservation

13. Current Status and Habitat Mapping of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifilia

D.Don) in Rara National Park and Buffer Zone

Researcher: Santosh Humagain

Supervisor: Youba raj Pokharel

This study was carried out to estimate the current status of Seabuckthorn

(Hippophae salicifolia) and to map out its area in the Rara National Park and its

Buffer Zone. The study was carried out from Bhadra 2066 B.S to Ashok 2066 B.S.

Random sampling method was used to calculate the stock of Seabuckthorn

forest and GPS was used to map out its prime distribution area. A formal and

informal interview with key informants was also carried out to know the trends,

uses and distribution pattern of the species.

The whole study area was divided into four strata after the consultation with

the staff of RNP along with the localpeople .One stratum was in Jumla district

and left three strata were in Mugu district (Lamachaur, Talcha and Pina

VDC).The potential sites were plotted in a topographical sheet with its area.

Taking sampling intensity of 0.5%, 108 sampling plots were also delineated in

the sheet. There were altogether24 plots in Kanakasundari and BotamalikaVDC

of Jumla, 62 plots in Pina VDC, 8 plots in Talcha, and 14 plots in Lamachaur in

Karkibada VDC of Mugu district respectively.

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Among 108 plots only 36 plots were found occupied by the Seabuckthorn

natural forest and rest of the forest constitutes of Alnus in lower belt and Blue

pine in upper belt. The dimension of the plots for inventory was 500m2, 100m2,

25m2 for tree, pole and seedlings respectively.

Total of 11390 trees were estimated in and around RNP from the study and the

distribution range varies from 2200m to 3000m .They are distributed in

southern aspect and South-West to South-East facing slope. The slope ranges

from 5° to 80° in different site. They are found in rocky area in side of natural

springs and Small River in RNP and its Buffer Zone. They are found colonizing

purely in the land slide area during field visit. Berberis spp., Fern and Prinsepia

utilis are the major associated species found with H. salictfolia. Total frequency

of Berberis spp was found 81. Likewise and Prinsepia utilis frequency was 56 and

59 respectively.

14. Kachuga kachuga and Kachuga dhongoka: Potential Habitat and Existing Long

Term Threats in and Around Chitwan national Park

Researcher: Sudeep Raj Adhikari

Supervisor: Narendra M. B. Pradhan

Kachuga kachuga and Kachuga dhongoka both belong to Bataguridae family

and are, entirely dependent on large riverine habitat for their survival. Shah and

Tiwari (2004) listed 17 turtle specics found in Nepal characterized by 3 families:

Testudinidae. Trionychidae and Bataguridae and 10 species found in Chitwan.

Turtles are the important biological indicator of the river and wetland

ecosystem.

The study was carried out along the Narayani river system(Laukhani, Amaltari

and Kujauli section), Rapti river system (around the Rapti bridge at Kasara),

Beeshazar lake, Tikauli lake and Chepang lake of Chitwan and Nawalparasi

districts with the objective of developing the potential habitat map and existing

long term threats to survival of Kachuga kachuga and Kachuga dhongoka.

xx

The primary data were collected through,reconnaissance, questionnaire survey,

transect survey and habitat survey. The secondary sources of information were

collected from CNP, DNPWC, WWF, IUCN, Internet and other public libraries.

The data were analyzed using the statistical tool Ms Excel and Arc.GIS 9.1. The

potential habitat map was prepared based on the information provided by local

people and the ethnic caste along with the evidences obtained in the field.

Lamichaur (Arnaltari) of Narayani river system and Swarikhola and Dhrubaghat

of Rapti river system were found as the potential habitat sites of Kachuga

kachuga and Kachuga dhongoka.The existing long term threats to Kachuga

kachuga and Kachuga dhongoka were found as poaching, frequent movement

of people around the habitat, dryness of water especially in the lake areas,

habitat destruction, monsoon flood and illegal collection of eggs. Frequent and

regular scientific monitoring of Kachuga kachuga and. Kachuga dhongoka

habitat should be further carried out to explore the habitat site of these species.

Ecological and breeding requirements of these species should be studied in both

wild and in captivity.

15. An Assessment on Involvement of Local People on Poaching Activities- A Case

Study of Chitwan National Park

Researcher: Shrota Shrestha


Apart from Mt Everest and Lumbini, if Nepal is known for something else, it

must be Rhinos. This small country is a proud habitat of around 400 rhinos,

despite all the threats the mammals are facing nowadays. Unfortunately, the

poaching becomes the major threat for the existence of these animals. More

unfortunate is that there is involvement- of local people in poaching of these

animals However; they are lured by the middle men and traders.

The study was carried out in Padampur & Meghauli VDCs of chitwan district,

detention center of kasara and Bharatpur jail. The sampling design of the study

is cluster sampling. The primary data were collected by using questionnaire

sheet while secondary data were collected from different literature such as

journals, reports. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 11.5 and Ms Excel. Most of

xxi

the respondents were on abject poverty and depend upon daily labor wages for

sustenance. About 44.8% of respondents depend upon daily labor wages

whereas agriculture and job holder is followed by 24.1%. The major respondent

about 52% has land below 5 Katha, which is also not sufficient for 3 months. The

majority of the respondent were involved on poaching was rather due to

economic incentives and friends circle. The young local people should be

involved on conservation of the bio diversity as they are the direct beneficiary

from the park resources. So, formation of CBAPOs might help in poaching

activities and thus it is necessary to empower the local people.

Key words: Poaching, Rhinoceros, Local People, Poachers, Economic incentives.

16.Status and Ecology of Gangetic River Dolphin (Platanista gantetica) in Karnali

River System

Researcher: Saroj Thapa

Supervisor: Shant Raj Jnawali

The Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetic also called Susu is one of the seven

species of dolphins occurring in freshwater systems and because of the intense

anthropogenic activities carried out in this habitats; Dolphins are one of the most

threatened species among all the cetaceans throughout the world. The species is

listed as "Endangered- by the IUCN in the Red List of Threatened Species.

A survey was conducted between July to September 2009 to assess the status

and ecology of Ganges River dolphin, in Karnali River system. 70km on-effort

survey was conducted in the Karnali and Mohana Rivers in Kailali and Bardia

districts. A direct count method using point count and transect survey were

conducted for assessing the population. Similarly PRA tools such as Group

discussion and Key informant survey were conducted to assess the Socio-

economic status and awareness of the local people. Altogether 110 Respondents

were interviewed. The present study revealed that the total number of dolphins

xxii

present is 16, 13 in Mohana and 3 in Geruwa River of Karnali River System. Major

threats to this species like habitat degradation, low prey availability, siltation,

overfishing and development of superstructures were also identified. Raised

level of awareness of the local people and conservation initiatives were also

recorded in the field sites. The hotspot and potential sites of dolphins in the

Karnali River System were identified and mapped to make suggestions for their

protection (Both hotspots and dolphins). Background information was gathered

using Participatory Rural Appraisal Tools such as Group Discussion and Key

Informants Survey, together with the review of existing scientific literatures.

Without an immediate and concerted conservation effort, the Ganges River

Dolphin will almost certainly become extinct locally and may be nationally in the

near future. So declaration of special protection zone with due coordination with

Indian Government is also recommended. Protection and conservation without

the involvement of local people will not succeed so conservation programs with

alternate income generating activities are also recommended. The viable option

of alternate program might be the ecotourism based on local cultures, values

and traditions. This could be an incentive for the local people towards dolphin

conservation as well as for community development. An ecosystem-based

dolphin conservation action plan/strategy is imperative.

Batch 2(2063 B.S)

1. Assessment of Distribution and Habitat Characteristics of Red Panda (Ailurus

fulgens) in Lelep VDC of Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Taplejung, Nepal

Researcher: Arun Adhikari


Entitled study was carried out to explore the distribution and current status of

Red panda around the Gyabla village of Kanchenjunga Conservation Area (KCA)

with the objective of a) studying distribution pattern of Red panda in study area,

b)describing habitat characterstics and habitat preference of Red panda, c)

estimating population structure of the species, d) identifying existing threats for

Red panda and its conservation, e) providing prescription for long term survival

of the species.

xxiii

Different materials and methods were used to complete the study. Eleven

altitudinal transects with the spacing of 100m starting from 2700m to up to the

3800m were designed and habitat survey was done. Panda sign survey was

carried out in the sample plots of 10m*10m. Vegetation survey was also carried

out in Red panda habitat, using sample plots of 10m* 10m for tree layer,

4m*4m for shrub layer and 1m*1m for herb layer. Threats to the Red Panda was

calculated by grazing pressure and cut stump density found in its habitat.

Variance and mean ratio (S2/a =1.75)clearly indicated the clumped distribution

of the Red panda. Vegetation analysis data revealed Abies spectabilis as

dominant species having highest IVI value of 77.56. Ringal bamboos posed the

dominant and important species of shrubs having highest relative (73.39) and

relative frequency (17.58). Similarly, Gallium hirtifolium was found as dominant

herb species with highest relative density of 6.41. Altitude between 3300m to

3500m with Southwest facing slope of 360 to 450 was found to be the most

preferred habitat for Red panda. This study determined the dropping density of

Red panda 21.65/ha and according to dropping analysis, population structure

was found to be 66.7% of adult and 33.33% cub. In the study area, grazing

intensity and cut stump density was estimated to be 1100 and 37.11/ha

respectively indicating high pressure in the Red panda area.

Conservation awareness program and site specific species management plan are

necessary for long term survival of Red panda. Due to integral part of Eastern

Himalayan range, landscape level conservation initiatives should be launched.

2. Exploration on the Potentiality of payment for Ecosystem Services(PES)- A Case

Study from Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest of Chitwan National Park.

Researcher: Bhawana K.C.

Supervisor: Pem Narayan Kandel

Ecosystem provides a range of goods and services to the society at local, regional

and global scales; it is imperative to note that the human society greatly depends

upon these services directly- or indirectly Jim- their livelihoods. However, many

xxiv

studies revealed that beneficial services produced by different ecosystems are

rapidly deteriorating due to lack of appropriate conservation model and

incentive mechanism to the owners who manage such ecosystem. As a result,

concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is at the center of call for more

direct innovative conservation approach to promote sustainable resource

management and to enhance livelihood through developing mechanisms for PES.

Protected Areas (PAs) systems have been designated with the primary aim of

conserving the representative ecosystems and biodiversity of the country.The

PAs comprises more than 23% of country's total area in Nepal.Thus, PES seems

to have greater scope in Nepal due to the fact that PAs have to generate its own

sustainable Binding mechanism to protect ecosystem and contribute to

sustainable development.

In this context, this study tries to explore on the opportunities of PES scheme on

Baghmara Buffer Zone Community Forest (BBZCF) of Chitwan National Park

(CNP). It is important to note that CNP is one of the oldest PAs of Nepal which is

renowned for the community based ecotourism practices. The key objective of

the study were to identify the willingness to pay (WTP) for ecosystem services

by users and visitors, determine the factors that affect in WTP for ecosystem

services and to quantify the value of existing ecosystem services into monetary

term by using Travel Cost Method. Households and visitors surveys were carried

out and informal discussions were employed for the data collection, which were

further supplemented by information from secondary Data were analyzed using

MS-excel 2007 and SPSS 16.0 program.

This study revealed that the users are willing to pay $ 458.8 per year for the

sustainable management and conservation of BBZCF. The distance, family size,

nature of residence, gender and size of land holding were the prominent factors

that are affecting their WTP. The average WTP by all visitors was converted into

monetary value.The result shows that average WTP by visitors could reach up to

$3,806,468.02 per year. Form the study it was also revealed that for the

domestic visitors, income was only the factor that affects their WTP but for

foreign visitors along with income,gender, travel group and education were also

the factors that play inevitable role which affect their WTP. The finding showed

xxv

that the recreational and aesthetic value of BBZCF was $ 10,376,732.46 per

year.

Key Words: Ecosystem Services, Payment for Ecosystem Services, Willingness to

Pay, Contingent Valuation Method, Travel Cost Method Sources.

3. Population Status and Distribution of Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in Karnali

and Babai River System

Researcher: Bishnu Prasad Thapaliya


This study was conducted in Rabai and Karnali River systems of western Nepal.

The objectives of the study were to: (1) update the population status of Gharial

in Habai and Karnali River systems, and (2) identify the threats in Gharial

conservation and recommend management prescriptions for proper habitat and

population management.

Population was estimated by total census based on direct observation followed

by "opportunistic search method". The habitats were divided into different River

sections for census convenience. Distribution pattern of Gharials was studied

based on habitat alliance and population record spot, using Arc View 3.3

software; and it was also witnessed by information provided by local people,

BNP staffs and NTNC-BCP staffs.

A total of 5 individuals in Karnali River and 13 individuals of Gharials in Babai

River were observed. Among 5 individuals observed in the Karnali River; one was

adult female, another one was immature with unidentified sex and of the

remaining 3 individuals both sex and age were unidentified. Among 13

individuals observed in the Babai River, the ratio of adult: sub adult: juvenile was

estimated at 6:3:1. The ratio of adult: sub adult: juvenile in both River systems

was estimated at 7:4:1. Gharials were found to be distributed in and around

Laguna Machan in Karnali River system; and in Babai River system Gharials were

spotlighted mostly in and around Parewaodar and Jaghati Ghat. These all areas

xxvi

were with less human disturbance and good sand beach for basking and nesting.

Threats to Gharials were learned through questionnaire survey with local people,

BNP staffs and NTNC-BCP staffs. Flood, entrapment in fishing nets, collection of

eggs, disturbance, habitat degradation and poor availability of food were found

to be main threats for survival and existence of Gharial in Babai and Karnali River

systems. Dam constructed in some 20 km south from Nepal-India boarder is

another important threat for Gharials in Karnali River.

The study concluded that regular Gharial census should be based on direct

sighting through extensive field observation possibly with the use of

sophisticated scientific instrument as spotlights. Gharial release should precede

scientific field study for assessing habitat suitability and follow with intensive

monitoring program. Nepal does not have Gharial action plan and urgently need

a comprehensive, practicable and cost effective plan for taking appropriate

management actions.

4. Contribution of Community Forestry Program to Rural Livelihood- A Case Study

from Chamopani Thadikhoriya CF, Lamjung District, Nepal

Researcher: Indira Shrestha


The research entitled "Contribution of Community Forestry Program to Rural

Livelihood" as carried out in Champani Thadikhoriya Community Forest of Lamjung

District to assess the contribution of community forestry programme to rural

livelihood. Both primary rid secondary data were collected through household

survey, key-informant survey focus zroup discussion, direct observation and

different published and unpublished documents, library sources, Internet search,

related research topics respectively. Collected data were analyzed via SPSS 11.5,

Microsoft excel, Arc GIS version 9.0.

Five indicators or assets (physical, natural, human, social and financial) of

livelihood were used to identify the contribution of community forest on rural

livelihood. It was found that there were positive changes in both forest condition

xxvii

and availability of forest products, with a concurrent reduction in the time spent

for collecting forest products. Besides social cohesions has also increased.

This study recommends involvement of users from poor and minority level in

every kind of community development activities and focusing of long term income

generating activities effectively. Skill and knowledge development training should

be concentrated to the users so that they would he aware of the upcoming

impacts on the community forest programme.

Key words: CF, Livelihood, forest condition, CFLIG.

5. Potentialities of Community Forestry under Reducing Emmissions from

Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Mechanism

Researcher: Khil Bahadur Tamang

Supervisor: Eak Bahadur Rana

A study entitled -Potentialities of Community Forestry under Reducing Emissions

from deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD plus) Mechanism" was carried

out in Pile CFUG, Kathjor-8. Ramechhap district of Nepal with a view to review

policy framework relevant to REDD initiative in Nepal. Similarly, it aimed at

assessing the potentiality of REDD in Nepal in terms of biophysical, community

forest governance and institutional capacity and existing CF management

practices. Different PRA tools like household interview, CFUC meeting, and focus

group discussion, review of CFUG constitution & operational Plan, minutes and

records were used for primary data collection. Secondary data were collected

through reviewing various policies, strategy, guidelines and published &

unpublished literatures.

The study explicitly shows that CF Policy was previously focused on dealing with

local forest dynamics in Nepal but now gradually adapted to international and

global demand including climate change. While assessing the bio-physical

condition of CF, it illustrates that forest condition has been increased because of

community forest management system. Demand status of forest products of local

communities is reported larger than supply capacity of CF. The involvement of

xxviii

indigenous people, women and Dalit in decision making in CFUG has been

satisfactorily increasing which would be instrumental in enhancing REDD

mechanism in Nepal. Benefit sharing mechanism in CFUGs has been guided by the

norms developed in group constitution. Earmarking group fund in forest

conservation and pro-poor activities may enhance to generate co-benefits of REDD

initiatives such as livelihood improvement, improving governance and poverty

reduction. Studied CFUG follows CF management practices as indicated in Forest

Operational Plan. In this way, community forest has demonstratedgood practice of

sustainable management forest which is one of the key elements under REDD

Plus.

A further in-depth study is highly suggested how Nepal's CF policy and

management system adhere to REDD initiative generating mutual climate and

community benefits. Before initiation of REDD in Nepal, clarification of carbon

ownership particularly in soil carbon should be done. Concrete guideline and

mechanism is proposed to establish ensuring equitable benefit sharing to the

communities among the users of diverse economic' and cultural background for

diverse management regimes in Nepal. Finally, it is suggested to develop a

concrete system on utilizing the REDD fund so as to generate co-benefits from

REDD initiative in Nepal.

6. Analysis of Oil Content and Some of the Physical and Chemical Parameters in

Wild Olive (Olea cuspidate Walle.ex.Don) Fruits Found in Bajura District of

Nepal.

Researcher: Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Chhetri

Supervisor: Netra Lal Bhandari

This study aimed to "Analyze the oil content and some of the physical and

chemical parameters in wild olive (Olea cuspidata) fruits found in Bajura district of

Nepal". Oil extracted from olive is called olive oil is considered as the world's

healthiest oil having the highest percentage of mono-unsaturated fats among the

all other oils. In the present study, olive oil extracted from fruits of wild olive (Olea

cuspidata) forest is reported. Samples of olive fruits were collected from

xxix

Jagannath, Kotila & Wai VDC's forest that lies in eastern part of Bajura district. The

oil was extracted from the olive fruits and the quantity and quality of the extracted

oil was observed. Not only the content but also the physical and chemical

parameters of the extracted oil (both essential and crude oil) were studied. It was

found that concentration level of oil in the fruits of wild olive is 23.7-24.9%. The

physical parameter i.e. refractive index 1.46 as well as, chemical parameters like

iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values of oil were found to be 82.66

mg/g, 191.29 mg/g, 13.97 mgKOH/gm and 38.91m.eq/kg respectively. The levels

of these components are comparable and in the range of with the standard values

reported for olive oil in the literature. By comparison, it was found that oil

quantity of oil content in fruits of wild olive is in considerable amount. This

research also strongly reveals that if existing potential sites for olive production as

are managed properly in as Jagannat, Kotila & wai forests site, of Bajura district

then that can contribute total N-Rs 249.6 million annually in national GDP from the

fruits of wild olive. However, this research cannot be able to suggest using the

extracted olive oil of Bajura district for human consumption before verifying the

acid values and peroxide values.

7. REDD Plus Payment and Benefit Sharing Mechanism in Community Forestry in

Nepal- A Case Study from Community Forests in Chitwan and Gorkha Districts of

Nepal.

Researcher: Ramesh Silwal

Supervisor: Krishna Prasad Acharya

Ministry of Forests and Soil conservation, Nepal has declared Reducing Emission

from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries (REDD) as one

of the priority areas. A central process of REDD development, involving a series of

multi-stakeholder discussions feeding carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) process, is

underway.Nepal has submitted Readiness Preparation Proposal (R-PP) for

Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation to the FCPF on 19th

April 2010. In such national scenario how REDD benefits should be shared

nationally between different stakeholders has not been carefully explored yet.

This is an essential question in REDD strategy design implementation.

xxx

A study entitled "REDD Plus Payment and Benefit Sharing Mechanism in

community' Forestry in Nepal" was carried out in Ludikhola and Kayarkhola

watershed of Gorkha and Chitwan districts to achieve the first objective and

national level expertise discussion was conducted to achieve the second objective.

In both watersheds, various attempts to assess existing practice of benefit sharing.

Decision making process, area of group fund mobilization, criteria of benefit

distribution options of REDD benefit sharing, fund management body form and

mode of [lament, channel of payment under REDD plus was omened. Various

qualitative data collection tools were use and workshop and meeting also

conducted to collect primary data. International and national experiences via

different published and unpublished literatures were use for collecting secondary

data. Data were analyzed qualitatively and presented using tables and diagrams.

The first research question was how the existing policy and practice of benefit

sharing in community forestry (CF) is operating? The study revealed that not

properly followed the CF development guideline to invest group fund for pro-poor

supported activities (<35%) and common welfare (>25%). Participatory well-being

ranking (PWBR) was not done in all community forest user group (CFUG) and there

was less practice of equity. The policy has not ensured the right of indigenous

people and carbon tenure by policy. While assessing the options of payment

mechanism of REDD from national level to local (CFUG) level, results show the two

types of REDD financing scenario, one is national approach and the other is project

approach. Benefit sharing approaches are of two types: (i) revenue sharing

mechanism and (ii) inter-governmental transfer. Prospects of governmental and

non-governmental on mode of payment were cash and kind respectively.

Arguments on fund management body was grouped into two different edge i.e. (i)

government body and (ii) other separate body like bank. A criterion of fund

distribution was performance based and equity consideration.

REDD financing option is under discussion in the national level and existing policy

and practice of benefit sharing is not significant at local level. There is need to

have common understanding among corss-sectoral multi-stakeholders. Also there

is needed to formulate payment mechanism of REDD in community forest

management and all types of forest management regimes as well. Policy has to be

xxxi

developed at national level for managing and distribution of forest carbon fund to

local level.

8. Vulnerability Assessment of Indigenous People’s Livelihood due to Climate

Change

Researcher: Smriti Shrestha

Supervisor: Keshab Raj Goutam

Climate change is in the center of contemporary environmental discussions. The

negative consequences of climate change have already been realized in many

places around the world, and it consequences that the consequences will be more

severe in the future. Most of the indigenous communities living in fragile

ecosystem of Nepal are natural-resource dependent and contribute to less

emission of Greenhouse Gases but are severely affected by climate change. Hence,

this entitled "Vulnerability assessment of indigenous people's livelihood due to

climate reseal' change" was carried out in Deuralipakha CF in Ramechhap district

with the aim of determining the vulnerability of climate change in livelihood of the

local indigenous people.

Primary data were collected through questionnaire survey (26), key informant

interviews (5), focus group discussions (2) and direct field observations. Secondary

data regarding climate variables were collected from Metrology department. Both

primary and secondary data were analyzed using MS Excel 2007 and SPSS 16.0

program.

The study revealed that all of the respondents were aware about the climate

related variability in the last few years, however, only 8 per cent heard about the

climate change. The research found that less rain fall had severely affected

agricultural production while had a great impact on livelihoods of the indigenous

people. 62 per cent respondents believed that rainfall amount was decreasing in

recent years with direct impact on agriculture production, increasing scarcity of

water and increased frequency of weather related disasters. Majority of the

respondents conceded that the overall temperature of the area was on rise

causing health hazards. The community was highly vulnerable to drought and

xxxii

flood, however, in comparison within the household, the household were medium

vulnerable.

Local adaptive capacity piped drinking was poor. Knowingly or unknowingly some

coping strategies like use of piped drinking water and loose check dam for flood

control were adopted within the community. There is an urgent need to formulate

adaptive strategies for food security and for dealing with drinking water scarcity

and climate change induced disasters in the area with dissemination of

information about climate change.The study concludes that impacts of climate

change are serious as they are directly related to livelihoods.

Batch 3(2064 B.S)

1. Vulnerability Assessment of Different Social Groups in Community and Their

Adoptive Measures to Cope with Climate Change

Researcher: Bishnu Kumari Adhikari

Supervisor: Bharat Kumar Pokharel

Nepal is highly impacted by climate change hence more vulnerable. More than half

of country population lives in fragile ecosystem of hills, 9000 of which rely on

subsistence agriculture and natural resources for their livelihood. People here are

severelyaffected by climate change. Hence this research entitled “Vulnerability

Assessment of Different Social Groups in Community and Their Adoptive Measures

to Cope with Climate Change” was carried out in Archalepakha CFUG at kathajor-3

in Ramechap district with aim of exploring the vulnerability of climate change in

livelihood of different social groups in community.

Primary data collected through PRA tools like interview (N=31HH), Key informant

interview, Focus Group Discussion, Seasonal calendar and direct observation.

Secondary data were collected from Department of Metrology, Internet, and

district profile of Ramechap, DFO, related publication, thesis report and

journals.The data collected during the field works analyzed using both quantitative

and qualitative methods. Quantitative data ‘‘ ere analyzed using descriptive

xxxiii

statistics such as SPSS, Ms-Excel percentage, mean, frequency distribution, chi-

square test and use of graphics whereas, qualitative information presented in the

form of simple tables, charts, and graphs and in other pictorial forms.

The study shows that 17% peoples were landless and 26°0 people had food

enough only for less than 3 months. It shows that community contains less coping,

power and vulnerability was high. From the result, compared to landslide, flood

and long drought nobody were in high vulnerable class of long drought but 19%

respondents were in high ‘vulnerable class of landslide and flood. Among them,

dalits were more vulnerable than brahmen chhettri. Concrete adaptive measures

could not be found to face the climatic risk. But some small activity had been

done, such as the community land provided for the conduction of IGA programme

by planting fodder species and improved grass for four landless household. One

conservation pond was constructed but no wasn't successful. From the study,

climate change impacts causes' huge loss of human, land and livestock that can't

be compensated. This has lead people to poorer and poorer day by day.

2. An Analysis of the Problems and Prospects of Urban Forestry Programs in

Kathmandu Metropolitan

Researcher: Durga Jethara

Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

A survey was carried out to find problems and prospects of urban forestry in

Kathmandu Metropolitan city. The methodology included road and river side

survey, direct observation, key informant survey and discussion with local people

and literature review.

Urban forestry of Kathmandu Metropolitan city can be categorized into six

groups, which included roadside plantation, riverside plantation, urban forests of

Pashupati forest area, Soyambhunath religious forest, Mhaipi religious forest, and

Raniban, urban parks, traffic islands and plantation at residential land. Public

Private Partnership (3Ps) model was being applied by the Kathmandu

xxxiv

Metropolitan City for enhancing the urban greening through activities like

plantation.

Altogether twenty nine tree species including fruit species, ornamental trees,

shade trees and pines were counted in surveyed routes with Grevillea robusta

having the highest of 12.67%, which was followed by Jacaranda ovalifolia,

Cryptomerict japonica, Callistemon citrinus and Prunus cerasoides. These five tree

species were found the most frequently planted species and comprise about

47.62% of total trees planted along roadside, riverside, traffic islands, parks and

other community places of Kathmandu metropolitan city.

Lack of people's participation, protection problems of planted tree species, risk of

tree hazard due to the improper selection of tree species, lack of proper

coordination among different stakeholders in tree planting, protection and

management, low priority in planning, and stumpy financial resources were

identified as the major problems of urban forestry in Kathmandu Metropolitan

city. Regarding the care and management of trees, about 74% of the total

respondents indicated the consortium of public and government administration,

while 19% indicated government administration and 7% indicated only public as a

responsible authority for the care and management of urban trees. Opinion on

measures to improve the road and riverside plantation, traffic islands and parks

illustrated that 53% of the respondents were of the view that measures for the

protection of plants can be helpful for sustainable development of vegetation

covers along road and riversides, and other community lands.

Majority of the urban population were found to be aware of the problems of tree

hazards along the roadside because 22% strongly agreed and 55% agreed with the

statement that some of the current roadside trees were hazardous, while 23%

were undecided. On the very line, 68% strongly agreed to remove those hazardous

trees and plant with new and suitable tree species like bottle brush, kapor and

other small to medium sized flowering plants.

Key words: Urban forestry; tree hazard; people's participation; environment

management

xxxv

3. Forest Cover Change Detection Using Remotely Sensed Data

Researcher: Ganga Bhandari

Supervisor: Him lal Shrestha

Deforestation is one or the major challenges in natural resource in management of

Nepal and monitoring of deforested aria is even challenging given the geography

of Nepal. A remote sensing method provides a unique opportunity to monitor

forest cover change using remotely sensed data and limited ground surveys. The

objectives of the study were to apply a simple NDVI differencing method in Forest

cover change analysis-, tit Identify potential location of potential deforested area

in Phewa Lake watershed and vicinity area; and estimate net forest cover change

in the watershed during 1989-2010. Subsets of two Landsat 5 1 hematic Mapper

(TM) images of 4 March 1989 and February 18, 2010 were analyzed; and NDVI

images For the image dates and percentage change in NDVI values were derived

using ERDAS imagine software. Ground truth data was collected from field survey

and was divided into two groups: calibration (-40°A)) and validation (-j 60%).

Median % change in NDVI value, mean- 2 Standard deviation (SD) NDVI value in

1989, and mean-SD NDVI value in 2010, were used as a threshold values to classify

% change in NDVI image into a forest cover change map using calibration data set.

The overall accuracy was 60.6% for correctly classifying the validation dataset.

ArcGIS tools were used to compute pixels and areas of deforested and afforested

area in the watershed. It was estimated that the net decrease in forest cover in

the watershed during 1989 2010 was approximately 13.05 km2. Only a 0.4% of

total watershed area was found to be afforested while 11% of total area was

deforested during 1989-2010. The analysis also showed that about 66.2% of total

watershed area was covered by forest in 1989; however, it was reduced to 55.6%

in 2010. The decrease in forest cover change was prominent in the cities and

metropolitan area within and around the watershed indicating urban sprawl may

be the main reason of deforestation. Overall, the NDVI differencing method was

found to be useful in detecting forest cover change analysis in the watershed and

future study are recommended to include more parameters and application of

slope correction factors in the NDVI differencing forest cover change analysis.

xxxvi

Key words: Forest cover change, Landsat five Themetic Mapper imagery,

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Phewa Lake watershed area

4. Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) Trade and Its Contribution to Local

Livelihood of Manang District Nepal

Researcher: Krishna Sharma


Hundereds of species are harvested in the Himalaya and traded at local, regional

and international levels. Recent studies, Indicate that the annual trade in

medicinal plants and related products from the Himalaya amounts to thousands

and tons of roots, rhizomes, tubers, fruits, leaves, etc. with an annual value of

million of US dollar. It is difficult, however, to analyze and understand trade and

markets on the basis of available studies, as these do not employ common

terminology or methodology.The present paper aims to make insight on the

prevailing NTH" collection, trade and its contribution in income of local people of

Manang district, a remote trans-himalayan district or Nepal.

Out of 15,000 identified plant species in Nepal, more than 2000 plants have

medicinal properties, 200 are in active use and more than 100 plant species are in

commercial trade. There is growing concern in governmental and non-

governmental organization to promote NTFP for improvements of rural

livelihoods.

Primary data was collected from the field using different Participatory Rural

Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques, which were semi-structure interviews or

questionnaire survey, key informants and focus or interest group discussion to

concretize the finding. The Local herbs and other plant resources found in that

area is often the only source of primary health care in the district of Manang. NTFP

trading is now the second popular occupation of the people of Manang district,

after tourism. This study was conducted in seven VDCs out of 13 VDCs of Manang.

Manang district has potential of being good gene bank of different NTFPs of44

species of different purpose; and the stock really does have the efficiency to make

xxxvii

a relevant contribution on the livelihood of local peoples. From the data collected,

the contribution of NTFPs trade on the annual income of the local people of

Manang district holds an average value of 22.51%. The NTFP collected in the

district is exported mainly to china illegally. Finally, the report recommends

controlling the illegal export of the NTFP and to motivate & train the local people

for going through the legal process of NTFP collection and exportation

.

Key words: Non timber forest products, collection, trade, contribution, livelihood

5. Impact of Micro Enterprises Success and Failure on Livelihood of Community

Forest User Groups Member

Researcher: Kapil Dahal


The Community Forestry Programme in Nepal has hen seen as very successful

program, which has played an important role in increasing the income and

employment opportunities of Forest User Group members through forest based

micro-enterprise development and management such activities not only improve

the livelihoods of community Forest user group members but also help in rural

development.

This research was proposed for assessing the impacts or micro-enterprises

implemented in Community Forest Groups to improve the livelihoods of

community forest user group members. The study was carried out in Shreechhap

Deurali Communit Forest Users. Thulosirubari VDC of Sindhupalchok district and

Chaubas-Bhumlu Community Sawmill, Chaubas VDC of Kavre Palanchok district.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques such as participatory well-

being ranking, questionnaire survey, key informant survey, focus group discussion

and direct observation were used to collect field information. The secondary

information was gathered from community forest user group constitution.

Operational plan (OP) and other official record of CFUGs. District forest office and

project related published and unpublished documents and literatures and

xxxviii

journals. Furthermore, essential information was downloaded from related

websites.

In both study sites, four types of micro-enterprises were established and managed

by the forest user group members, which were forest based micro enterprises like

Saw mill operation, lapsi candy production, furniture making industry and Non

timber forest product cultivation, agriculture based enterprises such as vegetable

and fruits production and sell, livestock rearing and off-farm enterprise such as

rice mill. Shreechhap Community Sawmill, which is given in lease for operation,

and Chaubas-Bhumlu Community Sawmill have stopped permanently. From

strength, weakness, opportunity and threats (SWOT) analysis of these enterprises

operated by the CFUG member’s different factors responsible for success and

failure of these enterprises were identified. These factors were mismanagement of

forest user group (FUG) fund, lack of good governance practices within CFUG

management weak coordination between different stakeholders of development,

political conflict, fluctuating market, lack of skill labors and fuel availability.

However, there were some fruitful impacts of these micro-enterprises on

livelihood improvement of CFUG members. The greatest potential for lifting the

poor out of poverty lies in enterprise development through community

forestry,particularly if an entrepreneurship model via private public partnership is

develop and implemented.

The intended beneficiaries of this research work would be the concerned CFUG,

DVO, NGOs and NG0s, and other rural development projects working in livelihood

improvement from micro enterprises establishment and management in CFUGs

and other rural communities of Nepal.

Key word: community forest, forest based micro-entreprise, livelihood

7. Distribution, Enlisting and Human Perception towards Snake in Shuklaphanta

Wildlife Reserve, Kanchanpur, Nepal

Researcher: Prayash K.C.

Supervisor: Puran Bhakta Shrestha

xxxix

Snakes are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, and class

Reptilia, and order Scluamafa, suborder Serpents, common name for an

elongated, limbless reptile Out of '79 species of snake recorded in the country

(Shah Karan) 60 are non-poisonous and 19 are poisonous.

This study was undertaken in the lowland terai of Nepal in Kanchanpur district,

Far-Western Nepal. Detailed study was collected from Beldandi VDC of Kalikich

Buffer zone, and Western sector of Suklaphanta Buffer zone area. Visual

Encounter Survey (VES) , Aquatic Ecosystem (Aquatic Visual Encounter Survey,

AQVES) and Area search, was performed to list out the potential snake species

present in the area. The study yielded 11 species of snake viz. Banded Karit

Common Karit, Greater Karit, Goban, King Cobra, Blind Snake, Bhaune snake,

Python, Asian Rat snake, Pauwale khukri snake and Water snake were listed out

through the participatory social survey which included showing photo plates along

with structured questionnaire and sighted during field visit.

GPS reading were recorded for all the species sighted during the study as well as

within a week of being encountered by local respondent. Total of 25 snakes

spotted sites in Beldandi VDC and 27 Sites in Western sector of Suklaphanta Buffer

zone area were laid out in map.

Purposive sampling was done taking 5% sampling intensity, 72 respondents from

Beldandi and 67 respondents from western sectors were interviewed for their

perception on Snakes and its associated knowledge.83% people visited traditional

healers for the snake bite cure in Beldandi VDC and 33% on the western sector77%

of snakes were killed in Beldandi and 5l% in Western sector.

The area despite being highly potential for the snakes, they are under extreme

threat as these are perceived to be dangerous and life taking creatures, in absence

of awareness among the general public. Thus, further research endeavor and

awareness trainings are recommended.

Keywords: snake, perception, conservation

xl

8. Perception and Potentiality of Community Based Forest Enterprises

Development in Kavreplanchok District, Nepal

Researcher: Rishi Ram Pokhrel


The study was carried out in live community forests namely Patnebhanjyang.

Chorende Muldanda, Khahare, Bethanchok Narayansthan, and Janajagrati

Community Forest User Groups of Dhungkharka VDC in Kavre Palanchowk district.

The study was carried out from August to September 2011 to rind out the

perception of people towards community based forest enterprises and the

potentiality- of establishing community based forest enterprises. For this purpose,

general observation, focus group discussion, key informant survey and household

survey were carried out. Ten users from each of Five community forest user group

were selected randomly for the household level survey. Traders. Federation of

Nepal's Small Cottage Industries, Federation of National Chambers of Commerce

and Industries and Federation of Community Forestry Users Nepal members, Local

Resource Persons, Village Development Committee secretary were also

interviewed to find out the potential and market situation of different forest

based enterprises and their products. The data gathered was analyzed both

qualitatively and quantitatively using different tools like Ms-Excel, 2007.

From the study it was observed that people in the area were aware about

different community based forest enterprises and were willing and positive

towards establishing these enterprises. In case of support (technical, financial etc.)

they were willing to be involved in such enterprises. The study found that the area

has high potentiality for the establishment of medicinal and high value plants

nursery. Medicinal species like LauthSalla (Tanis baccaia), Satuwa (Paris

pohphylla), kurilo (Asparagus racetnesus) and Chiraito (Swertia chirayita) were

highly potential to be raised in nursery as well as cultivation in both community

forests and private lands in the study areas. The area also has the potential for

livestock based dairy and agriculture based seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable

production and marketing enterprise establishment and management. However,

the forest user group members of all five community forests had recommended to

xli

initiate nursery establishment work from LauthSalla (Taxus baccata) and kurilo

(Asparogus racemosus) and seedlings of these species can be sold locally at NRs 10

per seedling.

Keywords: community forest, non-timber forest products, nursery establishment,

enterprise

9. Land Use Land Coverage and Peoples’s Perception on the Effects of the Change in

Leuti Khola Watershed, Dhankuta District, Nepal

Researcher: Sandeep Sharma

Supervisor: Him Lal Shrestha

Land use land cover change is the most important variable of global change. it has

immense impact on the global environment and ecosystem. Land use is the most

fundamental key factors that reflect the environmental risk and main input for the

land use planning. Thus, it is very crucial to monitor the land use land cover

changes. Remote sensing and GIS technique are very important tier monitoring

these changes. This research entitled "Land use land cover change and people

perceptions on the effect of the change in Leuti Khola sub-watershed of dhankuta

district" NV as carried out to measure the areal extent of land use land cover

change; to prepare the land use land cover change map and to assess the different

land use.

The research analyzed the temporal change in land use land cover by comparing

two Landsat thematic mapper satellite images of different dates (1992 and 2010)

coupled by GIS analyses. Landsat images, topographical maps and questionnaire

survey (open ended) were used as primary data. For data analysis, ERDAS

IMAGINE 2011 and ArcGis 10 were used. Global positioning system (GPS) was used

for ground truthing. The maximum likelihood supervised classifier was used for

image classification. The land use land cover classes that were considered in image

classification are forest, cultivated land, sandy area, landslide, bush shrub land and

others (settlement, water bodies, and barren land). GPS locations, topographic

maps, aerial photo and rapid eye image served as the basis for signature

xlii

assignment. These classified images were exported to Arc GIS 10 for spatial

analysis. Classification accuracy was assessed using overall accuracy and Kappa

coefficient. The data on people's perception was analyzed individually with

discussion with advisor and co advisor. Results were presented in easily

understandable forms such as maps, tables and charts using Microsoft Office

2007.

Result revealed that during 18 years period, cultivated land, Bush Shrub land and

other type of land use increased by 48.09, 120.619 and 105.8211 ha respectively,

whereas forest, sandy area and landslide decreased by 109.9, 134.273 and 30.051

ha respectively.

Land use land cover change should be monitored time and again. Further research

should be conducted to identify the different factors responsible for the land use

land cover change. Illegal extraction of sand, boulder, stone from watershed area

should be checked.

Key words: land use, land cover, GIS, remote sensing, watershed

10. Spatial Interaction between Snow Leopard’s Preys: Blue Sheep and Livestock

Researcher: Suraj Upadhaya

Supervisor: Som B. Ale

The conservation and management of large carnivores such as Snow leopard has

always been a controversial subject and of great concern to conservationist all

over the world. Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region, largely

due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main threats

to the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). Since the mountain livelihood depends on

pastoralism and with the ever-increasing human demand, the pasture once

where Blue sheep used to graze is now encroached by livestock. The problem is

becoming severe with snow leopard predating on livestock and retaliatory killing

of the predator by people. The spatial interaction of snow leopard’s prey: Blue

sheep and livestock was examined based on the threat realized by the Snow

Leopard Conservation Action Plan under the heading; reduction of natural prey

xliii

due to competition with livestock. Running in parallel with this main goal, the

study seeks to understand the summer habitat use and interaction between

them at the level of space in study area. Finally, this study attempted to assess

the livestock husbandry with their intensity of conflict (depredation).

The study area Shey Phoksundo National Park lies in Trans-Himalayan range,

which is home to the endangered species snow leopard along with its primary

prey and uniquely cultured nomadic communities practicing transhumance.

Visual scan from vantage point (Scan sampling) and 0pportunistic sighting

method was used to assess habitat interaction while square plot (10*10m) was

laid to assess the spatial overlap between blue sheep and livestock. This

interaction was tested on the basis of expected difference between the blue

sheep and livestock as related to slope, aspect, elevation and proximity to cliff.

The household survey was conducted to assess the animal husbandry with

livestock depredation.

In summer, among all livestock free ranging yaks show a good interaction with

the blue sheep in using habitat variables. More than 36% of yak herds and 40%

of blue sheep herds were observed using elevation of range 4201m-4600m. The

yak was not different to blue sheep in showing proximity to cliff (<100m), (Kruskil

Wallis Test, Kw=3.237, df=1 P=0.072). It was found that both yak and blue sheep

were using moderate slope at elevation of 4201m-4600m. The study shows that

Spatial overlap between blue sheep habitat by livestock is about 30% (J=0.38,

P<0.05), it showed high depredation rate of yak (45.26%). However, winter snow

was found to be major cause of livestock loss in Shey Phoksundo National Park.

Comparing to the seasonal data, the livestock depredation by snow leopard was

comparatively significant in winter. The mean annual income increased as

compared to past (F=44.052, P< 0.05). Human perception was positively biased

towards the conservation of snow leopard even in the context of high livestock

depredation.

The yak was seen at the high altitude on the potential habitat of blue Sheep

whose influence was prevalent in Phoksundo and other adjacent Village

Development Committe. The yak showed good interaction with the blue sheep,

xliv

which in the long run may invite competition for the forage between two, and in,

Worse even out stock blue sheep. Blue sheep is the main prey species of the

snow leopard in SHNP and its conservation therefore matters to reduce livestock

depredation.

Keywords: blue sheep, interaction, and livestock, scanning,opportunistic

Batch 4 (2065)

1. Status and Conservation of Himalayan Thar(Hemitragus jemlahicus) in Apinapa

Conservation Area, Darchula

Researcher: Ajay Bhandari

Supervisor: Sushila Chatterjee

This study was carried out in Api Nampa Conservation Area which is situated in

stern Development Region of country Nepal. The research work on status and

conservation of Himalayan tahr in Api Nampa Conservation Area was conducted

during October with the span of 25 days in the study area.

This study was carried out in Rapla VDC consisting of two villages' i.e. Mal and

Rapla. According to the information given from interviewing the local people,

specific sites for Himalayan tahr was located. From the specific sites Direct Count

Method was used by using the binocular 2x magnification to estimate the status

of Himalayan tahr.

A total of 58 individuals of different age and sex groups of Himalayan tahr were

recorded during the study in four different sites. Among them nine adult male,

thirty seven adult female and twelve fawn were recorded.

Local people also believed that the tahr population is declining. The

encroachment of their habitat is severe by the excessive livestock grazing and

utilization for cattle Goths. Many Goths were noticed in the study area. Many

more causes for disturbances is poaching and hunting. The conservation of this

xlv

species seems to be vital as it is prime species of snow leopard and other

endangered species.

Keywords: status, direct count, poaching, conservation, endangered species

2.Land Use land Cover Change in Godawari Khola Sub-Watershed, Lalitpur, Nepal

Researcher: Bishnu Bahadur K.C

Supervisor: Krishna Poudel

The research study analyzed the temporal changes in land use land covers and

people perception towards the change between 1991 and 2010 in a typical

watershed covering 1921.86 ha. area including 14 Community Forest, in the

Godawari Khola Sub-watershed of Latitpur district of Nepal by using the

application of GIS and Remote Sensing.

Landsat "TM" images and Topographical map were used as a main data source for

temporal land use land cover change analysis of the study area and open ended

questionnaire survey was carried out with key informants of the study area to

know the perception of local people about the change. ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3 and

Arc GIS 9.3 software were used for Image processing and analyzing. Supervised

classification with maximum likelihood classifier was used for the classification of

the images. GPS point and Google Earth image were used as a main source of

training sample to classify the Landsat 2010 image and Topographical map which

was produced by Department of Survey with the help of aerial photography of

1992 was used for developing training sample to classify the Landsat image of

1991. Classification accuracy was assessed using overall accuracy and Kappa

coefficient with the help of GPS point collected from the field. The overall image

classification accuracy obtained for the image 1991 and 2010 is 80.5% and 81%

respectively. Land use land cover classes that were considered in image

classification were forest land, agriculture land, built up area, barren land and

water bodies.

xlvi

The research study shows that during the period of 19 years forest and built up

area are increased by 21 % and 1% simultaneously and barren land, agriculture

land and water bodies are decreased by 19%, 2% and 1% simultaneously.

The results of this study indicate the positive impacts of Nepal's community

forestry program on the extent of forest cover. Further investigation should

integrate land cover changes with demographic, social, economic, legal,

institutional, or policy changes (or all). Such type of study should be replicated in

other parts of Nepal or in countries where formalized community forestry is being

promoted.

Key Word: Land use, Land cover, GIS, Remote sensing, image classification.

3.Assessing the Volume, Biomass and Carbon Stock in Tree Outside Forest

Researcher: Bijay Kumar Yadav

Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

There was very little inventory work regarding carbon a stock of tree outside

forest was done before. As the climate change is global burning issues, response to

address them is reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation

(REDD) but it needs sufficient record of data base of carbon and tree outside

forest is also one of the important part. Thus, this research has objectives: to

identify the types of TOFs categories in Soharwa VDC, to list out the trees which

are growing in TOFs in this VDC, to evaluate growing stock (volume) of the TOF

and to assess above ground biomass and carbon stock of the TOF. To meet these

objectives, Sahorwa VDC of Mahottari District was selected for study site. Both

primary and secondary data were collected through household survey, key

informants, focus group discussion, direct observation and different published and

unpublished documents, library sources, internate search. The GPS co-ordinates

were used to prepare the map of TOF. After that, the name list of farmers was

prepared. The whole enumeration was done for alley plantation. In case of

orchard and other plantation, based on FAO manual, 10% of sample intensity was

applied in order to conduct sampling. Thus, systematic sampling was done and

DBH and height of plants were measured. Moreover, the volume was

xlvii

calculatedted using general formula and biomass was calcualted using equation of

Chave et al. The biomass was converted into carbon multiplying with 0.47.

It was found that, two types of plantation were carried out by the farmers in this

VDC; they are alley plantation and orchard. Moreover, it showed that Dalbergia

sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Azadirachta indica were planted in alley and

Mangifera indica, Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Artocarpus

lakoocha, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Ceiba pentendra, Leucaena leucocephala,

Cocos nucifera, Gmelina arborea, Bauhinia purpurea, Syzygium cumini, Aladhuca

indica, Bombax ceiba in orchard.

In case of Alley plantation, it was found that, the volume of 15 years 13 plants

were 3.66 m3 of D. Sissoo + Azedarchta indica while it was 6.16 m3 of 7 plants of 8

years of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. In addition, the biomass of D. Sissoo +

Azadirachta indica was 3.66 ton and carbon was 1.72 ton. The values of biomass in

pure plantation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and D. Sissoo were 6.28 and 9.69 ton

respectively and carbon stock of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and D. Sissoo 2.95 and

4.55 ton. On the other hand, in case of orchard plantation, per ha volume was

found to the highest 61.62 m3 in plantation of mediumfarmer while it lowest

49.92 m3 in plantation of rich farmer. The total volume in plantation in orchard of

Soharwa VDC was 1138.38 m3. The per ha above ground tree biomass of

plantation of poor family was 50.99 ton. Similarly, the biomass of plantation of

medium and rich family was 60.66 ton and 44.22 ton respectively. Over all total

above ground biomass (AGTB) was found to be highest 218.54 ton per ha in the

plantation of rich family and lowest 76.77 ton /ha in the plantation of poor

farmer.The values of above ground carbon stocks of plantation areas of poor,

medium and rich were found to be 27.1, 28.51 and 20.78 ton/ha respectively.

Total carbon stocks of these orchard was found 503.56 ton.

The growing stock (volume m3/ha) of plantation was highest of medium farmer

while it was lowest of rich farmer. Similar trend was found in case of biomass

(ton/ha) and carbon (ton/ha) of the plantation. Therefore, it is recommended to

carry out the similar types of study in other areas of TOF.

xlviii

4.Status of Good Governance in Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group

Researcher: Bhoj Raj Pathak

Supervisor: Krishna Bahadur Bhujel

This research entitled, "Status of Good Governance in Buffer Zone Community

Forest User Group: A Case Study from two Buffer Zone Community Forest User

Groups of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve" was carried out in one female headed

FUG named Janaki Mahila BZCFUG of Pipladi-4, Kanchanpur and another in male

headed FUG named Baijnath BZCFUG of Daijee-7, Kanchanpur. The aim of this

study was to assess the status of good governance in buffer zone community

forest along with the comparison of good governance status between male

headed and female headed user groups. To identify the challenges and

opportunity of good governance user level was another objective of the study. In

spite of identifying various elements/attributes by many organizations this study

was based on only four elements of good governance i.e. Transparency,

Accountability, Participation and Predictability.

Both primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data were collected

through household survey, key informant survey focus group discussion and

consultation with stakeholders. Secondary data were collected from various

reports, Journals and web search. The data were analyzed by feeding them in MS-

excel and SPSS and presented in pie charts, bar diagrams and tables. For the

comparative study of both types of UGs spider web tools was used. The data

assessment was done by grading, scoring and ranking using matrix and ranking

tables. For the statistical analysis of both types of UGs, Paired t-test was done to

see the significant difference.

The finding of this study revealed that the status of good governance is better in

female headed FUG in term of participation, transparency and accountability but

in term of predictability both were at same level. However, there was no

significant difference was found by paired t-test. Over all status of both FUGs was

found as "Good but still some rooms for improvement". The study suggests that,

governing process need to improve upon transparent mechanisms in terms of

xlix

access to information, decision making, laws enforcement and benefits sharing;

accountable and ensuring the functional participation.

Finally, it is recommended that fund transparency is very much vital in the group.

Lack of transparency of fund creates mistrust between EC and User groups and

brings conflict within the group. So, the public auditing should be regularly done

along with the increased and active participation of the user groups.

5.An Assessment of the Encroachment of National Forest - A Case Study of Morang,

Nepal

Researcher: Debendra Bhandari

Supervisor: Shambhu Paudel

Land cover change detection and updating a land cover map is a prerequisite to

understand the land cover change dynamics and for the sustainable management

of natural resources. Landscape level conservation is a new paradigm in

conservation arena crafted to address the issue of expanding human needs and

their pressure on the ecosystem. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information

System (GIS) technology have emerged as important tools in recent time for

monitoring and management of natural resources including conservation areas.

The study was carried out in Morang district with the main objective of assessing

forest cover and encroachment since 1970's using remote sensing and GIS. Multi

temporal remotely sensed data from Landsat sensors (MSS of 1972, TM of 1990,

1999 and 2010) was extracted and interpreted with aid of image processing

software ERDAS Imagine 9.2 by applying supervised classification technique with

maximum likelihood algorithm. These GPS locations, topographic maps, aerial

photo and rapid eye image served as the basis for signature assignment. The

change in forest cover and encroachment was detected using Percentual

comparison approach with 94% user accuracy .The change analysis showed that

forest cover was decreasing in alarming rate. The annual deforestation from 1972-

2010 was 549 ha per year with annual rate of deforestation was 1.59%. The annual

encroachment from 1972-2010 was 232.16 ha per year and the annual rate of

encroachment was 0.51 %. Construction of Mahendra highway, institutional

l

development, infrastructure development, resettlement and disaster affected

people were major actors found within the encroachment and deforested area.

Surprisingly, somple policies that provided full authority to the government to

distribute significant area of land for specific purposes in between 1972-2010

seem major problem. Therefore, the concerned Departments should formulate a

comprehensive natural resource management policy, plans and programs to

address the issues and minimize the consequences of forest encroachment.

6.An assessment of Kaulo (Persea Species) and its Contribution on the Livelihood of

Local People

Researcher: Dipak Kumar Chand


Kaulo (Persea species)is one of the most important species from which farmers

had generated income and employment and used as fodder, foodstuff and

medicines, and also used for making incense stick.The study entitled "An

Assessment of Kaulo (Persea) and its Contribution on the Livelihoods of Local

People was carried August-November in Jajarkot for the purpose of generating a

general understanding on the socio economic and management perspective of

Kaulo bark collection, use and trading fromJajarkot district, and its contribution to

livelihood improvement of local farmers.For the study, five Village Development

Committees (VDCs) named as Punma, Khalanga, Dhime, Jhapra and Paink were

selected. Both primary and secondary data were collected using Participatory

Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques. 76 households from five VDCs were

selected as sample units. The primary data were collected from questionnaire

survey, key informants survey, focus group discussion; direct observation whereas

secondary data was collected from published and unpublished reports, thesis,

documents etc.The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed by appropriate

statistical tools, i.e. percentage, means, standard deviation, etc. using SPSS and

MS-Excel. About 65.78% respondents reported that that the Kaulo was sold for

commercial purposes for making incense stick. Only few quantities of Kaulo were

sold and used in local market and most of it had been sold to local buyers, and

transported to Nepalgunj, Kathmandu, and India to make incense stick. Average

li

income from Kaulo bark sell was Rs 64932.69 per household, and 70% of this

amount was spent for purchasing food stuff, health care and child

education.Unavailability of market, lack of effective Kaulo tree management

training to the local people, lack of proper tools for harvesting the Kaulobarks,lack

of market information, government policy and support in establishing and

managing Kaulo plantation and its product transportation.Proper documentation,

Training and awareness among the people and external support from different

stakeholders should be provided to local people for sustainable harvesting of

Kaulo.

7.An Assessment of Carbon Stock in Terai and Hill Sal Forest

Researcher: Jai Prakash Gupta


The climate change is global burning issues and reducing emission from

deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) mechanism is considered as very

effecting to response the impacts of climate change but the REDD+ mechanism

needs sufficient records of carbon stock for assessment of carbon stock in

community forest is key research these days. Thus, the objectives of this study

were to assess the total biomass,biomass carbon and comparison of carbon stock

in two different Terai and Hill Shorea robusta CFs.

To meet the objectives, Shorea robusta forest of Madhuban and Pragatishil CF

were selected. For this, primary data includes DBH and height of saplings, poles

and trees were collected from field while secondary data were collected from

concerned literature. The stratified random sampling was carried out with 22

samples from Madhuban CF and 12 samples from Pragatishil CF maintaining 5%

sample intensity. The above ground dry biomass was calculated using the equation

of Chave et al and below ground biomass was calculated by 15% of above ground

biomass (Mac Dicken K (1997). The carbon stock was calculated by multiplying

with the factor 0.47 (IPCC, 2006).. Outliers were removed before further statistical

analysis and t-test was applied to compare the carbon stock of both community

forests.

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The result showed that total biomass of vegetation was found to be 222.77 ton/ha

in Pragatishil CF and it was only 80.50 ton/ha in Madhuban CF.

The carbon stock of Shorea robusta forest of Pragatishil and Madhuban CFs was

found 104.7 and 37.83 ton/ha respectively. As the area of Shorea robusta block of

Pragatishil Community forest was 22.16 ha, the estimated value of forest carbon

was 2320.15 ton while the area of Shorea robusta block of Madhuban CF was

44.49 ha, the estimated value of forest carbon was 1683.06 ton. The t-test showed

that there was significance difference in carbon stock in these two community

forests.

Key words: Carbon sequestration, total biomass, carbon pool, above ground

carbon, below ground carbon, Terai and Hill Sal.

8. Distribution and Habitat Preference of Large Indial Civet (Viverra Zibetha) in

Nagarjun area of Shivapuri Nagararjun National Park

Researcher: Jyoti Ghimire

Supervisor: Shushila Chatterjee

Entitled study was carried out to explore the "distribution and habitat preference

of Civet (Viverra zibetha) in Nagarjunaarea of ShivapuriNagarjun National Park

"(SNNP) from August to October with the objectives of a) studying distribution

pattern of Large Indian civet in the study area b) describing habitat preferences of

Large Indian civet c)estimating the population trend d)observing potential

conservation threat for Civet e) providing prescription for long term survival of the

species .

Field survey sites were identified by conducting the questionnaire survey through

purposive sampling in order to identify the distribution of Civet in the study area.

15 plots were sampled to examine direct and indirect evidences of Civet and

vegetation composition.

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Different materials and methods were used to complete the Study .Eleven

altitudinal transects with the spacing of 5om starting from 1300m to 1800m were

designed and the habitat survey was done Civet sign survey was carried out in the

sample plot of (10x10) m vegetation survey was also carried out. Civet habitat,

using sample plot of (10x10)m for tree layer and 4m x4m for the shrubs layer and

lmx lm for the herbs .Threats to Civet was calculated by field observation in its

habitat.

Variance and mean ratio(S2/a = 1.75) indicated clumped distribution of the civet in

the present study area. Vegetation data revealed Schima wallichi as dominant

species having highest IVI i.e. 55. 8 Euryaacuminate posed the dominant and

major species of shrubs having highest relative frequency i.e. 12.49 and highest

relative density ie.14.42 Similarly, Myrisinesemmiserratawith RD = 14.65 was

found to be dominant herbs species followed by Gaultheria fragntissimaRD =

12.73. Altitude of 1350m and 1500m with southwest facing slope of 36° to 45° was

found to the most preferred habitat for Civet. This study determined that the

population trend of Civet was decreasing; rarely seen andleopard was the threat

predator for Civet.

Conservationawareness programme, research and monitoring, site specific species

management plan are neceswary for the long term survival of Civet.

9.Resource Assessment and Distribution Pattern of Taxus Baccata L (Sub Species of

Wallichiana) in Kavreplanchok District

Researcher: Kashi Ram Yadav


Taxus baccata has been prioritized for economic development by the Government

of Nepal (GOAT). Although Taxi's is highly valued for an amorphous substance

called taxol, an important medicine for treatment of several forms of cancers, very

sparse information is known about its resource status, distribution and sustainable

management practices. This species is enlisted in CITES Appendix H. The demand

of its leafy biomass in global drugs market is growing day by day as the patients of

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cancer are increasing. The harvesting of such resources has not been done in a

sustainable way that's why there is an urgent need for its assessment in the

country. In this context, the research entitled "Resource Assessment and

Distribution Pattern of Taxus baccata in Kavrepalanchowk District" was carried out

during August-November 2012 in Dhungkharka VDC. The main objective of this

research was to assess quantitative distribution and estimate leafy biomass of

Taxus baccata in the district. The data was collected from resource assessment,

households' survey and several published and unpublished literatures while

biomass measurement was carried out by Taxus biomass model developed by

Parajuli, (2001). The collected data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively

by SPSS and MS excel. The result showed that total area was 283 ha while

effective area was 154 ha of different blocks and strata (i.e. Dense Block, Medium

Block, Sparse Block A and Sparse Block B). The research also revealed that the

available fresh leafy biomass in the four blocks areas were 112,786 kg at Dense

Block, 43,343 kg at Medium Block, 5,547 kg at Sparse Block A and 3,468 kg at

Sparse Block B of which one-third was suggested to keep unharvested and the

remaining two thirds was estimated as harvestable products. Since the rotation

was fixed at three years, thus the harvestable quantities (one third) in fresh form

came out to be 25,063 kg and 9,632 kg from the Dense Block and Medium Block

respectively. The air-dry equivalents of the harvestable quantities were 10,025 kg

and 3,853 kg from the same blocks respectively. The growing stocks in terms of

number of trees per hectare for the four forest blocks were 86, 34, 5 and 5 .while

the proportion of the species in different stages (regeneration, saplings and trees)

were 33:62:5, 10:86:4, 35:64:1 and 15:84:1 respectively for Dense Block, Medium

Block, Sparse Block A and Sparse Block B. It was also found that aspect as well as

other factors (like micro climate) also affects the distribution pattern of Taxus but

altitude and slope did not play important role in distributionpattern of Taxus and

chi square test showed that Taxus was not uniformly distributed The study was

suggested to confine the diameters of harvesting branches to 1.5 cm could be

lopped maintaining at least one-third of the crown untouched. Moreover, at least

8 trees were suggested to keep totally untouched with the view to serve as shelter

and seed trees. Soil conservation and grazing control measures had been assessed

essential to favor natural regeneration and proper growth of the species for in-situ

conservation.

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Key words: Taxus, resource assessment, biomass model, distribution pattern, taxol

10. Change in Forest Product Consumption pattern Within community Forest User

Group after the Implementation of REDD Plus Piloting Project

Researcher: Kamal Lamsal

Supervisor: Narendra Bahadur Chand

REDD+, a globally accepted measures of climate change, is reducing emission from

deforestation and forest degradation including conservation, sustainable

management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. Currently, Nepal

is developing REDD+ strategy by implementing various piloting project. Change in

forest cover and users forest product consumption directly affects the success of

REDD+. This study "Change in Forest Product Consumption Pattern within

Community Forestry User Group after the implementation of REDD+ Piloting

Project" of Kayarkhola Watershed, Chitwan District and Ludikhola Watershed,

Gorkha, assessed the change in forest product consumption pattern between

2009-2012 of the different category of users differentiated on the basis of

Participatory Well Being Ranking.

Study was conducted in the CFUGs where participatory well-being rankings were

already completed by the concerned CFUGs. Questionnaire survey was used as the

major tool to collect primary data. Proportionate random sampling design was

used to select the sample household to conduct survey.

Study shows the forest product consumption has significantly reduced in 2012 in

all categories of users. Among poor, medium and well-off categories of well-being

ranking, poor category users have higher reliance to the CF, the least reliance to

the Private land for the forest product in comparison to the medium and well-off.

On the contrary, well-off category users are less dependent to the Community

forest for forest product in comparison to the poor and medium well-being

ranking categories. Current consumption fuelwood shows the significant

difference between the user categories because of the variation in use of

alternative use of fuel energy, i.e. poor are more dependent to the CF for

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fuelwood than other categories. Study reveals the lack of forest resources in

private land have led poor users to depend more on community forest and other

sources.

Key words: REDD+, forest product consumption, dependency.

11. Assessment of Human-Common Leopard, Panthera Pardus, Conflict in Kathmandu District Researcher: Kamal Bhusal


The common leopard, Panthera pardus, is a wide spread cat. It is the smallest of

the four big cats. It is categorized as Nearly Threatened (NT) in IUCN red list.

Leopards are versatile, opportunistic hunters and have a very broad diet. Animals

wandering into urban centers are hardly a shocking phenomenon the world over

these days. Man-leopard encounters have become increasingly common in

Kathmandu valley and across Nepal. Now a day's leopards have been appearing

frequently in the Kathmandu valley. They have appeared in 20 different places of

Kathmandu district in different conditions i.e. dead, injured or normal in the

period of three years from2010 to2010 (Source: DFO, Kathmandu).

The study was carried out in three VDCs namely Baluwa, Kabhresthali and

Seuchatar based on the condition of leopard. The two VDC: Baluwa and

Kabhresthali lie at the lap of Shivapuri National Park while Seuchatar lies towards

the densely populated area of Kathmandu district. Primary data were collected

from household survey (1V=102), informal group discussion with local people and

Key informant interview. Secondary data were collected from the records and

registrations of DFO, Kathmandu, Range posts, central zoo's offices, libraries,

Internet surfing etc. The study shows that of the total leopards appeared, most of

them are dead. The damage of livestock is high in Baluwa VDC (NRs. 167800)

compared to Kabhresthali (NRs. 155800) and Seuchatar (NRs. 10600). No records

of human death were found but the persons who encountered with the leopard

were met. About 38.2% of the respondents expressed that the main cause of

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leopard appearing is due to lack of sufficient prey species. Most of the people

69.6% have positiveattitude towards leopard conservation.So, proper monitoring,

compensation to the affected household, supply of sufficient prey species, posting

of darling team at appropriate places and the detail study of common leopards are

obligatory.

Key words: Common leopard, prey species, damage, urban centers, people's

attitude

12. Status of Illegal Wildlife Trade in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Researcher: Lal Babu Jha

Supervisor: Maheshwar Dhakal

The research entitled " Status of Illegal Wildlife 'Trade in Kathmandu Valley,

Nepal" was conducted justice on i) assessing the wildlife crime cases registered in

Kathmandu valley, ii) study the Justice pattern of registered eases of Kathmandu

valley, and iii) study the socio-economic status of arrestees.

Primary data were collected using data collection tools such as questionnaire

survey and key informant survey. For this, questionnaire was prepared and asked

to SO% of personnel who have been involving in wildlife crime control cases from

District Forest Offices and Crime Investigation Bureau (CIB). Similarly semi-

structured questionnaire was used to take information from convicted persons.

Simply checklist was prepared and essential information N% as taken from key

informants from authorities involving in wildlife crime control. The available data

of three District Forest Offices regarding illegal wildlife trade case records were

used as secondary data. The collected social and physical data were analyzed

qualitatively and quantitatively using Microsoft Excel Software and interpreted

using chart, tables, text, figures etc. where appropriate. This study was also tried

to compare with last study done on the same subject matters.

This study has shown that case registration of illegal wildlife trade are in increasing

trend from last 11 years and highest case registered year is 2068/069. Wildlife

crime case registration is highest in Kathmandu 140 cases followed by Lalitpur 19

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and Bhaktapur 9 cases. Data available in 3 DFOs revealed that the most of the

cases are related to leopard skin 24%, involved people in crime from 20-30 year

age group 38%, male 95%, indigenous community 50% and people from poor

category 69%. The study of the justice pattern in the period of last 11 years has

divulged that out of 168 cases decision for 126 have given and 44 cases are still

waiting for decision. On an average 15 cases found to be registered and decision is

given only for 11 cases per annum. The illegal trade of wild animal is increasing in

Kathmandu valley due to its nearness to northern international frontier, already

being the international business hub of illegal wildlife traders, quick money

earning mindset of people and easy transportation access by air and land.

The result of this study has revealed that trend of wildlife crime has been

increasing due to weak socio-economic status of people, poor law enforcement,

low level of coordination among stakeholders and lack of updated knowledge to

investigation officials. Therefore, there should be taken initiative for wildlife crime

control through launching poor focused and extension programs, improvising

existing laws and bylaws, establishing proper coordination among stakeholders

and enhancing the skill and knowledge regarding incumbent law and technologies

related to wildlife crime control.

Key words: wildlife crime, illegal trade, flora and fauna, transit point, socio-

econoinic condition, territory.

13. The Contribution Forest User's Knowledge and Perception on REDD+

Researcher: Niraj Dangi Supervisor: Narendra Bahadur Chand

As many ecological and socioeconomic problems are associated with

deforestation degradation in Nepal, it is in the national interest to address RFDD+

immediately. Although local communities and indigenous peoples are the main

actors for REDD+ practices, their needsand perception have received little

attention in the debates on RFDD±.

lix

In this study Community Forest user groups (CFUGs);2 from Kayarkhola watershed

area, Chitwan and 2 from 1 Ludikhoia watershed area, Gorkha were selected

purposively followed by simple random sampling. and households were selected

Proportionately followed by simple random sampling as a sample unit. The study

was carried out using questionnaire survey administered to total 134 respondents

of selected CMGs, and a review of documents to collect background data. The

collected data was analyzed in SPSS 16v, percentage, mean, and weighted mean,

chi-square tests were performed to find out results. The research revealed the

local CF users' knowledge and perceptions on RFDD+ and examined differences in

these perceptions among poor, medium and well-off users and also an onsc; Dal.

It, Indigenous and other users. The study also asses the hopes and worries related

to the local REDDpiloting project.

The findings indicate that people have limited knowledge on REDD+, perception

about REDD+ is neutral but they have many hopes and -worries, some of which are

not relevant to REDD+. And also the findings of this study indicate that education,

occupation and wellbeing of users affect the perception about REDD+.

There is need to raise awareness and capacity building programmes related to

Climate change, REDD+ including poor and illiterate users. There is also need to

address the hopes and worries related to REDD+. However, REDD— is treated as a

technical matter in national debates, and there has been a failure to recognize the

impacts on society and human welfare at the local level. The Government urgently

needs to take human welfare into account if they are to receive local support.

Nepal needs to keep exploring the most appropriate methods to implement

REDD+ projects given the structure of the society being affected. It is important to

develop a system of equitable decision-making and benefit-sharing that reflects

local needs, and is incorporated into any REDD-P- action plans applied to the

Community Forestry.

Key words: REDD+, perception, community forestry, CFUGs, dalit, indigenous

14. Human-Elephant Conflict in Buffer Zone of Bardia National Park

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Researcher: Pragati Sharma

Supervisor: Babu Ram Yadav

Human-elephant conflict is serious issue in protected area management in Nepal.

In this context, this research was carried out in Buffer zone area of Bardia National

Park (BNP) with an aim to assess human-elephant conflict its 13NP. The objectives

of this research was to explore the crop raiding by Asian wild elephant in the

buffer zone , investigate human and Asian wild elephant's deaths /injury in the

buffer zone, survey the livestock's depredation and properties damage in the

study area and find out the mitigation measures to deter wild elephants to reduce

the damage by them.

The study was covered 5 wards of Manau VDC. Primary data were collected from

household survey (N=67), Focus Group Discussion and direct observation.

Secondary data were collected from the secondary sources such as BNP, DNPWC,

and BCP reports to achieve the objectives. The data were analyzed quantitatively

using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. The crop damage problem was higher in crop land

less than 200 meter and low in crop land 500-1000meter. The result denotes the

incidence of the crop damage is higher in crop matured season i.e. (October-

December), (March- April) and July. Damage is occurred in every night time after 8

pm during the crop mature season. The most prefer crop of elephant is paddy.

Rice and maize are heavily damaged in mature stage and wheat is heavily damage

at teaseling stage than mature stage. Crop damage problem in ward no 9(Total

crop production= NRs.132000, Total loss=NRs. 64100) is higher than other wards

and property damage problem in ward no 1 (Partial damage amount —NRs.11500

and complete damage amount = NRs.42000) is higher than other wards. No

records of human injury and death, livestock depredation and elephant death

were found.73% respondent prefer that the effective mitigation measure is

electric fencing. There is a compensation provision in the buffer zone management

committee against losses by elephant but they were not satisfied from this

compensation due to inadequate compensation. People should be encouraged to

change their crop varieties in assurance to the market facilities. Reserve

authorities should initiate awareness operation and crop as well as livestock

lxi

insurance and enforce in adequate as well as quick compensation scheme are

suggested mitigation measures for minimization of human-elephant conflict.

Key words: Bardia National Park, human-elephant conflict, crop damage, habitat,

compensation

15. Evaluation of Habitat Preference and Conservation Threats of Blackbuck (Antelope cervicaprsa) at Khairapur, Bardia, Nepal Researcher: Ramesh Kumar Giri


Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra Linn.) is a threatened species and is one of the

protected mammals of Nepal, lies in Appendix III of CITES. The population of

Blackbuck is only the remnant population in Nepal, found in the natural state and

the habitat, which is vulnerable to extinction. The study was carried out in

Blackbuck Conservation Area at Khairapur, Bardia, Nepal with the objectives of

assessing the habitat preference, crop depredation and finding out the

conservation threats of Blackbuck. Various PRA tools like household interview

(n=128), group discussions (n=3), key informant survey (n=13), field survey and

onsite observation were done for collecting primary data. The overall

perceptions on the conservation and threats of the species were collected from

the respondents in 5 point Likert Scale. Different published & unpublished

literatures were used for collecting secondary data. Data were thoroughly

analyzed using Ms-Excel and GIS software.

A total of 291 (male:120, female:155 and fawn:16) animals were recorded during

the study period. Altogether 23 wild shrub and 39 herb species were found in the

Blackbuck activities range. Masino dubo, Jhusi (dam), Khandedar and Katkahari

grasses were found to be highly preferred which were followed by Chari amilo,

Makara, Tinpate, Waiya, Chauri, Janewa etc. And, Baksa, Bhangra, Harauwa,

Hadaghans, Kaans, Kuro, Moshe, Dudhiya etc. were less preferred. Similarly,

Jarakush, Niuro and Raunne species were non-preferred. Shrub species of

Bajtiadanti, Lal Barera, Baghi Kanda, Banmara, Pureni and Bayer were highly

preferred. Actnk, Asare, Barera, Gumma, Tapre jhar etc. were also preferred

lxii

wherever Chhehor, Besharma, Ganja, Gandhaila, etc. were not liked by.

Blackbucks were found to prefer dry, open, short grassland of the Terai. Most of

the respondents prioritized well fencing surrounding the BCA at first position for

the conservation of the species followed by seasonal grass planting and water

boring. Food and water scarcity and stray dog problem were the main threats for

Blackbuck conservation. Crop damage was the biggest problem perceived by the

respondents and it was also increasing.

16. Assessment of CO2 Emission from Forest Product in Rural Area

Researcher: Roshan Raj Kafle


The rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide arc triggering changes in

climate patterns. (1O is one of the major greenhouse gases, which is being

circulated through the carbon cycle. Domestic emission of CO2 gas by the use of

fuel wood in Rural Area is very important the Nepalese context. Though, the fuel

wood is the major source of energy in Nepal, the emission of CO2 gas is always

ignored in national and regional level development strategy. Thus, it is essential to

explore how much CO2 is emitted by using the firewood in rural area so that the

planner and policy makers give priority on it. The objectives of the study were to

assess and categorize the emission emitted from different socio-economic groups,

list out the forest products used by rural community and categorize the forest

species preferred by local people.

Maisthan VDC-4,5 of Mahottari district was selected as study site. Households

were divided into three homogenous stratum rich, medium and poor based on the

preset criteria. Bio-physical and socio-economic data were collected. Sampling

intensity was fixed at 10%. The fuel wood used by each stratum was weighted for

seven days and the fresh sample and samples of fuel wood the locals used for

cooking were dried in the lab. Carbon content was then estimated by multiplying

with the universal factor 0.47 with dry weight of fuel wood which was further

multiplied by 44/12 to find CO2 Emission. Also, the species preferences of the

people were found out using the pair wise ranking.

lxiii

The annual CO2 emission per HH of rich category was 4.913 ton, emission per 1-1H

of medium and poor was 5.033 ton and 4.953 ton respectively. It was found that

average Annual CO2 emission per HH was 4.966 ton in Maisthan VDC. As, the total

HH in Maisthan. VDC was 1721; the total estimated CO2 emission was 8546.017

ton annually.

17. Assessment of Willingness to Pay for the Conservation of Wild Water Buffalo: A

Contingent Valuation Study Researcher: Richa Niraula

Supervisor: Bishnu Prasad Sharma

Conservation and management of endangered species is a challenging task as it

involves both technicalities and the social aspects. To put proper value to any

endangered species is therefore, never an easy task. Conservationists have long

been using ecological criteria to value endangered species and hence, shape the

conservation efforts. However, in past three decades, use of economic tool for

valuation of the endangered species has been highly encouraged by several

economists and authors. But using economic valuation technique in endangered

species conservation is not easy as not all endangered species have use values

only. Though these economic valuation techniques have been extensively used in

developed countries, not much have been done in developing countries, Nepal

being no exception. This research entitled “Willingness to Pay for the Conservation

of Wild Water Buffalo: A Contingent Valuation Study” tried to explore the

possibilities of using economic valuation technique in Nepalese context. This

research was conducted to assess the WTP of the urban population and to find out

if the WTP amount revealed was enough to support Wild Water Buffalo (WWB)

conservation. Face-to-face closed interviews were conducted in three districts of

Kathmandu Valley, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur. Interviews were only

administrated in Metropolitan, Sub-metropolitan and Municipality cities as the

research aimed at calculating the WTP of the urban population. From each of the

three districts, two wards were chosen using lottery method. A total of 300

respondents were interviewed in a pre-set up schedule. Respondents’ attitude

lxiv

towards conservation, biodiversity and WWB; perception and WTP related

question were asked in the interview. A non-linear logit model was constructed to

analyze the respondents’ responses for WTP question and the factors affecting it.

WTP thus obtained was extrapolated for the total urban population and that

amount was compared with the actual cost for WWB conservation. It was found

that the extrapolated WTP was sufficient for the conservation of WWB, and there

is a strong economic case for the conservation of WWB in Nepal.

Key Words: CVM, WTP, valuation, perception, bid values.

18. Species Diversity and Carbon Estimation in Trees Outside Forest

Researcher: Sujit Kumar Jha

Supervisor: Deepak Udadhyay

Trees outside forests (TOFs) arc area less than 0.5 ha. and less than 10 % crown

cover . More light is being shed every day on the exact role of TOFs in sustainable

natural resource management, and in rural and urban land management. Trees

are natural carbon sinks and play important role in sequestrating carbon into

biomass and soil. "Species Diversity and Carbon Estimation in Trees outside

Forests (TOFs): A case study from Pipara VDC of MahottariDistrict" was conducted

with the objectives of exploring species diversity, estimating the carbon stock in

different tree types and people perception on TOFs. Systematic random sampling

of 1.04% intensity was applied for TOFs inventory. The species diversity was

calculated by using Shannon Wieners' formula. The biomass of standing trees,

poles and saplings was estimated by equation after measuring their diameter and

height, while the biomass of undergrowth (<5cm diameter) by using the total stem

volume of each tree was calculated using relationship developed by Chave et al.

(2005). The social data was used for the people's perception on TOFs management

and measured by using Likert scale.

The species diversity was found 1.92 which is low due to TOFs. There were 15

species found by field inventory where as 29 species were explored by social

survey. The biomass carbon stock was found i n TOFs (1.70 ton ha-1). The

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distribution pattern of carbon stock was mainly due to biomass of the stand, area

coverage of tree types and low distribution of trees on the agriculture land. The

major species found were Dalbergia sissoo (4.23 ha-1) and Mangifera indica (3.98

ha-1) and Melia azedarach was found to be 0.1244 ha-1 which was the least

occurred species.

Analysis of the social data revealed that villagers have positive perception towards

retaining trees in their agriculture land. Out of the total surveyed households

about 22% do not have TOFs because they were landless peasants.

Key words: Trees Outside Forests, Species diversity, Biomass, Carbon stock,

people's perception

19.A Comparitive Study of Carbon Stocks in Managed and Un-Managed Forests

Blocks of Godawari Kunda CFUG

Researcher: Sumitra K.C


Forest plays a crucial role to reduce CO, emission. Forest Vegetation and soils

share almost 60% of the world's terrestrial carbon. The forest carbon stock varies

with the forest type, vegetation, age. ecological zones and several other factors.

Predominantly, forest management and associated silvicultural treatments are key

factors of forest carbon dynamics. Community based forest management of Nepal

is playing a vital role in managing the forest by local user groups for three decades.

Meanwhile, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)

emerged as supplementary opportunity to the community forest user groups. But

it needs sufficient record of data of forest carbon for designing the Monitoring,

Reporting and Verification system (MRV) and developing the Reference emissions

Level (REL). Thus, an assessment of carbon stocks in vegetation and soil is a basic

step and the objectives of this research were set for that reason. This report

presents outcomes of forest carbon inventory done in Godawari Kunda

community forest at Godawari VDC, Lalitpur. To meet the research objectives

thirty permanent sample plots were laid out to assess the carbon stocks.

lxvi

Stratified Random Sampling was used to collect the biophysical data that includes

biomass of trees/poles, Saplings, root and leaf litter and herb maintaining 0.2%

sampling intensity. Then, the biomass equation of Chave et al. and Brown et al

(1989) were applied to calculate biomass and it was converted into carbon stocks

multiplying with 0.47(Tewari A. Karki, B.S.2007). Similarly, the soil samples

collected from two different depth of 0-20cm to 20-40cm and these samples were

analyzed by applying Walkey-Black method to determine the soil organic carbon.

And then all analyzed data were calculated to get total carbon stocks. For

statistical analysis SPSS 17 was used.

The result showed that the total biomass stock was found to be leading in

managed forest block with 129.39 ton ha-1. The above ground carbon stock of

pole, litter, below ground root and soil carbon stock was found to be higher in

managed forest with 47.83 ton ha-1, 0.86 ton ha-1, 6.76ton ha-1, 52.2 ton ha-1

respectively. Moreover, the above ground carbon stock of tree, sapling and HSG

was found to be higher in un-managed forest block with 6.87 ton ha-1, 1.26 ton

ha-land 1.64 ton ha-' respectively. The soil carbon in 0-20cm depth was found to

be higher with 37.12 ton ha-1 in managed forest block than un-managed forest

block with 35.64 ton ha-1. Similarly, the soil carbon in 20-40cm depth was found

to be slightly higher in un-managed forest block with 15.21 ton ha-1 than managed

forest block with 15.15 ton ha-1. The total carbon stock per ha was found to be

higher in managed forest block with 113.08 ton ha-I. The estimated total carbon

stocl within Godawari Kunda community Forest was found to be 15981.87 tons.

The study determine that the community forests at Godawari are potential in

sequestrating huge amount of carbon at such records of carbon can play a vital

role in REDD+ program.

Key Words: Carbon sequestration, Carbon stock, Carbon, Community forest,

Biomass.

20. An assessment of Floral Diversity in Santel Forest Annapurna Conservation Area,

Nepal

Researcher: Sovit Koirala

Supervisor: Laxman Poudyal

lxvii

Nepal holds magnificent natural areas in the world. Biodiversity of Nepal is a

reflection of its unique geographic position, altitudinal and climatic variation. The

study area Santel Forest lies as a part of Pipar, in Annapurna Conservation Area.

The research entitled "An Assessment of Floral Diversity in Santel Forest,

Annapurna Conservation, Nepal" aims to assess the vegetation composition of

Santel forest. With reference to predefined calling point, plotsweretaken in 100m

either side with 100m interval.Tree above 5cm diameter were taken in 20m*20m

primary sampling unit and small woody and non woody species in 2m*2m nested

plots. 33 tree species and 106 small woody and non woody plant species were

recorded.The Santel forest was high in diversity as the Simpson's Index(SI) 0.194

and 0.066 of tree and small woody and non woody plants approaching Zero. Also,

Simpson's Diversity Index (D) of tree 0.806 and 0.934 of small woody and non

woody plants approaching one shows high diversity. Shannon Weaver Function

(H') of tree 1.003 and small woody and non woody species 1.476.Rhododendron

barbatumwas the most frequently available tree species and Ningalo was the most

frequently available ground flora. Plant coverage was ranged from 23% to 47%,

litter 22% to 37%, moss 2% to 10%, rock 9 to 30% and bare ground 9% to 13%.

Among the estimation of 60 plots, 2%plots were close, 35%plots were dense,

30%were thin, and 33% were open in canopy density. In the estimation of shrub

density, 22% plots were low, 73% were medium and 5% were high in density.

Intensive vegetation surveys in different seasons of the year are highly

recommended to compliment this study.

Keyword: floral diversity„simpson's index, shannon weaver function, ACA

21. An Assessment of Climate Change Adaptation Used by Community Forest User

Group Members Researcher: Sankar Jha


Climate change- change in climatic variables basically temperature and

precipitation due to the effects of GHGs. Global surface temperature has increased

by 0.06 c/year and projected 1.20cby 2030 which has direct and indirect effects on

lxviii

natural resources and livelihoods. CC has been seen as a Global challenge, To

verify this a case study on “Assessment of Climate change Adaptation measures

Used' by Chhyaldevi CFUG. Kabhrepalanchok District" was conducted to assess the

trend and community perception on climate change, its impacts on farm resources

of community forest user group members, and adaptation measures used by the

community forest user group members.

Both primary and secondary (quantitative and qualitative) data were collected

from the field and related publication and sources. Out of 45 households, 32 were

surveyed (intensity was 70 %), by systematic random sampling method discussion

with key informants, focusgroup discussions direct observation and transect walk

afforest and farmlands was also applied Qualitative data were also quantified _The

data were logically interpreted along with simple table, charts, bars and graphs.

GIS, MS word and MS Excel were used to analyze the information.

The age range of respondents was from 30 to 80 rears. Fluctuation in temperature

had been experienced by the respondents with more cold in winter and high

temperature in summer compared with 10 years ago. About 59% respondents

reported the change in monsoon rain due to tile change in climate, and had

experienced the earlier monsoon since last 5 years. The lowest monsoon rainfall

was measured in 2009 (174.1 mm) and maximum in 1985 (709mm). The overall

impact of these climatic changes in Chhyaldevi CFUG was the reduction in

agriculture production by 30% due to the long drought in crop growing months.

water source depletion, landslide, and flood and soil erosion. About 80%

respondents fall on high vulnerable class to long drought followed by 70 %

respondents on water shortage. Similarly about 59 Ropani of agriculture lands, this

is about 20% of total farm lands.had been ected bv landslide and floods Due to

these effects of climate change, the livelihoods of poor HHs becoming more

vulnerable with severe food deficit in 57% of total HHs. To cope with food deficit

problems, family members of S HHs mainly from Tamang families migrated to the

Kathmandu valley to work as seasonal wage labor.

Some climate change adaptation measures e.g. rain water harvesting. developed

irrigation system and waste water management for growing cash crops like

vegetables (37%), improved and drought resistant variety of agricultural crops

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(30* changed and diversified in cropping pattern 143%), both organic and

chemical fertilizers use (67%), use insecticides and pesticides of are used by HHs.

Finally, awareness programs, institutional development, relief mechanism,

planting grass and fodder trees in marginal land, water source protection and bio-

engineering practices are recommended action and study.

Key words:climate change, cc adaptation, cc strategy, mitigation, global.

22.Assessing the Impacts of Forest Management Activities on Plant species Diversity

and Growing Stock

Researcher: Yom Bahadur Oli


Nepal is exemplified as a biodiversity rich country that represents a significant

share of global biodiversity; although it comprises 0.09% of global land area. As

compare to other ecological zone, a middle hill is rich in biodiversity. Our existing

protected areas system is not addressing the middle hills ecosystem and

biodiversity. Community forestry program has been made a medium to conserve

biodiversity. Different management activities i.e. thinning, Pruning, cleaning,

weeding etc. have both positive and negative impacts on forest and its ecosystem.

Therefore, to access the impact of forest management activities its diversity and

ecological function is necessary.

Simple random sampling with 0.5% intensity was used for collecting data about

forest growing stock and species diversity. The quadrate of size 10m*10m for

poles (10-29.9 cm diameter), 5m * 5 171 for saplings (> Scrn diameter) and lm* lm

for regeneration was taken respectively. For plant species diversity, Simpson's

diversity index, Shannon wiener index, Sorensen's similarity index were used. For

growing stock, DBH and height of trees/poles measured and number of poles,

saplings and seedlings were recorded.

The result shows that, Simpson's and Shannon's indices values were found 0.128,

2.249 for unmanaged forest and 0.206, 2.012 for community managed forest

respectively. The biodiversity indices values were slightly differed between the

two forests that indicate the plant species diversity was higher in unmanaged

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forest on overstorey with compare to community managed forest but the

calculated values and result was opposed in understorey. The average growing

stock of unmanaged government forest was found 117.85 m3/ha but it was found

89.30 m3/ha in community managed forest , which was 14% less with compare to

community managed forest.

Baseline information about the biodiversity should be maintained that helps to

assess the periodic change. Certain level of management activities i.e. pruning,

thinning, cleaning, weeding, singling etc. is required to maintain the diversity and

growing stock in the forest. Finally, community forestry program may be a medium

to conserve biodiversity if the communities are aware about the ecological

importance of all species found in the forest.

Keywords: Forest Management, Biodiversity, Baseline information, Species

diversity, Community Forestry, Growing stock.

Batch 5 (2066 B.S)

1. Species Diversity and Carbon Estimation in Trees Outside Forest Researcher: Anil Kumar Shah Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

Trees outside forests (TOFs) are areas of forest less than 0.5 ha and less than 10 %

crown cover. The role of TOFs is highly significant in production of forest products

especially in Terai. Other important role of this is biodiversity conservation and

carbon sequestration. Very fewresearch works have done this field thus study

entitled "Species Diversity and Carbon Estimation in Trees outside Forests (TOFs):

A case study from HARIPURWA VDC of SARLAHI District" was conducted. The

research objectives are to explore the species diversity, to estimate the carbon

stock in different tree types and people perception on TOFs. Systematic random

sampling of 1.04% intensity was applied for TOFs inventory. The species diversity

was calculated by using Shannon -Wieners' formula. The biomass of standing

trees, poles and sapling was estimated by using the equation of Chave et. al. after

lxxi

measuring their diameter and height. The Likert sale was used to analyze the

social data.

The species diversity was found 1.92 which is low due to TOFs. There were 18

species found by field inventory whereas 32 species were explored by social

survey. The major species were Magnifera indica (2.11 ha-1), Dalbergia sissoo (2.03

ha-I) and Melia azedarach was found to be 0.0.06 ha which was the least occurred

species. The biomass carbon stock was found 1.60 ton ha-1in TOFs. The distribution

pattern of carbon stock was mainly due to variation of biomass of the stand, area

coverage of tree types and low distribution of trees on the agriculture land.

Analysis of the social data revealed that villagers have positive perception towards

retaining trees in their agriculture land. Out of the total surveyed households,

about 22% do not have TOFs because they were landless.

Key words: Trees outside forests, species diversity, biomass, Carbon stock, people’s

perception

2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Forest Fire in Nepal

Researcher: Ashok Parajuli Supervisor: Shambhu Paudel

Every year wildfires destroy considerable forest resources in Nepal. Such includes

both timber and non-timber forest products. Although quantitative information is

not available, forest fires are definitely decoding biological diversity of Nepal. Data

and polygon slurps file obtained from MODIS were overlaid on the ArcGIS and area

for each polygon according to year (or month) basis was calculated to identify the

magnitude for each year. Kernel density model was used to find out the high

medium and low risk zone. Based on the GIS technique study shows that there

were altogether 30220 hotspots throughout the study period. In 2005, 2009 and

2012 forest fires left historically largest annually burnt area in Nepal mainly in

March, April and May triggered the highest count (73.86%) during hot and dry

condition. Using Kernel Density Model the study observed that the high risk zone

is located in Mid-western region mostly in alpine pasture area. Multi- collinearity

diagnostic procedure was implemented by examining tolerance and Variation

Inflation Factor (VIF). VIF values for each predictor were below two, which suggest

lxxii

low or moderate collinearity. To minimize the risk of fire, special considerations

must be taken by the Forest Department during hot and dry seasons with well-

equipped fire crews.

Key Words: Spatial, temporal, MODIS, Kernel Density Model and Multi Collinearity

Regression

3. Community Forestry: An Approach for Livelihood Improvement of Community

Forest Researcher: Anita Gautam Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

Community forestry in Nepal had been considered as one of the most successful

program for improving the livelihood of its users. To verify this, study on

"Community Forestry: An Approach for Livelihood Improvement of Community

Forest User Group Members" had been conducted in Chisapani Community Forest

User Group, Maker VDC-2, Nawalparasi district. This community forest was

handed over to local user groups in 2053 B.S, and total area of this forest was 165

hectares with 2654 household membership. The main trees species found in this

forest were sal (Shorea robusta), sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), asna (Terminalia

tomantosa), and jamun, etc.

The main objectives of the study were to assess the socio-economic and biological

status of community forest and its user groups, analyze income and employment

opportunities generated by CFUG from forest management and income

generation activities and investigate the contribution of CFUG on livelihood

improvement of its members. Both primary and secondary data were collected

using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques.

Agriculture was the main occupation of study CFUG members, and 77.5% sample

households had more than 0.67 haof farmlands and 5.6 animals per household.

However, 50% of them produced food sufficient for less than 6 months. To cope

with the problem of food shortage, CFUG had mobilized its fund to plan and

lxxiii

implement income generation activities such as NTFP cultivation, grass

production, bel fruit collection and sale, goat farming, pig farming, shop keeping,

tailoring and metal workfocusing to women, poor and Dalit households. Sampled

households had earned NRs 8700/year/household from these income generation

activities. Furthermore, 34 CFUG members also had received employment

opportunities in such income generation activities, nursery work, NTFPs distillation

plant and CFUG office.

Average annual cash income of studied CFUG members from agriculture, livestock

and off-farm sources was NRs1 23604.1 3/year/household; atattioxontribution of

community forests on livelihoodimprovement of sampled householdswas

9.01%.Finally, approximately 80% of total CFUG fiend (NRs 17, 40000) generated

from different sources were mobilized in improving 5 assets livelihoods qf its user

group members.

Key words: Community forest, income generation, livelihood improvement, income

generation activities, community development

4. Comparative Study of Forest Carbon Stocks in Community Forests Managed by Women Members and Others Researcher: Bikram Kharel Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

Community managed forest is becoming an essential in the proposed Reducing

Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) scheme due to its

potentiality to sequester CO2, one of the major greenhouse gasses in biomass and

organic matter. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD+ mechanism is considered as effective means to response the issues of

climate change. Nevertheless, it needs sufficient record of forest carbon for

designing the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system GVIRV) and

developing the Reference emissions Level (REL) for REDD+ mechanism. Thus the

objective of this study was to compare and determine the above ground, below

ground and soil carbon stocks in community forest (CF) managed by women and

other community forest.

lxxiv

To meet the research objective women managed CF i.e. Pokharabhanjyang and

other Neware CF were selected. Stratified Random Sampling was applied to collect

the biophysical data that includes biomass of trees/poles, Saplings, root and leaf

litter and herb maintaining 0.5% sampling intensity. Altogether 30 sample plots

were distributed on the map of CFs prepared by using GPS coordinates. The

diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees and poles were measured and

samples of regeneration, herbs, grass and litter were collected. The soil samples

were collected from depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Then, the biomass

equation of Chave et. al.were used to calculate above ground biomass. The below

ground biomass was calculated by 12.5% of above ground biomass. Collected

samples and soil samples were dried in biomass was converted into carbon stocks

multiplying by 0.47 (IPCC, 2006).

The result showed that total biomass was found to be 197.46 ton/ha in

Pokharabhanjyang CF and it was only 133.51 ton/ha in Neware CF. The carbon

stock of Pokharabhanjyang CF and Neware CF was found to be 122.73 ton/ha and

83.03 ton/ha respectively. The soil carbon of Pokharabhanjyang CF and Neware CF

was found to be 29.74 ton/ha and 20.28 ton/ha respectively. The estimated total

carbon stock of Pokharabhanjyang CF and Neware CF was found to be 17072.97

tons/ha and 8041.45 ton/ha respectively. Statistical t test showed that there is

significance difference in carbon stock in these two community forests.

Key Words: Carbon sequestration, Carbon stock, Carbon, community forest,

biomass.

5. Evaluating Effectiveness and Challenges of Zoo's and Ex-situ Sites in Conservation of Wild Fauna; A Study from Central Development Region Researcher: Bipin Subedi


Wildlife conservation initiatives are concerned mainly in two different strategies

worldwide, which are in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Ex-situ community seeks

improved relevance to society by contributing to restoration of biological diversity

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but faces special challenges to meet their admirable goal. Contemporary animal

facilities are considered for performing four central roles of conservation,

translocation (for introduction and reintroduction/re-establishment of species),

education (society and science) and entertainment / recreation. Artificial animal

facilities are controversial and widely debated topic in literature and research on

evaluating their effectiveness and challenges in ex-situ conservation effort are

rare, and therefore, proposed study was intended to fulfill the gap of research and

information on ex-situ conservation issues. This study was focused to evaluate

effectiveness of ex-situ sites in wild fauna conservation in Central Development

Region of Nepal, and had observed on the performance of wild fauna in these sites

along with physical facilities, extension educational provisions, research issues,

breeding and rescue criterion. In addition, investigation on challenges of these

sites while executing ex-situ conservation was also conducted to recommend

possible breakthrough.

The study areas for research were Central Zoo Jawalakhel, Mirgastheli Deer Park,

Pashupatinath, Elephant, Gharial and Vulture Breeding Center, Breeding Center of

Chitwan National Park, Sahid Smarak Hetauda operated within Central

Development Region of Nepal.

A combination of desk and field based search was conducted concentrating mainly

on faunal species and limits its study outside the sites established under Working

Policy on Wild Animal Farming, Breeding and Research, 2003. Results from the

study had suggested to improve the ex situ conservation by appropriate legislation

and protection with laws and policies. Since many wild populations were declining,

captive-breeding stock were frequently used to restore or supplement wild

populations but evidence had suggested that captive breeds were less successful

than their wild counterparts. Site advancement within the facilities for wild

animals like animal friendly enclosure, animal hospitals and diet criteria should be

developed recognizing the importance for investigating the effects of captivity and

improving the methodology of current conservation techniques. The result

concluded and recommended advancement in technical and infrastructure

development and management for effective ex-situ conservation of wild fauna.

lxxvi

Key words: Animal facilities, breeding center, biological diversity, conservation, ex-

situ conservation, in-situ conservation, wildlife, wild fauna, zoo

6. Effects of Altitude in Carbon Stocks of Pinus roxburghii Forest Researcher: Bishow Dhakal


The climate change is global burning issues and reducing emission from

deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) mechanism is considered as very

effecting to response the impacts of climate change but the REDD+ mechanism

needs sufficient records of carbon stock for assessment of carbon stock in

community forest is a key research issue these days. In terms of carbon

sequestration potentials, which have become a strong climate change mitigation

measure and financial incentive for developing countries, there are limited

knowledge especially about the variation in amount of total carbon stocks in Pinus

roxburghii forest according to the altitude. Thus, the objectives of this study were

to assess the total biomass, biomass carbon and comparison of carbon stock in

two different altitudes i.e. above 1000m and below 1000m altitude of a Pinus

roxburghii Forest. To meet the objectives, Pinus roxburghii forest of Panchkhal,

vdc-1, 2 Kavre Palanchowk named Rato Mate Community Forest was selected. The

stratified random sampling was carried out with 38 samples from above and below

1000m altitude forest block. The numbers of sample plot was calculated from the

Pilot survey of each block. The DBH and height of saplings and trees was

measured, the samples of seedlings, herbs, litter and grass were collected and

weighted and taken to the lab along with the soil sample of soil depth 0-10 cm, 10-

20cm and 20-30 cm as a primary data collected from field while secondary data

were collected from concerned literature. The above ground dry biomass was

calculated using the equation of Chave et al and below ground biomass was

calculated by 12.5% of above ground biomass (Mac Dicken K.,(1997). The carbon

stock was calculated by multiplying with the factor 0.47 (IPCC, 2006). Outliers

were removed before further statistical analysis and t-test was applied to compare

the carbon stock of both above 1000m and below 1000m altitude forest block of

the community forests.

lxxvii

The result showed that total biomass of vegetation was found to be 136.69 ton/ha

in below 1000m altitude forest block and it was only 132.89 ton/ha in above

1000m altitude forest block.

The carbon stock of Pinus roxburghii forest in above 1000m altitude and below

1000m altitude forest block was found 91.72 ton/ha and 98.82 ton/ha

respectively. As the area of above 1000m altitude forest block of Pinus roxburghii

forest was 38.05 ha, the estimated value of forest carbon was 3489.95 ton while

the area of below 1000m altitude forest block of Pinus roxburghii forest was 76.28

ha, the estimated value of forest carbon was 7537.99 ton. The Total Carbon Stock

of this Pinus roxburghii forest named Rato Mate Community Forest was estimated

to be 11027.94 tons. The to-test showed that there was significance difference in

carbon stock in these two community forests.

Key words: Carbon sequestration, total biomass, carbon pool, above ground

carbon, below ground carbon, root carbon, soil carbon, altitude, Pinus roxburghii

7. Role of Non-Timber Forest Product in Income Generation Researcher: Binayak Manandhar

Supervisor:Murari Raj Joshi

This study entitled ""ROLE OF NoN-TIMIIER FOREST PRODUCTS IN INCOME

GENERATION" Was Carried out in Thumtal CF of Dahakot VDC-1 and 2 of Bajura

district. The study was aiming not only to document existing NTFPs but also to

explore their potentiality for income generation and to assess the benefits of

NTFPs to local people and peoples' participation in NTFPs management as well as

their ethno botanical uses.

Both Primary and secondary information were collected to fulfill these objectives

using different Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques like household

questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant survey, participatory

mapping, direct forest observation and secondary information were collected

from CFUG reports, forest operational plan and constitution, DFO reports and

lxxviii

differ analyzed using MS excel ant relevant publications. Information were and

SPSS.

Out of 60 identified NTFT's, 10 species were highly preferred, in which Ritha

(Sapindusinukurossz) was the highly preferred NTFP followed by Okhar

quglansRegia), Timur (Zanthoxy/untArrnaturn), Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Spp),

Chiuri (Bassia Butyracea), Amala (Phyllanthus embilica), Amriso (Thysanolaena

Maxima), (Valeriaance jatamasi), Chiraito (Sweteria Chrirayita) and Tulasi

(Ocimum Sanctum)

Economic status of studied households wasalso increased by selling of these highly

preferred NTFPs. Beside this, NTFPs were also used in different purposes for

example 41% of total respondents had used for medicinal purpose followed by

food, fruits and vegetables purpose by 24%, religious purposes by 1 1 %, building

materials purposes by 12%, fencin purpose by 8% and ornamental purposes 4%.

CFUG members had been participated actively in NTFPs development and

management initiatives with more participation of women compared with men. In

2068, 98% CFUG households were involved NTFPs plantation, protection,

harvesting and marketing activities. However, there were some problems of

women's participation in NTFPs development and management, which were lack

of knowledge and time, restriction by male members and engagement in different

jobs. Finally, there were some valuable NTFPs such as Mushroom (....), Pipla (Piper

longium), Jhyau (Pannelia spp) and Amriso(Thysianolaena maxima), which needed

to be promoted through commercial cultivation to generate more cash income of

CFUG members.

Key words: Community forest user groups, income generation, matrix ranking,

non-timber forest product

8. Status, Distribution and People's Perception towards Snake in the Buffer Zone

Area of Chitwan National Park Researcher: Deepa K.C

Supervisor: Susila Chatterjee

lxxix

Nepal, being Home for highly Diversified species special protection is given for

large Mammals. Reptiles are always kept under leastpriority. Snakes are classified

in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, and class Reptilia, and order name

for an elongated, limbless reptile .Out of 79 species of snake recorded in the

country (Shah Karan) 60 are non-poisonous and 19 arepoisonous.

This study was undertaken in the lowland terai of i.e. Buffer Zone of Chitwan

National Park Nepal. Detailed study was collected from 3 VDC's of Madi Valley.

Visual Encounter Survey (VES), Aquatic Ecosystem (Aquatic Visual Encounter

Survey, AQVES) and Area search, was performed to list out the potential snake

species present in the area, the snakes such as common krait, lesser black krait,

banded krait, spectacled cobra, monocled cobra, king cobra, Asian rat snake, vine

snake, cat snake, buff-striped keelback, checkered keelback, common wolf snake,

rock python, common kukri snake, gliding snake, common worm snake, were

found. Buffer-striped keelbacks and Asian rat snakes were the most abundant

species, halts were also frequently seen whereas, and king cobras were rarely

seen. Among the snakes found, kraits and cobras were highly venomous while rat

snake, cat snakes, vine snake, were mildly venomous and the rest were non-

venomous e were listed out through the participatory social survey which included

showing photo plates along with structured questionnaire and sighted during field

visit

The area despite being highly potential for the snakes, they are under extreme

threat as these are perceived to be dangerous and life taking creatures, in absence

of awareness among the general public. Thus, further research endeavor and

awareness trainings are recommended. In the Study area hospital Nearby lack anti

venom serum and people have to go too far 1.e. Bharatput, hedquarter of Chitwan

District which is approximately 60 km from the Study Area.

Keywords: Snake, perception, conservation

9. Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood of Leasehold Forest User Group Members

lxxx

Researcher: Dinesh Satyal


Man made factors such as deforestation, agriculture, industries, automobiles, and

the burning fossil fuels had contributed Green House Gas (GHG) emission, which

was a major cause of global warming and climate change. It had direct impacts on

natural recourses, biodiversity and productivity of crop lands. To conform this, a

case study on climate change and its impacts had been conduct in Utreni

Leasehold Forest User Group of Dadaparajul VDC- 8, Dailekh district The main

objectives of the study was to assess climate change and its impacts on livelihoods

of Leasehold Forest User Group members. Primary information were collected

using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as key information

survey (CIS), field observation, focus group discussions and household survey.

Secondary data were gathered from different published and unpublished

literatures, journals, library & websites.

Rainfall pattern was recorded fluctuated, altered, delayed monsoon, erratic and

abnormal duration of rainfall, and winter rainfall was also decreased. Temperature

rising pattern was also an unpredictable, and yearly maximum and minimum

average temperature was increased by 0.1114°C and 0.0508°C respectively. About

82% of total households were depend on agricultural and livestock for their

livelihood, and their total production was decreased by 20% due to drought,

erratic pattern of monsoon rain, unusual rain, increase insects and pests attack,

disease, and flood and landslides. About 92% of group members reared livestock

for their livelihood, but during past 10 years the number of livestock population

had been decreased dramatically because of animal disease, lack of manpower,

and shortage of fodder and forage, which had also direct impact on the income of

every household. To cope this shocks and stress LFUG members had adopted did

shifted cropping and harvesting pattern of paddy from Ashad to Sharawan and

Kartik to Mangshir respectively. Similarly, improved variety of crops cud

vegetables were grown to sustain their livelihood. Additionally, improved fodder

and forage species had also been grown. Finally, uncertainty on main crops

production insurance of crops must be done in local level. To preserve seeds of

main crops and endemic crops gene bank should be established.

lxxxi

Key words: Climate change, leasehold forest user group, livelihood, adoptive

measures

10. People's Perception on the Land Use Change Drivers in Ratu Khola Watershed Mahottari Researcher: Ganesh Prasad Gautam


Land use is the most fundamental key factors that reflect the environmental risk

and main input for the land use planning. Thus, it is very crucial to monitor the

land use land cover changes. Remote sensing and GIS technique are very

important for monitoring these changes. This research entitled "People's

Perception on Land Use Change Drivers in Rata Khola Subs Watershed" was carried

out to explore the possible drivers of change. Perception of local residents was

examined using closed and open questionnaire over the study site. Secondary

literatures were used to identify the magnitude of change. Result revealed that

during 18 years period, cultivated land, Bush Shrub land and other type of land use

increased by 48.09, 120.619 and 105.8211 ha respectively, whereas forest, sandy

area and landslide decreased by 109.9, 134.273 and 30.051 ha respectively.

Natural calamities and infrastructure development were major factors that

changed the land cover of the watershed area. Land use land cover change should

be monitored time and again. Further research should be conducted to identify

the different factors responsible for the land use land cover change. Illegal

extraction of sand, boulder, stone from watershed area should be checked.

Key words: People's perception, land use, land cover, GIS, watershed

11. Impacts of Churai Degradation on Livelihood of Terai People Researcher: Gayatri Karki

Supervisor: Ram Nandan Shah

lxxxii

The Churiya(also called Siwalik) is one of the major five physiographic region of

Nepal and is extended as a contiguous landscape comprising in 34 districts. The

elevation ranges from 120 meter to nearly 2,000 meter. This zone has 263/4 of the

natural forest of The Churiya (also called Sivvalik) is one of the major five Nepal.

The geologic materials here are loosely packed sandstones, mudstones, siltstones

and conglomerates. The Churiya hill slope, Bha-war, and Terai flat plains are

physically, socially connected landscape with strong upstream and downstream

linkages. Churiya region is important from ecological, social, economic and

political perspective of Nepal. Serving as the water reserve for Terai region (the

grain -basket of Nepal), Churiya is critical for both national economy and integrity.

Spread from the east to the west and covering some 13% of total area of the

country.

Churiya, together with the Bhavar and Terai regions resided by approximately 60%

of the covering some 13% of total area of the country, country’s total population.

The trend of land conversion in Cheuridya hills from forest to agriculture in the

recent past has posed a serious problem in ownstream area. The downstream

community is not aware about in services the Churiya is providing and impacts of

the natural resources degradation in the upstream areas and thus do not share the

responsibility for Churiya conservation. For the upstream community, the Churiya

has provided many direct benefits through land use change and overuse of

forested land; these upstream people do not seem to be concerned about the

impacts of forest degradation situation and its long-tee consequences locally and

in the downstream.

The overall objective of the research was to assess the impacts of deforestation

and forest degradation in Churiya region on the livelihood of Terai people through

a case study along the Pasaha river system of Bara district of Central Nepal. The

Findings of the study reveals that major problems of Churiya degradation are

Forestland encroachment, shifting cultivation, forest fires, over-grazing,

deforestation, smuggling of forest produce resulting in soil erosion, landslides, low

agricultural productivity, poor arable land, which has direct impact in downstream

Terai through flooding, expansion of stream beds, sedimentation, river bank

cutting, rising river beds, inundation of villages, reduced agricultural productivity,

lxxxiii

lowering of water table, drying of water sources, damage of infrastructures and

loss of land and property. Vulnerability of already fragile Churiya ecosystem is

further aggravated by numerous anthropogenic interventions such as settlement

through encroachment, clearing of forests for cultivation, over exploitation of

timber and other forest products through illegal logging, uncontrolled grazing of

livestock, excavation and extraction of sand and gravel - thereby rapidly changing

the face of the region.

The degradation in Churiya has got accelerated in the past years a i and the

process of degradation is increasing rapidly- which will go on increasing if it is not

addressed urgently. Degradation is severely affecting the food security, besides

environmental degradation and jeopardizing ecological security. Churiya

degradationmay bring unreparaible damage if they are left unchecked. Therefore

Churiya needs to be protected for Socio-economic development of locals and

economic development of nation through keeping it green forever and

maintaining its ecological integrity.

12. Dynamics and Driving Forces of Land Use Land Cover Change and Indicators of Climate Change Researcher: Indira Pokharel


Land use and Land Cover change has immense impact on the global environment

and ecosystem. This research was carried out in Manohara Khola sub-watershed

of Bhaktapur District with the objectives of detecting the change in Landuse land

cover and its driving forces in time period between 1989-2013 and document the

indicator of climate change. Landsat satellite images of the year 1989 and 2013

were used for quantifying the changes. Result shows that increase in 'Built up

area' and 'Barren land' whereas decrease in 'agriculture' and 'Forest' area. Built up

area of 120510 ha (i.e.34.02%) of sub-watershed in 1989 increased at the rate of

0.04 percentage per year to 148570.5 (i.e. 37.02%) in 2013. Using Descriptive

statistical tools socioeconomic driving forces are observed. Different

socioeconomic factors were associated with increase in 'built up' area such as

population growth, income source, energy use, decrease in livestock, road access,

lxxxiv

increase industry etc. Climatic data (Temperature, Rainfall and Humidity) collected

from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology shows that considerable

warming has occurred in the study area. The average temperature has increased

by 1.56 OC from 18.14 OC of 1982-1986 to 19.70 OC of 2007-2013. Likewise

precipitation and relative humidity were also found in increasing order but

irregularly. Prolonged dry period and short but intense rainfall during rainy season

was observed in recent years. As non-climatic (local) indicators of warming

climate; such as increase in insects and pests like mosquitoes, spread of invasive

species at higher elevations, early flowering and ripening of the crops and other

plants, change in time of crop harvest (earlier) etc. are pragmatic on the study

area.

Key words: Land use land cover, climate change, driving forces, Landsat images

13. Exploring the Contribution of Non-Timber Forest Product(NTFPs) to Rural Livelihood Researcher: Karma Dolma Gurung


Manang district is located in the Western Development Region of Nepal with 13

Village Development Committees (VDCs). It lies within Annapurna conservation

area, which was the first and largest conservation area in Nepal. This district

covered 25% of Annapurna region, which was managed by NTNC through ACAP.

Majority of local inhabitants of this area were Gurung of Tibetan origin. The

proposed study on "Exploring the Contribution of Non Timber Forest Products to

Rural Livelihoods "was conducted in Dharapani, Chame and Manang VDCs of

Manang district. People of these VDCs were using 34 species as NTFPs since

human settlement. The main objective of the research was to assess the

contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products on livelihoods of local peoples, and

explore how this contribution could be further enhanced. Primary data was

collected through key informant survey, household survey with questionnaire,

direct observation, group discussion. Agriculture was the major livelihood

occupation, but production was not enough to feed family members all year

lxxxv

round, and therefore people were often depend on NTFPs for both subsistence

and commercial usage. During food deficit season, the diets were supplemented

with wild edible plants such as wild mushrooms (Agaricus spps), Dalnechuk

(Hipphophae spps), Kurilo (Asparagus racemose), timur (Zanthosylum armatum)

and Jimbu (Allium hypsistum) etc. The main tradable and economically valuable

NTFPs were "Ban lasun" (Allium wallichii), "Satu-wa" (Paris polyphylla) and

"Yarsagumba" (Opicordyceps sinensis).

The contribution of NTFPs on annual income and livelihood of people living in

Chame VDC was 3753%, while this in Manang and Dharapani VDCs was 25.91%

and 20.54% respectively. During study, it was also found that large number (>50%)

of collectors were came from Gorkha, Lumjung and other neighboring districts

during the harvesting season of Yarsa gumba due to its high market price and

demand.

The increasing demand for NTFPs and their products had led to their

overexploitation and illegal trade of valuable NTFPs. To counter this problem,

principle of sustainability should be practiced by providing knowledge and skills to

collectors, and NTFPs farming could also b practiced in barren community lands' as

well as in private lands.

Key words: Non timber forest products, collection, trade, contribution, livelihood

14.Human Wildlife Conflict: A Case Study in Sundarijal and Baluwa VDCs at Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park Researcher: Laxmi Dhital


This research assesses the various aspects of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in

Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. Two VDC i.e. Sundarijal and Baluwa were

selected for this study. During September 2013, ethnographic data were collected

using combination of social survey methods, semi-structured questionnaire survey

of households, on-site focal group discussions, formal and informal interviews and

key informant interviews. The objective of this study was to explore impact of

lxxxvi

human-wildlife conflict in the study area. Secondary data were collected from

several published and unpublished documents, records and reports. Data analysis

was done by both qualitative and quantitative means using SPSS 21 and MS Excel

2013.

Majority of the people living are mostly the farmers and the person who are

retired from their services. Average holding of goat per household was 14.07 in

Sundarijal and 3.84 in Baluwa, and average holding of chicken per house hold was

8.22 in Sundarijal and 29.5 inBaluwa. In Sundarijal VDC, 34 goats, 2 cows and 218

chickens were killed and similarly in Baluwa VDC, a total of 19 goats, 1 buffalo and

186 chickens were killed in the period of three years (mid 2010-mid 2013). The

average loss per household in Sundarijal was Rs. 8160.93 (US$ 81.60, 1 US$= 100

NRs) and the average loss per household in Baluwa was Rs. 3948.85 (US$ 39.48).

There was no record of human injury and attack by wildlife for last three years.

People' s attitude towards wildlife conservation was found to be positive. The

perceived importance of wildlife conservation was significantly different. Most of

the people used firewood as cooking energy.

Promotion of alternative income generating methods, alternative energy and

improved cooking stoves can reduce the HWC indirectly through decreasing the

dependency in forest resources. Environmental awareness program and public

participation are other major aspects that should be considered to mitigate the

humans-wildlife conflict; Physical and biological barriers should be promoted with

the adoption of sound habitat management prescriptions. Some measures has to

be taken to educate People to respect wildlife and indulging in poaching activities.

Keywords: Human wildlife conflict, livestock depredation, people's perception

15. Vulnerability Assessment of Indigenous People's Livelihood due to Climate Change in Mohana laljhadi Protected Forest Researcher: Manoj Awasthi


lxxxvii

Evidences of climate change impact are visible in earth system specifically

vegetation, to and rising temperature affecting normal plant productivity and

ecosystem hydrology, services.Nepal is more vulnerable to climate change impact

due to its fragile mountain ecosystems. Indigenous people whose livelihood is

based on the natural resources are hard hit when such change occurs. It is

important to explore the variation in temperature and rainfall, its impacts on

livelihoods of the indigenous community, and adaptive measures. Thus this study

is carried out entitled "Vulnerability Assessment of Indigenous People's Livelihood

Due to Climate Change in Mohana Laljhadi Protected Forest (A case study

Raikawarbichawa and Shankarpur VDCs)".The research objectives are to assess

trend of changes in temperature and rainfall, to identify the climate change

impacts on indigenous community and to explore the adaptive strategies adopted

by indigenous people to sustain their livelihoods.For this two VDCs Shankarpur

and Raikawarbichawa in Mohana Laljhadi protected forest was selected. Climatic

data were collected from local station Attaria,Dhangadi for 31 years of 1982 to

2012.Similarly social data were collected by stratifying the selected indigenous

households (HHs) based on wellbeing ranking into rich, medium and poor.

Altogether 58 HHs were sampled maintaining 5% sampling intensity. The

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool, household's questionnaire survey, direct

observations, key informant and focus group discussion were applied to collect the

social data. Collected data were analyzed using MS-Excel and SPSS. The ANOVA

test was performed to test damages done among rich, medium and poor

communities of both VDCs. It was found that, the maximum temperature was

increased by 0.0067°C per year and the minimum by 0.0074°C per year and

average annual rainfall was increased by 0.3147 mmper year. The highest rainfall

was reported 223.06 mm for 2008 years and lowest rainfall recorded 73.58 mm

for 2012 years. Moreover, the shifting paradigm was noticed in rainy season like

July to August. Flood was more in the month of September and in the year 2008. It

was found that, 91.35% expressed, with effect of irregular rainfall harm on

cultivation of crops. 81.46% told decreases in crops yield and 87.46% said that

irregular rainfall pattern change in irregular pattern in production. it was 'round

that about 77.59% of people change the variety of crops, 72.41% change the

technology, and 62.07% were crop diversification. Key words: Climate change,

vulnerability, indigenous people, livelihood, climatic variable

lxxxviii

16. Population Status of Blue Bull (boselaphus tragocamelus) and its Potentiality Threats along the Tinau River of Rupandehi, Nepal Researcher: Mohan Aryal


This dissertation entitled "population status, distribution and potential threats to

the Blue bull along the Tinau River ofRupandehi district, Nepal" was based on the

substantial effort, coordination, guidance and assistance from many people who

generously helped me to undertake this study.

The status and conservation of Blue bull (Boselaphustragocamelus) is becoming

one of prominent discourse of wild life research. Catching this issue as a research

problem, this study carried out in along the Tinau River at Rupandehi district to

ascertain population status, distribution and potential threats of Blue bull and

perception of local people towards Blue bull conservation. It followed a

methodological combination of field observation, focus group discussion and

household survey along the Tinau river forest closed to the settlement. A survey of

Blue bull was conducted in the 6 transect line in the forest. A total 30 Blue bull

count where recorded in different transect line .The average group size was found

to be 5 individuals. The average population density of Blue bull in the forest was

found to be 0.2 animal per ha and the sex ration to be 1:3 of Blue bull .The ratio of

male to female and the proportion of sub adult and calves appears to have

increase recent year . The Blue bull population in the Tinau forests region revealed

a gradual increasing trend.

The study investigated the potential threats of Blue bull along the Tianu River

where habitat destruction, overgrazing, conflict, flooding and accident were found

to be the major ones. Per household average crop damage per annual production

was about 45% (in case of pulse and maize), in spite of this loss, the local people

saw still a positive perception towards the problematic animals like Blue bull.

Finally, this study has reemphasized and recommended for conservation and

management of Blue bull,for example adoption of temporal scale studies, regular

lxxxix

monitoring on the population status and site specific conservation strategies,

multi-stakeholder involvement in the conservation program, environment friendly

development activities and increase in the participation and awareness of local

people.

Keywords: Blue bull riverside forest, potential threats, perception, conflict,

conservation

17.Comparitive Assessment of Carbon Stocks in CFcs managed by Active and Less Active Users Group Researcher: Man Kumar Chantyal


Carbon sequestration is one of the principle ecosystem services. Forest plays a

crucial role to reduce CO2 emission. Estimation ofbiomass and soil carbon

sequestered in community forest is essential as it gives ecological and economic

benefit to local people. Forest carbon stock varies with the management efforts.

This research report is focused on effect of degree of efforts on the forest carbon

so active CF namely Jaibik bibidhata and less active CF like Mauribhir of Baglung

district were selected for study. Therefore, the research objectives were to set the

criteria for selection of active less active users group, to access the total carbon

stock (above ground& below ground), to compare the total carbon stock.

Interaction with expert and key literatures were studied to meet the objective.

Stratified Random Sampling was used to collect the biophysical data maintaining

0.5% sampling intensity. So, altogether 30 permanent sample plots were laid out

to assess the carbon stocks on stratified map of the forest, which was prepared

using GPS coordinates. Diameter at breast height and height of trees, poles ad

sapling were recorded and samples of seedlings, herbs, grass, shrubs and litter

were collected. Similarly, the soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-

30cm depth. Then, the biomass equation of Chave et al. was applied to calculate

biomass and it was converted into carbon stocks multiplying with 0.47(Tewari A.

Karki, B.S.2007). Samples were dried in the laboratory. Moreover, the soil samples

were analyzed by applying Walkey-Black method.

xc

The major criteria for selection of active and less active were implementation

status of management plan and participation and good governance in users. The

total carbon stock was found to be higher in CF managed by active user group with

135.21 ton ha-1. The above ground carbon stock of tree, sapling, seedling, litter,

below ground root and soil carbon stock was found to be higher in CF managed by

active user group with 59.07 ton ha-1, 1.26ton ha-1, 0.59 ton ha-1 0.44 ton &if,

9.41 ton ha-1, 50.17 ton ha-1 respectively. Moreover, the above ground carbon

stock of pale and ING was found to be higher in CF managed by less active user

group with 26.23 ton hcr1 and 0.80ton ha-1 respectively. Soil carbon was found to

be decreased with increase in depth in both forest blocks% The soil carbon of CF

managed by active user group in depths 0-10cm. 10- 20cm, 20-30cm wav Mind to

he 17.37 ton , 16.48 ton harp. 16.31 ton ha-1 higher than the soil carbon (ICE

managed by less active users group in respective depth wih15.55 ton ha-1, 11.35

ton ha-1 and 7.55 ton ha-1 The total carbon stock per ha was found to be higher in

CF managed active users group with 135.21 ton ha-1. The estimated total carbon

stock within CFs managed by active and less active users group was found to be

10438.08 tons and1834.69 tons respectively. This study will be helpful to for

preparation of data set for carbon trade.

Key Words: Carbon sequestration, Carbon stock, Carbon, community forest,

biomass

18. The Effects of Thinning in the Growth of Pine Researcher: Mina Haiju

Supervisor: Rajesh Rai

Economic sustainability of forest management can be achieved increasing forest

productivity. The environmental and economic goals can be accomplished through

silviculture activities thinning operation. Pinus sps are the most important species

used for the plantations in mid-hills of Nepal after the massive degradation in

1970s. Those planted stands, however being managed by local communities, are

growing in protective manner which need intensive thinning treatments. The

thinning is the utmost require operation to manage the dense stands. In this

context, this research entitled the effect of thinning in the growth of pine is

xci

carried out in Hilejaljale Ka community forest of Kavrepalanchowk district, aiming

to examine the effects of thinning in the growth of pine and its regeneration

layers.

The assessment was carried out in four experimental plots established in one ha

area with different types of thinning, which was started in 2063 BS. The thinning

applied in the plots are group thinning, selective thinning, line thinning and one is

left as control plot means no silviculture operations have been carried out. Direct

measurement of the trees was carried out to measure diameter at breast height

(DBH). For the undergrowth measurement, all vegetation less than 10 cm in the

regeneration layer was measured in all plots. The Shannon's diversity index

formula was used to calculate the correct measure of diversity.

The group thinning is significantly better than other thinning regimes since it has

high DBH increment and high diversity index in the undergrowths. The line

thinning is not prescribed in this context. Since, it may result in parts of the stand

remaining unthinned, losses in volume production and lower stand stability.

It can be concluded that the thinning operations effect the growth of pine and

increases plant species richness in the regeneration layers. The results are in the

line of existing literature indicating that Nepalese pine stands are in need of

regular thinning. In addition, annual measurement is also not required in thinned

plots since most of the results are not significant. But in longer interval it seems

more effective. The existing forest management strategy should follow the

appropriate silviculture practices and the stands should be protected from the

illegal felling.

Key words: Pines, thinning, sustainability, Shannon Diversity Index

19. Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood of Community Forest User Group Members Researcher: Puspa Deep Shrestha


xcii

Greenhouse gasses had changed climatic variables such as precipitation and

temperature. Global surface temperature had been increased by 0.06°c/year and

projected to increase 1.2°c by 2030 which had direct and indirect effects on

people's livelihood. To verify this, a case study on "Impacts of Climate Change on

Livelihood of Community Forest User User Group Members" was conducted in

Sitala Devi Community Forest Users Group of Aruchanute VDC-4, Gorkha district.

The main objectives of this study to assess the trend and community perception

on climate change, its impacts on livelihoods of community forest user group

members, and mitigation practice used by the community forest user groups and

by local and district level institutions focusing to sustainable livelihood of the

poor, women and disadvantaged households.

Both primary and secondary information were collected from the field using

participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques such as well-being ranking,

household survey, key informants interview, focus group discussion, direct

observation and transect walk of farm and forest areas, and related reports and

publications. Out of 103 households, 40 households of all 3 well-being ranks

were selected by systematic random sampling method.

Rainfall pattern was fluctuated, altered, delayed monsoon, erratic, unusual and

abnormal nature of rainfall with highest rainfall 1996 (3518 mm) and lowest

rainfall in 2007 (1524 mm). Average winter rainfall of last 30 years was also

decreased with low rainfall in November (10.2 mm) and many activities of this

season became uncertain. On the other hand, natural calamities like hailstone

and flood were occurring unpredictably and seem to had Increased in recent

days. Temperature rising pattern was also an unpredictable, and yearly

maximum average temperature was increased by 0.12°c compared previous

years. The overall impact of climate change in Sitala CFUG was the reduction in

agriculture production by 13% due to long drought, water source depletion,

attracts of new disease on crops, landslides, floods and soil erosion. About 75%

of total respondents were vulnerable to long drought followed by 65% of total

respondents on high vulnerable class of shortage of drinking water in March-

April, and agriculture land of 17% respondents had been affected by landslides

and flood, and therefore, the livelihoods of poor households becoming more

xciii

vulnerable due to the effect of climate change and 45% of total respondents had

severe food deficits To cope with food deficit, male members of about 10%

households mainly from poor family migrated to cities for working as wage labor.

The respondents had also applied indigenous adaptation measures such as waste

water management, developing irrigation system, use improved and drought

resistance variety of agriculture crops, crops diversification and change in

cropping pattern by growing cash crops such as vegetables and fruits like banana

etc.

Finally, awareness programs regarding climate change and its impact on local

people must be conducted to strengthen the capacity of CFUG members to

select and adopt appropriate adaptation measures. In addition, agriculture crops

and livestock insurance programs should be initiated to compensate the losses

made by climate change and its effects.

Key words- Climate change, community forest user group, livelihood, adaptation

measures

20. Knowledge of Young Generation anout Non-Timber forest Products Researcher: Pushpa Raj Dhami

Supervisor: Ambika Prasad Gautam

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are an essential component of livelihoods of

millions of rural people in Nepal. The knowledge offood and medicinal value of

locally available NTFPs is being transferred from older generations to younger

generations since time immemorial. But it is believed that the knowledge about

NTFPs is decreasing generation by generation in recent time. In this context, this

study investigated the difference in knowledge of NTFPs between older and

younger generations in Rithapata VDC of Bajhang district in western Nepal. Semi-

structured interview method was used to collect the primary data. Stratified

random sampling was adopted based on age group of the respondents. Thirty

individuals belonging to age group of 20-30 years and the same number of

xciv

individuals above 50 year old were interviewed. The primary data was

supplemented by secondary data and information collected from sources like VDC

office, DFO, Bajhang, Topographic map, CBS, annual reports, books, and Internet.

Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 21 and MS-Excel 2013. The findings

showed that young generation, in general, has less knowledge about NTFPs than

older generation. Increased adoption of allopathic medicines, less willingness of

the young generation to learn about NTFPs, and degradation or loss of NTFPs in

the locality were found to be the main reasons behind the difference of

knowledge between the two generations. The study has provided some

recommendations for filling the knowledge gap.

Key Words: NTFPs, knowledge, young generation, Bajhang district

21. Impact of Climate Change in habitat of Snow Leopard in Mustang Researcher: Pradip G.C.

Supervisor: Jhamak Bahadur Karki

Conservation and management of large carnivores such as Snow leopard (Panthers

uncia) has always been a complex subject and of great concern to conservationist

all over the world. Decline of wild prey populations in the Himalayan region,

largely due to competition with livestock, has been identified as one of the main

threats to the snow leopard.

Climate change is an emerging problem to different habitat component of wildlife

species. Intergovernmental Panel for climate change (IPCC) shows that global

climate is increasing 3-4 degree Celsius per year. Besides existing threats, new

threat for Snow leopard is Climate Change.

The Study "Impact of climate change in Habitat of Snow leopard in Mustang

District" aims to find out impact in habitat for this species was conducted from....

Study also aims to find out the perception of people towards climate change and

snow leopard. Three Village Development Committees (VDC's) were chosen which

are always prone to human Snow leopard conflict.Ten respondents were chosen

xcv

from each VDC and focus group Discussion for climate change and snow leopard

was conducted.

In case of Mustang district climate has increased to 0.146 degree Celsius in last 10

years whereas climate is decreased to 0.697degree Celsius in Winter Season. Tree

line shifting was also common in last 10 years. Grass species were no longer in

high altitude, blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) moves downward for grazing. This may

attract snow leopard being must preferable prey which shows that there was

habitat shift and probably fragmentation.

Key words: Tree line, climate change, impact, snow leopard, Mustang

22. An Assessment of the Market Potentiality of Cinnamomum tamala in Darchula

Researcher: Ranendra Singh

Supervisor: Deepak Upadhyay

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) selling is a major source of income for many

rural poor. Due to limited information and lack of co-operation and co-ordination

among stakeholders, there are many challenges in NTFPs marketing. The research

entitled "An assessment of the market potentiality of Cinnamomum tamala in

Darchula district" was carried out with the specific objectives of listing the most

potential areas of C. tamala production within the study area identifying current

marketing channels, quantifying the harvested and traded amount in the district,

identifying constraints in its marketing and seeking for opportunities.

Primary data were collected through group discussion, key informant survey,

interview with government and industrial personnel and direct field observation.

Secondary data were collected from DFO, KAFCOL Library, and Internet etc. The

quantitative data were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools, i.e.

percentage, mean etc. and summarized accordingly. The qualitative data were

analyzed by descriptive measures and presented in form o I charts, figure and

tables. Farmers harvest C. tamales mostly from private land and only a few are

collected from the government forest. It was found that approximately 400000

kilogram of leaves (Tejpat) and 150000 kilogram of barks (Dalchini) was exported

xcvi

last year from Darchula district. It was also found that no major efforts had been

made for harvesting and collection in CF. 8o% the quantityharvested is sold out in

India and it is highly demanded. The market of C. tan-itala is big enough and it

worth nearly 300 million which makes it highly potential lack of knowledge in

farmers about the final price of the produce, transportation facility and better

storage are the main constraints in marketing. Collective storage and marketing by

formulation of cooperatives has to be started. 87% of the Mis in Darchula could be

benefited if proper and well-functioning market exists. Policy maker's planners

and implementers should give emphasis on short-cut policies formulation and

their implementations, which support, market promotion and commercialization

of C. tumulus .Further research on resource mapping is needed for better

planning.

Key words: C. tamala, marketing channel, co-operatives, sustainable harvesting,

commercialization

23. The Cost of Living with Elephant in and around Bardia National Park Researcher: Raghavendra Pratap Chaudhary

Supervisor: Shushila Chatterjee

The research study entitled "The cost of living with elephant in and around Buffer

Zone of Bardia National Park, Nepal" was carried out in late august to mid

September, 2013 to assess the elephant damages and perception of local people

towards wildlife conservation. Two sample VDCs, Thakurdwara from southern

central and Patabhar from western part of the park across the Karnali River in the

buffer zone were selected for the study purpose in coordination with park

authorities. Various PRA tools including structured and semi-structured

questionnaire survey for 123 HI-Is, 9 group discussion, 12 key informant survey,

direct observation and trend line observation were carried out to collect the

primary data. Secondary data were collected from several published and

unpublished documents, records and reports. Data analysis was done by both

qualitative and quantitative means using SPSS 21 and MS Excel 2013.

xcvii

The main causes behind the cost of living with elephant were crop damages,

property losses and human casualties. In 2012, average loss of major crops per HH

equivalent to US$ 99.58 and US$ 126.10 was reported in Thakurdwara and

Patabhar respectively. Property loss equivalent to US$ 408.16 and US$ 663.26 was

reported in study sites of Thakurdwara and Patabhar respectively in 2012.

Property loss and human casulaties were occasional and site specific. Two people

were killed in 2008 in Thakurdwara and one injured in 2008 in Patabhar. In 2012,

two people were injured in Patabhar. Livestock depredation was not perceived as

a major problem. There was a compensation provision in the buffer zone

management committee against the losses by elephant but they were not satisfied

from this compensation due to inadequate comensation. People should be

encouraged to change their crop varieties in assurance to the market facilities.

Despite the elephant damages, the perception of the local people was found to be

positive towards elephant conservation. Wide range of habitat management

activities, proposition of solar fencing, provisioning compensation in the policy

level and identification of frequent elephant damages area and endorsement of

preventive measures must be the future concerns.

Key words: Cost of living with elephant, crop damages, human casualties, buffer

zone, Compensation

24. Relationship between Carbon Stock and Plant Biodiversity in Guthi Forest

Researcher: Sandeep Paudel


REDD+ mechanism emphasizes mainly on carbon stock enhancement but

biodiversity as a cost benefit- Reducing emission from deforestation and forest

degradation (REDD+) P prime concern to carbon stock enhancement rather than

biodiversity conservation programmed has In the view of the present context, to

maintain the biodiversity is important consideration for the sustainable

development of the forest. Hence, this research study entitled "Relationship

between carbon stocks and plant biodiversity" was carried out. The research

objectives are to estimate above and underground net carbon stocks, to assess the

biodiversity and to evaluate the relationship between the carbon stock and plant

xcviii

biodiversity. To meet the objectives Kalika Guthi forest, Baglung district, Nepal was

selected, which represents the middle hills ecosystem also some low areas

ecosystem. The forest was categorized into two blocks specifically sloppy and flat

forest area.

Stratified random sampling was applied to collect the biophysical data maintaining

0.5% sampling intensity. Altogether ... sample plots were distributed on map of

the forest prepared by using the GPS coordinates. The plot size for tree was 20m *

25 m, 10m* 10m for poles, 5m*5m for saplings, and 2*5 for seedlings and lm*lm

for herbs, litters and grass were established respectively. Simply diameter at

breast height and height were measured and species were counted. Samples of

saplings, seedling, herbs, litters and grass were collected along with the soil from

0-10, 10-20, 21-30 cm depth. The biomass was calculated using equation of Chive

et al and collected samples were dried in the lab further converted into carbon,

soil carbon was analyzed applying Walkey and Black method. The plant

biodiversity was calculated using Simpson's and Shannon-Wiener indices and

relationship between C stock and biodiversity was evaluated.

The estimated total per ha carbon stock of sloppy areas was 126.16 ton ha-1

where the flat areas was 194.98 i.e. 68.62 higher than sloppy areas. The result

shows that, Simpson's and Shannon-Wiener's indices were 0.09, 2.20 for sloppy

forest area and 0.05, 3.20 for flat forest area respectively. The values of Shannon-

Wiener Biodiversity Index ranged 2.20-3.20. any significant relationship was found

between carbon stock and biodiversity, and hence REDD+ mechanism should

emphasize on biodiversity conservation. The study determined that the Guthi la

forest is potential in sequestrating carbon and such records can py a vital role in

REDD+ mechanism.

Keywords: REDD+, Biomass, Carbon, species diversity, Guthi forest, Shannon-

Wiener index.

25. Assessing the Contribution of Girardinia diversifolia (Allo) on Livelihood of

Community Forest User Group Member

xcix

Researcher: Sagar Acharya


Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) was one of the most important non-timber forest

product in study community forest user groups, and had played significant role in

supporting the livelihood of forest user group members. Its bark, young bud and

leaves were used as fiber, vegetable and fodder for animals respectively. The

research entitled "Assessing the Contribution of Girardinia diversifolia on

Livelihoods of Community Forest User Group Members had been conducted in

Dudhelekh and Tinchule Community Forest User Groups, Tara VDL-2, 4, 6, 7&8,

Baglung district. The main objectives of this study were to explore the uses of Allo

(Girardinia diversifolia), and its contribution on livelihood of CFUG members, and

to identify the extent, attitude and potentiality of CFUG members in Allo

development and management.

Both primary and secondary information related to Allo and its products were

collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as

household survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and direct

observation, and related publish and unpublished reports, papers and journals etc.

These data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively and presented in

bar diagram, charts, tables and descriptive manner.

Allo in study areas had been harvested by cutting (69%), uprooting (24%) and

peeling (7%), and its fiber was extracted using indigenous skill and knowledge.

Mostly women were involved to prepare its products such as cloth, sweater and

other handicrafts, and it was sold through cooperative (59%) of Karimela villiage,

Tara VDC, middlemen (12%) and directly to Baglung Bazar, Parbat and Pokhara by

producers (29%). There were huge gap in price of allo products between local,

district and national markets. For example price of one piece of shawl in Karimela

of Tara VDC, Baglung district was NRs 500, while this in Baglung district

headquarter was NRs 700, and its cost was NRs 2500 in national market -Baudhha,

Kathmandu.

c

The main problems associated with allo product marketing were lack of physical

access to markets, high transportation cost, limited market information, small

sized and dispersed collection, unorganized market, and low quality of

fiber/thread. However, allo had played important role in improving the livelihood

of studied CFUG members. The average per household income of Tinchule and

Dudhelekh CFUG members was NRs 27930 and NRs 30900

per year, in which the contribution of alto and its products was 15% and 19%

respectively, This amount was used by both CFUG members to purchase food

stuff, medicine, copy, book and pen to educate their children, celebrate festivals,

construct livestock shed, and improve irrigation canal and drinking water supply

system, and therefore, 73% of total respondents in Dudhelekh CFUG and 64% of

total respondents in Tinchule CFUG were interested to expand alto growing areas.

For sustaining the Allo income, CFUG members should be trained in alto collection,

processing and weaving. Diversification of Allo products should be done to widen

the market opportunity, and networking between community forest user groups

should be promoted realizing more benefit than now.

Key words: Allo, collection, processing, marketing and livelihood.

26.Carbon Stock Assessment in a Community Forest Researcher: Saraswati Bhandari


Indeed, the REDD+ mechanism and ecosystem services need to record stock of

forest carbon in order to design the policy for carbon trade. Thus, this study is

carried out. This research may be useful for preparing the database of forest

carbon. The research objectives are to as-sess the Biomass (above-ground) and

carbon stock of Jagdol community forest, to assess the soil carbon of Jagdol

community forest and to quantify the total carbon stock in a Jagdol community

forest. The random sampling was applied maintaining 3.5 % sampling intensity for

collecting data for tree biomass. Diameter at breast height and height was

measured of tree and pole establishing sample plot of radius 8.92 m. Inside this

plot the sub plot with a 5.64 m radius was established for saplings; also a sub-plot

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with a 1 m radius for seedling and with 0.56 m radius for counting leaf litter, herbs

and grass. So samples were collected from subsamples. The soil samples were

collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30cm depth. These bi-omass was calculated

using equation developed by Chave et al and samples were dried to get the dry

biomass while soil samples were analyzed in lab using Walkley and Black method

to assess the bulk density and carbon content. It was found that, the average

above-ground bio-mass density of 237 ton per ha; the mean carbon density of

216.81 ton per ha and the average soil carbon of 83.14 ton per ha. The total

above-ground biomass (roots not included) in Jagadol community forest was

1350.93 ton and total carbon in Jagadol community forest (in-cluding the root

carbon) was 1235.82 ton with. The total soil carbon in Jagadol community forest

was found 473.88 ton, This carbon stock may contribute to design the policies

regarding REDD+.

Key words: Carbonsequestration, Alnus nepalensis, altitude, aspect

27. Status of Human Tiger (Panthera tigristigris) Conflict in Chitwan National Park Researcher: Samriddhi Kharel


Human-wildlife conflicts are commonphenomena from the past and have become

significant problems throughoutthe world. Big cats whichplay a vital role in

maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey—predator interaction, are now

on the verge of extinction since they require large habitat, but much of their

habitats have been fragmented and degraded. This study aims at exploring the

human tiger conflict in terms of livestock depredation, human casualties,

retaliation killing and poaching a tiger and their prey base. It assessed the tiger

conservation perception and tolerance level of the localpeople to losses cause by

tiger and role of different stakeholders in tiger conservation through mitigating

human-tiger conflict sit explored strategies of conflict reduction for tiger

conservation.

Survey was carried out to study the relation between park and people, number of

cases of conflict, causes and measures implemented status of tiger population,

distribution and people perception. Key informant survey (KIS), group discussion,

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questionnaire survey was used for primary data collection whereas secondary data

were collected from officials records of CNP, NTNC, Department of wildlife.

Majority of respondents was found with livestock cow/ox which was 203

i.e.72%.Respondents with livestock goat/sheep was 142 i.e. 50.4% which was

greater than poultry which was 82 i.e.29.11 and smaller than buffalo which was

207 ise.73.4%.We found 0% respondent with pig and other. Study shows that

there any livestock loss by tiger predation on buffer zone office too. As grazing is

prohibited in the buffer zone almost all respondent having livestock _follow stall

feeding so, this is found one of the reason of not having livestock depredation as

problem. Study also found that there was a record of human casualties and

injuries by the tiger in Geetanagar VDC in last two years and of present running

year. During this period total for people were killed by tiger and one was injured.

In this present running year only, study found that two people were killed and one

was injured in the same day by the same tiger.

The perception of respondent related to tiger conservation was found to be

positive and people could tolerate the loss of livestock to some extend but not

human loss or casualties. The interview result demonstrated that the tiger were

killed primarily for trade of its body parts*. Half of the respondent suggested tigers

should be conserved in the national parks and reserves. Conservation education

along with adequate and prompt compensation against damages and regular

monitoring of tigers may help to reduce human-tiger conflicts

Keywords: Human-tiger conflict, livestock-depredation, retaliation, compensation

scheme

28. Trends of Wildlife Crime in Kathmandu Valley Researcher: Surendra Prasad Adhikari

Supervisor: Dil Bahadur Pun

The research entitled " Trends of Wildlife Crime in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal" was

conducted focusing on assessing i) the trends of wildlife crime me Ca ses

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registered in Kathmandu valley, ii) the hot spots of registered cases of Kathmandu

valley, and iii) the socio-economic status of arrestees.

Both primary and secondary based qualitative & quantitative data were collected

using data collection tools such as questionnaire survey and key informant

surveys. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Microsoft

Excel Software and interpreted using chart, tables, text, figures etc. where

appropriate.

The study has shown that case registration of illegal wildlife trade are in increasing

trend since last 10 years and highest case registered year was in 2069/070.

Wildlife crime case registration was highest in Kathmandu with 136 cases followed

by Lalitpur 13 and Bhaktapur 11 cases. Available data in three District Forest

Offices revealed that the most of the cases are related to leopard skin-26%. The

age group of the highest percentage of people involved in crime are from 20-30

(40%), male 95%, indigenous community 62% and people from the category of

medium level economic status weigh 42%. The study of the justice pattern during

the period of last 10 years has divulged that out of 160 cases final verdict for 130

have given and 30 cases are still in process for final verdict. On average, 16 cases

are found registered and verdict is made for 13 cases per annum. The illegal trade

of wild animal in Kathmandu valley is increasing mainly due to its geographical

location — in between two great nations India and China. Kathmandu is regarded

as the international business hub for illegal wildlife traders. The other reasons are

quick money earning mindset of people and easy transportation access by both air

and land.

The result of this study has clearly stated that trend of wildlife crime has been

increasing due to poor awareness about importance of wildlife and prevailing legal

provisions for wildlife crime. Similarly, weak socio-economic status of people, poor

law enforcement, and low level of coordination among stakeholders and limited

updated knowledge in investigation officials are also augmenting the trend of

wildlife crime. Therefore, immediate initiative should be taken for wildlife crime

control through implementation of programs focused on poor and medium

economic class people of the society and extension programs, improvising existing

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laws and bylaws, establishing proper coordination among all stakeholders and

enhancing skill and knowledge regarding incumbent laws and technologies related

to wildlife crime control to the investigation officials and other frontline staff.

Key words: Wildlife crime, Illegal wildlife trade, hot spots.

29. Variation on Carbon Stock due to Disturbances on Religious Forest Researcher: Sudha Adhikari


There are some key drivers that favor deforestation and forest degradation.

Consequently levels of carbon stock are affected in different parts of same forest

types. But the problem lies in exploring the extent of the effects of drivers of

deforestation and forest degradation on level of carbon stocking. Thus, the

research objectives are to list out the drivers of deforestation and forest

degradation, to compare the carbon stock in disturbed and undisturbed part of

Pashupatinath forests and to assess the effects of deforestation and forest

degradation on forest carbon. Three blocks of forests: disturbed by deer, disturbed

by human and animal and undisturbed block were selected for research site. For

the collection of socio-economic data, interview and meetings were organized

with the key informants i.e. member of Pashupatinath Development Board.

Stratified random sampling method was applied to collect biophysical data

maintaining 0.5% intensity. Altogether, 15 permanent sample plots were taken for

the measurement of carbon stocks. For the calculation of biomass and carbon,

DBH and height of sapling, pole and trees was measured, the representative

seedlings were collected and weighted and taken to the lab along with the soil

sample of soil depth 0-10 cm, 10-20cm and 20-30 cm as a primary data collected

from field while secondary data were collected from concerned literature. The

above ground dry biomass was calculated using the equation of Chave et al and

below ground biomass was calculated by 12.5% of above ground biomass (Mac

Dicken K.,(1997). The carbon stock was calculated by multiplying by 0.47 (IPCC,

2006). Collected data were analyzed to get total carbon stocks. Statistical analysis

was done to compare the carbon stocks in different blocks in which outliers were

removed before statistical analysis.

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The result showed that there were three major drivers of deforestation and forest

degradation they are disturbed human activities, logging and deer ranching and

trampling.

The estimated total above ground carbon stock was found to be highest in

undisturbed forest block with 107.66 ton ha-1 than block disturbed by humans

with 68.27 ton and forest block disturbed by deer with 38.96 ton ha.

The soil organic carbon was found highest in undisturbed forest block (55.67 t had)

followed by forest block disturbed by humans(24.33 tha-1) and forest block

disturbed by deer (10.20 tha-1). The Total Carbon Stock in the Pashupatinath

Religious Forest was 5167.08 tons. Out of this total carbon stock in undisturbed

forest block was 3004.75 ton which is bigger in figure than forest block disturbed

by human with I820.16 ton followed by forest block disturbed by deer with 342.17

ton. Such records ofcarbon can play a vital role in REDD+ mechanism.

Keywords: REDD+; deforestation; degradation; carbon stock.

30. Assessing the Effects of REDD+ Incentives on Communities in REDD+ Pilot Areas Researcher: Santosh Khanal

Supervisor: Narendra Bahadur Chand

Reducing Etnission from Deforestation and forest Degradation and enhancement

of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) is an emerging approach to initiate north-south

financial transfer of environmental services designed as a comprehensive

measures for climate change mitigation. This research attempts to assess the

effects of REDD+ incentives available on communities in two REDD+ pilot areas

(CHAL &TAL) of Nepal, funded by NORAD and WWF Nepal respectively. More

specifically, the research focuses onidentification, effectiveness and perceptions

about REDD+ Incentives available in Ludhikhola CFUG, Gorkha and Tikuligadh

CFUG, Sonpur-5, Dang. The research used both qualitative and quantitative data

which are analyzed by simple statistical tools. The swell, found that mainly two

types of incentives are available for communities i.e. direct carbon reduction

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activity (eg: biogas support) and Indirect carbon reduction activity (e.g.: training

IGAs) which have Social, economic and environmental effects.Ludidamgade CF,

Gorkha received RS. 6,28,680 by NORAD funded Pilot project for increasing 3326

ton carbon in last three year. The knowledge on REDD+ was found very low

amongst the local people, although, they believe on REDD+ reduces deforestation

and degradation rate resulting biodiversity conservation. Their attitude on REDD+

found negative like reduces access to forest resources, raises conflict over forest

use butperceptions towards REDD+ found positive that they arehighly satisfied on

payment criteria (40% carbon increment, 60% Female, poor, IPs, Dalits) and

transparent mobilization of carbon seed grant or funds. The preliminary outcomes

show that the distribution of alternative energy has contributed in significant

reduction of firewood consumption but nominal cash flow of carbon seed money

or soft loan has unable to significantly address the vulnerability of poor. Toilet

linked biogas has many benefits and people also preferred it. The study concluded

that REDD+ incentives could be an effective mechanism for reducing emissions as

well as livelihood improvement The study recommends the project proponent on

Coverage of awareness activities should be increased for successful realization

about the importance of REDD+ process and projects , diverse cost-effective

alternative energy systems like bio-briquette should be explored which are

relatively affordable by poor households and incentives should be increased for

delivering poverty reduction as well as environmental services so that REDD+ can

be pro poor' with `doing no harm' in real.

Key words: REDD+, pilot project, incentives, alternative energy, livelihood

improvements

31. Population and Current Management Status of Blackbuck in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal Researcher: Sanjay Chaudhary

Supervisor: Shant Raj jnawali

The Black Buck (Antilope cervicapra) is one of the elegant antelope. The species is

classified as near threatened by IUCN since 2003, as its range has decreased

sharply during the 20th century. The native population is stable, with an estimated

cvii

50,000 individuals. It is truly representative of Nepal and India. The species is

highly threatened mainly due loss the habitats and now found only in protected

areas. In Nepal they are now confined in Nepal's far western region in Blackbuck

Conservation Area (BCA), Khairapur near Bardia District headquarters and

Suklaphata Wildlife Reserve (SWR).

The study area was Hira Phata of SWR which is at elevation 213m from sea level,

lies at geographical location between 28° 45' 16" and 28° 57'23" and 80° 06' 04"

and 80° 21' 40" at the extreme southwest of the Terai in Kanchanpur district in the

Far Western Region of Nepal. The objective of the research was to documentation

the current population status in the study area, diurnal daily activity patterns,

translocation details and cost of translocation and current management issues.

Cynodondectylon is the dominant species among grass. And the Blackbucks were

kept in the fence proof of 7.5 hectare. A daily activity of blackbuck was observed in

morning, day and in the evening. Most of blackbuck spends their times for grazing

and moving only. Blackbucks were translocated in 2012 from the Mini Zoo,

Nepalgunj and Central Zoo Jwalakhel, Lalitpur. 22 blackbucks were from Mini Zoo

Nepalgung and 6 blackbucks were from Central Zoo Lalitpur. Total 32 blackbucks

were listed in SWR. And the cost of translocation was NRs 89, 00,000, NTNC,

USAID/Hariyo Ban and SWR have supported the entire cost of translocation. Thus,

an appropriate management of habitat of blackbuck and its population needs for

its future preservation and importance. And control of its threats like poaching,

over grazing, disease, predation, in breeding and Statuary visitors.

Key words: Population, management status, blackbuck, Suklaphanta wildlife

reserve

32. People's Perception towards Bats and Distribution of their Roosting Sites in Chitwan, Nepal Researcher: Shraban Kumar Basnet

Supervisor: Sujan Thapa

cviii

Nepalese people have negative attitude towards bats except in few places such as areas around Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve where bats are believed as the Goddess of Wealth (Laxmi). There are lots of misconceptions and misbelieve regarding bats in Nepalese society. Bat studies in studies lags behind the neighboring countries although Nepal harbors good proportion of bat species (53 species). Few taxonomic researches, expeditions and conservation activities has been led in different parts of Nepal. However, the technical research such as habitat and distribution mapping has not yet smoothly conducted. In this background, this research was targeted with objective to understand the people's perception towards bats and to prepare habitat and distributional map of their roosting sites in the Chainpur V.D.0 of Chitwan Districts The respondents showed positive attitude towards bats conservation. Distribution mapping of eight roosts sites of bats (including two roosts of Pipistrellus spp) was prepare & the detailed stud) focusing ecological role of bats in pollination, seed dispersal and pest control should be conducted. Also the detailed habitat and roosting distribution mapping research should be carried out.

Key words: Bat, Chitwan, Nepal, people's perception, roost distribution map.

33. Monitoring Green Biomass Using Multi-Temporal landsat Images along the

Industrail Corridor of Mahendra Highway Researcher: Usha Thakur Supervisor: Shambhu Paudel

Due to high rate of changes of land cover along the major highway of Nepal, it is imperative to understand magnitude and direction of changes along major highway of Nepal. With the line of this, the research entitled "Monitoring Green Biomass using Multi- Temporal Landsat Images along the Industrial Corridor of Mahendra Highway" was carried out in the central region of Nepal (Makwanpur, Bara and Parsa). The objective of the study is to understand the area of biomass changed from 1989 to 2013 using GIS and RS approach. Changes were examined in multi distance through developing NDVI. Result revealed that green biomass area have been changed in alarming rate that 11096.46 ha area lost green biomass in the period of 24 years along the industrial corridor.Large amount of green biomass were reduced within 10 km from the highway than 5km and 151cm respectively. Construction of Mahendra highway, industrialization, institutional development, infrastructure development, settlement and disaster-affected people were major actors responsible for the changes. There-fore, the concerned departments should formulate a comprehensive natural resource management policy, plans and

cix

programs to address the issue and minimizing the consequences of forest encroachment. The findings of this study will provide useful information for managers/ policy makers in the formulation of management strategies.

Key words: Multi-temporal, Landsat, NDVI, green biomass, highway, Nepal

34. Institutional Involvement and People's Perception towards Urban Forestry Researcher: Vivek Kumar Ghimire


The research entitled "Institutional involvement and peoples' perception towards

urban forestry" was conducted in the Butwal municipality city of Rupandehi

district. The researchaimed to identify the institutions working in the field of urban

forestry and document their urbanforestry related activities. It also assessed the

level of awareness and perception of peopletowards urban forestry. Primary data

was collected using questionnaire survey, key informant survey, and direct field

observation. Secondary data was collected from published and unpublished

literatures, authorized webpage and publications of concerned organization. The

obtained data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using SPSS-20

and Microsoft Excel 2010. Results were presented in the form offigures, charts,

tables and text. The findings of the study revealed that there arefew number of

institutions working in the field of urban forestry. However, none of them are fully

devoted towards urban forestry but only contributing for it. Park development,

plantations and raising awareness are the major activities of urban forestry. The

other activities include tree hazard prevention, greenways/greenbelts, nursery

establishment, city beautification, and some urban forestry related researches.

The research also showed that not all the

People were known about the benefits of urban forestry and there was less

participation of people in urban forestry activities. The study also indicated that

limitation of land was the major constraint for urban forestry development in the

city. The greenery in the surrounding was decreasing due to unplanned

urbanization. The present study recommends that government should take

immediate steps to establish the institutional setup to facilitate the urban forestry

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programs and urban forestry should be developed as a part of urban

infrastructure.

Keywords: Urban forestry, institutions, perception, awareness

Batch 6(2067 BS)

1. An Assessment of Human Population Dynamic around Protected Area

Researcher: Anjana Puri

Supervisor:

National park is a strategy to conserve biodiversity rich areas. Chitwan National

Park (CNP) was established in 1973 with area 932 square kilometers and included

in world heritage site in 1984. Livelihood dependency on CNP is the challenge for

conservation. Human population around national park is the determinant of

resource demand from CNP. Buffer Zone (BZ) is a strategy to mitigate absolute

dependency on park resources. Chitwan Buffer zone was established in 1996 with

area 750 square kilometers.

The main goal of the study is to improve people perception on park people

relationship around CNP. The specific objectives are to examine trends of human

population growth in VDCs adjoining to CNP and to investigate underlying factors

to influence population dynamics around the CNP.

The issue regarding human-wildlife conflict is more dominant in CNP. According to

the study Gardi and Dibyapuri VDCs were selected on the basis of population

growth rates over two decades excluding municipalities.Different primary and

secondary data were collected for the study and MS-Excel, GIS software,

Frequency distribution and some statistical formulae were used to analyse the

data.

The study shows that population dynamics bring challenges with respect to

conservation opportunities and development. Different benefits and risks

provided by the national park are the pull-push factors of migration and ultimately

cxi

population dynamics as well. So it is necessary to bring changes in the attitude and

perception of different stakeholders regarding human- wildlife conflict mitigation

and management. For this sustainable approach, adequate and fast compensation,

alternate cropping system, rescue teams for problem animals, biological corridors

and good policy by the government should be promoted.

Key words: Human population dynamics, benefit, risk, migration

2. The Significance of Religious Forest Researcher: Anju Thapa Magar


A Study on “The Significance of Religious Forest, a case study of five religious

forests of Kathmandu valley” was conducted in five religious forests Swayambhu

RF, Bajrabarahi RF, Pashupatinath RF, Surya Vinayak RF and Changu Narayan RF to

assess the contribution of religious forest on urban forestry of Kathmandu valley,

to determine the area of religious forests of Kathmandu valley,to identify the

species and their density and to analyze the contribution of these forests on local

socio-economic and environmental condition.

Out of 40 respondents, 28 respondents (70%) were of Janajati ethnicity and

majority of them belonged to Newar community, male and female respondents

were 18% and 82% respectively, majority of respondents (55%) were involved in

service and business occupation, 52% respondents had higher education and

mostly Hindus and Buddhists visited the sites. Out of five religious forests only two

namely Swayambhu religious forest and Bajrabarahi religious forest had religious

forest management committee (RFMC) with master plan in Swayambhu. The area

of the forests Swayambhu RF, Bajrabarahi RF, Pashupatinath RF, Surya Vinayak RF

and Changunarayan RF are 24.38, 12.28, 29, 67.68 and 97 hectares respectively.

The major species found in Religious Forests of Kathmandu valley were

Castanopsis sps, Pinus sps, Schima wallichi, Azadiracta indica, Prunus cerasoids,

Pirus pashia, etc. The socio-economic benefits of Religious Forest were Tourism,

Picnic spots, Social functions like wedding ceremony and other religious functions

like “Bratabanda”,Fuel wood collection etc. Environmental benefits of Religious

cxii

Forest were Greenery for recreation. To moderate local climate and reduce air

pollution impacts, protection of water resources, soil protection, conservation of

the natural habitat and biological diversity, protecting the cultural dimension of

forests. Issues and Constraints of Religious Forest management were lack of

operational plan, programs concerning religious forest, lack of attention from the

Department of Forest, NGOs/INGOs.

Keywords: Religious Forest, Contribution, Significance, Kathmandu

3. Distribution and Conservation Status of Chinese Pangolin in Pritivinarayan

Municipality, Gorkha Researcher: Ashish Tripathi Supervisor:

Chinese pangolins are least studied burrowing mammals. There is great role of this

species in nature to maintain ecological balance. Due to illegal trade and habitat

destruction, Chinese Pangolins are in great risk of extinction although being

protected by national as well as international laws. This research was carried out

to find out the distribution, habitat utilization, social belief and conservation status

of Chinese pangolins in Prithivinarayan municipality of Gorkha district, Nepal. This

study was done with direct field observation followed by direct observation along

the tracks and random search, group discussion, key informant survey and

questionnaire survey.

This study showed the presence of indirect signs of Chinese pangolins such as 158

burrows (including 43 new and 115 old) in Prithivinarayan municipality, Gorkha.

The distribution pattern of Pangolins was found to be of clumped type. On

applying Chi- square test, it was found that the burrows were not uniformly

distributed in all wards and aspects. The habitat utilized by Chinese pangolins was

found to be forest and agricultural land. In the forest, the maximum numbers of

burrows were located at the crown cover of 25-50%. People thought pangolins

scales protect from evils and bad spirit if children keep in their body. The

Conservation status of Pangolins in the study area was found to be good. Hunting

for illegal trade and local consumption for meat was the major.

cxiii

Key words: Chinese pangolin, distribution, habitat utilization, conservation status,

social belief

4. An Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Measures Researcher: Abhishek Sharma Pandit


The research study entitled "An Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerabilities and

Adaptation Measures" was conducted to analyze the trend and community

perception on climate change, its impacts and related vulnerabilities and adaptive

measures practiced by Ratanpur community forest user group members of

Mirlung VDC- 1 and 2, Tanahun district. Both primary and secondary information

were collected from the field using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and

techniques such as well being ranking, household survey from 59 households of

four well being ranks (A-rich, B-medium, C-poor and D-very poor), key informants

interview, focus group discussion, direct observation and transect walk of farm

and forest areas, and related published and unpublished reports and publications.

MS Excel and SPSS were used to analyze the information, and logically presented

in main text along with simple table, charts, bar diagrams and graphs.

The overall impact of climate change in Ratanpur CFUG was the reduction in

agriculture production by 20% due to change in rainfall pattern and low rainfall in

rice seedling transplanting months such as June and July, and drought in maize

crop growing months such as April and May. Majority of the respondents had

reported that their livelihood became vulnerable with water shortage problem

during peak rice seedling transplanting period followed by irrigation water

shortage during paddy flowering and grain formation, drinking water shortage

problems, occurrence of disease in livestock and crops due to unusual

temperature fluctuation and rainfall, soil erosion, landslides, stream bank cutting

and flooding in low lying areas. It was concluded that the livelihoods of poor

households were becoming more vulnerable due to the effect of climate change,

and 32% of total respondents had severe food scarcity problems. To cope with

food deficit, male members of 8 households mainly from poor and dalit houses

cxiv

had been migrated to cities and other countries to work as wage labor. As a coping

mechanism, majority of total respondents had also applied some adaptation

measures such as planting trees, grasses and bamboo, using improved varieties of

crops and growing cash crops such as vegetables and fruits. Also, adaptive

measures like improvement of irrigation system, construction ofgabion walls and

check dams for rehabilitation of gullies, landslides and stream bank cutting areas

were done in support of local and district level line agencies to reduce

vulnerability associated with climate change.

Key words- Adaptation measures, Climate change, Livelihood Vulnerability

5. Effect of Ropeway and Rodway on Forest Carbon Balance Researcher: Bandana Rana Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

The ropeway transportation technology is one of the important adaptive measures

of climate change in mountainous countries like Nepal since the land

transportation emits large quantity of CO2. There are some negative effects of land

vehicles and some drawback of ropeway too. However, such types of study have

not done yet. So, this study is objectively carried out to assess the CO2 saving in

the forest by the use of ropeway, emission done by the use of fuel based

transports and explore their negative effects and also drawbacks of ropeway.

Basically ropeway of Manakamana, Gorkha which is situated in hilly terrain was

selected for this study. Three sections were made in order to carry out the

sampling. Altogether 18 samples were taken in either side of the constructed road.

The sample plot was of 10m×4m size. The Diameter at breast height and height of

tress were measured. The soil samples were collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-

30cm depth. In addition, the samples of litter, herbs and grasses, DBH< 5cm plant

were carried out for lab analysis. The biomass was calculated using the equation

by Chave et al. Soil samples were analyzed by using Walkley and Black Method and

other samples were dried in the lab at 1050C. Moreover, direct interview was

conducted with people to gather the data regarding average consumptions of

diesel and petrol by vehicles. The expert’s interaction was also carried out to

collect the data about the negative effects of land transportation and draw backs

cxv

of ropeway. The analysis showed that, if ropeway is used instead of 9km×4m road,

the Shorea robusta mixed forest with Schima wallichii can save about 765.91 t C in

area of Kurintar - Manakamana. On the other hand, total CO2 emission by land

transportation was nearly 11.82 t per year for 9 km travel distance by vehicles.

Remarkably, the environmental degradation and fragmentation of forest are the

main effect of land transport while self- confidence and highly mechanize

technology are the major drawbacks of ropeway.

Key words:ropeway,CO2 emission, saving, environmental degradation, pollution,

REDD+, CDM

6. Assessment of User's Socio-economic Upliftment through Community Forest Researcher: Bandana Shree Rai


The research entitled ”An assessment of User’s Socio-economic Upliftment

Through Community Forestry” conducted in the Sisakhani Community Forest User

Group of SipaliChilaune VDC-3, Kavhrepalanchowk District. The study aimed to

identify the socio-economic status of user’s group by conducting research

between initial stage and recent stage socio-econimic status of community forest

user group.

Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as household survey with open-ended

questionnaire, interview with key informants, group discussion, and direct

observation were used to collect primary data. Secondary data were gathered

from concerned DFO reports, CFUG operational plan and constitution, and

minutes recorded by CFUGs, and other related journals. The data were analyzed

using computer software packages through MS Excel. The results were presented

in the charts, figures, diagrams and tables, and interoperated accordingly.

Socio- economic status of community forest user group members was being

improved after the implementation of community forest programs. Work load

CFUG members to collect forest products was reduced by 3 hours per day, and

that time was used by CFUG members to implement income generation activities

cxvi

such as onion farming. In addition, increase in fodder and forage in community

forests had helped for raising goats and buffalo, from which CFUG members were

generating income Rs10,000-40,000 per households. Community forest user group

had generated Rs 50,000 from different CF activities, and that money was used in

different community development activities such as development of drinking

water supply systems and road gravelling.

Finally, it was recommended that decision for CFUG fund mobilization should be

made in mass to reduce the conflict and training and other capacity building

programs like adult literacy programs should be conducted to increase the

participation of women in decision making process, and focus should be given to

poor households while mobilizing CFUG funds.

7. Human- Elephant conflict around Bardiya National Park

Researcher: Bhoj Raj Pantha


The study on Human-elephant conflict was carried out during Nov-Dec, 2014 in

ManauVDC (Buffer zone VDC of BNP).The research was entitled "Human Elephant

Conflict around BNP" (A case study on Manau VDC). One sample BZ VDC (Manau)

was selected for the study purpose in coordination with park authorities. Various

PRA tools including structured and semi-structured questionnaire survey for 118

HHs, 9 group discussions, 12 key informant survey and direct observation were

carried out to collect the primary data. Secondary data were collected from official

records published and unpublished documents. Data were analyzed quantitatively

using MS Excel.

The main causes behind Human elephant conflict were crop raiding, property

damages and human casualties. The crop damage problem was higher in crop land

less than 200m and low in crop land 500-1000m. The crop and property damage

problem was not seen in the area more than 1000m. The result showed that the

incidence of the crop damage was higher in crop matured season i.e. (October-

November), March and June-July. Damage is occurred in night time during the

crop mature season. The most prefer crop of elephant was paddy. Rice and maize

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are heavily damaged in mature stage and wheat was heavily damage at teaseling

stage than mature stage.Crop damage problem in Ward No.1 (lost about 40.09%

of total production) was higher than other wards but in ward no. 4 and ward no.6

weren't seen crop damage problem and property damage problem was only seen

in ward no 1in this year (Partial damage amount =NRs.36000 and complete

damage amount = NRs.25000). Human injury and death, livestock depredation and

elephant death were not found within 5 years period in Manau VDC but altogether

29 people were killed in and around BNP from 2056 BS to 2071 BS .73%

respondent prefer that the effective mitigation measure is electric fencing. There

was a compensation provision in the buffer zone management committee against

losses by elephant but they were not satisfied from this compensation due to

limited discipline and inadequate compensation.People should be encouraged to

alternative crop which are more economic than traditional crop. Park authorities

should initiate conservation awareness, crop raiding and property damage

insurance, adequate and quick compensation, are suggested mitigation measures

for minimization of human-elephant conflict.

Key words: Bardia National Park, Human-elephant conflict, crop damage, Habitat,

Compensation

8. Human- Elephant Conflict: A Case Study from Madi Municipality of Chitwan District Researcher: Bikash Kharel

Supervisor:

In one hand the habitat of Mega herbivores have been fragmented and degraded,

and in the other this has resulted in a phenomenon called human elephant

conflict. Therefore, frequent encounters with humans, their crops and their

property have caused human-elephant conflicts which has negative effects on

both elephant and the humans.

This study aimed at exploring the human-elephant conflict in terms of property

damage, livestock depredation, human casualties and crop damage. It studied the

strategies of conflict reduction for elephant conservation. The study was

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conducted in 5 wards of Madi municipality of Buffer Zone of Chitwan National

Park, Nepal. For this study 159 heads of household and 15 key informants were

interviewed. The crop damage was the most frequent damage occurring in the

study area. Among the crop damaged paddy was the most damaged crop.

Studying the crop damages, there was an average loss of Rs. 4574.56/ household/

year. There was no direct evidence of livestock depredation but elephants

indirectly harmed the livestock by destroying their sheds. Property damage was

also another cause for human elephant conflict in the study area. The estimated

property loss /HH/year was Rs 11227.27.Human casualty was also the severe

problem which has caused people to behave negatively towards elephant. It was

studied that people used different mitigation measures for reducing human

elephant conflict. Among those mitigation measures community protection and

machan guard was highly practiced. Although the most effective measure was the

electric fencing less number of people in the study area used this measure

because of the unavailability of electricity and other economic constraints. In spite

of the severe cost the people are paying due to elephant conflict, the perception

of majority of people towards elephant and its conservation was positive. Any of

the conservation programs without the people’s participation cannot be

successful. For peoples participation their problems need to be sensitively

addressed. In this case of human elephant conflict proper compensation scheme

should be made so that people willingly and happily participate in elephant

conservation program.

Key words: Human-elephant conflict, crop damage, property damage,

compensation

9. Habitat Preference and Evaluation of Swamp Deer in Bardiya National Park Researcher: Biplavi Bhattrai


This study on Swamp Deer was carried out during the December, 2014 in three

Phantas of Bardia National Park. The research was entitled “Habitat preference

and Evaluation of Swamp Deer in Bardia National Park”. Direct and indirect

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approaches were used for the fulfillment of the objectives. Habitat preference was

found out by the direct observation and pellet study whereas habitat evaluation

was done by analysis of vegetation composition. Pellet study was done in circular

plots and vegetation study was done in square plots spaced at 150 m

systematically in all the three Phantas. Data were analyzed using simple statistical

tools – SPSS, MS Excel and ArcView GIS 10.2 version.

This study resulted that Swamp Deer preferred altitudes of 158m - 168m in the

study area. The Habitat preference value was found to be highest in short

grassland and lowest in tall grassland so it can be considered that short grassland

is frequently used Habitat by Swamp Deer. Swamp Deer preferred sparse and very

sparse ground cover in comparison to dense ground cover. Habitat preference was

found to be high in pure grassland in comparison to grassland with crown cover.

The maximum number of pellets groups found in the areas which had proximity to

water source explains that Swamp deer preferred areas near to water sources.

Imperata cylindrica was found to be the most preferred grass species followed by

Dubo (Cynodon dactylon), Kush (Desmostachya bipinnata), Munj (Saccharum

munja), and Kash (Saccharum spontaneum).Altogether Swamp Deer were

observed feeding 16 species among which 4 were aquatic species.

Altogether 14 species of grasses,8 species of shrubs, 3 species of herbs and 13

species of trees were recorded from all the three Phantas Among these, in all the

Phantas Imperata cylindrica had the highest IVI i.e 107.25 in Khauraha Phanta,

97.72 in Bagaura Phanta and 76.58 in Laguna Phanta. Saccharum spontaneum and

Desmostachya bipinnata were other dominating species in all the Phantas.

Management of the most preferred habitat type i.e. Impereta dominated short

and sparse grassland should be given more priority. Control burning should be

adopted in patches to avoid the severe food crisis especially in the winter season.

Emphasis should be given to the naturally created waterholes. Control of

colonizing tress like Buetea monosperma is very important for the long

sustainability of grasslands. Swamp Deer congregated only on the three grasslands

Khauraha, Bagaura and Laguna. Among this three grasslands mainly Barasingha

are congregated in Bagaura Phanta. There may be chances of collapsing

population by diseases or other casualties. Therefore, it is necessary to study on

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the habitat suitability for Swamp Deer in extension area or other part of the

country and their possible translocation. Awareness raising programs are essential

for school students, herder, villagers and the general public to improve their

understanding of threats to Swamp Deer and other wildlife species and, thereby,

engage their support in conservation efforts.

Key words: Swamp Deer, habitat preference, ground cover, crown cover, IVI,

Bardia National Park.

10. An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Researcher: Birendra Kumar Yadav


Climate change- change in climatic variables basically temperature and

precipitation due to the effects of GHGs. Global surface temperature has increased

by 0.06 ° c/year and projected 1.2° c by 2030 which has direct and indirect effects

on natural resources and livelihoods. CC has been seen as a Global challenge. To

verb this, a case study on Krishna Community Forest Users Group Taregana VDC-6,

siraha District, Nepal was conducted to assess the trend and community

perception on climate change, its impacts on farm resources of community forest

user group members, and adaptation measures used by the community forest

user group members.

Both primary and secondary (quantitative and qualitative) data were collected

from the field and related publication and sources. Out of 151 households, 76

were surveyed (intensity was50 %) by systematic random sampling method,

discussion with key informants, focus group discussion, direct observation and

transect walk of forest and farmlands was also applied. Qualitative data were also

quantified. The data were logically interpreted along with simple table, charts,

bars and graphs. GIS, MS word & MS Excel were used to analyze the information.

The age range of respondents was from 30 to 70 years. Fluctuation in temperature

had been experienced by the respondents with more cold in winter and high

temperature in summer compared with 10 years ago. About 59% respondents

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reported the change in monsoon rain due to the change in climate, and had

experienced the earlier monsoon since last 13 years. The lowest monsoon rainfall

was measured in 2000 (88mtn) and maximum in 1987 (2172.3mm). The overall

impact of these climatic changes in Krishna CFUG was the reduction in agriculture

production by 15% due to the long drought in crop growing months, water source

depletion, landslide, and flood and soil erosion. About 75% respondents fall on

high vulnerable class to long drought, followed by 70 % respondents on water

shortage. Similarly, about 96 katha of agriculture lands, which is about 20% of

total farm lands, had been affected by landslide and flood. Due to these effects of

climate change, the livelihoods of pooY HHs becoming more vulnerable with

severe food deficit in 55% of total HHs. To cope with food deficit problems, family

members of 20% HHs mainly from Sada families migrated to the local VDC, Lahan

Bazzar, India & Kathmandu valley to work as seasonal wage labor.

Some climate change adaptation measures e.g. rain water harvesting, developed

irrigation system and waste water management for growing cash crops like

vegetables( 27%), improved and drought resistant variety of agricultural crops

(30%), changed and diversified in cropping pattern (38%), both organic and

chemical fertilizers use (67%), use insecticides and pesticides of are used by HHs.

Finally, awareness programs!, institutional development, relief mechanism,

planting grass and fodder trees in marginal land, water source protection and bio-

engineering practices are recommended in action and study.

Key words:Climate change, cc adaptation, cc strategy, mitigation, global

challenge.

11. Assessment of CO2 and CH4 Emmission from Domestic Fuel and Livestock Keeping: Household Level Analysis Researcher: Das Ram Chaudhari


Climate change is regarded as an unequivocal natural phenomenon and the

anthropogenic activities accelerate it mainly due to the release of greenhouse

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gases. It has started showing its impacts in different sectors that ultimately affect

the livelihood of general people. Importantly, the mitigation and adaptation

against adverse impacts of climate change becomes necessary to understand.

Adaptive strategies are being developed all around the globe and it is vital in those

countries which are highly vulnerable. Nepal is listed among one of the highly

vulnerable countries due to climate change due to increasing quantity of

greenhouse gases (GHGs). The CO2 and CH4 are the major components GHGs and

their quantification is essential to address the issues of climate change. The

research objective were to list out the forest product used and categorize forest

species preferred by local people to assess CO2 and CH4 emission among

households with family size and different socio-economic group from domestic

fuel wood consumption and livestock keeping and to find the potential reduction

of CO2 and CH4 emission.

Banghushree village of Satbariya VDC in Dang district was selected as study site

and altogether 45 households were sampled randomly after well-being rankings

under rich, medium and poor categories of family size <4, 4-6 and >6 setting the

randomize block design (RBD). The quantity of fuel consumption was recorded in

morning and evening time for seven days. The collected samples of fuel wood

were dried in the laboratory. Moreover, record of cattle keeping was taken from

participatory rural appraisal (PRA). Information on CH4 emission management was

gathered from experts and literature. The dry weight of fuel was converted into

carbon and latter into CO2 while CH4 emission was calculated by using good

practice guideline of IPCC. The estimated total annual CO2 and CH4 emission were

513.852 t and 21.81 t respectively which together can emit 1015.482 t CO2. On

the other hand managing the CH4 through installing biogas plants have the

potential to reduce the gasses about 505.97 tCO2 which can offer US$ 2276.84 of

certified emission reduction in the village.

Key words: Emission, CO2, CH4, livestock, fuel, management

12. Effects of Silviculture Practices on Carbon Stock in Shorea robusta Forest Researcher: Dipak Adhikari


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Forest carbon stock varies with the forest type, vegetation, age, ecological zones

and several other factors. Predominantly, forest management and associated

silvicultural treatments are key factors of forest carbon dynamics. Community

based forest management of Nepal is playing a vital role in managing the forest

by local user groups since three decades. Meanwhile, reducing emissions from

deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) emerged as supplementary

opportunity to the community. But it needs sufficient record of data of forest

carbon for designing the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system (MRV)

and developing the Reference emissions level (REL). Thus, this research was

objectively carried out to asses above ground and below ground carbon stock in

forest block under silvicultural treatment and forest block without silvicultural

treatment, to estimate soil organic carbon in forest block under silvicultural

treatment and forest block without silvicultural treatment and to compare the

carbon stocks in these two blocks. For this Nawadurga community forest at

Tulshipur 8,9, Dang was selected as study area. Altogether twenty permanent

sample plots were laid in both blocks.

Stratified Random Sampling was used to collect the biophysical data maintaining

1% sampling intensity that includes biomass of trees/poles, saplings, root and

leaf litter and herb. Then, the biomass equation of Chave et al. (2005) was

applied to calculate biomass and it was converted into carbon stocks multiplying

with 0.47. Similarly, the soil samples were collected from three different depth of

0-10, 10-20 and 20-30cm and these were analyzed by applying Walkey-Black

method to determine the soil organic carbon. After, all analyzed data were

calculated to get total carbon stocks. For statistical analysis SPSS 16 was used.

The result showed that the total biomass stock was found to be leading in

control block of forest with 176.84 ton ha-1. The above ground carbon stock of

tree, LHG, and below ground root carbon stock was found to be higher in control

block of forest with 174.73 ton ha-1, 3.88 ton ha-1, and 21.84 ton ha-1

respectively. Moreover, the soil carbon was found to be higher in forest block

under silvicultural treatment with 49.04 ton ha-1. The soil carbon in 0-10cm

depth was found to be higher with 25.68 ton ha-1 in Forest block under

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silvicultural treatment than control block of forest with 20.09 ton ha-1. Similarly,

the soil carbon in 20-30cm depth was found to be higher with 10.10 ton ha-1 in

Forest block under silvicultural treatment than that of control block of forest

with 10.00 ton ha-1. But, the soil carbon in 10-20cm depth was found to be

slightly higher in control block of forest with 13.59 ton ha-1 than forest block

under silvicultural treatment with 13.26 ton ha-1. The total carbon stock per ha

was found to be higher in control block of forest with 137.89 ton ha-1 than forest

block under silvicultural treatment with 132.15 ton ha-1. The study determined

that the community forests at Tulashipur are potential in sequestrating huge

amount of carbon and such records of carbon can play a vital role in REDD+

programme.

Key Words: carbon sequestration, carbon stock, community forest, biomass,

silviculture, treatment, REDD+, control

13. Poverty, Gender and Social Inclusion in Community Forest User Group

Researcher: Dipesh Mijar


A short study on “Poverty, Gender, and Social Inclusion in Community Forest

User Group” was conducted in Khalikhola CFUG, Deurali 04 VDC Mahalaxmi

CFUG Deurali 07 VDC, Gorkha district to assess the inclusion of Poor, Women and

Dalits households in community forest development and management, decision

making process and benefit sharing. Both primary and secondary information

were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as well being

ranking, questionnaire survey of 70 households (Dalit and Non-Dalit, Male and

Female, and Poor and Non-poor category) of both CFUGs, key informants

interview, focus group discussion, direct observation of farm and forest areas,

and related reports and publications. Information collected from the field were

analyzed using MS excel and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with tables,

graphs and figures.

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More than 50% of total respondents were women, poor and dalit, and majority

of Dalit (65.7%) and poor (84%) respondents were illiterate and their main

occupation was farming producing food crops sufficient for less than 3 months.

In addition, their representation in CFUG executive committee was also low with

15%, 25% and 35% representation of dalit, poor and women respectively.

Majority of women (71.40%), poor (66.70%) and Dalits (64%) were not present

during constitution and community forest operational plan preparation and

finalization meetings and assemblies. The main reasons for this were workload at

household and socio-cultural obstacles.

Majorities (51%) of them were also not informed in all CFUG programs, and were

getting CFUG executive committee decision through neighbors. Large number of

Dalit (51.4%) and Poor (55.3%) respondents believed that CFUG decision making

process was influenced by elite and rich persons, and therefore, executive

committee heard their voice sometimes while taking decisions, which had

resulted biasness on distribution of forest products among CFUG members. They

had further highlighted that committee set price for forest products was too high

for them, and were not satisfied with forest product distribution process of their

CFUGs. However, majority (60.23%) of total respondents of all studied categories

were satisfied with CFUG fund mobilization process and practices.

Key words: Community forestry, poverty, gender, caste and inclusion

14. Contribution of Community Forestry on Income Generation Community Development and Forest Development Researcher: Dilip Kumar Yadav


A brief study on "Contribution Community Forestry on Income Generation,

Community Development and Forest development" was carried out in Basantpur

CFUG, MahendrakotVDC-2, Kapilvastu district to assess the contribution CFUG

funds on income generating activities for socio economic improvement,

community development and forest development. Both primary and secondary

information were collected from the field using Participatory Rural Appraisal

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tools and techniques such as well being ranking, household survey, key

informants interview, focus group discussion, direct observation etc, and related

published and unpublished reports and publications. Statistical packages such as

MS Excel and SPSS were used to analyze the information, and presented in main

text along with simple table, charts, bar diagrams and graphs.

Among the 40 respondents, 52.5% were female from different economic strata

rich, medium and poor households with 75% literacy rate. CFUG had generated

Rs 10, 46,750 from various activities such as membership fee from community,

VDC support, MSFP support, and other (selling of forest products, bank interest

etc), and this amount was invested in community development, income

generation activities implementation and forest development and management.

CFUGs have been involved in different CDAs such as school support, drinking

water supply, and community building construction. They have widened their

role beyond forestry to working for overall community development, and 40% of

total income was invested in community development activities. Similarly, 35%

of total income was used income generation activities such as home gardening,

mushroom fanning, river bed farming, fish farming handicraft makings, broom

grass planting etc, in which 143 persons were involved. About 25% of total CFUG

fund was used in forest development and management activities.

Funds can't be accumulated forever as CFUGs have to meet the various needs of

community forestry. CFUGs have spent their funds in IGAs, CDAs as well as in

FDAs. CFUG members want to carry out IGAs, CDAs along with FDAs. But, there

was a problem in priority area identification for investment. The CFUGs have no

fixed.

15. An Assessment of participation and Transperancy in Community Forest User Group Researcher: Dharmendra Dhikta


cxxvii

A short study on "An Assessment of Participation and Transparency in

Community Forest User Group" was carried out in Janachetana CFUG, Hariharpur

VDC, Kapilvastu district to assess the participation of women, poor and Dalits in

forestry activities and transparency in fund mobilization. Both primary and

secondary information were collected from the field using Participatory Rural

Appraisal tools and techniques such as wellbeing ranking, household survey from

45 households, key informants interview, focus group discussion, direct

observation etc, and related published and unpublished reports and

publications. MS Excel and SPSS were used to analyze the information, and

logically presented in main text along with simple table, charts, bar diagrams and

graphs.

Among 45 respondents, majority (67%) of them were poor well-being rank with

22% women representation. Majority (63%) of total respondents were involved

in agriculture followed by labour, business and service. There were 15 members

in Janachetana CFUG with 46.66% representation of women. In this committee,

CFUG member from rich well being rank was president, women were vice-

president and treasurer, and poor and dalit were secretary and vice-secretary.

Participation of women, poor and dalits in general assembly, group meeting and

committee meetings was only satisfactory as most of them (59%) shown their

participation only sometimes. However, majority (80%) of them had participated

actively in forest management activities. In addition, record keeping and auditing

system of CFUG was satisfactory with clear and transparent information flow

system for fund mobilization. Finally, women, poor and dalits CFUG members

had shown their satisfaction in fund mobilization process and benefit sharing

mechanism of CFUG.

Key words: Community forest user group, fund mobilization, participation,

transparency

16. Impacts of Churai Degradation in Livelihhod of Terai People Researcher: Ganesh Prasad Tiwari


cxxviii

A case study on "Impacts of Chure Degradation on Livelihood of Terai People"

was conducted in Piple VDC Chitwan district to assess the impacts on livelihood

people living along Lothar River System. Both primary and secondary information

were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as reconnaissance

survey, questionnaire survey of 65 households, key informants interview, focus

group discussion, direct observation of farm and forest areas, and related

reports and publications. Index of Relative Ranking (IRR) was measured based

perception of respondents on livelihood assets using Likert scale to interpret in

quantitative way in which (1) understood for strongly agreed and (5) for strongly

disagreed. Information collected from the field were analyzed using MS excel

and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with tables, graphs and figures.

Majority (77%) of total respondents reported that Chure hills degradation and

deforestation had increased seasonal flow of Lother River and reduced off

season flow, and river channel shifting resulted loss of forests and agricultural

land and biodiversity. Landslides and accelerated erosion in Chure- resulted river

bed rise downstream and deposition of sand and gravel on agricultural lands that

resulted loss of productive capacity of land, loss of land and flooding leading to

loss of agricultural crops. Finally, widening of river courses in Chure and

downstream and river bank cutting had reduced the area of agricultural land and

their productivity and production creating food security problem in 45% of total

study households. From the result of Index of Relative Ranking, the impact of

Chure degradation on human, social and physical assets of livelihood of study

households was bad, and on natural and financial capital was very bad. Finally,

the mean value of 5 assets of livelihood indicated the bad impact on livelihood of

the study households in Piple VDC Chitwan district due to the chure degradation

and deforestation. Majority (64%) of total respondents reported that main

factors for hindering process for Churia conservation were deforestation due to

the forest tire, shifting cultivation, and forest area encroachment by hill

migrants, unscientific land use and slope cultivation, and ignorance people living

in downstream.

Key words: Chure degradation, livelihood assets, impacts, food security

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17. Population Status and Habitat Ecology of Gangetic River Dolphin Researcher: Ganesh Tripathi


Though being a most threatened species, there is gap in regular supervision and

study about the status of GRD. Therefore this study aims to update the present

status and habitat ecology of the Ganges River Dolphin in Karnali River System.

The survey was conducted in pre and post-monsoon season within a stretch of

38km, to assess the seasonal distribution of and habitat used by GRD. To assess

the population, a single boat with a speed of 5km/hr. at mid channel route was

adopted. The habitat survey includes the collection of data on habitat types,

riparian types, water depth, width of river and anthropogenic disturbances at

each 300m.

The present study showed that total of five dolphins were present in the main

stream Karnali permanently, thus there is no strong decline in the population of

GRD. Estimated mean width in pre monsoon and post monsoon was 173.498m

(SE 5.88, 95%), and 302.51m (SE 17.36, 95%) respectively. The depth is

significantly different in two different seasons. The mean depth of river in pre

and post monsoon was 2.6153(SE 0.141, 95%) and 2.2926(SE 0.311, 95%)

respectively. Sand bank is the dominant riparian type in both the season;

similarly, the large number of habitat is covered by straight channel but

confluence habitat with deep pool is prime habitat of GRD because all the

observation was at confluence habitat with deep pool. The main threats to GRD

is fishing(47%) activity with the fishing effort 3-6kg per day, followed by boating

which cause the decline of its prey in its habitat.

The status and ecology of Dolphin has not been altered indifferently since 1998

but comparing to previous study the distribution range of dolphin has been

shrinking, this is due to the threats and the seasonal floods.

Key words: Threatened species; dolphin; status; habitat; riparian; confluence

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18. An Assessment of Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Measures Researcher: Hari Kumar Shrestha


A short study on "An Assessment of Climate Change Effects and Adaptation

measures" was conducted in Chhangabaraha Community Forest Users Group of

Vyas Municipality -9, Tanahun district to assess the trend and community

perception on climate change, its effects and adaptation practice used by

community forest user group members. Both primary and secondary information

were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as well being

ranking, household survey, key informants interview, focus group discussion,

direct observation of farm and forest areas, and related reports and publications.

Data were analysed using MS excel and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with

tables, graphs and figures.

Rainfall pattern was fluctuated, erratic, unusual and abnormal in nature with

36% and 24% low total rainfall in April and July months of years from 2004 to

2013 compared with years from 1994 to 2003. Temperature of study areas in

2013 was 0. 65°c higher compared with the year 2004. Impacts of rainfall change

were the reduction of crop yield by 18%, and therefore, 33% of total

respondents had severe food deficit problems. To cope with this, family member

of these households were working as wage labor in Damauli, Pokhara etc, and

aboard. Additional effects were frequently occurrence of crop diseases, drinking

water shortage in April and May, flooding in late monsoon season and soil

erosion from agriculture land, and landslides etc. To cope with these effects of

climate change, the respondent households had applied adaptation measures

such as waste water management, developing irrigation system, use improved

variety of agriculture crops and change in cropping pattern by growing cash

crops such as vegetables and fruits, and planting fodder trees and bamboo on

their farm lands and poultry raising. District level line agencies had also provided

training and other technical support for growing vegetables, poultry farming, and

bamboo and fodder plantation for income generation of CFUG members.

cxxxi

Key words: Climate change, community forest users group, mitigation,

adaptation measures

19. An Assessment of Contribution of Community Forestry in Socio-Economic Upliftment of Poor and Disadvantaged People Researcher: Jishan Karki


Community Forest (CF) is considered as the most successful, innovative

community oriented program. The past experience and practice of CF has shown

that, CF can contribute in the livelihood improvement. So in the present context,

CF is one of the prioritize program for poverty alleviation. But despite

achievements and contribution made by CF, it has been criticized for not being

able to meet the needs of women, poor and Disadvantaged Groups (DAGs).

Regarding this prospective, the research entitled, “An Assessment of the

Contribution of Community Forestry in Socio-economic Upliftment of Poor and

Disadvantaged Groups” was carried out in two CFs of Morang district. The aim of

this research was to find the socio-economic condition of poor and DAGs, their

participation, to assess the equity in benefit sharing, their rights and to find the

impacts of IGAs in their social and economic life.

Different Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques like household

survey, discussion with key informants, field observations, semi structured

questionnaire etc. were used to collect primary data. Secondary data was

collected to supplement primary data and to collect some new information. The

main sources of secondary data were books, journals, annual report, literatures,

articles related to livelihood, internets etc.

The literacy rate was low among the poor and DAGs. Although most of them

were dependent on agriculture for their living, they hold less land and face high

food deficiency month if compared with rich and medium class. Participation of

poor and DAGs are increasing in different events and programs of CF. They have

strengthen their social relations with CFUGs’ members and committee members

and also have knowledge regarding their rights and fund mobilization. According

to the perception of the poor and DAGs’ respondents, there exist equity, in

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distribution of forest products and benefits sharing but their voice is not heard in

decision making. This can be the hindrance for the participation of poor and

DAGs’ in decision making process. Similarly lack of IGAs and other skill

development training has also affected the social and economic life of poor and

DAGs.

Therefore, by educating and increasing awareness among poor and DAGs about

their rights, empowering and strengthening them should be done to improve

their social and economic life.

Key Words: Community forest, DAGs, poor, socio-economic upliftment

20. Impact of Climate Change on Forest and livelihood of people Researcher: Kishor Gandharba


Climate Change is currently one of the greatest threats to forest conservation

and livelihood security. Most of the poor households are also affected by

frequent drought and change in monsoon pattern, and other natural disasters,

leaving them with few mechanisms to cope with rising food prices. Nepal is

characterized both by a highly variable climate regime and by fragile ecosystems.

Its temperature is increasing at alarming rate 0.06°c per annum more than the

global average. This phenomenon of climate change has directly affected the

natural resources like land, water and forest resources. Those people who

directly depend on these resources are becoming vulnerable day by day. To

verify this, a case study entitled “Impact of Climate Change on Forest and

Livelihood of People” was conducted in Jumdanda Jhapri Community Forest and

Parche Community Forest of Bandipur Municipality, Tanahun district. The main

objective of the study was to present the local level climate change impacts on

forest and livelihood of the forest users’ and to identify adaptation measures for

improving livelihoods of the people while reducing their vulnerability to climate

change. Also, the objective of the program is to assess the trend of change in

temperature and rainfall in the study area.

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Both primary and secondary information were collected from the field using

participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques such as household survey, key

informants interview, focus group discussion, and direct observation and

transect walk of forest areas, and related reports and publications. Out of 106

households of Jumdanda Jhapri Community Forest, 32 households were

selected, and out of 100 households of Parche Community Forest, 30 households

of all caste and all categories of well-being of people were selected by simple

random sampling method. Climatic data of the study area were collected form

the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Kathmandu. Collected data were

analyzed using SPSS, Ver.20 and MS-Excel 2010.

Majority of the people in both community forests were found to be dependent

on agriculture and it is found this sector has been adversely affected by the

climatic variability. The invasive species is increasing rapidly in the forest, the

water resources are depleting and soil productivity decreased in the community

forests. This report assesses the nature and type of climate change impacts on

forests and forest dependent people in Nepal, by reviewing available literature

and compiling the observations and perceptions of local people. A key conclusion

coming out of this review is that climate change is not only an issue of

international concern but is now a local problem in Nepal.

Key words: Climate change, forest, livelihood, CC impact, CC adaptation

21. Employment Generation and Livelihood Improvement from Collection Trade of Yarsagumba Researcher: Krishna Ram Dhital


This thesis research assessed the various aspects on employment generation,

livelihood improvement from the collection and trade of Yarsagumba in

Garjyankot V.D.C of Jumla district was selected for this study based on the

availability of Yarsagumba and its trading potential of Yarsagumba. Based on the

research review none of the research was carried out yet from Jumla in the

similar entitle. Ethnographic data were collected by using combination of social

survey methods, semi-structured questionnaire survey of households, on-site

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focal group discussions, formal and informal interviews and key informant

interviews. Secondary sources of data were analyzed by reviewing similar

previous research, journals and published data.

Socio-economic indicators such as land holding size, family size, educational

level, occupation of respondent, average annual and daily collection of

Yarsagumba, annual income from different sources and annual expanses on

different sources and total saving patterns per household were analyzed. Value

chain and product flow was analyzed to know about market of Yarsagumba from

Jumla. People’s perception, causes of conflicts and social awareness were

analyzed to know about present situation of Yarsagumba on local level. Recalling

capacity of respondent and difficulties to find market chain and product flow

from Jumla were limitations of this study.

Yarsagumba collection as a means of livelihood found is highly importance in the

rural Himalayan regions and it serves as a major economic contributor to the

households of these areas. Average thirty five days of seasonal employment

opportunity is created by Yarsagumba from the collection in Jumla district.

Officially legal trade of the Yarsagumba in Jumla had started from the fiscal year

2061/62. Total official Yarsagumba which is traded from DFO, Jumla up to fiscal

year 2070/71 was 1236.12 kg. A total of 207.3 kg Yarsagumba is officially traded

from Jumla according to the data of DFO. In Nepal, due to the high demand and

price from international market there is seen of regular increment of price. From

the trading of Yarsagumba in 2071 B.S at district level, Jumla district

approximately earned about 38 crore 35 lakhs.

Average number of annual collection per individual in 2071 B.S in Jumla was 155

pieces and average per day collection was 4.4 pieces. Average per day earning of

collector in the current rate of NRs per piece was NRS. 2800. About 48% of the

household’s income was shared from the Yarsagumba collection. Dalit family in

Jumla district saved higher in the proportion than Chhetri family and their

average annually saving is 1 lakhs 8 thousands and 81 thousands respectively.

Factors such as haphazard collection, using uncontrolled fires are reported as the

causes of the declination in harvest of Yarsagumba. Benefit to the collectors goes

little in proportion due to the long value chain. Causes of conflicts in the

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collection sites of the Yarsagumba brings by high alcoholism and gambling by

youths.

Key words: Yarsagumba, Employment, Livelihood, Trade, Saving

22. What Poor Expect from Community Forestry? Researcher: Kashi Narayan Chaudhary


A case study on "What poor expect from Community Forest" was conducted in

kamala Parijat community Forest Kamala Mai Municipality, Sindhuli district to

assess the status and expectations user group members from community

forestry. Both primary and secondary information were collected from the field

using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as well being

ranking, household survey, key informants interview, focus group discussion,

direct observation etc, and related published and unpublished reports and

publications. Data were analyzed using statistical packages such as MS Excel and

SPSS, and presented in main text along with simple table and figures.

In an average 65% of total study households were poor with only 38% literacy

rate. The main occupation of these poor users was agriculture, and about 7.25%

of the respondents of poor stratum were landless. Their participation in CFUG

decision making as well as benefit sharing process and practices was low due to

their low academic as well as poor economic level and low representation (22%)

in CFUG executive committee. However, they had high expectation for leaf litter

collection from CF, scholarships for schooling their children, employment

opportunity in CFUG activities, loan at minimum interest rate, NTFP plantation

on CF area as income generation activities, Amriso cultivation on CF land,

Bamboo cultivation on CF lands, support to construct Pani Ghatta, support for

the supply of drinking water, seed fund for pig farming, road maintenance and

seedling production for plantation. To meet the expectation of poor users, CFUG

had provided CF lands for Kunio, Bhojho and Bamboo plantation for 14 women

of two small groups, and two women of these small groups were also financially

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supported by Rs. 2000 per households as seed money for goat keeping. CFUG

members were involved in CF activities including forest protection, silvicultural

operation, nursery establishment and management, plantation work and forest

fire controlling works. They were also receiving forest products free of cost

during singling, pruning and thinning organized by CFUG. However, the poor

users were employed as hard work related to thinning, pruning, cleaning,

harvesting, transportation and protection work where as rich member of CFUG

was employed in office work.

Key words: Community forestry, decision making, expectation, poor households

23. Habitat Distribution and Human Conflict of Himalayan Black Bear in Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Researcher: Milan Sapkota

Supervisor:

Himalayan Black bear is a medium sized species of bear, largely adapted for

arboreal life, seen across much of Himalayans. Which inhabits in steeps forest

and hills and Georges, may range up to the tree line during summer but rarely

much spend time in the alpine zone. Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is

listed as vulnerable by the IUCN primarily because of illegal killing for bear parts

(Garshelis and Steinmentz, 2008; Servheen, 1990).The research entitled "

Habitat Distribution and Human Conflict of Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus

thibetanus) in Kanchanjungha Conservation Area, Nepal." was carried out

inLelep VDC of Kanchanjunga Conservation Area,Taplajung District . This CA is

globally well known for its formidable peaks, high mountains, deepest gorge and

several fauna and flora occupying 1,650 sq.km. Human-black bear conflicts occur

frequently within KCA and specially crop raiding and human injuries by this

species are frequently reported. The research aimed to assess the human-Black

bear conflict in Kanchenjunga Conservation Area. Research andto know the

distribution and identify threats and conservation issues of black bear in the

study area.

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Simple random sampling, Direct observation, Participatory resource mapping,

Key informants interview, Questionnaire survey, Group discussion ,Black bear

damage survey,People attitude survey ,Habitat assessment,Threat identification

and Vegetation analysis techniques were used to collect primary data. Whereas

secondary data were collected from Library of different academic and

nonacademic organizations like: KAFCOL, DNPWC, NTNC, TU, etc. and related

websites.Black Bear are distributed approximately 80 km2 between the

elevations of 2400m to 3800m in the KCA. The Himalayan Black Bear are

permanently distributed in Amajilessa, Bigh Bari, Lungthung, Sakhathum,Phala,

Gyabla and Ghunsha of Lelep VDC. Major threats of Black bear conservation are

Poaching, Grazing and Habitat degradation. Most of the causes of human- Black

bear conflict were crop damage and human injuries.About 52.94 percent HH are

affected by crop damage.About 80% of the household which are located less

than 500m from the CA boundary was highly affected. About 62.74% of the

peoples are agreed to bear conservation. They realized black bear as natural

property and only 7.8% are strongly disagreed due to crop and property

damages.

Key words: Himalayan Black Bear, Kanchanjunga Conservation Area, human

conflict

24. Grassland Ecology of Ramauli Partappur, Parsa Wildlife Reserve Researcher: Mithilesh Mahato

Supervisor: Abdesh Jha

The present study was "Grassland Ecology of Ramauli Partappur, Parsa Wildlife

Reserve, and central Nepal. Grasslands are either natural or semi-natural which

are an un-altered areas of land where grass is a dominant plant life as opposed

to other terrestrial biomes and they play a crucial role for maintain the protected

areas. Grasslands in the terai regions reflect some kind of disturbances. The

general objective of the study was to assess the condition of grass lands of

Ramauli Partappur. Altogether 39 species of 16 family of vegetation were

recorded in the entire grassland. Diversity index was calculated by using Shannon

Weiner Diversity Index (H') and found to be 1.99, Evenness Index (e) was found

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to be 0.54 and index of dominance (c) was found 0.27. Cynodon dactvlon was the

dominant species of the grassland, the value of density, frequency and

abundance was higher than other species values. Cynodon dactylon has the

highest value of Importance Value Index (IVI) and seven species has recorded IVI

value greater than 10. Altogether 4 species of wild animal was recorded in

Ramauli Pratappur grassland. Axis axis (cheetal) was recorded in higher number

from direct and indirect count. So, it could be concluded that population of Axis

axis (cheetal) is higher than other species and might be suitable habitat for this

species.

Key word: Grassland, Ramauli Pratappur, Importance value index

25. Analysing the Occurance and Distribution of Forest Fire Researcher: Neelam Karki


Forest fires are harmful to the ecological environment, which have induced global

attention. Forest fire is the serious problem which causes loss of human lives and

property and destruction of natural resources annually in Palpa District. Though it

is serious problems district does not have exact forest fire data, very less

systematic and scientific studies regarding forest fire have been done in the past

days. Recognizing the problems and lacking of fire related research, this study was

proposed to overcome from this problem. This study was focused on identifying

occurrence and distribution of forest fire, bio-physical attributes that are

responsible for forest fire, and its consequences through the direct and indirect

observation. With the development of technology to identifying the emergency

situations, hazardous fuels reduction, firefighting rehabilitation and restoration of

the spatial information in timely and effectively MODIS data play the immense

role. Thus, to obtain the accurate result this study used the fire detected data

given by MODIS for the ground verification. From the result, about 70% of fire

incident data was found accurate. . Fire was occurred more frequently during

March, April and May with more prone on Shorea robusta and Pine forest.

Similarly, Sloping ranging 15%-30% and aspect facing southeast and southwest

area were more prone to the forest fire. The main cause of forest fire in Palpa

District was anthropogenic factors and trans-boundary to Nawalparasi and

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Rupandhei District. To minimize the risk of forest fire, special consideration must

be taken by the forest department during hot and dry season with well-equipped

fire crews as well as public awareness programs should be raised.

26. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Livelihhod of Local People in

Ramechhap Researcher: Pasang Tamang


Global surface temperature had been increased by 0.060c/ year and projected to

increase 1.20c by 2030 which had direct and indirect impacts on people’s

livelihood. The increasing quantity of Green house gases (GHGs) are considered as

the major responsible sources of climate change. Evidences of climate change

impact are visible in vegetation and hydrological cycle. Moreover, the impacts on

plant productivity and ecosystem services are more serious in Nepal. The

Himalayan country like Nepal is more vulnerable to climate change impact due to

its fragile mountainous ecosystems. Indigenous people whose livelihood is based

on the natural resources are hard hit when such change occurs. It is important to

understand exploration of variation in temperature and rainfall, its impacts on

livelihoods of the indigenous community and other community and adaptive

measures.

Thus this study was objectively carried out to assess trend of changes in

temperature and rainfall, to identify the climate change impacts on indigenous

community and to document the adaptive strategies adopted by indigenous

people to sustain their livelihoods. For this Deuralikhola Sub-watershed of

Ramechhap district was selected. Climatic data were collected from Department

of Hydrology and Metrology of the local station Jiri, for 30 years of 1984 to

2013.Similarly social data were collected applying Participatory Rural

Appraisal(PRA) tools like well-being ranking, household’s questionnaire survey

maintaining 10% sampling intensity, direct observations, key informant discussion,

focus group discussion with stratified random sampling were used. Data were

analyzed using MS-Excel and SPSS. The ANOVA test was performed to test

damages done to rich, medium and poor communities.

cxl

The average temperature was increased by 0.067°C per year and there was

variation in average annual rainfall per year. The highest total rainfall was

reported 2905.6 mm for 2013 years and lowest rainfall recorded 1751.6 mm for

2002 years. It was found that, 80.56% expressed, with effect of irregular rainfall

harm on cultivation of crops. 72.22% told decreases in crops yield and 66.67% said

that irregular rainfall pattern change in irregular pattern in production. For

adaptation it was found that about 79.16% of people change the variety of crops,

62.5% change the technology, and 48.61% were crop diversification. Finally,

awareness programs regarding climate change and its impacts on local people

must be conducted to strengthen the capacity of soil conservation group members

to select and adopt appropriate adaptation measures. In addition, agriculture

crops and livestock insurance programs should be initiated to compensate the

losses made by climate change and its impacts.

Key words: Climate change, vulnerability, indigenous people, livelihood, climatic

variable, adaptation measures

27. Population Status and Habitat Ecology of Gangetic River Dolphin in Mohana River Researcher: Prawesh Poudel


Ganges River Dolphins are the most threatened species living in fresh water out of

seven other species found around the world, there is gap in regular supervision

and study about the status of GRD in Nepal. This study mainly focuses on updating

the present status and habitat ecology of the Ganges River Dolphin in Mohana

River System.

The survey was conducted in peak monsoon season, to assess the distribution of

and habitat used by GRD. To assess the population, a single boat with a speed of

5km/hr. at mid channel route was adopted. The habitat survey includes the

collection of data on habitat types, riparian types, water depth, width of river and

anthropogenic disturbances at each 300m.

The present study showed that total of fourteen dolphins were present in the

main stream of Mohana river permanently, thus we suggest that there is no strong

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decline in the population of GRD. Sand bank is the dominant riparian type.

Similarly, the large number of habitat is covered by straight channel but

confluence habitat with deep pool is prime habitat of GRD because most of the

observation was at confluence habitat with deep pool. The main threats to GRD is

fishing(40%) activity, followed by swimming and then boating which are also the

major cause of the decline of its prey in its habitat.

Key words: Confluence, GRD, habitat, riparian, status, threatened species

28. Forest Resources and Tourism: Issue of Conservation and Sustainable Use Researcher: Rabin Shrestha


Natural Resources are all the things that people use which comes from nature. Air,

water, sunlight, soil, wood etc. are basic form of natural resources that are used by

human beings for their survival. Timber, fuel wood, fodder/forage, Non-timber

forest products, fruits are the major forest products that people use from the

forests. Other than that, people also use the aesthetic value and property of the

forests in products like ecotourism for income generation. Tourism is directly

related to amount of natural resources present in an area. Mostly, the reason for

travelling and undergoing a tourism activity is inspired by presence of attractive

places with high aesthetic values and recreational activities. Increase in flow of

tourists in an area calls for increased amount of use of natural resources of the

area. Tourism often stimulates measures to protect or conserve nature, but at the

same time, and somewhat paradoxically, presents a significant environmental risk

because of its demands on the natural environment. The aim of this thesis was to

find out the issues regarding conservation and sustainable use of forest resources,

people’s perception towards impacts of tourism and status of forest resources in

the research area. Different Participatory Rural Appraisal tools like household

survey, key informant survey, group discussions, field observation, survey of hotels

and homestays, measurement of sample plots etc. were collected for primary

data. Secondary data was collected to supplement primary data and to collect

some other necessary information. Main source of secondary data were books,

magazines, journals, internet, etc. Overall, the status of forest resources of

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community forest were found to be in a degrading state whereas the status of

forest resources in private forest was found to be in a good state due to increased

interest of local people in cultivation of Cardamom. Timber species like Okhar, and

fuel wood species like Bajre and Rhododendron were found to be in decreasing

number. Hotels and homestays of the area used water and fuel wood in excessive

amount during the tourist season to provide accommodation and food. Though

the research data on people’s perception toward impact of tourism on forest

resources was found to be negligible, the impact that tourism activity has been

causing in the forest resources of research area amounts to a significant number.

Recent establishment of The Great Himalaya Trail as well as other trekking trails is

bound to attract a lot of tourists from all over the world therefore, before the area

is over crowded with tourists and visitors, a proper management plan regarding

use of forest a resource has to be made and implemented.

Keywords: Forest resources, tourism, conservation, sustainable use, impacts

29. Population Status, Distribution, Threaths and Habitat Use of Great One Horned Rhinoceros Researcher: Ramesh Kumar Yadav


The Population status and distribution of one horned Rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis)

is becoming one of prominent discourse of wild life research. Catching this issue as

a research problem, this study carried out in Suklaphanta wildlife Reserve to

ascertain population status, distribution and potential threats of one horned Rhino

and perception of local people towards Rhino conservation. It followed a

methodological combination of field observation, focus group discussion and

household survey inside as well as outside the reserve. A survey of Rhino was

conducted in the block no 4, 3 and 1 of Suklaphanta wildlife reserve. Total 8 Rhino

were recorded in different places of block no 4, 3 and 1. The average group size

was found to be 2 individuals. The ratio of male to female and the proportion of

sub adult and calves appear to be less than needed as SWR only have 8 rhinos. The

habitat for Rhino in SWR was recorded well.

cxliii

The study investigated the potential threats of Rhinoceros in SWR were Unequal

sex ratio, Tall grasslands, Poaching, Decrease in waterhole area due to soil

deposition, Introduction of Invasive species along the waterhole area, flooding and

accident were found to be the major ones. There seemed to be no any Human-

Rhino conflicts in SWR. Most of the people are in favor of Rhino Conservation and

they are willing to pay for Rhino conservation.

Finally, this study has reemphasized and recommended for conservation and

management of Rhino, for example Regular monitoring on the population status

and site specific conservation strategies, Removal of Invasive species along

waterhole area, Reintroduction of Waterhole, Removal of Tall grassland and

renewal of soft grassland, multi-stakeholder involvement in the conservation

program, and increase in the participation and awareness of local people.

Keywords: One horned rhino, Rhino monitoring, potential threats, Waterhole,

perception, Conflict, Conservation.

30. Potentialities of Ecotourism in Kakrebihar Protective Forest Researcher: Ramu K.C


The research work entitled “Potentialities of Ecotourism at Kakrebihar Protective

Forest” was conducted in Kakrebihar Protective Forest which lies at Latikoheli VDC

of Surkhet District. The objective of this study was to assess the Potentiality of

ecotourism at Kakrebihar Protective Forest.

Primary data was collected through questionnaire survey and focused group

discussion. Fifty two households were selected from four villages (Kunti,

Pataalganga, Nayagaau and Kalimati) of Latikoheli VDC where different economic

class people were selected randomly. The secondary data were collected from the

management plans of Kakrebihar Protective Forest, official records, and District

Forest Office, Department of Forest and published and unpublished literatures and

from Internet sources.

With biodiversity richness, Kakrebihar constitutes the Historical Monuments which

is the attraction point for the tourist flow to that area. Homestay Management,

cxliv

Children Park, Hiking, and Jungle Walk add furthermore opportunities for the

development of tourism sector of that place. Major issues were lack of

advertisement, lack of accommodation, insufficient knowledge and skills to cater

visitors, lack of Government support and lack of Proper management. Study

showed both positive and negative impacts of Tourism.

Thus, concerned authorities and local people should be aware about those

problems and take immediate actions and they should co-ordinate with different

tourism related organizations to bring forth economical as well as ecological

benefits. The Kakrebihar Protective Forest can attract numerous eco-friendly

tourists in the future due to its natural, historical, archeological and cultural

richness so proper advertisements and information are necessities.

Key Word: Protective forest, ecotourism, potentialities.

31.Population Status, Habitat Use and Threaths of Himalayan Musk Deer in Sagarmatha National Park Researcher: Rajendra Gyawali


The study on population, habitat utilization and threats of Musk Deer was

conducted in Sagarmatha National Park within Phorche. Dole, Kele, Tanboche,

Debuche, Omaka,Phungitaga, Phurte forests under the jurisdiction of Sagannatha

National Parks office during May and June, 2014.

Vegetation and physical parameter were measured to understand Habitat

Utilization. Trees and Shrubs were measured by counting the number _from

specified plots. Slope was measured by Abney's Level and the population was

estimated using Silent Drive Count Method and Transect walk. Total 22 plots

comprising different natural boundaries were established to count Musk Deer.

This study carried out in Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) intends to explore the

population status and distribution of musk deer, Field data were collected through

interview, group discussion, sample plot survey and transect walk.

Despite the shy and solitaiy nature of animal, Musk deer are distributed within the

elevations 3000-4200m in SNP however they sometime could be observed at

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2800m (Jorsale). Musk deer in SNP can be seen frequently and closely; they can be

seen at a distance of 10 m or even closer. They prefer their breeding sites under

the big stones. Each musk deer use a common latrine and when the droppings are

huge, the deer covers it with debris and changes the latrine.

Poaching seems the major threat to musk deer in the area. Studies _from 1992 to

2005 reveal that 64% of the illegal activities were related to musk deer poaching.

However, threats from grazing, timber and firewood collection, land slide and

construction are also active. Despite these threats, the local people are aware

ofprotecting the forest and wildlife.

The local people of SNP have been protecting the forest around them for at least

150 years by a ShigiNawa system. In addition, 1 5 anti-poaching units, which

involve local people, have been established to protect the wildlife species from

park side. In spite of the legal and policy constrains, these area are biophysically

and socio-economically for musk deer farming.

During this study, a total of 26 musk deer Musk Deer were sighted from 20 sample

plots out of 22 plots. The Musk Deer were sighted in Phorche, Dole, Kele,

Tanboche, Debuche, Omaka, Phungitaga and other area. The population

estimation suggests 138 individuals of musk deer (male and femal). The density of

Musk Deer in the study area is presented as 11 deer/sq.km in Dole, 6 deer/sq.km

in Kele, 6 deer/sq.km in Phorche, and 4 deer sq.km in Tanboche, 3 deer sq/km in

Debtiche, 4 deer sq/km in omaka, 3 deer sq/km in phungitaga and 3 deer sq/km in

Phurte. Comparatively, the Musk Deer was populated densely in Dole, Kele,

Phorche and Tanboche area.

Key words: Silent drive count, Population, Habitat, distribution, Threats, Poaching

32. Status of Gangetic River Dolphin in Narayani River with Respect to Population,

Distribution, Habitat and Threats Researcher: Ragina Acharya


In Nepal, dolphins were once abundant in major river systems like Karnali,

Narayani, Mahakali and the Koshi river system(Jnawali and Bhuju 2000). Due to

cxlvi

the constructions of barrage, intensive fishing, pollution, high human

disturbances, they are now restricted only to Karnali and Koshi River Systems

(Shrestha 1995). So, this research was conducted in Narayani River from Amaltaari

ghat to Triveni Barrage to find out the status of dolphin with respect to

population, distribution, habitats and threats.

For this purpose, survey methods recommended by Smith and Revees(2000) for

narrow channel habitat was used where a single boat with a speed of 5 km hr at

mid channel route with multiple observers was adopted. At the same time,

riparian types on either side of the river, anthropogenic disturbances on either

side of the river depth of river and flow speed of the river was also recorded.

During this research, three dolphins were sighted i.e. two in first survey and one in

second survey. The dolphins were sighted in the area between Bagwaan and

Triveni. The area where dolphins were sighted had more forest on either bank of

the river. Similarly, the area also had the confluences, deep pool as well as

meandering. In spite of the suitable habitat in those areas, due to the construction

of Triveni barrage, dolphin’s population gets isolated. This barrage halts the free

movement of the dolphins and isolates dolphin population. The area between

Amaltaari that and Bagwaan had high human disturbances. This is the reason why

dolphins were not sighted in those areas.

After this research, it was found that the main reason for the disappearance of

dolphin population from this river is the construction of the barrage and human

disturbances like fishing, quarrying stone and sand from river bank, etc. So, regular

patrolling is necessary and trans-boundary issue(Triveni barrage) needs to be

addressed internationally.

Keywords: confluence, meandering, deep pool, isolate, barrage, riparian, trans-

boundary.

33. A Study on Status, Distribution, Threaths and Habitat Pattern of Pangolin in

Parsa Wildlife Reserve Researcher: Ravi Anand Gopali


cxlvii

Pangolin is highly endangered. It is placed in the critical category of the IUCN Red

Data List and in the Appendix I of CITIES. Pangolins are often called "scaly

anteaters" are covered with overlapping scales. The scales are made of Keratin the

same protein from which human hairs and finger nails are made up off. These are

burrowing mammals with small conical heads and jaws lacking teeth, they are

found in variety of flooded Forest, thick bushes, grassland scrubland, and lightly

wooded forest near human settlement agricultural land and mostly in the area

where eggs, ants and termites are available.

The main threat to the survival of this animal arises from illegal trade. Poaching

and habitat degradation is other well-known threat to the survival of this animal.

Pangolins are killed for meat and scales. The average minimum price of pangolins

(Rs 500-1000/kg) at local hunter gets rise exponentially (Rs 40000-50000 or even

more) when it reached to borders by high ranked poachers.

The status of Pangolin in whole world is not encouraging. In the study area the

pangolin status was found worse. For effective conservation and protection of

these species, information needs to be generated both at site level as well as

landscape level. I aim to generate such information in a site-level with a view such

information will be valuable in planning conservation activities.

Primary data will be collected through direct survey, key informants survey,

questionnaire survey and interview with local people. Secondary data will be

collected from PWR, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Reserves

(DNPWS), Institute of forestry, Kathmandu Forestry College, etc.

34. Contribution of Community Forestry on Livelihood Improvement of Users Researcher: Samrajya Bikram Thapa

Supervisor:

Study on “Contribution of Community Forestry on Livelihood Improvement of

Users” had been conducted in Kalikote and Sundari CFUGs of Nawalparasi district.

The main objective of the study was to assess over all impacts of community

forestry and income generation activities on livelihoods of their user group

members. Both primary and secondary data were collected using Participatory

cxlviii

Rural Appraisal(PRA) tools and techniques such as well-being ranking, household

survey or semi-structured interview, key informant interview, focus group

discussion, and field observation etc, and secondary data were gathered from

CFUG and DFO records, and other community forestry related published and

unpublished reports, journals and publications. Majority of study population was

from Tharus, Magar, Tamang, Brahmin and Chettri with 40 % representation of

women, and 55% of total respondents of Kalikote CFUG and 49 % of total

respondents of Sundari CFUG were involved in agriculture as their main

occupation. Majority (62%) of them were having land holding in between 0.5-1.5

ha, and only 16 % of them producing food sufficient for year round. Out of total

food deficient households, only 19% were managing to purchase food from

income generated through livestock and their products. Community forestry

program had increased social cohesions among users, and therefore, majority

(>83%) of study population were involved in CFUG decision making process and

practices. Both CFUGs had conducted trainings, workshops and study tour to built

capacity of their users from their own fund and support from the District Forest

Office and other line agencies. Kalikote CFUG and Sundari CFUG had generated

funds from various CF management initiatives, and they had spent 80% of their

income in development of 5 livelihood assets such as construction of

temples/gumba, school, water supply system, toilet and road etc, income

generation activities such as goat farming, poultry farming, vegetable farming, bio-

briquette making and tailoring implementation, capacity building CFUG members

and forest development and management. Finally, availability of forest products

had increased crop and livestock production by 58% and 50% respectively.

Key words: Community forest, income generation, livelihood improvement, income

generation activities, community development

35. Participation of Women, Poor and Disadvantaged Group in Decision Making Process of Community Forest Researcher: Samresh Rai


People's participation in Nepal has been recognized as the main part of

community resource development and management. It is therefore very

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important to examine the involvement of women, poor and disadvantaged groups

and their institutions in community forestry development and management

process and practices. For this purpose, research entitled "Participation of

Women, Poor and Disadvantaged Group in Decision making process of Community

Forest" has been conducted to assess the changes that took place between

2008/09 and 2014/15 in composition of executive committee, in fund

mobilization, in forest product distribution and in CFUG decision making process

and practices. Both primary and secondary information were collected using

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques. Soft wares like MS-

excels and SPSS were used for data analysis and interpretation.

Overall finding indicates that this CFUG was becoming progressive in gender

balance, pro poor and in social inclusion. Women's, and dalit and poor

representation in executive committee has increased by 13% and 5% respectively

compared with previous community forest operational plan period. However, vital

post like chairperson was still occupied by local elite. Previous focus of fund

expenditure on forest development was gradually shifting to pro-poor programs

and community developments contributing poverty reduction and rural

development.

It was recommended that fund allocation emphasizing poor, and disadvantaged

groups, extraction of forest products as per its capacity and share equitably, social

change for women and poor sensitive attitude through empowerment and elite

sensitization should be conducted.

Key words: Community forest, decision making, gender and social inclusion,

participation.

36.Habitat Abalysis of Himalayan Serow (Capricornis sumatrensis) thar in Annapurna Conservation Area Researcher: Saroj Ghimire

Supervisor: Ashok Subedi

Himalayan Serow ‘Capricornis sumatraensis- Thar (hereafter Serow) is a

threatened and solitary mammal of Asia which is distributed across the protected

mountains area of Nepal. The research has able to collect baseline data on this

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species and able to conservation and management of Serow in natural habitat.

The research explored the habitat preference of Serow. Habitat preference or

avoidance status was measured with the help of Ivlev’s Electivity Index (IV) and

Important Value Index (IVI). Which have -1 to +1 value. Negative value gives the

avoidance of habitat, Zero value gives the random of selective preference of

habitat and Positive value gives the preference of habitat by Serow.

The altitude preference of the Serow depended on disturbance but most preferred

altitude was 2400 to 2800 meters (Ivlev’s Value (IV)=0.52). Serow also used the

altitude 2400-2800 meters Ivlel’s value =0.29. The serow prefers gentle to steep

slopes (26-50)%with the Ivelv‟s value was 0.38. The serow mostly prefers dense

forest (IV= 0.2), with descending order of preference being cliff (IV = -0.5). Total 10

Tree species, 11 shurb and 13 herbs were recorded on serow habitat. which were

used for feeding & cover (thermal & hiding). Lyonia previfolia (IVI = 18.02)and IV =

0.13), Quercus semicarpifolia (IVI = 57.32 and IV = 0.16), Rohododendron arborium

(IVI = 136.97 and IV = 0.2) which are very preferable tree species and Betula utilis

(IVI = 2.35 and IV = -0.93), Cinamomum spps (IVI = 2.52 and IV = -0.82), totally

avoided by serow in habitat.

The major problems in the serow habitat were habitat fragmentation & land use

change, fire, conflict between predator and villager, livestock grazing and

poaching. Conservation education was an effective way to raise awareness of

serow conservation among the local people. The research was successful in

providing information on the present status of Himalayan Serow habitat in the

ACA especially in Ghandruk area. Generally, Government and Researchers are

focusing on wildlife like Tiger, Rhino, Bears, Snow leopards, etc, that have high

economic and illegal market value. These species are easier to raise funds for from

international sources. That’s the reason behind lack of research on low illegal

market value species like Serow. Therefore, concerned agencies

(Government/NGOs, INGOs, Civil Society) and researchers must give equal

emphasis in-situ conservation of low illegal market values species such as serow,

which is a prey species for threatened species like leopards.

Key words: Fragmentation, Ivelv’s Value (IV), Important Value Index (IVI), habitat

preference

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37. The Cost of Living with Wild Elephant in and around Chitwan National Park Researcher: Saroj Lamichhane


The existence of human Casualties, livestock depredation, crop damage and

human harassment by wild elephant results in the unhealthy relationship between

the elephant and the local people. With habitats shrinking, elephants are forced to

wander long distances in order to meet their needs. Inevitably the elephant comes

to stand in increasing various damages over land use. The conflict between park

and people have rise in the national level Thus, an attempt was made to assess the

“The cost of living with Wild Elephant in and around Chitwan National Park”.

A study was conducted in June/July, 2014 on the “edge habitats “and 286

households was sampled employing key informant’s interview, focal group

discussion, on-site observation and House hold surveys. Cluster sampling with 10%

intensity was done to collect the perception of the “front line” villagers regarding

the cost of living with Wild Elephant. The perceptions, thus, collected were

analyzed through spearman’s rank correlation, Chi-square tests, Mean, frequency

were analyzed by feeding the data into MS Excel 07 and SPSS 21. The GPS location

of households surveyed were fed on Arc View GIS 9.3 and overlaid on Google

Earth. Spatial analysis was done to compare the data. The study sites were

selected on the basis of most elephant damage area around Chitwan national

park. The highest concern of people was found in human casualties, crop damage

and safety was followed property damage. During the research time, three VDCs

was taken as sample. Two VDC from Madi valley and another from Jagatpur VDC.

Even then, elephant have caused the death of 12 people in the last Six year in

Madi(Ayodhapuri and Gardi) and 11 people injured. The data also reveals the

death of 2 elephants from 2013 to 2014.

More than 89% of the household which were located less than 500m from the

reserve boundary were mostly affected more than those households which were

lying far more than 1000m from the boundary are affected about 6.66%.A total

economic value of crop loss per household per year accounted for NRs,

16650($166), NRs. 13200($132), in Gardi and Ayodhapuri VDC respectively.

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Whereas, Loss per household per year in Jagatpur is very less. Property loss on

Madi was found to be NRs.75,000($750) per year whereas loss amount is only

Nrs.5,000($50) in case of Jagatpur VDC .Considering the income from crop

production, household in Ayodhapuri( 45%) and Gardi (45%) lost about 45% of the

total income which is far greater the amount that a household in Jagatpur (5%)

had lost. Temporally, little over 50% increase in the loss of Paddy was observed in

Ayodhapuri and Gardi during the period between 2010 and 2014. It is suggested

that people of Amiliya area of Gardi VDC should shift from that area up to Possible

by Government because there is no other idea to get relief from elephant damage.

People should be encouraged to change their crop varieties in assurance to the

market facilities. Physical and biological barriers should be promoted with the

adoption of sound habitat management prescriptions. Reserve authorities should

identify the pro poor and real infected family. Their problem should be identified

and need policy to solve their problem. Also Gov/I/NGO should initiate awareness

campaign and crop as well as livestock insurance and enforce in sound as well as

quick and reliable compensation scheme are suggested mitigation measures for

minimization of higher cost for living with wild elephant.

Key words: Cost for living, wildlife, crop damage, habitat, compensation

38. An Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Livelihood and Adaptation

Measure Researcher: Shailendra Mishra


Climate of this earth has been changing rapidly, which had direct effects on

natural resources and livelihoods of natural resource dependent farmers. To verify

this, a case study on “AN ASSESSMENT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON

LIVELIHOOD AND ADAPTATION MEASURES” was conducted in Methinkot

Community Forest Users Group of Methinkot VDC-4, Kavrepalanchok district. The

main objectives of this study to assess the climate change impacts on livelihood

and adaptation measures used by the community forest user groups and by local

and district level institutions focusing to sustainable livelihood of farmers. Both

primary and secondary information were collected from the field using

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participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques such as household survey, key

informants interview, focus group discussion, and direct observation, and related

reports and publications. Out of 75 households, 35 households were selected by

systematic random sampling method. It was concluded that there was alteration

in rainfall, occurrence of drought, and rise in temperature. The rise in average

temperature between initial study year 1984 and final year 2013 was 0.07°C.

Similarly, rainfall of year 2013 was 289.15 mm lower compared with rainfall of

year 1984, and therefore, paddy production has been reduced by 18% due to the

shortage irrigation in rice growing period. To cope with climate change impacts

23% of total respondents had adopted soil conservation measures focusing to

bioengineering measures. Similarly, about 22 % of total respondents had changed

crop varieties and cropping pattern, 28% of total respondents had practiced

improved farming technology focusing to cash crops, and 8 % of total respondents

had diversified cropping systems. In addition, majority of respondents (64%) had

adopted irrigation management, water source protection and rain water

harvesting technologies to cope with water shortage problems resulted from

climate change in study areas. Finally, the District Agriculture Development Office

and the District Development Committee had given attention to mitigate climate

change impacts and then provided support to farmers to construct conservation

pods, rain water harvesting tank and plastic ponds to cope with drought resulted

from low rainfall.

39. Status of Human-Tiger Conflict in Chitwan National Park Researcher: Shiva Lal Gaire

Supervisor:

Human-wildlife conflicts are common phenomena from the past and have become

significant problems throughout the world. Big cats, which play a vital role in

maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction, are now on

the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of their habitats

have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent encounters with

humans and their livestock have caused human-carnivore conflicts which result in

retaliation killings. The high rate of human population growth and the successfully

restored habitat in the community forests of Nepal have accelerated the conflicts

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due to the dispersal of tigers into these forests where they share these resources.

This study is aimed at exploring the human-tiger conflict (HTC) in terms of

livestock depredation, human casualties, retaliation killing and poaching of tigers

and their prey base. It assesses the tiger conservation perceptions and tolerance

level of the local people to losses caused by tigers and the roles of different

stakeholders in tiger conservation in mitigating human-tiger conflict. It explores

strategies for conflict minimization for tiger conservation. The study was

conducted in two Buffer Zone User Committees (BZUC) of Chitwan National Park,

Nepal. A total of 141 heads of households, 7 nature guides, 6 BZUC

representatives, 15 CNP senior officials and 4 local government representatives

were interviewed from September to December 2014. The average livestock

holding among the respondent households was found to be 4.5 head of animals

per household and the depredation rate due to tigers was 0.58 head per

household per year. The consequential result was a 5.64% loss of stock over the

past five years. A total of 22 people were killed and 19 injured in tiger attacks

between 2009 and 2014. The local people perception towards tiger conservation

was found to be positive and people could tolerate the loss of livestock to some

extent but not human loss. Out of 15 tigers that died within last 6 years, only one

tiger was killed retaliation by poisoning. The interview results demonstrated that

the tigers were killed primarily for trade of its body parts. Nearly half of the

respondents (61.8%) suggested tigers should be conserved in the national parks

and reserves. The livestock grazing and human intrusion into tiger habitat and

poor husbandry were the major causes of conflict. Conservation education along

with adequate and prompt compensation against damages and regular monitoring

of tigers may help to reduce human-tiger conflicts. Also, effective functional

coordination among all stakeholders is recommended to conserve tigers.

Key words: Human-tiger conflict, livestock-depredation, retaliation, compensation

scheme

40. An Analysis of the Problems and Prospects of Urban Forestry in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City Researcher: Sirjana K.C


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A survey was conducted to assess problems and prospects of urban forestry in

Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan city. Methodology used for this study was review of

literature, field survey of urban forestry areas, direct observation, key informant

interview and questionnaire survey with local people. Data collected from the

field were analyzed using simple statistical tools such as MS Excel and SPSS and

presented in main text with mean and percentage in table, and figure etc.

Study results revealed that urban forestry in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan city

included roadside plantation, parks, traffic islands, residential areas and

community forests. Among them, roadside plantation covered larger areas with 32

different species, in which the most commonly planted species were Ashoka

(Saraca indica), Kapur (Cinnamomumcamphora), Dhupi (Cupresustorulosa),

Gulmohar (Delonix regia), and Kalkiphool (Callistemon viminalis) etc. Based on the

finding of the study, the status of urban forestry in the city was poor and

unsystematic, which was resulted from gaps in coordination among municipal

authorities, DoR and DoF and NGOs and private sectors.

Roadside plantations, park development and raising awareness about tree

plantation were the major urban forestry activities. Majority (60%) of total

respondents were well aware of the role of trees for maintaining the urban

environment but they were not satisfied with existing species and their

management systems. People were highly interested in getting involved in urban

forestry activities and their participation sought and entertained. This situation

had indicated a good possibility to launch efficient urban forestry programs for the

well being of the urban people in the future. Parks, roadsides and religious places

contributed for developing and promoting urban forestry effectively and

sustainably, and small plants with less number branches, evergreen and flowering

species were recommended by 70% of total respondents of this study for urban

forestry development and management in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan city.

Key words: Urban forestry, awareness, environment, participation, tree hazards

41. Community Based Vulture Conservation in Dang and Nawalparasai

Researcher: Sonam Ojha


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The study entitled “Community Based vulture Conservation” was conducted to

compare the management approaches of community based vulture conservation

centers and mortality of vultures due to poisoning and other factors. The present

study was conducted in Pithauli VSFS and Panchanagar VDC of Nawalparasi District

and Bijauri Vulture Safe Feeding Sites of Dang districts. The main objective of the

study was to assess different management approaches applied for vulture

conservation by different communities and to identify the different causes of

mortality problems of vultures by the poison and other possible factors. Primary

data was collected through Group Discussions, questionnaire survey, Key

Informant Survey, and Direct observation. 100 HHs were taken from each study

area for household survey. During Questionnaire survey, samples were selected

using Simple Random sampling method. Secondary data was collected from BCN

office, WWF and other related offices, libraries and internet. Data analysis was

done by both qualitative and quantitative means using Microsoft Excel 2010.

The findings of this study revealed that CBVC is one of the successful method of

conservation. Among the three CBVCC, Panchanagar was in the worst condition. In

spite of enthusiasm and potentiality of the committee member, it is in the

condition of being collapsed due to lack of financial resources and other supports.

Pithauli and Bijauri had almost similar management approaches and both are

successful organization as supported mostly by NGO/INGOs and government

respectively. Best management of Pithauli was its feeding site, habitat and eco-

tourism whereas these management were found to be less managed in Bijauri

otherwise Bijauri would be the best CBVSFS because of the full support and

positive attitude of almost all local people which was not found in other area.

Besides Diclofenac, the reason for the mortality of vultures was poisoning which

needs to be addressed properly. In past this additional source of mortality have

been minor and population has been able to withstand in Nepal. However, with a

very small remaining and still declining population, such additional sources of

mortality may play more significant role. In Nawalaparasi and Dang death of

vultures due to poisoning on wild animals has killed many vultures.

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Finally, it is recommended that the morale of the CBVCC members needs to be

boost up through motivation, incentives, proper guidance, trainings, proper

awareness, communication, reward and encouragement.

Keywords: Vulture conservation, management approaches, Vulture Safe Feeding

Sites, Diclofenac

42. Effects ofSilviculture Treatment on Carbon Stock Researcher: Sundar Rai


Forest plays a crucial role to reduce CO2 emission. Forest vegetation and soils

share almost 60% of the world's terrestrial carbon. Forest carbon stock varies with

the forest type, vegetation, age, ecological zones and several other factors.

Predominantly, forest management and associated silvicultural treatments are key

factors of forest carbon dynamics. Community based forest management of Nepal

is playing a vital role in managing the forest by local user groups since three

decades. Meanwhile, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest

degradation (REDD) emerged as supplementary opportunity to the community.

But it needs sufficient record of data of forest carbon for designing the

Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system (MRV) and developing the

Reference emissions Level (REL). Thus, an assessment of carbon stocks in

vegetation and soil is a basic step and the objectives of this research were set for

that reason. This report presents the outcomes of forest carbon inventory done in

Banpala community forest at Kharmi VDC, Khotang. To meet the research

objectives sixteen sample plots were laid out to assess the carbon stocks.

Total Banpala CF area was divided into three blocks where Block no.1 is

silviculturally treated by silvicultural treatment (thinning, pruning, cleaning etc.)

and other two blocks were managed by only protection activity. Among three

block only block no.1 and 2 was selected for research area because these blocks

were similar to area, elevation, aspect etc. stratified random sampling was used to

collect the biophysical data that includes biomass of trees/poles, Saplings, root

and leaf litter and herb maintaining 10% sampling intensity. Then, the biomass

equation of Chave (1989) was applied to calculate biomass and it was converted

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into carbon stocks multiplying with 0.47. Similarly, the soil samples collected from

three different depths of (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30) cm and these samples were

analyzed by applying Walkey-Black method to determine the soil organic carbon.

Then all analyzed data were calculated to get total carbon stocks. For statistical

analysis SPSS 16 was used.

The result showed that the total carbon stock was found to be leading in

silviculture treated forest block with 132.70 ton ha-1 than control forest block

with100.23 ha-1. The above ground carbon stock of tree, seedling, below ground

root and soil carbon stock was found to be higher in silviculture treated forest with

38.04 ton ha-1, 0.33 ton ha-1, 53.25 ton ha-1 respectively. Moreover, the above

ground carbon stock of pole, sapling, litter and HSG was found to be higher in un-

silviculture treated forest block with 49.76 ton ha-1, 2.14 ton ha-1, 0.75 ton ha-1

0.92 ton ha-1 respectively. The total soil carbon stock was found to be higher in

silviculture treated forest block with 43.40 ton ha-1 than control forest block with

32.43 ton ha-1. The estimated total carbon stock within Banpala community forest

was found to be 1573.62 tons. The study determined that the community forests

at Kharmi VDC are potential in sequestrating huge amount of carbon and such

records of carbon can play a vital role in REDD+ programme.

It is recommended that CFUG should carry out management activities as per

management plan, this research on assessment of Carbon should be carried out.

Key Words: Biomass, Carbon, Carbon stock, community forest, treatment and

controlled block.

43. Assessing the Contribution of Lokta (Danphe spp) Micro-Enterprises on

Livelihood Improvement of Community Forest User Group in Parbat District Researcher: Sunom Shrestha Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

Study on “Assessing the Contribution of Lokta (Daphne spp.) Micro-enterprise on Livelihood Improvement of Community Forest User Groups in Parbat District.” had been conducted in Hampal Community Forest User Group (CFUG) in Salija Village Development Committee (VDC), ReshapatalCFUG in Kyang VDC, and Raniban CFUG in DhairingVDC, Parbat district. The main objective of this study was to explore the

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present status, scope and utilization of Lokta(Daphne spp) and its sustainability in micro-enterprise development and management. Both primary and secondary information related to Lokta and its availability for establishing enterprise were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as household questionnaire survey of 78 respondents, focus group discussion, key informant interview, direct observation, participatory resource mapping, and Loktarelated publish and unpublished reports, papers and journals etc. These data were analyzed and presented in bar diagram, charts, tables and descriptive manner.

Lokta was found growing well in all study sites of the CFUG areas with high density indicating that existing resource status would be increased through proper resource management. This species was used by HampalCFUG members for making paper and other different products such as dairy, ear rings, dolls, necklace etc.Lokta harvesting was mainly done by cutting and peeling and its fiber was extracted using indigenous as well as modern skill and knowledge. Lokta had played vital role in improving livelihood of studied CFUG members, however, their major sources of cash income were agriculture, forestry, service or pension, business, remittance and wage labor etc. In HampalCFUG,8-10persons were getting job opportunity in Lokta based paper making micro-enterprise and entrepreneur of this enterprise had also generated Rs60,000 per year. Majority (60%) of respondents of Reshapatal and Raniban CFUGs were also positive to Lokta regarding livelihood improvement through Lokta development and management, and were interested to involve in hosting Lokta based micro-enterprise development and management activities for resource sustainability.Thestudied CFUG members should be trained practically as well as effectively for Lokta fiber collection and processing. To widen the market opportunity, market analysis and networking between CFUGs and entrepreneur should be established locally as well as nationally.

Key words: Lokta, collection, processing, micro-enterprise and livelihood.

44. Effects of Geographical Aspect on Carbon Stock in Broadleaved Mixed Natural Forest Researcher: Satya Ram Prajapati Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

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It is interesting to explore whether there is differences in carbon stock according

to aspects because it is generally unknown in natural broadleaved forests. The

precise record of carbon stock is importantly needed for REDD-F mechanism. Thus,

exploration of aspect wise carbon assessment can play a vital role to work for

preparation for REDD+ mechanism. In addition, this record will be helpful data for

carbon stock in community forests of Nepal. Monitoring reporting and verification

(MRV) and reference level under REDD+ mechanism are very technical part under

REDD+ mechanism which need intensive record of carbon stock. Thus such types

of research have high value in Nepal.

Systematic sampling was used to collect the biophysical data that includes biomass

of the plant categories of dbh < lcm, 1-5 cm , dbh> 5cm, root, grass, herb and litter

maintaining 1% sampling intensity. Then the biomass equation of Chave et al.

2005 was applied to calculate biomass and it was converted into carbon stocks

multiplying with 0.47. Similarly, the soil samples collected from three different

depth of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm and these samples were analyzed by applying

Walkey-Black method to determine the soil organic carbon. Then all analyzed data

were calculated to get total carbon stocks. For statistical analysis SPSS was used.

The result showed that the total biomass stock was found to be leading in NE

aspect with 94.14 ton hael. The above ground carbon stock of plant category of

dbh < 1 cm and dbh > 5 cm was found to be higher in NE aspect of the community

forest with 0.50 ton ha4 and 37.43 ton respectively. The above ground carbon

stock of LHG and plant category of dbh 1-5 cm were found to be higher in SW

aspect of the forest with 1.10 ton hil and 0.81 ton hael respectively. The soil

carbon in soil depth 0-10 cm was found to be higher in NE aspect with 22.98 ton

than that in SW aspect with 22.37 ton ha-1 Similarly, the soil carbon in soil depth

10-20 cm and 20-30 cm was found to be higher in NE aspect with 15.35 ton ha-

1and 11.52 ton ha-1 respectively than that in SW aspect with 14.22 tonha-1and 9.15

ton ha-1. The total carbon stock haTI was found to be higher in NE aspect with

93.77 ton ha71 than that in SW aspect with 80.45 ton ha-1. It is believed that the

higher the precision in forest carbon assessment, the higher is the value of carbon

under REDD+ Mechanism.

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Key words: Carbon sequestration, Schima Castanopsis, stock, aspect, biomass.

45. Assessment of the Encroachment of National Forest using Remote Sensing Researcher:Santosh Pokharel Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

Land cover change detection and updating a land cover map is prerequisite to understand the land cover change dynamics and for the sustainable management of forest resources. Landscape level conservation is a new paradigm in conservation arena crafted to address the issue of expanding human needs and their pressure on the ecosystem. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology have emerged as important tools in recent time for monitoring and management of natural resources including conservation areas. The study was carried out in Haripur and Jutpani Illaka of Chitwan district with the main objective of assessing encroachment since 2000 using remote sensing multi temporal remotely sensed data from Landsat sensors (TM of 2000, 2005 and 2010) were extracted and interpreted using image processing software ERDAS Imagine by applying supervised classification technique with maximum likelihood algorithm. These GPS locations, topographic maps, aerial photo served as the basis for signature assignment. The change in forest cover and encroachment was detected employing perceptual comparison approach with 94% user accuracy.

The change analysis showed that forest cover was decreasing in alarming rate. The annual encroachment from 2000- 2010 was 72.57 ha. The annual rate of encroachment was 0.51 %. Institutional development, infrastructure development, resettlement and disaster affected people were major actors found within the encroachment area. Therefore, the concerned Departments should formulate a comprehensive natural resource management policy, plans and programs to address the issues and minimize the consequences of forest encroachment.

46. Status of Rhino Poaching in Chitwan National Park

Researcher: Saroj Mani Poudel Supervisor: Puran Bhakta Shrestha

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Poaching is one of the most serious threats to wildlife conservation. Several wildlife species have become locally as well as globally extinct. The population of rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in Nepal was estimated to be 800 in 1950, but the population dwindled to mere 100 in 1966 mainly due to poaching. Although, rhino poaching have largely been controlled in recent times, poaching is still the most serious threat to rhino conservation. This study deals with the trend of rhino poaching, profile of the poachers, possible causes of poaching and illegal wildlife trade and control measures to control poaching in Chitwan National Park and the perception of local people towards poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Questionnaire survey, .focus group discussion, and key informant survey method were employed for primacy data collection and all the secondary data available in park and buffer zone office and other sources were reviewed.

Result showed that most of rhino poaching was inside the core area of the park near Sahili Mahili Khola and Tamor Tal area (4 cases each). Similarly, most poaching occurred near water bodies, where rhinos spend most of its time wallowing. Poverty (32%) and illiteracy (32%) were the main causes of poaching. 33% of poachers belonged to 25 to 30 age group and another 33% belonged to 30 to 40 age group. Most of the poachers were from medium economic status (50%) followed by very poor 23%. Most of the poachers were illiterate (83%), while 13% olkachers were literate.

Chitwan National Park has been conducting various programs to control poaching in recent times and has been successful. Conservation awareness, more stringent law, electric fencing, people participation, local employment, informant network, capacity enhancement trainings, more security posts, reward system, CBAPU fonnation, quick flow of compensation for wildlife damage and effective surveillance would further help in effective wildlife poaching control.

Keywords: Rhinoceros unicornis, wildlife poaching control, illegal wildlife trade, biosdiversity conservation

Batch 7 (2068 BS)

1. An Assessment on the Perceived Effects and Management Issues of Invasive Species: A Case Study of Mikania micrantha in Chitwan National Parl Researcher: Akriti Khadka

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Supervisor: Rajesh Kumar Rai

Invasive alien species (IAS) are exotic species which have been relocated intentionally or unintentionally with the expansion of global trade and increasing human mobility. They are regarded as most detrimental to native ecosystem and human welfare. They can alter the structure and species composition of ecosystem by repressing or displacing native species, either directly by out-competing them for resources or indirectly by changing the way nutrients are cycled through the system. Rapid expansion of IAS into the forest ecosystem of Nepal, over the last few decades, has posed a serious threat to forest health and human welfare.

This study assesses the livelihood effect of invasion of Mikania micrantha (hereafter Mikania) and invasion effect of Mikania on regeneration of other species. The study was carries out in buffer zone community forest of Chitwan National Park. The weed Mikania is an extremely serious weed with an exceptional fast growth rate, is spreading like a wildfire in Nepal. The effect of Mikania on rural livelihood is much more complex than that of negative ecological consequences. The infestation of Mikania results two effects in buffer zone community. First, there has been a reduction in native plants which indicate that basic forest products such as fuelwood and fodder have become scarce. Also, Mikania itself has no consumable production. Second, Mikania is creating impenetrable thickets that destroy wildlife habitats and jungle paths which cause animals to shift their habitat to core area which means fewer visitors to BZCF which eventually decreases their annual income.

Although, the threat posed by IAS has been recorded in various government documents but the country has not formulated any specific strategy, program, plan, act and regulations. Hence, it is important that high level body at national level take care of issues related to alien species undertake problematic intervention for their control and management. With it, it is also very important that people are aware and educated about alien species.

Keywords- Mikania micrantha, rural livelihood, invasive alien species

2. Human- Snow Leopard Conflict in Api-Nampa Conservation Area, Darchula

Researcher: Amar Shah Supervisor: Jhamak Bahadur Karki

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The aim of this thesis is to assess the human-snow leopard conflict in Api-Nampa

Conservation Area in determining the habitat, prey of the snow leopard as well

as daily activities of the people inside the ANCA. This research deal with the

impact raiding by snow leopard to farmer’s livelihoods in ANCA. The research

was carried out with the objectives of documenting the status, frequency and

pattern of Conflict of snow leopard, finding out the perception of local people on

human-snow leopard conflict, to find out the livestock management system and

its depredation in Api-Nampa Conservation Area. The research conducted was

both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Data were collected using

questionnaires, one to one interviews, direct assessments/observations,

reviewing of literature, and was later analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The results

of the study indicate that human-snow leopard conflict is most occurred in the

ANCA which is out of benefit for both the parties i.e. people and snow leopard.

Many livestock were attacked by the snow leopard in Api-Nampa Conservation

Area. However from to the villagers, there are some cases of human casualties

which are eaten by snow leopard. Snow leopards are under threat from

persecution for killing livestock in ANCA. Our ability to deal with this threat is

limited by our understanding of the aspects of the ecology of snow leopard and

the socio-economics of humans relevant to livestock predation. This study adds

new evidence to debates surrounding snow leopard ecology, home-range

analysis and human-snow leopard conflict mitigation.Changes in livestock

predation frequency were not passive responses to changes in prey abundance

and stock-raiding snow leopard changed their movements to increase livestock

encounter rates although rarely seemed to attack livestock at cattle posts.

Livestock predation appeared to allow stock-raiders to use smaller home-ranges

than other snow leopard which became smaller yet when wild prey was least

abundant.

3. Awareness and Participation of Dalit Women in the Management of Community Forest Researcher: Bigyan Ghimire


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The study entitled "Awareness and participation Dalit women in the management

of Community Forest" was conducted in TilahaarCFUG of chiti VDC, Lamjung

district. The main objectives of the study was to analyze Dalit women's

participation and their awareness in various aspects of community forest, and

socio-economic condition in CFUG. Both primary and secondary information were

collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as well-

being ranking, questionnaire survey, key informant interview, informal discussions

and direct observation, and review of reports and publications. The study was

mostly exploratory and the data obtained were basically analyzed qualitatively and

quantitatively by using MS-excel. 'Me analyzed data were intepretated using

charts, tables, figures and texts.

Participation of Dalit women respondents was very low (<23%) in various activities

of Tilahaar CF. Majority (>67%) of them were unknown about roles and

responsibilities of users, activities prohibited in CF forest Product supply and

distribution, roles and responsibilities of committee, financial transparency, CF

constitution and operational plan. However, majority (68%) of them were

interested for their representation in CFUG executive committee.

Their economic condition and literacy rate was also very poor which drag them far

behind despite their interest in CFUG's decision making position. Finally, the study

reflects that a few Dalit women were benefited from CFUG fund through income

generation activities initiated by the Tilahaar CFUG.

Key words: Community Forest, DOI women, awareness, participation.

4. Status Survey of Red Panda in Rara National Park

Researcher: Chandra Jung Hamal

Supervisor: Jhamak Bahadur karki

A Case Study on this study was conducted to assess the current status of Red

Panda. The Red Panda Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier, 1825) is one of the threatened and

endangered carnivore mammal species which distribution extends from Nepal

through Bhutan, India, Burma and Myanmar in the Himalayas, to China. It is

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unique in the animal world because it has no close living relatives and its family,

Ailuridae has only one genus, Ailurus.. The Primary data were collected by Key

Informants Survey, Social Survey and Transmit Survey. Similarly secondary data

were collected from reports/articles from DNPWC, NTNC, WWF Nepal and RPN

Nepal. Red Panda distribution pattern in the study area was determined by

calculating the ratio of variance and mean (S2/a) described by Odom, habitat

preference was calculated following (Pokhrel 1996) based on sign encounter on

different sites, slope and aspect of the area and threat was analyzed from

disturbance assessment (Karki 2009) followed by people's perceptions. These data

were then entered into Arc View GIS 3.1 Software to create a distribution map.

A total of eight altitudinal transects with the spacing of 100m starting from 2900m

to up to the 3700m were designed. Line transect method (Burnham et al. 1 980)

was used for the collection of the required data from the habitat. In each transect,

paired quadrates (10mx10m) were sampled on either sides of the 5m distance

from the transect line in order to gather information about Red Panda sign,

habitat performance and possible threats. Most pellet group were recorded from

3100 m to 3500 m. Two Pandas were sighted near the Nijar Pul (an outlet of lake)

at the elevation of 3028 m (X coordinate 060319 and Y coordinate 3267056), 30

fecal pellets were recorded, Red Panda pug marks were also seen in snow, and

their foraging marks also identified. The most preferred habitat of Red Panda was

north facing aspect having 35° and 50° slope in this winter survey. This study

concluded clumped type of distribution of Red Panda at an altitude between 3200

to 3400m in the RNP were fewer disturbances in this area as compared to the

elevation below 3100m.Furthermore substrate used by Red Panda was much in

felled tree (57.14%) and least in rock (2.04%) were recorded. Heavy livestock

grazing pressure and other anthropogenic disturbance were observed as major

threats to Red Panda in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate the use

of other alternative sources of natural resources and awareness program related

to conservation are necessary for the positive changes in the long term survival of

the Red Panda.

Key word: Red Panda, Endangered, Habitat, Distribution, Threats

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5. An Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Human Snow Leopard Conflict in Eastern Himalayas Researcher: Chungla Sherpa

Supervisor: Hem Raj Acharya

Changing land use land covers as well as Human wildlife conflicts are common in

both the developed and the developing world, especially in the scenario where

habitat loss is rampant and human populations are heaving. One of the most

frequent form of conflict reported, is the carnivore like snow leopard predation on

domestic livestock. The objective of the study was to assess changes in land

use/land cover based on secondary data between 1990 and 2010 and assessing

local’s perceptions towards human and snow leopard interaction and land use

land cover change. Along with direct field observation, key informant interview

(n=5) and household survey (n=30) were performed. Chi-square test was used for

perception analysis.

Change in land use land cover show that there was decrease in agriculture area by

0.376 km² similarly highest visible changed have been observed on the snow cover

which was decreased by 238.59 km² mean while the grass land is increased by 200

km² and bare area was increased by 34.311 km². Assessment also show that there

was increased in forest covered by 1.5 km². Average livestock holding was 31 all

most all headers reared Yak and chauri. The total loss was 24 which were 3.16 % of

total animal loss from the year 2060 B.S. to 2072. 69.5 % of the herders have

faced the livestock depredation due to snow leopard, whereas about 20% of the

herders told that due to wild dogs. The depredation rate is high in the night 80%

when the livestock were in the rest without any interruptions. Similarly highest

(75%) depredation was occurred during winter season. Local people are positive

(P<0.5) towards snow leopard conservation and is considered as a natural wealth

because of its ecological, religious/ethical and tourism values. More than 60% of

them were unhappy with insurance schema among them some of them told that

the compensation given to depredation should be half of the damages.

Key words: Land Use Land Cover, Snow leopard, depredation, conflict, mitigation,

Insurance

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6. An Assessment on Trade Status of Orchid, its Oppurtunity and Challenges in

Nepal Researcher: Dambar Bhandari


The orchids (Family Orchidaceae) are the larger group of flowering plants. They

are perennial rarely annual epiphytic, terrestrial or saprophytic plants and more

than 25000 species falls under the CITES species in the world. The trade of the

orchids are regulated through the CITES export and import permit however some

complexities observed as illegal and legal trade. Therefore this study was

objectively carried out to assess the legal and illegal trade status of orchid from

Nepal, to show source of Orchid, its trade route and destination and to explore

opportunities and challenges of Orchid trade and management. Hence sites like

Kathmandu valley, Banke, Kanchanpur, Nuwakot and Dang districts were selected

as the study sites. Three convicted person, seven officials from study districts,

three traders from each district and regional level and two foreign exporters were

interviewed applying the purposive sampling. Formats and checklist was prepared

for data collection. Meantime, field observation and interview were done with the

orchid entrepreneur especially of Dang district. The result showed that total of

24,279.2 Kg wild and 1696.5 Kg artificial propagated orchids were exported in

between 2008 to 2015 based on CITES export permit. Thailand and China were the

main destination market. In fact Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.), Dendrobium

eriiflorum (Griff.,) Dendrobium fimbriatum, Dendrobium transparens, Dendrobium

Dendrobium amoenum, Dendrobium monticola, and Dendrobium moschatum,

Dendrobium transparens were the main traded species. Indeed, 18 Nepalese and 2

Chinese were involved in illegal trade of orchid. Moreover, district level five years

management plans showed that 30 districts are the source districts of wild

orchids. Out of that Rukum, Doti, Baitadi, Achham, Arghakhachi, Lalitpur, Humla,

Lamjung and Bajura districts are high potential sources of wild orchids that is

about more than 10,000 Kg. These resources are the additional income source to

gain the foreign currency and means to increase the local economic status but the

overexploitation will be the great threat.

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Key words: Orchids, Source, Route, Destination, Trade, Legal, Illegal, Opportunity,

Challenges

7. Comparative Study on Forest Carbon Stock and Plant Diversity in Certified and Non-Certified Forest Researcher: Deepak Charmakar


Mitigation of global warming and conservation of biodiversity are two major

environmental challenges today. Estimation of forest carbon stock is one of the

most important scientific bases for successful climate and carbon policy

implementation, as it gives ecological and economic benefits. Thus, an assessment

of carbon stocks in different types of forest and plant diversity means certified and

noncertified forest is the basic step .This research was objectively carried out to

find out the total above ground carbon stock of certified forests and non-certified

forest, to assess and compare the plant diversity between certified and non-

certified forest and to show the relationship between carbon stock and plant

species diversity. To meet the research objectives sixty one plots were laid out for

three CF to assess the carbon stocks and plant diversity. Randomized block design

(RBD) was set applying the stratified randomsamplingwithsampling intensity 0.5%

to collect the biophysical data that includes biomass of trees/poles, saplings; leaf

litter and herb among three CFs were selected for research area because this CFs

are more or less homogeneous in terms of vegetation composition, area and the

aspect. The biomass equation of Chave et al (2005) was applied to calculate

biomass and it was converted into carbon stocks multiplying with 0.47. The result

showed that the total above ground carbon stock was found to be leading in both

certified forest with 61.15±8.88 and 45.98±6.72 ton ha-1 respectively in

Dhadesingadevi and Jharenideurali CF than non-certified forest with 43.02±5.83

ton ha-1. The above ground carbon stock of tree, seedling, leaf litter, herbs and

grasses were also found to be higher in Dhadesingadevi and Jhareni deurali CF

with 59.39 ± 8.57, 0.85±0.19, 0.33±0.06, 0.58±0.06 and 50.31 ± 6.22, 0.25±0.03,

0.24±0.05, 0.50±0.07 ton ha-1 respectively. Moreover, the above ground carbon

stock of sapling was found to be higher in non-certified forest (Gumphamahabhir)

then in two certified forests with 0.87±0.17 ton ha-1. The total estimated forest

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carbon was found to be highest in Dhadesingadevi, Jhareni (certified) with

21173.18 and 9602.92 tons than in Gumphamahabhir (noncertified) with 6766.61

tons. Similarly, the simpson's diversity index, Shannon Winner diversity index,

Species richness index and Evenness index in Dhandesingadevi, Jharenideurali,

Gumphamahabhir CFs with 0.12,0.13,0.13 and 2.4,2.52,2.4 and 3.72,4,3.61 and

0.82,0.85,0.87 respectively and there was a positive relationship between plant

diversity and forest carbon.

Key Words: Biomass, Carbon, Carbon Stock, Plant diversity, Certification,

Sustainable Forest Management.

8. Dynamics of Human-Snow Leopard , Conflict, People's Perception and Evaluation

of Mitigation Measures Researcher: Deu Bahadur Rana

Supervisor: Bikram Shrestha

Upper Manang and Khangsar are the village in the Annapurna Conservation Area

(ACA) in Nepal is located at 3540m and 3734m respectively and physically in the

central north of the country. Animal husbandry is the main activity of the people

making a living amidst a conflict with snow leopard (Panthera uncia). The snow

leopard is possibly barometer for assessing environmental health and

biodiversity conservation in high mountainous areas. Livestock depredation by

the endangered snow leopard is an increasingly contentious issue in Himalayan

village and resulting significant economic losses for the poor people. Unless the

human- snow leopard conflict is well understood and appropriate conflict

management activities are implemented, the long run co-existence between

human and snow leopard will be the question. This study was conducted with

the aim to access the pattern and intensity of livestock loss, people perception

towards the snow leopard and evaluation of the mitigation measures. 50 out of

189 households that contribute 26.45% of the total households of the study area

were selected randomly. Required data are collected primarily with the key

informant and household were interviewed with the semi-structured

questionnaire with some open source question and field visit. Secondary data

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were collected from Annapurna Conservation Area Project, KAFCOL library,

Library of DNPWC, online suffering, published and unpublished articles.

Descriptive statistics, chi-square test was done on SPSS ver.20, study area map

was prepared on ArcGIS 10 and graphs, pie chart were prepared by using

Microsoft Excel. Finding of this study will help authority to proper management

and recent status of conflict in the areas. Snow leopard caused 27% of the total

predation where accident alone contributes 49%. Though the high depredation,

42% of the respondents were disagreed towards snow leopard should be killed

because of their religion. Spring season was found to high predation season by

snow leopard with 44% and the favorable time of killing was evening/nights 63%.

The place for predation by snow leopard was found at pasture/grazing areas 65%

compared to corral (23%) and stall (12%). 24% of the respondents were highly

agreed to cause of livestock loss due to increasing population of snow leopard.

Improved husbandry practice is the main option to control the predation by

snow leopard through compensation through livestock insurance scheme is

highly preferred. Therefore, improved husbandry practice and implementation

wild-life damage compensation relief guideline 2069 is recommended to mitigate

human-snow leopard conflict.

9. Exploring the Growth Performance of Domesticated Swertia chirayita and its Contribution in Rural Income in Langtang National Park Researcher: Dinesh Ghale


The northern part of Rasuwa is remote and the major livelihood is agriculture,

supplemented by non timber forest products collection. Presently the Swertia

Chiraito cultivation is attractive income generation business. However, the growth

of the plant, nutrient levels and economic analysis of the cultivation of this species

has been done never before. Thus, this study was objectively carried out to

explore the growth performance of Swertia chirayita and to explore the

contribution of Swertia chirayita in rural income.

Syafru village of Rasuwa district, Nepal was selected as study site. Altogether 12

farmers were who have cultivated this species in their farm were randomly

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selected applying complete random experimental design. Altogether 50 samples

having 2x2 m2 were taken from the farmer’s field. The collar diameter at 15 cm

and height of the plants were measured. In addition, soil samples were collected

from 0-10 cm depth. The mean diameter and height were analyzed. Meanwhile,

soil samples were analyzed in lab to find N, P, K and pH and B/C ratio and NPV

were calculated as well to evaluate the income.

The results showed that the height growth of Swerita chirayito was ranging from

112 cm to 154 cm and the mean height was 135.01 cm. The mean collar diameter

was about 2.4 cm. Swertia chirayita prefers to grow in acidic soil mean pH with

5.7. The mean values N, P, K were found to be 0.27 %, 39.39 kg/ha, 791.42 kg/ha

respectively. Likewise carbon quantity available in soil was found to be 2.84 %. The

benefit cost ratio was 2.12 with minimum and maximum 1.53 and 2.72

respectively. The NPV of mean income of the farmer was NRs 264730.43.

Therefore, it can be concluded that cultivation of Swertia chiraito system has been

found improved rather than the traditional practice system.

Key words: N, P, K, collar diameter, Benefit cost Ratio, Swertia Chirayita, livelihood,

Income

10. An Assessment of Contribution of Ecotourism on Conservation and Community

Development: A Case Study of Chuchure VDC, Ramechhap, Nepal Researcher: Gyanu Maya Tamang

Supervisor: Binaya Pasakhala

Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively

undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy, study and appreciate natural areas, in

order to enjoy, study and appreciate nature, that promotes conservation, has low

visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio economic involvement of

local populations. Ecotourism contributes to economic growth of Nepal as well as

to local economy and income generated can be utilized for development of local

infrastructures and conservation of nature and culture.

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Chuchure is a popular tourist destination but adequate study has not been done

yet for examining the contribution of ecotourism on conservation and livelihood

development of the area.

This is a case study type of research. Interviews with households, lodge/hotel

operators, tourists were taken. Focus group discussion and key informant

interviews were conducted. PRA tools such as trend line, social and natural

resource mapping were used. For primary data collection, direct observation,

questionnaire survey, interviews and group discussions were done and for

secondary data collection, GCAP officials were contacted, documents, journals,

articles, websites, thesis reports, maps and VDC records were taken into

consideration. Libraries of relevant institutions were also consulted. For data

analysis,10% of the households were selected. Random selection of 11

lodges/hotels was done for data collection from the lodge operators. Interview of

20 tourists was conducted. SPSS and EXCEL were used for calculating simple

statistical parameters.

There is significant number of tourist arrival in the months of February, April, May,

September, October and December. This year, less number of tourists visited the

area because of the devastating Gorkha earthquake. Tourists visit my research

area mainly for recreation and trekking. Chuchure is a first destination to many

trekking routes. Thus, 70% tourists spend only a night here. 40% tourists visiting

here wish to visit the place again in the future. 41% people of Chuchure believe

that ecotourism has economic and environmental benefits. Ecotourism has

increased employment opportunities and income level of the villagers has also

increased. Locally manufactured ground apple has got its market. Women

empowerment and waste management programs are given emphasis. Roads and

suspension bridges are constructed for the ease of the visitors. Cultivation of cash

crops is encouraged. By adopting ecotourism activities, income of 36% of the

lodges has the income ranging from 150,000 – 200,000. More than 50% of lodge

operators perceived that the trend of tourist arrival has increased in the area after

the adoption of ecotourism activities. Most of the stakeholders from all three

categories namely, households, lodge operators and tourists perceived the

ecotourism activities for conservation to be effective in this area. This means,

clxxiv

there is high potentiality of ecotourism in this area in the future which in turn

might help in conservation of natural resources and community development as

well.

Promotion of the study area as tourist destination is a must. There is a need to

develop activities to increase the number of days of stay of tourists. There is a

need to regulate consumption of forest resources and undertake conservation

activities.

11. Status of Good Governance in Buffer Zone Community Forest User Group and Community Forest User Group Researcher: Hemant Budathoki


A comparative study entitled “Status of Good Governance in Baijanath Buffer Zone

Community Forest User Group and Jayshankar Community Forest User Group of

Kanchanpur District” was conducted aiming to assess four pillars of good

governance that were participation, transparency, accountability and

predictability, and to identify the challenges and opportunities of good governance

practices. Both primary and secondary information were collected using

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques such as reconnaissance

survey, stakeholder’s consultation, questionnaire survey, key informant interview,

and direct observation, and review of reports and publications. The study was

mostly exploratory and the data obtained were basically analyzed qualitatively and

quantitatively by using MS-excel. The analyzed data were interpreted using charts,

tables, figures and the main texts. The study results revealed that the overall

status of governance in both CFUGs was good with 54% of total score in Baijanath

BZCFUG and 52% of total score in Jayshankar CFUG. However, the participation of

the study respondents in meetings and general assembly in both CFUGs was found

satisfactory. The representation of women (40%) in executive committee in both

FUGs was also found satisfactory compared with the poor and dalits in committee.

Marginal group’s voices and response in decision making in both FUGs was found

same at satisfactory level. The system of public auditing was done generally once

a year in both CFUGs but this was not found in regular basis, as well as low and

clxxv

inactive participation of general members was noted. Similarly, transparency in

forest product distribution and pricing was excellent in Jayshankar CFUG

compared with Baijanath BZCFUG. Regarding the accountability, the perception of

the users was satisfactory in both CFUGs but the user perceived Baijanath BZCFUG

was medium accountable than Jayshankar CFUG. The good governance in terms of

participation, accountability and transparency has been found to be better in

Baijanath BZCFUG compared with Jayshankar CFUG. However, predictability was

found to have in same level of perception to the users of both CFUGs. Finally, it is

recommended that CFUG level good governance training and awareness programs

should be organized to enhance the overall governance skill and knowledge of

both user group members.

Keywords: Community Forest User Group, Participation, Transparency,

Accountability

12. Population Abundance and Habitat Characteristics of Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) in Rapti River, Chitwan National Park, Nepal Researcher: Jay Govinda Chaudhary


Gharial is one of the endangered species among two species of crocodiles found in

Nepal. The status is endangered globally and hence, given the protected status in

Nepal. They were brought back from extinction by means of captive breeding and

release program started in Chitwan since 1978. Till 2013, total 276 Gharial have

been released in Rapti River, however, recent monitoring (2013) reported only 45

Gharial. It clearly shows that only rearing and releasing of Gharial is not enough for

conservation. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine population

abundance with the factors affecting to stabilize the population in the Rapti river

of Chitwan National Park. Row boat survey and habitat bank observations were

undertaken to a sample a 16 km of the Rapti River in November.Data on

population, habitat and threats to Gharial were collected with the use of Garmin

GPS through direct observation and direct count. I used Google Earth 2013 Pro to

find out the location of Gharial and MS Excel 2013 to analyze quantitative data. A

clxxvi

social survey was also conducted among local people to understand their attitude

on Gharial conservation.

The population census showed a total number of 23 Gharial including 3 juveniles,

9 sub- adults and 11 adults. Male Gharial were not sighted in the study section.

Male had shifted to Narayani river (Per,Disc). A total of 9 places of Gharial habitat

were found in the Raptiriver.This study showed that the Gharial use sand banks

(80%), rocks (15%) and clay (5%). Most of the habitat were flat (90%) and sloppy

(10%). The major threats to Gharial were fishing, disturbance by people, and legal

sand mining. Majority of respondents showed positive attitude for collaborative

conservation activities between the park and people. It was found that the

condition of river has improved through the key informants and questionnaire

survey with the local people which are a suitable habitat for Gharial.Thus a

detailed study of habitat requirement, population, reproductive efforts and

hatching success of Gharial should be carried out through new available

technology.The Gharial Breeding Center should monitor the nest temperature and

humidity and human disturbances of the nesting sites of the Gharial. Similarly,

alternative fishing should be encouraged and licensing problem should be solved.

Key words: Gharial crocodile, Sand banks, Chitwan National Park, Population,

Habitat

13. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Schemes in Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park Researcher: Jeewan Pandey

Supervisor: Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is a mechanism to improve the provision of

indirect Ecosystem services in which ecosystem services providers receive direct

payments from the users of the services. Being a mid-mountain representing

protected area, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park (SNNP) has secured rich

biodiversity and potential of ecosystem services. The SNNP is providing regulation

fresh air and recreational services, aesthetic values and research opportunities.

Drinking water potential is the key issue to assess and build mechanism for the

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payment of its values to the conservation entities. Ecotourism too have the very

high Economic potential.

So, the study aimed to explore the economic potentiality of ecosystem services. It

assessed the visitor’s willingness to pay for ecosystem services, trend of income

and expenditure of last 7 years, future potentiality of PES schemes

implementation, and different maps demonstrating economic potentiality. It

explored the organizational and institutions strategies to implement the plan. The

study was conducted in Kakani area, Nagarjun area, Sundarijal area,

Budhanilakantha area of SNNP. For primary data 100 visitors were interviewed

using questionnaire. In addition, the secondary data were collected from different

year annual reports of SNNP and DNPWC also from management plans and

drinking water records. Collected data were analyzed economically, statistically,

temporally and spatially.

It was found that both Nepali and foreign visitors have high willingness to pay for

ecosystem services including different wildlife. The trend of income seems to be

increasing from NRs 19.9 million in 2008/2009 to 49.96 million in 2014/2015.

There is high potentiality of PES schemes was determined by calculation of NPV,

B/C ratio and profitability index (PI). Similarly, maps demonstrate the physical

condition of site and things to be considered during the PES schemes

implementation. .

Key words: Ecosystem services, Economic valuation, visitor’s willingness, Income

trend, Ecotourism, Economic potentiality

14. An Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Change in Barandabhar Forest Corridor in Chitwan Researcher: Kripa Neupane

Supervisor: Ambika Parsad Gautam

The land use/land cover pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and

anthropogenic process. Land–use/Land-cover change has become a central

component of current strategies in managing natural resources and monitoring

clxxviii

environmental changes. The present study was carried out with integrated

approach using remote sensing and GIS techniques together with socio-economic

data for land cover change detection. Landsat TM of 1991 and Landsat OLI_TRS of

2013 satellite imageries were used for detecting land use land cover change during

1991-2013 in the Barandabhar forest (Corridor), Chitwan District of Nepal. The

aims of the study were to find out changes in land use land cover (LULC) between

1991 and 2013, and to assess the driving forces of these changes, and also to

explore the perception of local people towards forest corridor and wildlife

conservation. Household survey, Key informant interview, focus group discussion,

GPS points and direct field observation were carried out to collect the socio

economic and biophysical data. Supervised classification was used to prepare land

use maps using the Maximum likelihood algorithm. Image classification was

carried out by emphasizing four main categories. Data of the different land use

land cover classes obtained from field study (GPS location) is used as training

sample for supervised classification. Ground verification was done, along with

questionnaire survey. From the GIS analysis obtained result showed that forest

cover was 7650 ha (68.57%) area in 1991 increased at the rate of 0.44 % per year

to 8433.72 ha (75.60 %) in 2013, whereas shrub land, water body and other(Open

land, sand, road, settlement) land covers declined by 0.86%, 1.5% and 1.48%

respectively between 1991 and 2013.Forest cover increase mostly at the expense

of shrub lands. Similarly, reported key drivers associated with forest cover increase

were formation of community forest, increase in awareness among people, low

dependency on forest products, human population change, control in illegal felling

and grazing, decrease in number of livestock and fodder demand from forest and

plantation in barren land whereas factors responsible for decreasing water body,

shrub land and other( Open land, sand, road, settlement) land covers were

invasion of alien and invasive species, sedimentation, and change in course of flow

by Rapti river. Local people perceive the incidence of forest fire, wild animal’s road

accident, importance of forest corridor and wildlife conservation differently.

Keywords: Forest corridor, GIS and Remote Sensing, Land use land cover change,

Landsat, Supervised classification

15. An Assessment of Human- Common Leopard in Annapurna Conservation Area

clxxix

Researcher: Lomnath Timsina



significant problems throughout the world. Big cats, which play a vital role in

maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction, are now on

the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of their habitats

have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent encounters with

humans and their livestock have caused human-carnivore conflicts which result in

retaliation killings. The high rate of human population growth and the successfully

restored habitat in the community forests of Nepal have accelerated the conflicts

due to the dispersal of Common leopards into these forests where they share

these resources.

This study aimed at exploring the human-leopard conflict in terms of livestock

depredation, human casualties, retaliation killing and poaching of Common

leopards and their prey base. It assessed the Common leopard conservation

perceptions and tolerance level of the local people to losses caused by Common

leopards and the roles of different stakeholders in Common leopard conservation

through mitigating human-leopard conflict. It explored strategies of conflict

reduction for Common leopard conservation. The study was conducted in three

VDCs of Myagdi District of Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. I interviewed 84

heads of households, 7 protected area managers, staffs and 5 local government

representatives from November to January 2015.

The average livestock holding among the respondent households was found to be

11.27 of animals per household and the depredation rate due to leopard was 0.97

head per household per year.No any people were killed and no people injured in

Common leopard attacks between 2009 and 2014. The perception relative to

leopard conservation was found to be little positive and people could tolerate the

loss of livestock to some extent but not human loss or casualties. One leopard was

killed in near Shikha VDC in a trap by local people. Nearly half of the respondents

suggested leopard should be conserved in the Conservation areas and reserves.

clxxx

The livestock grazing and human intrusion into common leopard habitat and poor

husbandry are causes of conflict. Conservation education along with adequate and

prompt compensation against damages and regular monitoring of Common

leopards may help to reduce human- Common leopard conflicts. As well,

functional coordination between all stakeholders is recommended to conserve

Common leopards.

Key words: Human-Leopard conflict, livestock-depredation, retaliation,

Compensation scheme

16. An Assessment of Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Measures-A Case

Study from Dhankhani Community Forest User Groups of Bajhang District Researcher: Mahesh Mishra Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

A study on “An Assessment of Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Measures”

was conducted in Dhankhani CFUG of Chaudhari V.D.C.-07, Bajhang District. The

main objective of the study was to assess the climate change, its effects and

adaptation measures used by community forest user group members. Both

primary and secondary information were gathered using Participatory Rural

Appraisal tools such as wellbeing ranking, household survey, key informants

interview, focus group discussion, direct observation of farm and forest areas, and

related reports of the CFUG, DFO and articles. Data were analyzed using MS-excel

and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with tables, graphs and figures.

More Brahmin (60%) was involved in the study compared with Dalit, Janajati and

Chettri. Agriculture was the main occupation of the study population, but only

30% of them were producing food crops sufficient for year round. Majority (83%)

of total respondents reported that there was fluctuation of temperature in study

areas with more cold in winter and high temperature in summer months

compared with last 10-20 years. The increase of 0.42ᵒc mean annual temperature

in year 2013 compared with the year 1984 has been found in study areas. In

addition, change in monthly rainfall has also been noted with the reduction of

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average rainfall during the main summer crops growing months such as April and

July months from year 2005- 2014, which was reduced by 16.6% and 26%

respectively compared with the years from 1995- 2004. The main effect of

decrease in rainfall during maize and rice growing season was the reduction of

crop production in study households by 8%, which had resulted severe food deficit

problems in 25% of total respondents. To cope food deficit problem, family

members of 15% of total respondents of poor households were working as wage

labor in Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar, Dadeldhura, India and abroad. Other

adaptation measures applied by CFUG members were soil and soil moisture

conservation, use both organic manure and chemical fertilizer, developing

irrigation system, use improved crop varieties, crop diversification and changing

cropping pattern by growing cash crops and planting fodder trees and bamboo on

their farm lands. Finally, it is recommended that public awareness programs on

climate change and its impact on local people must be conducted for

strengthening the capacity CFUG members.

Keywords:Adaptation, Climate change, Community Forest User Group, soil

moisture conservation

17. Evaluating the Sustainability in Community Forest for Carbon Stocks and Its Relation to Plant Biodiversity: A Case Study from Three Community Forests of Bhaktapur. Researcher: Manoj Neupane


Carbon sequestration, also known as “geo-sequestration”, by plants is known to

assimilate CO2 from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis.

Community forests in Nepal is popular store of carbon but the sustainability in the

management is in great question.

Hence, the research was objectively carried out to calculate the carbon density at

the different strata; to evaluate the sustainability of carbon stock in Community

forest (CF) using Biolley’s Check method and De Lio court’s law and to show the

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relationship between biodiversity and carbon stock. Three community forests

from Bhaktapur specifically were selected as a study sites. The stratified random

sampling was applied. Altogether 45 sample plots were collected from 8.92 m

radius and concentric circles following carbon inventory guideline of Nepal

Government were made to gather other samples. In addition, soil samples were

collected from 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depth. Collected data were analyzed

firstly through MS- Excel and SPSS and carbon stock was calculated then carbon

stock was checked using Biolley’s Check method and De Liocourt’s law. At the

same time biodiversity indexes particularly Simpson biodiversity, Species richness,

Margalef, Sorenson similarity and Shannon Weiner indices were calculated. The

regression analysis was done to show the relation between biodiversity and

carbon stock.

The result showed that total carbon stock of the Balkumari, Balkumari Bishnubir

and Suryabinayak community forest was 106, 119.65 and 83.33 ton per ha

respectively. Though, Suryabinayak community forest was nearly sustainable as

per De Liocourt’s law, two others were not performed sustainability for not having

plants above 50cm Diameter at breast height (DBH). Similarly, carbon stock of the

Balkumari Bishnubir was nearly sustainable whereas Balkumari and Suryabinayak

were not sustainable as per the Biolley’s Check method. Moreover, all being

highest, the species richness was 12, Shannon- Weiner index was 1.945, Margalef

index was 3.12 and Simpson index was only 0.79 in Balkumari Bishnubir whereas

Sorenson coefficient of similarity was found maximum in between Suryabinayak

and Balkumari CF. The linear regression showed that there was positive but weak

relationship between carbon stock and species richness so R2 was 0.59 for

Balkumari Bishnubir, 0.57 for Balkumari and 0.51 for Suryabinayak community

forest.

It is recommended that assessment of sustainability and biodiversity should be

made mandatory in the operational plan of the community forest. Community

forest user should be made aware about the sustainability and Reducing emission

from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) should have parallel focus on

biodiversity conservation and promotion.

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Keywords: carbon stock; community forests; Sustainability; Plant biodiversity,

linear regression

18. Community Forestry: An Approach for Livelihood Improvement of Community Forest User Group Members Researcher: Nisha Poudel

Supervisor:

A case study on “Community Forestry: An Approach for Livelihood Improvement of

Community Forest User Group Members” had been conducted in Kshetrapal

Community Forest User Group, Pyuthan district. The main objectives of the study

were to analyze the income and employment generation opportunities of the

CFUG from forest management, and investigate the contribution of CFUG on

livelihood improvement of its members. Both primary and secondary data were

collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such

asParticipatory wellbeing raking, household survey or semi-structured interview,

Key informant interview, Focus group discussion, and field observation and

transect walk etc, and secondary data were gathered from CFUG and DFO records,

and other published and unpublished reports, journals and publications. Data

were analyzed using MS-excel and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with mean

and percentage in table and figure etc.

Women of Bijuwar VDC-4 were very busy in agriculture work during this study

period, and their involvement in this study was only 37%. Most of the respondents

were farmers (44%) and 50% of them were producing food sufficient for only less

than 6 months. This CFUG had satisfactory performance in adopting good

governance practices such as transparency in decision making and fund

management, addressing gender and social issues, equitable distribution of

benefits. CFUG since 2052 has generated Rs 12,23000 from the sale of forest

products, membership fees and fines, and rewards, and nearly 80% of that fund

was used to develop five assets of livelihoods that included plantation

establishment, forest protection, administrative purposes, income generation

activities and physical assets such as school and community building construction,

drinking water supply, and human resource development etc. CFUG had also

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provided employment opportunity to 22 CFUG members through IGA and forest

management activities. Capacity of more than 150 CFUG members including 30%

women, poor and Dalits has been strengthened by different types of skill

development training related to forest management and income generation

activities. Finally, it is recommended that participation of women, poor and dalit in

meetings and assemblies should be promoted by involving them in training and

field observation tours, and in IGA activities.

Key words: Community Forest, Livelihood improvement, Income generation

activities, Community development

19. Contribution of Community Forestry on Climate Change Adaptation in Saraswoti and Khatrigaun Paleko Ban Community Forest, Lalitpur Researcher: Nischal Regmi

Supervisor: Arun Sharma Poudyal

Rural communities, who are dominantly dependent upon natural resources, have

always been adjusting their livelihood against the vagaries of climate. Community

forestry is objectively a means of promoting rural livelihood. It also helps in

mitigation and adaptation of climate change but facts and figures are still

undiscovered which demands an in-depth study. This study, therefore, was

conducted in Saraswoti & Khatrigaun Paleko Ban Community Forest, Lalitpur to

assess the strategies adapted by people and work done by CF in coping climate

change impacts. Household survey was carried out to collect primary data where

altogether 23 households were selected randomly. Along this, focus group

discussion, key informant interview and direct observation were conducted to get

information on relevant topics. Meteorological data on temperature and rainfall of

25 years were reviewed. Simple descriptive statistics were used to interpret the

data where simple figures and tables were used to present the results. Likert scale

was used to rate the responses where chi-square was used to test the people

perception. The study shows that increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall

was felt by the respondents, which was also validated by climatic data analysis.

Conversion of forest into community forest has resulted in protection and proper

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management of forest and watershed areas which in turn has resulted in

reduction of negative impacts of climate change in forest sector. Tap installation,

construction of bioengineering, cultivation of resistant verities of crops, change in

occupation major adaptive measures adapted by respondents. In addition to

environmental services provided by CF it has supported people on increasing

awareness, construction of rain water harvesting tanks, construction of check

dams, bioengineering techniques and other. This research found that contribution

of CF on sectors other than forest should be enhanced and dependency of people

on forest should be reduced by flourishing other sectors like tourism.

Key Words: people's perception, Climatic hazards, community adaptation, Mid-hill

Nepal

20. An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Livelihood and Adaptation Measures Researcher: Parikshan Prasad Gupta Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

Adaptation Measures used by Tilaurakot Collaborative Forest Users Groups,

Kapilbastu District was conducted to assess the trend and community perception

on climate change, its impacts on livelihood of collaborative forest user group

members, and adaptation measures used by their members. Both primary and

secondary data were collected from the field and related publication and journals.

Out of 22622 households, 227 were selected by systematic random sampling

method for household survey, discussion with key informants, focus group

discussion, direct observation and transect walk of forest and farmlands was also

applied. The data were logically interpreted along with simple table, charts, bars

and graphs. GIS, MS word and MS Excel were used to analyze the information.

Average annual temperature of study areas was increased by 0.117 °C. Analysis of

average annual rainfall showed that there was variation in rainfall in each year

with highest (2174 mm) in 1994 and lowest (526 mm) in 2004 and 1486 mm

during study period 2015. It means there was a change in climatic variables. The

overall impact of these climatic changes in Collaborative Forest Users Groups,

Kapilbastu was the reduction in agriculture production by 20% due to the long

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drought in crop growing months, irrigation water depletion, and flood. Majority

(80%) of the total respondents had faced drought problem to produce

agricultural crops, which was followed by irrigation water shortage, occurrence

of diseases and floods. About 20 % of total farmlands of the study areas had

been affected by flood. In case for adjustment in faming system, 43% farmers

reported the use of improve variety of different crops, while 33% farmers

adopted improved farming system, 30 % farmers changed in crop, and 30%

farmers had irrigated to grow crops. About 30% households initiated soil and soil

moisture conservation practice to cope the problem of drought. The study

concluded that the livelihoods of poor households becoming more vulnerable

due to the effects of climate change, and 19% of the total respondents had

severe food deficit. To cope with food deficit problem, male members of about

13% households mainly from Muslim families went to the Kathmandu, India and

abroad.

Key words: Climate change, Adaptation, Rainfall, Temperature.

21. Assessment of Carbon Accumulation and Soil Nutrient in a Community Forests

ResearcherPooja Pandey


Vegetation and soil play a relevant role in the global carbon cycle. Forests

generally go through cycle of growth and death sequestering and releasing

carbon. The carbon stock in forest vegetation varies according to

geographical locations, forest types, vegetation and age of stand. Soil

nutrient in the forest ecosystem plays a relevant role by performing key

ecological function. The quantity of available nutrient is determined by

several factors especially soil and plants. The availability of soil nutrient

plays an important role in plant growth and development. This research

was carried out with a objective of quantifying and analyzing biomass and

soil carbon accumulation as well as nutrient content of the community

Forest. Simple random sampling method with 0.62% sampling intensity

was used for collecting data for tree biomass. Altogether 45 samples were

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collected from the community forests. Total 15 from each Rishi khola,

Baisyadhar and Dhobi khola community forests. Firstly the map of the

study areas was prepared using GPS and the samples plots were randomly

distributed. The GPS coordinates of samples were uploaded and navigate

in the fields. The sample plot was of radius 8.92 m within each plot,

several sub plots were established for specific purposes. Nested sub plot

having 5.64 m radius was established for saplings and 1m radius and

another with o.56 m radius were established for counting regeneration

and sampling leaf litter, herbs, grass. Soil samples were collected from 0-

10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Height and diameter were measured. Samples

were dried and using Equation of Chave et al biomass was calculated. The

biomass was converted into carbon multiplying with 0.47. Soil samples

were analyzed were analyzed in the lab. The result showed that total

carbon stock of Dhobi khola community forest was found to be highest

207.67 ton/ha. Similarly, the lowest value of Baisyadhar community forest

was found to be 149.06 ton/ha. The highest value of the above ground

biomass carbon and below ground biomass carbon of the Dhobi khola

community forest were found to be 110.35 ton/ha and 22.07 ton/ha

respectively. Similarly the lowest value of above ground carbon biomass

and below ground carbon biomass of the Baisyadhar community forest

were found to be 66.02 ton/ha and 13.20 ton/ha respectively. The highest

value of soil organic carbon of Rishi khola community forest was found to

be 99.23 ton/ha. The lowest value of Baisyadhar community forest was

found to be 69.07 ton/ha. The highest value of the available phosphorus,

available potassium and total nitrogenof Rishi khola community forest

were found to be 18.46 Kg/ha , 312.12 kg/ha and 0.32 % respectively. The

lowest value of the available phosphorus and available potassium of

Dhobi khola community forest were found to be 6.44 kg/ha and 216.4

Kg/ha respectively. Likewise, the lowest value of total nitrogen was found

in Baisyadhar community forest as 0.19 %.The soil pH of Rishi khola

community forest was found to highest value 5.25.The lowest value of soil

pH of the Baisyadhar community forest was found to be 5.03. The soil

organic carbon and soil nutrient N, P, K decrease with increase in soil

depths.

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Keywords: Carbon accumulation, carbon stock, soil nutrient (NPK),Soil pH.

22. An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Livelihood of Local People Researcher: Prabesh Kakshpati


The research entitled "An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Livelihood

of Local People: A case Study from Ishworkot CFUG of Torbang VDC, Pyuthan

district” was conducted to identify the impact of climate change on livelihood of

people and adaptation measures applied to cope with the climate change.

Methodology used for collecting the data were questionnaire survey, focus

group discussion, key informants interview, field observation and transect walk

and review of reports and publications. Field information were basically analyzed

qualitatively and quantitatively by using MS-excel. The analyzed data were

interpreted using charts, tables, figures and the main texts. Majority (52%) of

the total respondents had some knowledge on climate change, and had

experienced rise in temperature with hotter days, longer summer, late monsoon

and shorter winter seasons. They also reported earlier onset of summer, late

onset of monsoon, more disasters, drying of water sources in the recent past and

winter rains seemed to be declining. Rainfall of this decade in April, June, July

and August months reduced by 16.28% compared with previous decades. The

reduction of winter rain coupled with the reduction of rainfall during maize and

rice growing season have affected the production of wheat, maize and rice,

which were reduced by 10% compared with last 5 years. This has adverse

impacts on food security and overall livelihood of the local people. The study also

revealed that the threat of climate change was more pronounced on human

health, livestock production, biodiversity, water availability and physical

infrastructures than on social sectors. To cope with climate change stresses,

peoples were using indigenous knowledge, techniques, means and measures

such as change in cropping time, change in crop types, forest protection, water

source protection, soil conservation activities, fruit plantation in home garden,

use of improved cooked stove and grass plantation to minimize the negative

impacts of climate change on their livelihood. Finally, it is recommended that

clxxxix

CAPA of the study area and LAPA of the concerned VDC should be prepared and

implemented to cope with the climate change impacts.

Key words: Climate change, adaptation, livelihood, rainfall, temperature

23. Institutional Involvement and Peoples's Perception Towards Urban Forestry Researcher: Purnam Khaniya


Study on“InstitutionalInvolvement and Peoples”Perception TowardsUrban

Forestry in KathmanduMetropolitanCity” was conducted by reviewingliteratures,

field survey of urban forestry areas, questionnaire survey with local residents,

key informant interview and direct observation etc. Field data were analyzed

using simple statistical tools such as MS Excel and SPSS, and presented in main

text with mean and percentage in table, and figure etc.

Views of both men and women were taken during study with slightly lower

involvement of women (41%) compared with men. Majority (72%) of total

respondents reported that urban trees were beneficial in reducing climate

change problems, and 35% of total respondents had reported that trees were

essential for beautification of urban areas. However, thegreeneryinstudy

areaswasdecreasingduetounplannedurbanization. The

maintreespeciesfoundincity

areaswereAlbiziaspecies,Eucalptusspecies,Ficusspecies, Delonix regiaand

ornamentalspecies such as Callestomenviminalis,Cryptomeria

japonica,Jacaranda ovalifolia, Cinnamomumcamphora etc. About 70% local

residents had reported that shallow rooted Populus species were more

hazardous during windy season compared with other species planted in urban

areas. Therefore, 75% of total respondents reported that trees and shrubs with

small structure, less branch and flowers should be selected for urban forestry

development and management.

The main urban forestry development activities of study areas were

raisingawareness, nursery management,parkand green belt development and

plantation etc.Amongdifferentorganizations,governmental organization such as

cxc

Office of Kathmandu Metropolitan,DDC-Kathmandu,NagarBikash, DoF, and

DoR, etc. and non-governmental organizations such as UNPDC, NTNC, SEF

etc.wereworking for urban forestry development in Kathmandu

city.However,noneofthemwerefullydevotedtowardsurbanforestry development

and management. Finally,separate institutionalsetupshould be established for

urban forestry development and management as a part ofurban infrastructure

in Kathmandu Metropolitan city.

Keywords: Awareness, Institutions, Trees and shrubs,urban forestry etc.

24. Financial Analysis of Taxus Species in Private Land in Gotikhel, Lalitpur Researcher: Prem Kumar Shah


The research entitled "Financial analysis of Taxus Species in private land in

Gotikhel Lalitpur, Nepal" was conducted as per the researcher's interest on

financial aspect of forest sector especially Taxus species in southern Part of

Lalitpur district. The main objective of the research was to conduct financial

analysis of Taxus species growing farmers in their private land using Net

Present Value, Benefit Cost Ratio, Internal Rate of Return and Cumulative

Opportunity Cost criteria. Direct observation and Interview method were used

to collect primary data and published and unpublished reports and journals

were used as secondary data. Three cases, each representing Taxus species

growing farmer were taken. Two of them had Positive Net. Present alue,

Benefit Cost Ratio higher than one and Internal Rate of Return above twelve

percent, rate of loan taken. The research found that the decision made to

meow Taxus species was correct one. As recommendation; several studies like

market and ecological sustainability should be conducted before government

make decision for mass plantation.

Key words: Net Present Value, Benefit Cost Ratio, Internal Rate of Return,

Cumulative Opportunity Cost

25. Ranking the Plant Species Applying Importance Value Index and Carbon Stock Researcher: Prabin Pandit

Supervisor: Ram Ahseshwar Mandal

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Forest plays the crucial role in global warming and climate change issue

through its unique nature of carbon sink and store. An important key factor in

carbon sequestration is ecological dominance of the plant species. Ecological

value influence the great extent of the biomass of a forest and hence the

carbon stock. There is an imperative relationship between people and forest;

however forest loss is continued which causes the several complexities. The

study showing the importance of carbon accumulation and ecological values

has been rarely carried in scientific world. Therefore, this research was

objectively carried out to assess the specie wise importance value index (IVI) in

community forests, to estimate the Carbon Stock in community forests and to

evaluate the rank of the plant species based on importance value index and

carbon stock. The Ratanpur, Manakamana and Ritapakha CFs of Tanahun

district, Nepal were selected for the research.

The Randomized Experimental Design (RBD) was set to collect the biophysical

data that includes biomass of trees/poles, Saplings, root and leaf litter

maintaining at 0.5% sampling intensity. Total 16, 8 & 2 samples were collected

from Ratanpur CF, Manakamana CF & Ritapakha CF respectively. Establishing

250m2plot for tree, the height and diameter of plants were measured.

Additionally frequency and density of the plant species were also recorded

simultaneously. The question of Chave et.al were used to calculate the biomass

and it was converted into carbon stocks multiplying with 0.47. Importance

value index was also calculated to prioritize the species and together mix rank

was also estimated to evaluate the effect of carbon on species ranking.

Key words:carbon stock, Carbon sequestration, Ranking, Importance Value

26. Population Status of Blackbuck and its Habitat Management in Blackbuck Conservation Area, Khairapur Researcher: Pralhad Khadka


A study was conducted on "Population status of Blackbuck (Antelope

tervicapra) and its habitat management in Blackbuck Conservation Area,

cxcii

Khairapur". Blackbuck, locally known as Xrishnasaar is a medium sized

antelope, is an endangered species in the natural habitats of India, Nepal and

Pakistan. The IUCN Red list has listed this animal as --Near threatened with

stable population trend (IUCN 2015) and is included in Appendix III of the CITES.

The scattered population of blackbuck occurred in Banke, Bardiya and

Kanchanpur districts of western Nepal as late as 1960s. Now it is restricted in

Bardiya district and Kanchanpur district of western Nepal. In spite of some

conservation measures adopted to conserrve blackbuck, the surviving wild

population of blackbuck is at great risk due to rapid human encroachment,

change in floristic composition, cattle grazing, predation, and conflict due to

crop depredation, habitat fragmentation and disease from livestock.

Blackbuck Conservation Area (RCA) is situated at Khairapur of Gulariya

Municipality, Bardiya district of western Terai. BCA was established in 2009 and

covers an area of 16.95 square kilometers which include the core habitat of

5.27 square kilometers and the peripherals area of villages and settlements

spreading over 11.68 square kilometers.

The study was carried out with the collection of both primary and secondary

data. A preliminary survey, household survey and discussion with key

informants were conducted to collect the primary data of the area regarding

the threats of Blackbuck and its habitat management issues. The vegetation

composition of the habitat was computed by Quadrat sampling along the

transect lines was used to sample the grassland. Secondary data were collected

from the reports of BCA, DNPWC reports etc.

A large fluctuation in the population of blackbuck was recorded in Khairapur. Its

number increased gradually from 11 to 190 in between 1975 to 1988. She p

decrease in the number was seen again and reached to 291 by 2012. The

present popular on of Blackbuck in BCA is 241. Altogether 30 species of grasses

were recorded in the month of November-December in

Which the undesirable and unwanted species like Imperata cylindrica (Siru),

Casia tore (Tapre) and Jarakush were abundant than the preferred grass species

like Cynodon dadylon (Dubo), Janewa, Baska etc. Predation by Leopard, Hyena

and attack of Stray dogs were the major threats of Blackbuck inside BCA. A

cxciii

problem regarding resettlement of human population from the BCA was the

mar problem in the habitat management of Black-buck Therefore, shifting of

the human settlement from the Mackbuck habitat and controlling of

encroachment by both the people and livestock inside the Blackbuck habitat

are the immediate solutions-fir the management of Blackbuck habitat in

Kairapur.

Key words: Blackbuck, Resettlements, Unwanted species, Threats, Habitat

management

27. Habitat Analysis of Sambar in Chitwan National Park Researcher: Pratigya Gyawali


The study was carried out in Novembers D the study sites were Kasaras

Bankatta block mber 2015, in Chitwan National Park where and some part of

Chure (Chyanpur area). The research is entitled "Habitat Analysis of Sambar

(Rusa unicolor) in Chitwan National Park". Direct and indirect approaches were

used for the fulfillment of the objectives. Habitat analysis was done through

pellet observation and measurement of vegetation composition. Pellet

observation was done in circular plot whereas vegetation analysis was done in

square nested plot. Data were analyzed using simple statistical tools- Excel,

SPSS. The study resulted that habitat preference value was high in Sal mixed

forest than in pure Sal forest. Sambar mostly preferred dense forest in lowland

and moderate forest in hilly terrain. Maximum number of pellet groups was

observed in altitude ranging above 250m which reveals the hilly terrain

preference of Sambar. Sambar feeds upon variety of species according to the

habitat availability. Maximum of the plant species observed in the study area

was food of Sambar.

Altogether nine species of trees, three species of grass were found in the

lowland area. Shorea robusta (Sal) has the highest IVI value. Hence Sal was the

prominent species followed by Listia polyantha (Kutmero). Six species of tree,

five species of shrub, and four species of grass were recorded in the Sal mixed

cxciv

forest of Chure area. Among them Sal was the dominating species with highest

IVI value.

Periodic monitoring data should be collected for prey species including Sambar-

the most appropriate size prey species. Control cutting of grass species in the

lowland area should be done. Identifying ecological factors associated with

Sambar distribution will support management actions for Sambar and tiger.

Key words: Sambar, Habitat preference value, IVI, Chitwan National Park

28. Analysis of Socio-Economic Benefits of pro-Poor Leasehold Forest and its Role in

Gender and Social Inclusion Researcher: Prativa Bhandari


Participatory study on "Analysis of Socion-Economic Benefits of pro-poor

Leasehold Forest and Its Role in Gender and Social Inclusion" was conducted in

19 Leasehold Fcrest User Groups of Pa1pa district. The main objectives of the

study was to analyze the socio-economic benefits derived from the leasehold

forestry user households and assess the inclusion of poor, women and Dalits

households in leasehold forestry development and management, decision

making process and benefit sharing. Both primarj and secondary information

were collected using questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key

informant interview and direct observation, and reviewing of leasehold forest

operational plans, LFUG records, DFO and DLSO publication and related

published and unpublished articles and literatures. Information were analyzed

using MS- excel and SPSS, and presented in main text with mean and

percentage in table and figure etc.Leasehold Forest User Groups have been

developed as an accountable pro-poor organization because all respondents of

the study areas were very poor and were having food sufficiency less than 6

months. However,the number of goats in study households has been increased

by 55% after the handing over of leasehold forest. This was attributed to the

fodder and forage supply situation improvement in leasehold forests. Because

of that the average income of the study households was increased by 51% after

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the handing over of leasehold forest to users compared with before the

formation of LFUG. Therefore, majority (80%) of the respondents were

encouraged to participate in LFUG meeting and general assembly. However,

there were some hindrances such as culture and social norms, education and

age of the users for active participation of women and Dalits in LFUG meetings

and general assemblies. Inclusion of poor, women and Dalits in benefit sharing,

forest products distribution and fund mobilization was found in equality basis.

All respondents of the study were satisfied with the forest products distribution

and fund mobilization system of the LFUG.

Finally, it is recommended that awareness program on the issues of gender and

social inclusion, and on the provision of more benefits to poor, women Dalit

users from the leasehold forests should be developed and implement.

Key words: Inclusion, Leasehold forest, Leasehold Forest User Group,

Participation

29. Status of White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788) and Attitude of People towards Vulture Conservation in Palpa Researcher: Rabin Maharjan


Vultures are nature’s most successful scavengers providing an extensive array of

ecological, economical, aesthetic, traditional and cultural services which are now

in a grave danger of extinction. Therefore, the study was conducted in Khaireni

Community Forest of Rampur; the second headquarter of Palpa District, Nepal in

November 2015 with the aims to study the status of the White-rumped Vulture

(Gpys bengalensis), their threats and conservation attitude of local people

towards them. To study the population status, direct survey and repeated

absolute count methods were used. The population size was estimated through

Jacknife technique. Similarly, interviews/household survey was conducted to

assess the possible threats and conservation attitude towards vulture. Along

with its livestock holding, management of old livestock and disposal method of

carcass was also assessed in the study area. The total estimated number of Gpys

bengalensis was found to be 31 in the study area. A total figure of 23 occupied

cxcvi

nests of White-rumped Vultures was recorded. Only one vulture was found dead

during the survey period. Other species like Slender-billed Vulture Gpys

tenuirostris (Critically Endangered), Red-Headed Vulture Sarcogyps

calvus(Critically Endangered), Eurasian Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus (Least

Concern), Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus (Vulnerable) and Cinereous

Vulture Aegypius monachus (Endangered) were also recorded. Most of the local

people were found to have positive conservation attitude towards the vulture.

Habitat destruction, carcass scarcity, poisoning, disturbance, lack of conservation

awareness, increased number of feral dogs were the potential threats found in

the study area. Establishment of vulture restaurant, awareness campaign,

regular monitoring, income generating activities were recommended.

Keywords: Khaireni Community Forest, White-rumped Vulture, threats, attitude.

30. Status, Distribution and Conservation of Sarus Crane (Grus a. antigone) in Nawalparasi district, Western Nepal Researcher: Rabina Panthi


The study on Sarus Crane was carried out during the November, 2015. Sarus

Crane (Grus a. antigone) belongs to the family Gruidae is mentioned as globally

threatened bird. Its distribution is restricted to the western lowland plains,

mainly occurring in Rupandehi, Nawalparasi and Kapilvastu district. The research

entitled "Status, Distribution and Conservation of Sarus Crane in Nawalparasi

District, Western Nepal" mainly aims to focus on distribution and analyze the

trend of population with respect to human disturbance and habitat loss of Sarus

Crane in proposed district.

Direct observation method was carried out to count the population of Sarus

Crane. Questionnaire survey and group discussion was carried out to understand

their perception about Sarus Crane. Qualitative data were analyzed in descriptive

form and later interpreted in text whereas simple statistical tools: SPSS 16, Arc

View GIS 10.1, MS excel 10 versions were used for quantitative data analysis.

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Total 19 birds were recorded from the four VDCs of the district, out of which 6

birds were seen with pair, 4 sub adults, 2 juvenile and one chicken singly.

Distribution of Sarus crane is in Narayani river side which extended as far west as

the district i.e. up to Rupandehi district. The map of the Sarus Crane preference

habitat was prepared by using GPS points. 53% birds were recorded from

wetland and 47% birds were recorded from crop land.

Habitat loss and degradation, conversion of wetland, lack of awareness,

introduction of pollution, anthropogenic activities were analyzed as major

threats to Sarus Crane population. Awareness programs highly recommended to

local people who are unknowingly destroying Sarus Crane habitat.

Key words: Sarus Crane (Grus a. antigone), Nawalparasi district, Status,

Distribution, threats.

31. Assessing the Growth Performance of Terai Tree Species: A Case Study from Breeding Seed Orchard of Dalbergia sissoo, Albizzia lebbeck and Artocarpus lakoocha in Chitwan Researcher: Radhika Bohora Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

There are several valuable species in Breeding Seed Orchard (BSO) established in

different site of Nepal, such as Anthocephallus cadamba, Dalbergia latifolia,

Pterocarpus marsupium, Acacia catechu, Juglans regia, Phyllanthus emblica,

Tectona grandis, etc. Quality seed collection is the main purpose of these BSO

however, the study on soil fertility of the seed orchards and the growth of the

planted species has not done yet since the soil fertility is completely related to

growth performance of the plant species. Therefore, the research objectives will

be to assess the diameter & height growth; to evaluate & compare the average

per stem volume, average basal area and carbon content of Dalbergia sissoo,

Albizzia lebbeck and Artocarpus lakoocha, inside the BSO complex and to show

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the Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Carbon (C) and pH of Different

block of BSO.

Chitwan district will be selected for the study site. Systematic sampling will be

applied setting the Randomized Block Design (RBD) to collect the data. Data will

be collected from total 12 sample plots of three BSO's from NW, SW, NE and SE

sites of each BSO respectively.

In addition, the soil samples were collected from two different depth of 0-10 cm

and 10-20 cm depth for Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Carbon (C)

and pH analysis of different blocks of BSO. They were analyzed by applying

volume equation as well as lab techniques.

32. An Assessment of Efforts and Challenges of Community Based Anti-Poaching Unit of Sauraha Sector, Chitwan National Park Researcher: Rojina Shrestha Supervisor: Jhamak Bahadur Karki

The research study entitled “An Assessment of Efforts and Challenges of Community Based Anti-poaching Unit (CBAPU)” was carried out in four different CBAPU group i.e. Mrigakunj, Budhirapti, Khagendramalli and Lothar of Sauraha sector of ChitwanNational Park with the aim of assessing the efforts of CBAPU made to control poaching and challenges of CBAPU. Primary data was collected by Key informant interview and group discussion. Data were analyzed using Ms-excel and results presented in chart, table, pie- chart etc.

The study revealed that CBAPU is very important and effective conservation program to control wildlife poaching and illegal collection of natural resources.Community Based Anti- poaching Unit is a community based group formed with local youth and local people for the conservation of their own natural resources. CBAPU member work voluntary to conserving biodiversity and natural resources from illegal activities such as poaching and illegal collection of forest product in buffer zone and its corridor. Main objective of the formation of CBAPU group is involved local youth in conservation, spread awareness of conservation in local community, to support the government agency to

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implement law enforcement, to help the park authority to minimize human wildlife conflict.CBAPU organized various program such as street drama, school program, rally, documentary show, meetings to increase the awareness among local people about biodiversity conservation. Besides that other conservation activities such as patrolling of forest, giving information to the park staff, involved in sweeping camping of conservation are done by CBAPU to control wildlife poaching.

CBAPU plays very crucial and important role to control wildlife poaching in community level like minimizing human wildlife, minimizing park-people conflict, discourage local youth/people in poaching activities. Without support, participation and cooperation of local communities around park conservation of natural flora and fauna is impossible. Local community are not only important for conservation but medium for poachers too because poachers are use local people specially youth as an informant. So CBAPU had played vital role to control wildlife poaching.

Although CBAPU is functioned effectively in anti-poaching activities there are many challenges for CBAPU member which may effect on performance of CBAPU in coming days. Majority of Key informant were said that life risk of CBAPU member by animal and poacher attack is major challenge of CBAPU. Other challenges are listed as insufficient fund resources, lack of income generating training/opportunity, few training and workshop related to biodiversity conservation, lack of field instrument for patrolling, volunteer work, lack of modern technology instruments, institutionalization issue etc. Despite of these challenges the spirit and efforts of CBAPU for biodiversity conservation is not down towards. If these challenges of CBAPU are solved by the concerned agency then it would be easy for CBAPU to get further success in their work.

Keywords: Community Based Anti-poaching Unit (CBAPU), wildlife poaching, Effort, Role, Challenge

33. Human-Wildlife Conflict: A case study from Jagatpur and Bachhauli VDCs, Chitwan, Nepal Researcher: Sandesh Ghimire Supervisor: Shambhu Paudel

The park-people relation is always visualized as an area of conflict because of the various reasons prevalent in the areas despite of the many efforts of reducing

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these conflicts. Existence of human casualties, livestock depredation and crop damages by the wildlife results in the relationship gap between the local people and the wildlife. With habitat shrinking and encroachment of animal’s area plus the human population increment leads to the inevitable conflict between them. This research assesses the various aspects of Human- wildlife conflict in and around of Jagatpur and Bachhauli of Chitwan National Park. During October-November 2016, ethnographic data were collected. 149 households was sampled employing social survey methods, semi-structured questionnaire survey of households, on- site focal group discussions, formal and informal interviews and key informant interviews. Secondary data were collected from several published and unpublished documents, records and reports. Data analysis is done by both qualitative and quantitative means using SPSS and MS Excel. Locals found the park animal nuisance as they destroy most of the crops of their farm. They are not satisfied with the compensation for the crop which the park is providing. Although the people’s attitude towards wildlife conservation was found to be positive. The highest concern of people was found in human casualties, crop damage and the proper compensation. The wildlife especially elephant, rhino and tiger has killed 10 people and injured 18 people in last 2 years in and around Chitwan National Park. One people was killed in Jagatpur with 4 more injured and similarly 4 people were killed and 9 more injured in Bachhauli within last 3 years. A total economic value of loss per household per year accounted for NRS. 9835.71 ($99) in Bachhauli VDC whereas loss per household per year in Jagatpur was Nrs. 4791.13 ($48). In Jagatpur VDC, 29 goats, 5 ox, 117 chickens were killed in the period of three years (069-071) and similarly in Bachhauli VDC, a total of 41 goats, 11 buffalos, 197 chickens were killed. Promotion of alternative energy source and improved cooking stoves can reduce the conflict indirectly through decreasing the dependency in forest resources. Physical and biological barriers should be as well promoted. Quick and reliable compensation scheme are suggested mitigation measures for the affected households. Environmental awareness program and public participation are the major aspects that should be considered to mitigate the conflict.

Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict, livestock depredation, compensation

34. Human-Wildlife Conflict Study of Nawalparasi district in Buffer Zone of Chitwan

National Park'' Researcher: Santosh Bhagat Supervisor:

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Human-wildlife conflict is common phenomena from the recent past and has become significant problems throughout the world. Big wildlife, which play a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction, are now on the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of their habitats have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent encounters with humans and their livestock have caused human-carnivore conflicts which result sometimes in retaliation killings. Increase of wildlife population in limited available habitat in Nepal has contributed to accelerate the conflict.

This study aimed to explore the human-wildlife conflict in terms of livestock depredation, human casualties and retaliation killing of wildlife and their prey base. It also assessed the big wild animal conservation perceptions and tolerance level of the local people to losses caused by tigers, leopard and rhino. The role of different stakeholders in tiger, rhino and leopard conservation through mitigating human-wildlife conflict was also explored along with strategies of conflict reduction for wildlife conservation. The study was conducted in Four Buffer Zone User Committees of Chitwan national Park, Nepal. I interviewed 156 heads of household, 6 BZUC Representatives, 10 protected area managers and 4 local government representatives from September to December 2015. The average livestock holding among the respondent households was found to be 3.9 head of animals per household and the depredation rate due to wildlife was 0.26 head per household per year last 5 years data. 2 people were killed by rhinos and tiger and 35 injured by wildlife attacks between F.Y. 2067/68 to 2071/72. People's perception 79 percent was found positive to wildlife conservation people tolerate the loss of livestock to some extent but not human loss or casualties. The interview results demonstrated that the wild animals were killed primarily for trade of its body parts. More than half of the respondents suggested tigers, leopard and rhinos should be conserved in the national park. The livestock grazing and human intrusion into wildlife habitat as well as poor husbandry were causes of conflict. Conservation education, adequate and prompt compensation against damages and regular monitoring of wildlife may help to reduce human-wildlife conflict. As well, functional coordination between all stakeholders is recommended to conserve wildlife & reduce conflict.

Key words: Human-Wildlife conflict, Livestock-depredation, Retaliation, Compensation scheme

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35. Impacts of Climate Change on Watershed and Livelihood of People living in its vicinity (A case study from Charnawati Watershed, Dolakha Researcher: Sarmila Adhikari Supervisor: Deepak Upadhyay

Climate Change is the global challenge of our time to watershed conservation

and livelihood security. Although Nepal has a negligible share in the global

emission of Greenhouse gases, it is vulnerable to climate change impact due to

its fragile mountain ecosystem. Most of the poor households are also affected by

frequent drought and change in monsoon pattern, and other natural disasters,

leaving them with few mechanisms to cope with rising food prices. Nepal is

characterized both by a highly variable climate regime and by fragile ecosystems.

Its temperature is increasing at alarming rate 0.06°c per annum more than the

global average. This phenomenon of climate change has directly affected the

natural resources like land, water and forest resources. Those people who

directly depend on these resources are becoming vulnerable day by day. To

verify this, a case study entitled “Impact of Climate Change on watershed and

livelihood of People living in its vicinity” was conducted in Charnawati watershed

of Dolakha district. The main objective of the study was to present the local level

climate change impacts on watershed and livelihood of the users‟ and to identify

adaptation measures for improving livelihoods of the people while reducing their

vulnerability to climate change. Also, the objective of the program is to assess

the trend of change in temperature and rainfall in the study area. Various

participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques such as household survey

(n=75), key informants interview (6), focus group discussion (3), and trend

analysis were done for collecting primary data. Households of all caste and all

categories of well-being of people were selected by simple random sampling

method. Meteorological data of the study area form the Department of

Hydrology and Meteorology, Kathmandu to supplement primary information and

various published and unpublished literatures were used for collecting secondary

data. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS, Ver.20 and MS-Excel 2010. The

study revealed that majority of the people were dependent on agriculture and it

was found this sector had been adversely affected by the climatic variability.

Decrease in agricultural production, loss in biodiversity, increase in invasive

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species, depleting of water resource and decrease in soil productivity in the

area were the impacts observed during field study. This report assesses the

nature and type of climate change impacts on watershed and water dependent

people in Nepal, by reviewing available literature and compiling the observations

and perceptions of local people. A key conclusion coming out of this review is

that climate change is not only an issue of international concern but is now a

local problem in Nepal.

Key words: Climate change, watershed, livelihood, CC impact, CC adaptation,

36. Ecotourism in Protected Areas: An Economic Valuation and Assessment of Its

Impact on Livelihood Researcher: Sarada Tiwari Supervisor: Sushila Chatterji

ProtectedAreasarenaturalecosystemthatofferseconomic andenvironmental benefits to the associated communities. They have played a significant role in driving tourism industry of Nepal. Chitwan National Park is one of the oldest PAs of Nepal which is famous for the community based ecotourismpractices. The Key objective of the study was to find the monetary value of ecotourism using Travel Cost Method (TCM) and assess itsimpact onlivelihood of Kumroj. 5Key informant surveys, 43Visitors surveys and 167 Household surveys were employed for the data collection, which werefurther supplemented by information fromsecondary sources. Both qualitative and quantitative data collectedwereanalyzedafter feedingthemintocomputersoftwarepackagelikeMS Excel and SPSS 20. Data were analyzed using various statistical too ls like mean, frequency, Pearsoncorrelation test, Chi-squaretestandlinear regressions and some were represented diagrammatically.

Kumroj BZCF provides four major tourism services inside forest i.e Elephant safari, Jungle walk, Tower night andBoating (incollaboration of Janakauli and Kumroj VDC) and outside forest the VDC provides various services like homestay, cultural show, museum, etc. The study revealedthat the value of ecotourism in Kumroj was 1733562 US$or NRs184132021.4in2015atexchangerate1US$=106.2160NRs. Age, gender, distance, time,andeducationlevel werethefactorsaffectingtravelcost of the visitor.

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Agriculture wasthe main occupation of people andother businesses supporting tourists wereshops and homestay. Thestudy showed that the variability in monthly income due to family sizewasnot significant.Therewasincreasein inter familyeconomic inequality, but noeffect on commodity price with innearby village has occurreddue toecotourism and therewas change in environmental servicesdue toecotourism in the perception of local people. The spatial distribution influences in direct earning of benefit from ecotourism fromenterprises. Therewas improvement ininfrastructuredevelopment and knowledge level of people. Provisioning and Regulating services were negatively influencedandRecreational serviceswerepositively influenced by ecotourism.

Key words: Ecotourism, protected areas, economic impact, Travel Cost Method (TCM)

37. Provision of water services from community forest and their contribution in rural livelihood- A case study of Community Forest from three forest types Researcher: Shila Pokhrel Supervisor: Binaya Pashakhala

The Community Managed Forests provide various goods and services for the

benefits of users. A clean and reliable water supply is one of the most important

benefits of well- managed community forests and is a resource that generates

immense economic value for communities. However, this is always debating and

subject of interests to both scientists and public that weather forest helps to

produce more water or reduce water flow by consuming ground water through

process of transpiration and evapotranspiration. Community perception is based

on traditional practices since ages, and deserves validity which corroborate with

scientific fact.

Unlike tangible goods of the forests, environmental services and their

contributions are seldom accounted for rural livelihoods in community forestry.

Based on the aforementioned problems, this research focused on environmental

aspects, which aims to explore people‘s perception on supply of water service

from community-managed forests of Nepal and their contribution to the

livelihoods of forest-dependent rural people. This study was conducted in three

Community Forest User Groups from three districts in the Western Development

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Region of Mid Hill, Nepal. These were chiefly selected for the study based on the

tree species composition of forest- Thotne Khola (Schima Castanopsis)

Community Forest, Siddha Barah Chitre (Mixed Broadleaf) Community Forest

and Galeshwor Thulo Salleri (Pine) Community Forest respectively in Kaski,

Parbat and Myagdi districts.

The result shows that both the livelihood of rural people and the condition of

forest has been significantly changed following the handing over of national

forest to Community Forest User Groups. It is also concluded through the

community perception that Schima Castanopsis forest and mixed broadleaf

forest has high and moderate contribution to availability of water services,

while Pine forest is perceived to have no contribution to availability of water

services.

In this context, the study helps forest users, researchers, policy-makers; water

resource manager, government agencies and other better understanding of

afforestation. Particularly it highlights variation of forest impact on the basis of

species composition for additional water availability.

38. Contribution of Community Forestry in Socio-economic Upliftment of Poor and Disadvantaged Group in Nawadurga and Jwalamukhi CFUGs of Sindhuli, Nepal Researcher: Sima Sharma


Community Forestry is an institutional approach for providing rural households

and communities with various forest products and for sustaining of rural

livelihoods as well as for poverty abatement. Community forests have made

various achievements and contributions. Yet, it has been criticized for not being

able to meet the needs of poor, women and Disadvantaged Groups (DAGs).

Regarding this prospective, the research entitled, “Contribution of Community

Forestry in Socio-economic Upliftment of Poor and Disadvantaged Group in

Nawadurga and Jwalamukhi CFUGs of Sindhuli District, Nepal” was carried out in

two CFs of Sindhuli district aiming at finding the socio-economic condition of

poor and DAGs, their participation, to know about the IGAs and trainings

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conducted by CF and to access benefits sharing, forest products distribution and

fund mobilization mechanism of CF.

Both primary and secondary data were collected. Different Participatory Rural

Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques like household survey, discussion with key

informants, field observations, semi structured questionnaire etc. were used to

collect primary data whereas secondary data were collected from different

published and unpublished literatures, minutes of CFUGs, DFO records, books,

journals, articles, annual report, etc.

The literacy rate was low among the poor and DAGs. Most of them were

dependent on agriculture for their living, they hold less land and face high food

deficiency month. Participation of poor and DAGs is increasing in different events

and programs of CF. Forest products distribution system was also good and the

users (both DAGs and NDAGs) were also satisfied with the distribution systems.

They have strengthened their social relations with CFUGs’ members and

committee members and also have knowledge regarding fund mobilization. But,

lack of IGAs and other skill development trainings has also affected the social and

economic life of poor and DAGs. However, there is possibility of NTFPs and other

forest product based small industries and leasehold forestry for poor in CFs but

CFUG has failed to get benefit from it. So, CFUGs are not been able to utilize the

potentials of CF in uplifting economic status of poor at its full extent.

Thus IGAs and Trainings should be conducted focusing poor and DAGs so that it

helps in their economic upliftment. Similarly, Health and Education, awareness

programs should be focused for the betterment of social life of poor and DAGs.

Key Words: Community forest, DAGs, poor, Socio-economic upliftment

39. Assessment of Payment for Ecosystem Servises in Sisne Watershed, Palpa Researcher: Sirjan Sharma

Supervisor: Ambika Parsad Gautam

Natural ecosystems provide a wide range of environmental services that benefit

society as a whole. Environmental services are the products of natural systems.

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The benefit of the services may not be shared equally among the contributor.

These services, nevertheless, are often lost because of the lack of financial

incentives to preserve them. Payments for Ecosystem services (PES), also known

as Payments for Environmental Services (or benefits), are incentives offered to

farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort

of ecological service.

Despite the role Sisne watershed area in providing environmental goods and

services to the people of Tansen city, the local inhabitants have not been

benefited from such services. There has been low level of awareness on the

issues such as environmental goods and services and possible benefits to be

obtained and its equitable sharing. It is the dire need that policy should focus on

these issues so that all the stakeholders could be benefited from the

conservation and management of watershed.

So the research entitled “Assessment of Payment for Eco-system Services in

Sisne Watershed, Palpa was to develop a PES framework for Sisne Watershed

.The sample size N= 141 from both study sites were selected, among them N=32

were service providers households and N= 109 were service beneficiaries

households and one person per household was interviewed. Majority of 57.8% of

respondents who are using the services have willingness to pay about NRs. 100-

500 per HH per year, if they are assured to get environmental services. Majority

65.625% respondents who are providing the services have willingness to accept

about NRs. 500-1000 per HH per year, as compensation and are fully committed

to provide the ecosystem services. A joint committee has been suggested for PES

mechanism for fund generation, operation and management by involving local

government (DDC, Tansen municipality, district drinking water supply office) and

representatives from service providers and service beneficiaries.

Key words: payment for ecosystem services, service beneficiaries, service

providers

40. Assessment of Human-Tiger (Pantheratigris) Conflict in Chitwan National park Researcher: Siva Narayan Mandal


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Human-wildlife conflicts are common phenomena from the past and have

become significant problems throughout the world. Big cats, which play a vital

role in maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction,

are now on the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of

their habitats have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent

encounters with humans and their livestock have caused human-carnivore

conflicts which result in retaliation killings. The high rate of human population

growth and the successfully restored habitat in the community forests of Nepal

have accelerated the conflicts due to the dispersal of tigers into these forests

where they share these resources.

This study aimed at exploring the human-tiger conflict in terms of livestock

depredation, human casualties, retaliation killing and poaching of tigers. It

assessed the tiger conservation perceptions and tolerance level of the local

people to losses caused by tigers and the roles of different stakeholders in tiger

conservation through mitigating human-tiger conflict. It explored strategies of

conflict reduction for tiger conservation. The study was conducted in four Buffer

Zone User Committees of The Chitwan National Park, Nepal. I interviewed 105

heads of household, 7 nature guides, 4 BZUC presidents, 15 protected area staffs

from December 2015 to January 2016.

The average livestock holding among the respondent households was found to

be 6.70 head of animals per household and the depredation rate due to tigers

was 0.25 head per household per year. The less-prey density area was associated

with a high livestock depredation rate for cows/oxen and goats/sheep. Twelve

people were killed and four injured in tiger attacks between 1994 and 2007. The

perception relative to tiger conservation was found to be positive and people

could tolerate the loss of livestock to some extent but not human loss or

casualties. Six tigers were released from the habitat due to human-tiger conflict

in twenty years between 1989 and April 2009. The interview results

demonstrated that the tigers were killed primarily for trade of its body parts.

Half of the respondents suggested tigers should be conserved in the national

parks and reserves.

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The livestock grazing and human intrusion into tiger habitat and poor husbandry

are causes of conflict. Conservation education along with adequate and prompt

compensation against damages and regular monitoring of tigers may help to

reduce human-tiger conflicts. As well, functional coordination between all

stakeholders is recommended to conserve tigers.

Key words: Human-Tiger conflict, Livestock-depredation, Retaliation,

Compensation scheme

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41. Population distribution and Conservation Issues of Asain Elephant in Parsa Wildlife Reserve

Researcher: Saroj K.C Supervisor: Jhamak Bahadur Karki

The existence of human casualties, livestock depredation, crop damage and

human harassment by wild animals results in the unhealthy relationship

between the wildlife particularly the predators and the local people. The

research entitled Assessment of Elephant distribution and conservation

issue The study assessed the human-elephant conflict by finding out the

major causes of conflict, evaluating the crop damage and livestock

depredation, human casualty and people's attitude towards elephant

conservation and the adaptation measures applied on the local area so as to

recommend appropriate mitigation measures. Primary data was collected by

household survey through questionnaire schedule, focus group discussions,

key informant survey and direct field observations. Secondary data was

collected by different published or unpublished documents, journals,

articles, reports and websites of different organizations. Collected data was

analyzed with the help of SPSS 20.00 and MS Excel. The findings were

presented on percentage, pie-charts, histograms, and tables and interpreted

accordingly. Local people are suffering from both direct and indirect

problems due to wild elephant. Direct problems include damaging of

physical properties and crop land. In addition, elephants help other wild

animals to enter in the crop land by destroying the fences of crop land. So,

that the crop damage is a vital problem in the case of Human-Elephant

Conflict. Despite the problems of wild elephant, local people still perceive

that elephant conservation is a good thing mainly for promotion of tourism

and recreation. Installation of electric fence is only the adaptation measure

applied in the area.

Key words: Conflict, Crop Damage, Adaption measures

42. Assessment of Soil Quality Index and Nutrient status in different Land Use

of 30cm Soil Depth Researcher: Sharmila Nepal Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

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Soil quality index is the indicator of soil nutrient as well as the texture ,the quality of catchments is basically determined by the sQI .However , SQI was not assessed of catchments of Doti and Baitadi Districts.The research was objectively carried out to identify the variation of different soil properties as K, P , N, Soil Organic Matter and soil pH according to depth and to compare nutrient status and soil quality index of two different catchments in Doti and Baitadi districts.were selected for the research site . The Stratified random sampling was used setting the randomized block experimental design (RBD) to collect the samples. Altogether 20 samples 10 from each catchment were gathered. These soil samples were taken from 0-10 cm soil profile up to 30 cm depth at interval of 10 cm and 20 cm.

Soil quality index was calculated using scoring method developed by National Agriculture Research Council (NARC). The result showed that soil was weakly acidic with 5.73 pH at 0-10 cm and 5.95 pH at 10-30 cm in Bade khola catchment of Doti district followed by 5.98 pH at 0-10 cm and 6.11 pH at 10-30 cm in Brindaban catchment of Baitadi district .The dominant textures were sandy loam and silty loam. Soil quality index of both the catchments were best having the values were nearly 1.39 (0-10 cm) and 1.06 (10-30 cm) in Bade khola catchment of Doti district where as 1.3 (0-10 cm)and 1.432 (10-30 cm) in Brindaban catchment of Baitadi district . Available Phosphorus, available Potassium and total Nitrogen was high at the top soil associated with values 31.31 kg/ha ,435.74 kg/ha and 0.15 % respectively in Bade khola catchment of Doti ditrict followed by 10.67 kg/ha 370.24 kg/ha and 0.234 % in Brindaban catchment of Baitadi district. Total Nitrogen, available Potassium and available Phosphorus were gradually decreased with increasing soil depth.

43. Human Wildlife Conflict Study of Nawalparasi in Buffer Zone of Chitwan National Park Researcher: Santosh Kumar Bhagat Supervisor: Naresh Subedi

Human-wildlife conflicts is common phenomena from the recent past and have become significant problems throughout the world. Big wildlife, which play a vital role in maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction, are now on the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of their habitats have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent encounters with humans and their livestock have

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caused human-carnivore conflicts which result sometimes in retaliation killings. Increase of wildlife population in limited available habitat in Nepal has contributed to accelerate the conflict.

This study aimed to explore the human-wildlife conflict in terms of livestock depredation, human casualties and retaliation killing of wildlife and their prey base. It also assessed the big wild animal conservation perceptions and tolerance level of the local people to losses caused by tigers, leopard and rhino. The roles of different stakeholders in tiger, rhino and leopard conservation through mitigating human-wildlife conflict was also explored along with strategies of conflict reduction for wildlife conservation. The study was conducted in Four Buffer Zone User Committees of Chitwan national Park, Nepal. I interviewed 156 heads of household, 6 BZUC Representatives, 10 protected area managers and 4 local government representatives from September to December 2015. The average livestock holding among the respondent households was found to be 3.9 head of animals per household and the depredation rate due to wildlife was 0.26 head per household per year last 5 years data. 2 people were killed by rhinos and tiger and 35 injured by wildlife attacks between F.Y. 2067/68 to 2071/72. People's perception 79 percent was found positive to wildlife conservation people tolerate the loss of livestock to some extent but not human loss or casualties. The interview results demonstrated that the wild animals were killed primarily for trade of its body parts. More than half of the respondents suggested tigers, leopard and rhinos should be conserved in the national park. The livestock grazing and human intrusion into wildlife habitat as well as poor husbandry were causes of conflict. Conservation education, adequate and prompt compensation against damages and regular monitoring of wildlife may help to reduce human-wildlife conflict. As well, functional coordination between all stakeholders is recommended to conserve wildlife & reduce conflict.

Key words: Human-Wildlife conflict, Livestock-depredation, Retaliation, Compensation scheme

44. Distribution and Conservation Status of Chinese Pangolin in Palungtar

Municipality of Gorkha District, Western Nepal Researcher: Sujita Dhakal Supervisor: Ambika Parsad Khatiwada

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Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla) are Peculiar mammals having stiff scalee depicting (Munis pentada 1 nocturnal and burrowing nature. Chinese Pangolins are receiving less scientific attention as compared to their vital ecological role. Their ecology, behavior, status and distribution in Nepal are relatively unknown and no significant research has been conducted upon this shy non-aggressive species. In case of Nepal, illegal trade, habitat destruction and lack of awareness and information are the Principal causes of rapid decline in thepopulation of the Chinese Pangolins. Protecting the Chinese Pangolins is important to both the preservationn of natural heritage and global biodiversity. Thus, this research was conducted to find out the distribution, habitat type, social belief and conservation status of Chinese Pangolin in palungtar municipality of Gorkha district. The methodologies used for the study were direct field observation, observation along the tracks and random search, group discussion, key informant survey and questionnaire survey.

108 burrows (26 new and 82 old) were recorded during the survey. Distribution pattern of burrows were to be clumped type and were not uniformly distributed throughout all the wards andasPects of the municipality. Preferied habitat Was found to be forest 50 % crown cover in forest had the maximum numbers of burrows. Local communities believed in superstition that keeping the pangolin skin at home will drive away the evil spirits away and Pangolin transmitte communicable diseases to domestic animals. The conservation status was not good in the study area. Hunting for traditional medicine, illegal trade, consumption and habitat destruction were major causes of decline of the species.

Key words: Chinese Pangolin, Distribution, Habitat, Conservation Status, social belief

45. An Assessment of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups -A case study from Ramjanaki and Katkuwa Community Forest User Groups, Surkhet Researcher: Yagya Raj Rokaya Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

A study on “An Assessment of Good Governance in Community Forest User

Groups” was conducted in two community forest user groups of Surkhet district.

The main objectives of the study were to assess the participation of Women,

Poor, Janjati and Dalits in community forestry activities and transparency in fund

raising and mobilization. Both primary and secondary information were collected

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using questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and

direct observation, and reviewing of forest operational plan and constitution,

CFUG records, DFO publication and related published and unpublished articles

and literatures. Information were analyzed using MS- excel, and presented in

main text with mean and percentage in table and figure etc. Out of 326 total

respondents of both CFUGs, 10.12% households were from well- off families,

30.68% from medium households, and 59.20% from poor households. More

women (60%) were involved in study in Ramjanaki CFUG, while more men (80%)

were in Katkuwa CFUG. The representation of women in Ramjanaki CFUG

executive committee was better with 47% compared with 33% in Katkuwa

CFUG.CFUG executive committee of Ramjanaki CFUG was more participatory

compared with Katkuwa CFUG executive committee because it listen the voice of

Women, Poor, Janajati and Dalit households while taking decision on CFUG

activities. Women and poor users in Ramjanaki CFUG have participated actively in

general assembly and other decision making process of the CFUG, while their

participation in Katkuwa CFUG was passive. However, Dalit users in Katkuwa

CFUG were playing active role in general assembly, while this in Ramjanaki CFUG

was passive. Out of the total respondents, 83% in Katkuwa and 88% in Ramjanaki

have reported that there were transparency in forest product pricing, product

distribution and fund mobilization in their CFUGs. In addition, both CFUGs have

organized public auditing meetings, in which 68% of total respondents of

Ramjanaki CFUG and 73% of total respondents of Katkuwa CFUG have attended

such meetings. Ramjanaki CFUG has mobilized its fund more effectively in

poverty reduction from which Poor and Dalit households were getting more

benefits compared with the Poor and Dalit users of Katkuwa CFUG. Finally, it is

recommended that capacity of the Poor, Dalit and women users of both CFUGs

should be improved to put their voice in CFUG executive committee meetings

and general assembly.

Key words: Community Forestry, Community Forest User Group, Participation,

Transparencies.

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Batch 8 (2068 BS)

1. An Assessment of the Contribution of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of Forest User Group Members Researcher: Anusha Lamsal Supervisor: Arun Sharma Poudyal

Community forestry in Nepal has a well-documented history of over 35 years. It is

now widely perceived as having real capacity for making an effective contribution

towards addressing environmental and socioeconomic issues prevailing in our

country. It has been considered as one of the most successful program for

improving the livelihood of its users. A study on “An assessment of the

contribution of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of Forest User

Group Members” had been conducted in Raatmaate-Kaalthuda Community

Forest, Maidi VDC- 2, Dhading district. The total area of this forest is 9.2 ha with

88 household memberships. The forest is divided into three blocks. The main tree

species found in this forest is Sorea robusta (Sal) and others are Woodfordia

fruticosa (Dhayaro), Castanopsis indica (Katus), Syzygium operculatium

(Kyamuna), Phyllanthus emblica (Amala), Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Terminalia

tomentosa (Saaz) and Schima wallichi (Chilaune) etc. Animal species like Rhesus

macaques (Monkey), Panthera pardus (Leopard), Vulpes vulpes (Fox), Erethizon

dorsatum (Porcupine), Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit), etc and bird species like

Perdix perdix (Partidge), Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij pheasant), Columbidae

(Doves and Pigeons), Passeridae (Sparrow), etc are found in the forest.

The main objectives of the study were to find out the biological status of

community forest and socio-economic status of its user group members, analyze

the income and employment opportunities generated by community forest user

group from sustainable forest management and investigate the fund mobilization

process and its impacts on livelihood of CFUG members. Both primary and

secondary data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and

techniques.

Agriculture followed by services and business were the main occupation of the

users. 48.97% of the users had more than 0.05 ha of land and the average

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livestock unit per household was found to be 13.2 which included cows, ox,

buffaloes, goats, hens and pigeons. However 55.10% of them produced food

sufficient for less than 6 months. The study shows that the annual average

household income is N.Rs. 363204.10. The species richness per hectare was

found to be almost seventeen thousand and the growing stock per hectare was

found to be more than sixteen thousand cubic feet.

Approximately 24.73% of the total CFUG fund i.e. NRs.52, 000 generated from

different sources were mobilized in improving 5 assets of livelihoods of its user

group members. However, no any portion of CFUG fund has been mobilized in

the IGAs sector and training as per the provision and no any IGAs and training are

carried out till date in the study area which is one of the hindrances to the social

and economic development of the users. Few numbers of training has been

conducted by UNDP, SGF, GEF, RIMS, Action Nepal, Women Development Society

and Soil Conservation Department. 67.35% of the people believed that the CF

had brought social changes and improved their livelihood.

Key Words: Community forest, Community Forest User Groups, Livelihood

Improvement, Income Generating Activities.

2. Conservation status and Distribution of Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) in Shuklaphanta National park Researcher: Anjana Bogati


The critically endangered Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis) are found in

the short grassland, open patchy area and dry land near the wetland. The

population of this species has been declined day by day to increasing of tall

grassland. The population have been monitored in Nepal since 1982. The study

on Bengal Florican was carried out during the December 2016.

Bengal Florican belong to the family otididae. Distribution is restricted to the far

western region of suklaphanta national park which is located at Kanchanpur

district of Nepal. This reserve has so many habitat of Bengal Florican which is

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locally named as phantas. This research mainly focuses on the habitat

distribution of Bengal Florican.

Random survey was carried out to find out the habitat of Bengal Florican.

Questionnaire survey, key informant survey, group discussion was also carried

out to understand their perception about Bengal Florican. The structure and

composition were recorded. Direct observation with GPs location was recorded.

Than the data was analyzed in the descriptive form and interpreted by using

computer software as MS Excel, Arc view GIS, SPSS version were used for

quantitative data analysis.

According to action plan 2016-2020, the total population of Bengal Florican in

SWR was estimated to be 15 since the survey of 1982, 17 were recorded since

the survey of 1990, 12 were recorded since the survey of 2000-2001, 11 were

recorded since the survey of 2006-2007 and 8 were recorded since the survey of

2014-2015.

The population of Bengal Florican is declined day by day due to tall grassland and

other disturbing sources. The species was found to prefer areas having large and

dense patches of grass species like impereta and saccharum dominated

grassland. The area could be suitable if the conditions requirements of species

were goodly managed. Population identified were decreased due to the loss of

quality of grassland burning, grazing and flood.

Key words: Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), Shuklaphanta National

Park, Conservation, Status, Distribution, Threats, population.

3. Assessment of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) schemes in and around Beeshazar and Associated Lake, Chitwan, Nepal’ Researcher: Asmita Thakuri


Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) is a mechanism to improve the provision of

indirect Ecosystem services in which ecosystem services providers receive direct

payments from the users of the services. Being an inner-terai representative

protected area of central Nepal, Chitwan National park (CNP) has secured an

excellent waterhole and wildlife corridor for many endangered, critically

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endangered as well as vulnerable species like Bengal tiger, Sloth Bear, One-

horned Rhinocores, White rumped vulture, Palla’s fish-eagle, Lesser Adjutant

Stork, Gharial and Marsh Crocodile in and around Beeshazar and associated lake

which is rich in biodiversity and potential of ecosystem services. Some of the

example is the CNP is regulation of fresh air and recreational services, aesthetic

values and research opportunities. Water for irrigation, fishing and eco-tourism.

This potential is the key issue to assess and build mechanism for the payment of

its values of the conservation entities. Eco-tourism has a very high economic

potential.

So, the study is aimed to identify the services provided by the associates and lake

itself in the context of Chitwan, to explore the economic analysis of payment for

ecosystem services and to figure out the opportunity and challenges associated

with the environmental services around Lake Complex. It assessed the visitor’s

willingness to pay for ecosystem services, the trend of income and expenditure of

last 5 years, the future potentiality of PES schemes implementation, and different

maps demonstrating economic potentiality. It explored the organizational and

institutions strategies to implement the plan. The study was conducted in Tikauli

Bufferzone Community Forest and Navajyoti Bufferzone Community Forest Area

of CNP. For primary data 100 participants were interviewed using questionnaire.

In addition, the secondary data were collected from different year annual reports

of BZCF of CNP. Collected data were analyzed economically, statistically,

temporally and spatially.

It was found that both Nepali and foreign visitors have high willingness to pay for

the ecosystem services including different wildlife. There was the high

potentiality of PES schemes as resulted by the calculation of NPV, B/C ratio and

profitability index (PI). Similarly, maps demonstrate the physical condition of the

site and things to be considered during the PES schemes implementation.

Key words: ecosystem services, income trend, ecotourism, economic potentiality

4. Assessing Payment for Ecosystem Services of Upstream and Downstream at Resunga Forest Hill -A Case Study of Gulmi District, Nepal Researcher: Bimala Khanal


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Payment for Ecosystem Services also knows as Payment for Environmental

Services. This payment for ecosystem services creates opportunities for win-win

scenarios and wider acceptance between conservation practitioners and policy

developer. Recently Government of Nepal has characterized and defined various

ecosystem services into the legal definition of Forest Act 1993 from second

amendment. Similarly Forest Policy 2015 has included a scheme payment for

ecosystem services into policy no two. To input on linkage between upstream

and downstream through payment from ecosystem services this research has

carried out from a western part of Nepal, from Resunga forest hill of Gulmi

district. The broad objective of this research is to input on biodiversity

conservation and hence livelihood improvement of both upstream and

downstream residence people. Similarly a specific objective of this research is to

carry out the list of ecosystem services offered by Resunga forest hill and to show

their economic analysis of linking upstream and downstream. To carry out the

study both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data were

collected by using PRA, RRA tools with covering individual survey, direct

observation, focus group discussion and key informant survey. Similarly

secondary data were collected from District Forest office, published and

unpublished literatures, previous thesis and materials from various libraries. Thus

collected data were analyzed by using MS excel 2010 and represented into figure,

tabular and in paragraphs.

This study assessed that out of total population, about 85% are agreed for

willingness to pay on monitory contribution and 15% are agreed for physical

labor for sustainable ecosystem management of Resunga Forest Area. Again

study shows that economic valuation of water, fodder, forage, pebbles/ boulders,

and fuel wood available was estimated to be more than US$174894.69. However,

the economic value of the recreational and regulating services needs to be

estimated to give a significant boost to the concept and idea of implementing the

PES scheme. Again respondent's willingness to pay for ecosystem services was

found for conservation, protection and management of services of Resunga

forest hill. It was found that trend of income from four CFs is US$ 18332.54 and

an expense is US$11132.4. Now the NPV value was found to be 1.33, Benefit cost

with 1.66 and P.I US$ 7200.02 which shows there is high sustainability and

potentiality of PES in Resunga forest hill. Mapping of different stakeholder helps

to identify economic flow mechanism and their roles.

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Overall conclusion of this research is that Resunga forest hill has a significant role

in providing the ecosystem services to both upstream and downstream level

communities. The conservation of forest area and implementation of payment

for ecosystem services will ultimately broaden on biodiversity conservation and

livelihood enhancement at local level and national level.

Key words: Payment for ecosystem services, Upstream and Downstream Linkage,

Biodiversity, Resunga Forest Area, Livelihood, Fund mobilization.

5. An Assessment of the Contribution of Community Forestry in Socio-economic

Upliftment of Poor and Disadvantaged Group

Researcher: Bikash Bogati


Community forestry in Nepal is considered as an innovative program, which can

contribute in livelihood improvement of user group members. However, this

program has been criticized for not being able to meet the needs of the poor,

women and disadvantaged group members. Regarding this prospective, the

research entitled, “An Assessment of the Contribution of Community Forestry in

Socio-Economic of Poor and Disadvantaged Groups” was carried out in Raniban

and Pipalbote CFUGs of Okhaldhunga district. The main aim of this research was

to analyze the socioeconomic condition of poor and disadvantaged groups and

their participation in benefit sharing and fund mobilization process of the study

CFUGs. Different Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as reconnaissance

survey, household survey, focus group discussion, discussion with key

informants, direct observation and semi structured questionnaire were used to

collect primary data and secondary data was collected from CFUG constitution

and operational plan, annual report, literatures, articles related to community

forestry and livelihoods and internets web pages etc. Field information was

analyzed using MS Excel 2013. The analyzed data were interpreted in the form of

charts, tables, figures and main texts. The literacy rate of the poor and

disadvantaged groups in both CFUGs was low. Most of them (52.5%) in both

CFUGs were dependent in agriculture for their living. About 61% of the total

respondents in Raniban CFUG and 54% in Pipalbote CFUG hold less than 5 Ropani

of land and were faced high food deficiency compared with rich and medium

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class CFUG members. Participation of poor and disadvantaged group members

was increasing in different events and programs of community forestry in both

CFUGs. They have strengthened their social relations with other CFUG members

and committee members and also have knowledge regarding their rights and

fund mobilization. Majority of the total poor and disadvantaged respondents

(81%) in Raniban CFUG and (71%) in Pipalbote CFUG reported that they had

received capacity strengthening training and tour programs from the CFUG and

concerned line agencies. They have reported that there was equity in forest

products distribution and benefits sharing, but the voice of the poor and

disadvantaged group members was not heard during decision making process.

This can be the hindrance for the participation of poor and disadvantaged group

members in decision making process. However, 32 CFUG members in Raniban

CFUG and 46 members in Pipalbote CFUG have got employment opportunities in

CFUG initiated activities, which has helped them to improve their socio-economic

condition. Finally, it is recommended that training and awareness programs

related to the rights of the poor and disadvantaged group members should be

conducted at CFUG level to make CFUG more inclusive in decision making.

Key Words: Community forestry, Disadvantaged groups, Poor, Socio-economic

improvement

6. Status of Human- Tiger Conflict in Parsa Wildlife Reserve

Researcher: Binaya Jung Rawat


Human-wildlife conflicts are common phenomenon from the past and have

become significant problems throughout the world. The high rate of human

population growth and the successfully restored habitat in the community forests

of Nepal have accelerated the conflicts due to the dispersal of tigers into these

forests where they share these resources. Big cats, which play a vital role in

maintaining the ecosystem balance through prey-predator interaction, are now

on the verge of extinction since they require large habitats, but much of their

habitats have been fragmented and degraded. Therefore, frequent encounters

with humans and their livestock have caused human-carnivore conflicts.

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This study was conducted for exploring the human-tiger conflict in terms of

livestock depredation, human casualties, retaliation killing, number of cases of

conflicts, measures implemented. It assessed the tiger conservation perceptions

and tolerance level of the local people to losses caused by tigers. The study was

conducted in thirteen Buffer Zone User Committees of The Parsa Wildlife

Reserve, Nepal. I interviewed 260 heads of household, 10 nature guides, and five

protected area managers. Questionnaire survey, group discussion key informant

survey was used for primary data collection and secondary data was collected

from official’s records of PWR, NTNC.

The respondent households were found to have average livestock holding of

14.70 head of animals per household. Respondent with cow/ox was found to be

129 i.e 49.62%. Respondent with buffalo was found to be 91 i.e. 35%.

Respondent with goat/sheep was found to be 186 i.e. 71.54%. Respondent with

pig was found to be 10 i.e. 3.85% and respondent with poultry was found to be

141 i.e. 54.23%. The perception relative to tiger conservation was found to be

positive and people could tolerate the loss of livestock to some extent. The

interview results demonstrated that the tigers were killed primarily for trade of

its body parts.

7. Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood of People and Biodiversity

Researcher: Bhawana Kafle


Change in rainfall pattern and rise in temperature has directly impacts on

people’s livelihood and biodiversity. To understand this, study on “Impact of

Climate Change on Livelihood of People and Biodiversity” was conducted in

Sankharnagar Community Forest User Group of Rupandehi District in 2016/17.

The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of climate change on

forest user group member’s livelihood and biodiversity. Wellbeing ranking,

Household survey (n=383), focus group discussion (n=5), direct observation,

review of the records and reports of concerned stakeholders and literatures

related to climate change were employed to obtain data. Data were analyzed

using MS-Excel, MS word, GIS and interpreted in main text with tables, graphs

and figures.

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Out of 3000 households, 383 households were selected randomly for the study,

in which majority (68%) of the households were inhabited by Brahmin. Majority

of the total respondents (75%) reported that the incidents of drought has been

increased, which was resulted from the untimely and unusual rainfall patterns

over the past few years, and 65% of the total respondents reported that forests

and agricultural ecosystems in the study areas were affected by the change in

rainfall pattern. Similarly, 68% of the total respondents reported about the

different negative impact of climate change on biodiversity like: poor

regeneration of some important native species such as Jamun (Syzygium cumini)

Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) and Simal (Bombax ceiba), extinction of wildlife such

as eagle, vulture, crow and sparrow, fox, deer from that locality, invasion by

invasive alien species, and insects, pests and disease in agriculture and forest

land.

Impact of Climate Change in agriculture sector had threatened the income level

of 55% of the total respondents and shifted them to adopt alternative profession

like business, foreign employment and wage labor. The livelihood of women and

children of the poor and marginalized peoples were become more vulnerable

from climate change compared with the livelihood of medium to rich household

members. Nearly 50% of the total study households including poor and Dalit

households have started growing cash crops such as vegetables and raising

poultry birds to generate income and planting trees to minimize the effects of

climate change.

It is recommended that people are experiencing changing climate but they don’t

know the cause and consequences of climate change, and therefore, awareness

on climate change, its impacts and adaptation measures must be raised on local

communities to select appropriate coping mechanisms.

Key words: Adaptation, Biodiversity, Climate change, Community Forest User

Group, Livelihood

8. Importance Value Index, Species Diversity and Carbon Stock Estimation in Tree Outside Forest-A Case Study from Bengadawar V.D.C. of Dhanusha District

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Researcher: Chitra Singh


Trees outside forests (TOFs) are considered important terrestrial carbon pool to

climate change mitigation. At the same time ecological value of plant is

significant. Due to its spatial heterogeneity and distribution patterns, the

assessment of TOF carbon and importance value index (IVI) is largely absent.

Therefore, this study was objectively carried to assess the Importance value index

and species diversity of TOFs and their species wise biomass and carbon stock.

Bengadawar V.D.C. of Dhanusha District Nepal was selected to meet the

objectives. TOFs categorized or structure, tree diversity and carbon stock of TOF.

The whole study area was stratified into two strata: i) cluster plantation and ii)

scattered plantation. Therefore, stratified random sampling was applied to

collect the data. Altogether 33 samples were randomly distributed on the map.

The GPS coordinates of sample plots were uploaded and navigate to establish the

plot in the field. Specifically, 21 sample plots having 32*32m2 were laid in cluster

plantation while 12 sample plots with 50*50m2 were set in scattered plantation

to collect the data. The diameter and breast height and total height of the trees

were measured and species were listed. The IVI was calculated by Percentage

N/ha+ Percentage BA/ha +Percentage CA/ha. The total value of IVI is 300. The

value of total percentage N/ha, percentage BA/ha and percentage CA/ha is 100%

each. Species diversity was calculated using Sorenson, Simpson‟s and Shannon

Weiner index. Moreover, the volume was calculated using general formula and

biomass was calculated using equation of Chavel et.al. The biomass was

converted into carbon by multiplying with 0.47. The Shannon Weiner index value

was compared between TOF of cluster and scatter using t-test. There were 6

species found in cluster plantation whereas 20 species in scattered plantation.

The major species were Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus camaldunsis, Dalbergia

sisoo etc. The highest IVI was found in Magnifera indica species with 102.32

while the lowest was found in Syzium cumun with 7.98 in cluster plantation.

Similarly, in scattered plantation the highest IVI record was found in Dalbergia

sisoo with 64.46 and lowest IVI was found 0.62 in Ceiba petendra.The species

diversity was the highest in scattered plantation. The biomass and carbon was

found 447.14 ton/ha and 210.15ton/ha in cluster plantation while in scattered

plantation 26.60 ton/ha biomass and 12.50ton/ha carbon. The IVI and carbon

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stock has great importance in TOFs ecology and climate change. The values of

Simpson and Shannon Weiner indexes were 22.6 and 0.84 in cluster and 1.09 and

2.31 in scatter. The t-test showed there was significant difference in Shannon

Weiner index between TOFs of cluster and scatter at 5% level of significant.

Key words: IVI, Carbon, Climate change, Species diversity, Trees outside forests,

Biomass

9. Feasibility Assessment of Community Forest for Forest Certification: A case study of Padali Community Forest and Diayale Danda Community Forest of Lalitur District Researcher: Dikshya Ayer


Community forests are the main sources of forest products; however

sustainability of forest management for yield regulation is most important. The

forest certification is one of the important tools to assure the sustainable forest

management. It has emerged as one of tools to promoting the well-being of

forests. Forest certification is also concerned with fulfilling need of local people

and protecting their cultural heritage and practice.

The study on "Feasibility Assessment of Community Forest For Forest

Certification" was conducted on two Community Forest Diyale Danada and Padali

of Lalitpur District. The study was carried to understand social, economic,

management, and environmental feasibility of community forest for forest

certification. The primary data were collected using participatory rural appraisal

(PRA) tools.

Out of 70 criteria, 26 compliance in both CFs, if little effort is made on criteria

categorized as partially compliance, more than 50% of total criteria shall be

achieved in compliances. Some of the criteria mentioned in the document are

not found in practice. To make community forest feasible for FSC, existing plan

need to be implemented effectively and focus on internalization of High

Conservation value, incorporation of local as well indigenous knowledge in both

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legal document and management activities, and inclusiveness of women, dalit,

and indigenous people

Key words: Community Forest, Forest Certification, Assessment, Sustainable

Forest Management

10. An Assessment of Human Macaque: An Evaluation of Crop Raid by Assamese

Macaque in Laduk, Dolakha

Researcher: Dipendra Prasad Mehta


Human-monkey interactions are descended from the human civilization. Some generalist and most adaptive species of wildlife can adapt in, or nearby human settlement or farmland, where they are using easily accessible food materials. Primates are the frequent crop-raiders in Nepal and Assamese macaque has no exception. This study was carried out in Laduk VDC ward no. 4 of Dolakha district within Gaurishankar Conservation Area and targeted to access the human Assamese Macaque conflict. Particularly, assessment of the crop preference, quantity of crop loss and costs of crop damage were the main objectives. Samples were drawn systematically by using structured and un-structured questionnaire survey with 11 households (14%). Average land holding was 4.27 ropani.Immature wheat crop was the preferred after potato during late winter season. Uprooting by infants and juveniles for curiosity and play was common. Amount of wheat damage was 74.55 kg and potato 52.57 kg per household annually by Assamese macaque. Wheat crop worth NRs 2981.81 and potato NRs 1829.55 was lost due crop damage by local farmer annually. The foraging species found in natural habitat around the Bolbol villages was Aiselu (Rubus ellipticus), Paiyu (Prunus cerasoids), Chilaune (Schima wallichi), Chutro (Berberis aristata), Jamun (Syzygium cumuni), Khirro (Holarrhena antidysenterica), Sallo (Pinus roxburghii) Mahuwa (Engelhardita spicata), Nimaro (Ficus auriculata), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Siris (Albizzia procera), Paniamla (Nephrolepsis spss) & Gurans (Rhododendron arborium).

xviii

Even though, the forest nearby Bolbol village harbors some forage species, the crop raiding is occurring due to easy access of nutritious diet in the village. The raid was found to be higher in the morning time when farmers are engaged in other agricultural and house works. Key words: Assamese monkey, crop land, foraging species, farmers and crops.

11. Assessing Income Generation and its gap in Resin Tapping: A Case Study from

Harrabot CFUG, Arghakhanchi

Researcher: Gokul Kumar Sunar Supervisor: Ram Asheshowor Mandal The resin tapping growing forestry business in Nepal because of massive plantation of Pinus roxburghii in midhill. There is a huge gaps in income source of community forests and resin tapping company. However, no any research has done to find the gaps in income between community forest users group (CFUG) and company. Therefore, this study was objectively carried out to assess income generation from resin tapping and to find the gaps in income between CFUG, government and company. Harrabot community forest of Khidim VDC, Arghakhanchi, Nepal was selected for the study site. Primary data collected was using, questionnaire survey, interviews, discussion with CFUGs members and industries staff, key informant survey, interaction with labor involved in resin tapping works. The secondary data were collected from report DFO Arghakhanchi, CFUG operational plan and constitution, report of Rosin and Turpentine Industry and related literaturesand papers and internet browsing. The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The result showed that, CFUGs earned US$ 2672 and company invested US$ 20372 for resin extraction from Community forest and got income about US$ 33795 in 2014. CFUG earned US$ 2786 from resin tapping and company invested US$ 22156 for resin extraction and made incomeof US$ 35322 in 2015. Likewise in 2016, CFUG earned US$ 2950 from resin tapping and 7 company invested US$ 25270 for resin extraction and made income of US$ 37391. It was found high gap in income between CFUG and company. Specifically, the gaps were US$ 10751 in 2014, US$ 10380 in 2015 and US$ 9171 in 2016 between CFUG and company. If the rate would be US$ 0.144, the gap could be reduced US$ 10084 in 2014, US$ 9683 in 2015 and US$ 8434 in 2016. Likewise if the rate would be US$ 0.192 the gap could be reduced US$ 8971 in 2014, US$ 8522 in 2015 and US$ 7205 in 2016.

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The resin tapping is good income source for CF, government and company; therefore policy should be improved for benefit of the local people. This study recommends for increasing participation of local people in resin tapping and other forest management activities. Keyword: Resin tapping, CFUG, Income generating activities, Forest Resources

12. Status of Good Governace in Community Forest User Group Researcher: Gyanendra Bhandari Supervisor: Arun Sharma Poudyal A comparative study entitled “Status of Good Governance in Gawasi Community

Forest User Group and Hariyali Community Forest User Group of Kanchanpur District” was conducted aimingto assess four pillars of good governance that were participation, transparency, accountability andpredictability, and to identify the challenges and opportunities of good governance practices. Bothprimary and secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) toolsand techniques such as reconnaissance survey, stakeholder’s consultation, questionnaire survey,key informant interview, and direct observation, and review of reports and publications. The studywas mostly exploratory and the data obtained were basically analyzed qualitatively andquantitatively by using MS-excel. The analyzed data were interpreted using charts, tables, figure and the main texts.

The study results revealed that the overall status of governance in both CFUGs was medium with39.08% of total score in Gawasi CFUG and 36.02% of total score in Hariyali CFUG. However,the participation of the study respondents in meetings and general assembly in both CFUGs wasfound satisfactory. The representation of women (40%) in executive committee of Gawasi CFUG& 52.94% in executive committee of Hariyali CFUG was also found satisfactory compared withthe poor and dalits in committee. Marginal group’s voices and response in decision making in bothFUGs was found same at satisfactory level. The system of public auditing was done generally oncea year in both CFUGs but this was not found in regular basis, as well as low and inactiveparticipation of general members was noted. Similarly, transparency in forest product distribution and pricing was good in Gawasi CFUG compared with Hariyali CFUG. Regarding theaccountability, the perception of the users was satisfactory in both CFUGs but the user perceived

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Hariyali CFUG was medium accountable than Gawasi CFUG. The good governance in terms ofparticipation, accountability and transparency has been found to be better in Gawasi CFUGcompared with Hariyali CFUG. However, predictability was found to have in same level ofperception to the users of both CFUGs. Finally, it is recommended that CFUG level good governance training and awareness programsshould be organized to enhance the overall governance skill and knowledge of both user group members.

Keywords: Community Forest User Group, Participation, Transparency, Accountability

13. Assessing the contribution of community forestry on Livelihood Improvement of Community Forest User Group Members Researcher: Hem Bahadur Thapa


A study on “Assessing the Contribution of Community Forestry on Livelihood

Improvement of Community Forest User Group Members”had been conducted in

Kamala Community Forest User Group, Sindhuli district. The main objectives of

the study were to analyze the income and employment generation opportunities

of the CFUG from forest management, and investigate the contribution of CFUG

on livelihood improvement of its members. Both primary and secondary data

were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as

household survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and field

observation and transect walk etc, and secondary data were gathered from CFUG

and DFO records, and other published and unpublished reports, journals and

publications related to community forestry and livelihood. Data were analyzed

using MS-excell and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with mean and

percentage table and figure etc.

More women (63%) were involved in this study compared with men. The

representation of Newar (40%) in the study was high compared with Brahmin,

Chettri, Tamang and Dalit households. Most of the respondents (44%) family

members were farmers and only 18% of them were producing food sufficient for

year round. They raised cash earning animals such as milking cow and buffalo,

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goat and poultry rather than keeping less productive animals.This CFUG had good

performance in adopting good governance practices such as transparency in

decision making and fund management, addressing gender and social issues,

equal distribution of benefits etc. More than 180 CFUG members including 25%

poor and Dalits members were involved in capacity strengthening training and

tour programs organized by the DFO, DLSO, DSCO, DADO, CFUG itself and Local

NGOs of Sindhuli district. CFUG since 2052 has generated Rs 61,40000 from the

sale of forest products, fees and fines and rewards and nearly 92.6% of that fund

were used to develop five assets of livelihood of CFUG members that included

plantation establishment, forest protection, administrative purposes, income

generation activities such as vegetable farming, goat raising and poultry etc and

physical assets such as school and community building construction, drinking

water supply, human resource development and networking with other CFUGs

and line agencies. Finally, CFUG had provided seasonal employment opportunity

to 66 CFUG members in different income generation activities and forest

development and management activities.

It is recommended that more money should be allocated for livelihood

improvement of the poor and disadvantaged households rather than in

community development activities.

Key words: Community Forest User Group, Community Forest, Livelihood

Improvement, Income generation activities

14.Contribution of Community Forestry on Livelihhod Improvement of User Group Members

Researcher: Jagdip Gautam Supervisor: Murari raj Joshi The research study on ''Contribution of Community Forestry on

Livelihood Improvement of User Group Members'' was conducted in Gyaneshwor and BhimwaliCFUGs of Chitwan district. The main objective of the study was to assess the overall role ofcommunity forests on livelihood improvement of user group members by promoting localenvironment as well as generating income and employment opportunities. Both primary andsecondary data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such

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as well-being ranking, household survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion,and field observation etc, and secondary data were gathered from CFUG and DFO records,and other published and unpublished reports, journals and publications related to communityforestry and livelihood. Data were analyzed using MS Excel and SPSS, and interpreted inmain text with mean, frequency, percentage and table and figure etc.

Nearly 75% of the total respondents in both CFUGs were small farmers having land between2-10 Kattha. Only 15% of them were producing food sufficient for year round from theirfarmlands. The rest of the households were suffered from food security problems and hadmanaged foods from different alternative sources of earnings such as sale of livestock andtheir products, wage labor, business and other sources. Gyaneshwor and Bhimwali CFUGshave generated fund from the sale of forest products, membership fees and fines, rewards anddonation etc, and nearly 75 % of that fund was used to develop the five assets of livelihood ofCFUG members. Capacity of 114 CFUG members in Gyaneshwor CFUG and 44 CFUGmembers in Bhimwali CFUG has been strengthened through trainings, workshops and studytours. Due to this, they were capable in doing forest management and income generationactivities such as goat keeping, pig rearing, poultry farming, vegetable farming, and sewingetc. and community development activities such as construction and maintenance of roadsand schools, biogas installation etc. Finally, poor, women and Dalit households in

Gyaneshwor CFUG and Bhimwali CFUG were benefitted directly from community forestrydevelopment and management activities. Similarly, 57 poor and intelligent students inGyaneshwor CFUG and 93 poor and intelligent students in Bhimwali CFUG had gotscholarship opportunity. In total, 8 persons in Gyaneshwor CFUG and 6 persons in BhimwaliCFUG had got long-term employment opportunity in CFUG.

Finally, it is recommended that CFUG fund should be mobilized focusing to the need andinterest of the poor and Dalit households in order to improve their livelihoods.

Key words: Community Forest, Community Forest User Group, Livelihood improvement, Income, generation activities, Community Development

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15. Possible Impact of Habitat Extension on the Management of Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) in Hirapur Phanta, Suklaphanta National Park, Kanchanpur, Nepal. Researcher: Komal Bahadur Patali


The study on "Possible Impact of Habitat Extension on the Management of

Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) in Hirapur Phanta, Suklaphanta National Park,

Kanchanpur, Nepal”was conducted in February- March, 2017 in Hirapur phanta of

Suklaphanta National Park. Blackbuck locally known as Krishnasar, is an elegant,

gazelle-like animal, regarded as the most handsome member of the family

‘Antilopinae’ and order ‘Antiodactyla’.It is an endangered species listed in Appendix

III of CITES and the IUCN Red list has listed this animal as ―Near threatened with

stable population trend (IUCN 2015).In Nepal it is one of the protected mammals of

Nepal and Natural Red list series of Nepal (2011) has considered this antelope as-

Critically Endangered mammal species. It is native antelope of Indian subcontinent.

In Nepal scattered population of Blackbuck occurred in Banke, Bardiya and

kanchanpur district of western Nepal as late 1960s. Now it is restricted in Bardiya

district in a natural condition, and reintroduced Blackbuck are kept within predator

proof fenced enclosure of 17 hectare in Hirapur Phanta of Kanchanpur district to re-

establish free roaming wild population of Blackbuck in Suklaphanta National Park.

The main objectives of study were to assess habitat suitability and possible threats

for Blackbuck in Hirapur Phanta.

Hirapur Phanta of Suklaphanta National Park was the study which is at the elevation

of 213 m. from sea level, lies at geographical location between 28˚ 45’ 16” and 28˚

57’23” and 80˚ 06’ 04” and 80˚ 21’ 40”. Hirapur Phanta covers an area of

approximately 150 hectare. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the

fulfillment of the objectives. A preliminary survey, HH’s survey and discussion with

key informants were conducted to collect primary data of the area regarding

possible threats of Blackbuck and its habitat management issues .Quadrant

sampling along the transect line was used for vegetation analysis of the Hirapur

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Phanta. To supplement the primary data Books, reports of DNPWC, NTNC, BCA,

Suklaphanta National Park, internet etc were secondary sources.

Altogether 16 species of grass were found in the month of February- March in

Hirapur Phanta. Less preferable Imperata cylindrica (Siru) were dominant followed

by highly preferable Cynodon dactylon (Dubo) and moderately preferable Bidens

spp. (Kuro). Unwanted and non preferable invasive species at the outside of

enclosure area like Casia tora (Tapre), Ipomoea fistula (Besarma) were in relatively

higher proportion than that of the enclosure area in Hirapur Phanta. Some

scattered tree and shrub species like Mango, Bayar, Sissoo, Khair, Simal etc. found

in Phanta serves to Blackbuck by providing shelter from extreme hot and dry, cover

for pregnant does and place to hide from predators. Leopard, Jackal, Wild boar,

tiger and attack of stray dogs are possible predator for Blackbuck in Hirapur Phanta.

In addition to artificial water holes constructed in the Hirapur Phanta, Syali River

and Jarehi Khola are perennial and natural source of water for wild animals of the

Phanta including Blackbuck. As Hirapur Phanta was heavily grazed with feral and

domestic cattle, there is high possibility of transmission of diseases like FMD

(Khoret), Rinderpest etc while sharing same grazing fallow and water source.

Habitat management issues like eradication of unwanted invasive species,

ploughing and cultivating cereal crops in certain parts of Phanta, construction of

adequate number of water holes and their timely maintenance, vaccination camps

for cattle , sterilization of the female stray dogs are highly recommended before

habitat extension and release of Blackbuck in a natural habitat condition of Hirapur

Phanta.

Key words: Blackbuck, Hirapur Phanta, Near-threatened, Reintroduction, Invasive

species

16. Spatial Analysis and Human Black- Bear Conflict Outside the Buffer Zone Area of

Rara National Park

Researcher: Kamal Rawal

Supervisor: Sushila Chatterjee Nepali

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Human wildlife conflict is analyzed as the serious threats for the wildlife habitat

conservation and thus reflects on Biodiversity conservation. Because of habitat

fragmentation, less abundant of prey at a site and encroachment at natural habitat,

are main issue on considerable increase in conflict between human and wildlifein

recent years. This Himalayan black bear (Ursusthibetanus) is included as vulnerable

by the IUCN and Appendix I by CITES red data list.This research was conducted with

primary objective to explore spatial analysis of conflict and its consequences, with

entitled “Spatial Analysis of Human-Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) Conflict outside

the Buffer Zone Area of Rara National Park.”. Similarly it was carried out at

Dillichaur VDC of Jumal District, which is connected with the Buffer zone area of

Rara National Park.

Both Primary and Secondary data were collected to carry out this research with

using Simple Random Sampling method. After all collection of data, these data

weredocumented and input into MS excel and hence analyzed through using

different statistical tool.

This research shows the permanently distributed areas of Himalayan Black Bear

were found in Chimara,Oodya, Lamna,Malikadhara, Tharakhola, Charipanney,

Mantara, Mushli village/place of Dillichaur VDC. Approximately 1-2/year in the

number of Himalayan black bear was estimated to be killed by the cause of human

black bear conflict. Major threats of Black bear conservation are poaching, grazing

and habitat degradation. Most of the causes of human- Black bear conflict were

crop/Fruit damage and livestock injuries. About 72.37 percent households were

affected by crop/fruit damage. About 90 percent of the household who adopt as

transhumance system and totally depend upon land of 1000-1500m and above

from village near to Buffer zones of Rara National Park were seen as highly affected.

Social perception data shows that only 18.42% of the peoples are agreed to bear

conservation. They realized black bear as natural property and 32.95% are strongly

disagreed due to crop and property damages.

Key words: Himalayan Black Bear, Dillichaur VDC, Human Black Bear Conflict,

Compensation, Livelihood.

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17. Ecotourism in Protected Area: An Economic Valuation and Effictiveness of Income

on Livelihood Improvement in Thakurdwara Buffer Zone Community Forest of

Bardiya National Park

Researcher: Keshav Kumar malashi


Protected areas can take on many different forms, such as national parks,

wilderness areas,community conserved areas, nature reserves and privately owned

reserves. Nowadays theseareas are the hotspots for tourists. Bardia National Park is

one of the best PAs of Nepal,largest national park and wilderness area in the Terai

and has excellent wildlife-watchingopportunities. Bardia is often described as what

Chitwan was like 30 years ago, before beingoverrun by tourism. The Key objective

of the study was to find the economic value ofecotourism using Individual Travel

Cost Method (ITCM) and effectiveness of income onlivelihood improvement in

Thakurdwara. Key informant survey, Visitors survey andHousehold survey were

taken for the primary data collection, which were more precised byinformation

from secondary sources. Qualitative and quantitative data collected wereanalyzed

after feeding them into computer software package like MS Excel and SPSS 20.Data

analysis was carried out using various statistical tools like mean, frequency and

linearregression analysis. Some figures were also represented in different

diagrammatic patterns.

Inside Thakurdwara forest, various recreational activities such as jungle walk, bird

watching and camping for visitors are found to be practiced. Income generating

activities for women,poor and marginalized group are also focused by Thakurdwara

CFUG. This research studytried to show out the total economic benefit of the site to

visitors in Thakurdwara BZCF andbenefits of ecotourism to local peoples. During

survey with visitors, various factors like age,gender, and travel cost and education

level of visitors were considered.

Mostly indigenous Tharu community people were found during household survey.

Theirmain occupation was agriculture and livestock production. Some of educated

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people wereinvolved in ecotourism activities by establishing their own hotels,

lodges and resorts forvisitors. Employment opportunities and income generating

activities through ecotourism arehighly supporting for livelihood improvement of

local peoples. Infrastructure developmentand knowledge of people was found to be

improved.

Key words: Ecotourism, Protected Areas, Individual Travel Cost Method (ITCM),

Livelihood Improvement

18. Allelopathic Effect of Abstract of Mikania micrantha on Soil pH and Carbon Content and Plant Growth of Melia azedarach

Researcher: Liza KC Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal This study is based on the allelopathic effects of Mikania micrantha an invasive

weed species which has caused a large scale of destruction on the biodiversity in the global scale. Recently, through researchfindings, it was stated that H.B.K Mikania micrantha exerted various chemicals from its aerial parts aswell as roots. This research is aimed to study the nature of these allelochemicals and its effects on theseed germination and seedling growth of tree species. The research is divided into four specificobjectives, no.1 to assess the aqueous chemical extract from leaves of the plant. The second was todetermine the fluctuation in pH and carbon content in the soil and its effect on seed germination. Thethird objective was to measure the seed germination percentage due to application of the extract indifferent ratios. The fourth was to measure the effect of extract on seedling growth of Melia azedarach.The leaves of H.B.K Mikania micrantha were obtained from “Jal Devi Forest User Groups” Communityforest in Narayangadh, Chitwan along with seed collection. The research was conducted was in smallhomemade nursery where about 120 seeds of host plant Melia azedarach were established in individualpolybags. The aqueous extract, pH measurement was obtained in college laboratory. And the carboncontent was measured in Laboratory of Department of Forest Research and Survey, BabarmahalKathmandu. The experimental design used is Randomized Complete Block Design, where 4 Blocks areformed and in each block about 30 seeds were sowed and different treatments were used. Three types ofdifferent treatments specifically null, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 concentrations of extract and water wereused. Total 16 random samples were taken, 4 from each

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block in order to study fluctuation in pH andcarbon content of soil due to the use of treatments. The germination percentage of the seeds wascalculated using the formulas, and seedling growth was measured by a simple centimeter scale. Theresearch analysis and research findings were obtained through ANOVA Test. The results were, initialgermination % of seed was seen highest at 75:25 ratio at 43.34% and lowest was seen in 25:75 Ratios at16.67%. The pH of soil was seen neutral in Null at 6.67 and was seen acidic at 75:25 ratio at 6.3. Thecarbon content of soil was seen highest at Null at 2.68% and lowest was in 50:50 at 2.55%. The meanstool diameter was seen highest at 25:75 Ratios at 0.31cm and lowest was in Null at 0.25 cm. The heightwas recorded highest at 25:75 ratios at 3.13 cm and was seen lowest at 75:25 ratios at 2.77 cm. Inaddition, the highest numbers of leaves were found in 25:75 ratios at 5.2cm and lowest numbers of leaveswere found in 3.36 at Null. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was effect of extract of Mikaniamicrantha on soil, germination and growth of plant. The ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in growth of stool diameter at 95% confidence.

19. An Assessment of Present Status of Certified Community Forest of Nepal: A case study from some certified CFUF of Dolakha District Researcher: Milan Panthi


Forest Certification has emerged as one of the voluntary, market based initiatives

and soft policy instruments to improve forest management practices. It has proven

to be one of the tools in promoting the well-being of forests. Forest certification is

also concerned with fulfilling the needs of local people and protecting their cultural

heritage and practices. It consists of independent assessments of forest

management practices on ground against pre-determined set of standards. Many

schemes/certification systems work at national, regional and international levels.

Forest Stewardship Council and Program for Endorsement of Forest Certification

are two main Forest Certification systems working worldwide.

In Nepal, Forest Certification is in growing phase to become a national agenda of

the forestry sector. We have almost 10 years of experience in Forest Certification.

Now 106 CFUGs from Bajhang and Dolakha (including formerly certified 35 CFUGs

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from both districts) districts are in the process for environmental services

certification by Forest stewardship Council (FSC). FECOFUN is the umbrella

organization of CFUGs, which holds the Certificate. The research study entitled “An

Assessment of Present Status of Certified Community Forest of Nepal” was

conducted in two certified CFUGs of Dolakha district. The main objective of the

research study was to understand the present status of certified community forests

of Nepal. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for primary data

collection using participatory rural appraisal tools. Based on the stratified random

sampling, a total of 96 respondents from two CFUGs were randomly selected and

asked about their experiences and opinions. Positive trends in management

practices were identified. Budgeting and working systems have become more

transparent and supportive programs for the poor have also increased. Overall,

awareness of the CFUG in forest certification is at moderate level. Most of the

people are satisfied and their attitude is mostly positive towards forest certification.

Compared with social and environmental benefits, the economic benefits from

forest certification has been found to be quite low. Overall status of present

management practices in community forestry is good. Most of the management

practices and application of new technologies required by forest certification has

been inadequate which may be due to lack of skilled manpower, sufficient

knowledge and sufficient funds. The devastating earthquake of 2072 has greatly

affected many forest management activities in both CFUGs. Conducting trainings

related to Forest Certification, sustainable forest management, harvesting and

collection of NTFPs at field level will be helpful to raise the awareness and hence,

greatly improve the prevalent forest management practices.

Key Words: Forest Certification, Sustainable Forest Management, Community

Forest User Groups (CFUGs), Training, Poor supportive programs

20. Status of Good Governance in Women Managed Community Forest User Group and Mixed Community Forest User Group Researcher: Meghdut Chaulagain


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A comparative study entitled “Status of Good Governance in Women Managed

CFUG and Mixed CFUG’’ was conducted in women managed and mixed Community

Forest User Groups of Suryabinayak Municipality, Bhaktapur district aiming to

assess three pillars of good governance that were participation, transparency, and

accountability. Both primary and secondary information were collected using

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques such as reconnaissance

survey, questionnaire survey, key informant interview, and direct observation, and

review of community forestry reports and publications. Field information have been

analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using MS-excel and interpreted using

charts, tables, figures in the main texts of the report. The overall status of the

three pillars of governance in both CFUGs have been found good with 69% total

score in Pipal Chaur Mahila CFUG and 56% total score in Taudalchhap CFUG.

However, the participation of the respondents in meetings and general assembly in

both CFUGs was only satisfactory. Pipal Chaur Mahila CFUG executive committee

formed by active participation of women whereas the representation of women in

Taudalchhap CFUG committee was 73% with poor and dalits representation in

committee. Voice and response of marginal group members was listen in Pipal

Chhaur Mahila CFUG with 80% hearing during decision-making process but it was

found only 56% in Taudolchhap CFUG. However, there was no practice of public

auditing in Pipal Chaur Mahila CFUG and public auditing has been carriedout in

Taudalchhap CFUG. On the other hand, transparency in forest product distribution

and pricing was excellent in Pipal Chaur Mahila CFUG compared with Taudalchhap

CFUG. Regarding the accountability, the perception of the users was satisfactory in

both CFUGs but the user’s perception level in Taudalchhap CFUG was moderately

higher than Pipal Chaur Mahila CFUG. Finally, the good governance practices in

terms of transparency, participation and accountability found better in Pipal Chaur

Mahila CFUG compared with Taudalchhap CFUG of same locality of Bhaktapur

district.

CFUG level good governance training and awareness programs have been

recommended for strengthening the overall governance skill and knowledge of both

community forest user group members.

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Keywords: Community Forest User Group, Governance, Participation, Transparency,

Accountability

21. Opportunities and Challenges of Scientific Forest Management in Community Forest Researcher: Nishant Modak Supervisor: Arun Sharma Poudyal

The study was carried out with the broad objective of “exploring the opportunities

and challenges of scientific forest management in Community Forest”. It has three

specific objectives: a) assessment of environmental, economic and social

opportunities of scientific forest management, b) assessment of the challenges of

scientific forest management and c) assessment of effectiveness of scientific forest

management.

The study was carried out in Shree Jana Jagaran Community Forest, Nawalparasi

District, Nepal from December 2016 to Janaury 2017. Implementation and practice

of scientific forest management is in initial phase in Nepal. Information necessary

for the study was collected through questionnaire surveys, focus group discussions,

key informant interviews, informal discussions, field observation, and review of

available literatures. Data collected during the field work was analyzed using both

quantitative and qualitative methods.

The study found that improvement and protection of forest, maintenance of

greenery, encroachment control and biodiversity conservation were the major

environmental opportunities.According to this research done in nawalparasi district

in Shree Jana Jagaran CF,concludes that this CF 10.19 times more timber production

and 11.18 times more fund collection and job creation opportunities than the

traditional forest management. Livelihood support to local people, social

development, local development, administration management, raising awareness

and skill and capacity development were the major social development

opportunities. Appropriate protection of forest, biodiversity conservation, and

sustainability of income source, motivation and diverting the people who are

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dependent on cattle with open grazing in forest area for their livelihood,

maintenance of good governance and regularity of sound technician are the major

challenges for the scientific forest management. The overall response of

respondents regarding the implementation status of scientific forest management

was found very good and they were very satisfied.

The study concludes that the environmental, economic and social opportunities

have been created by the implementation of scientific forest management. Some

challenges were also identified and for the proper implementation of scientific

forest management; these challenges need to be addressed. Further, it concludes

that the users believed the programme is running satisfactorily and socially

acceptable and also the programme seems economically profitable and

environmental friendly hence highly potential and appropriate for Terai sal forests.

Key words: Community Forest, Implementation Status, Opportunities, Scientific

Forest Management, Sustainability.

22. Exploring the Possibilty of Implementing Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in

Maipokhari Area

Researcher: Nabina Shrestha


Payments for ecosystem service (PES) schemes are gaining attention as promising

and innovative market based mechanism for protecting biodiversity and

contributing to sustainable development. This study was carried out to explore the

prospects PES scheme at local level by examining community perspectives at

Eastern wetland Maipokhari in Ilam, Nepal. It was carried out by assessing

community awareness and perception of ecosystem services, community

institutions and available ecosystem services.

Natural ecosystem provides a wide range of ecosystem services that benefit society

and environment as a whole. Ecosystem services are the products of natural

system. The benefit of the services may or may not be equally shared among the

xviii

contributors. These services,nonetheless are often lost because of the lack of

financial incentives in order to preserve them.

(PES) are, as the name implies, payments made to compensate and incentivize

individuals orgroups engaged in activities that support the provision of ecosystem

services. PES is a mechanism that has gained increasing interest and recognition

over the past decade or so, and is emerging as a central tenet of “contractual

conservation”.

The objectives of this research are to assess the ecosystem services provided by

Maipokhari, its valuation & current status of management. The main purpose of this

research is to identify and explore the scope of PES for Maipokhari for its

conservation and management, to improve the livelihood of local people and also

to fulfill the partial requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Forestry thesis of

IOF.

Primary data was collected through using PRA tools such as key informant Survey,

focus group discussion, semi-structured interview and field observation. Secondary

data was collected through various published and unpublished reports and

documents, related to Maipokhari and PES. Both types of qualitative and

quantitative data/information collected and were analyzed using tools such as GPS,

Microsoft Excel 2013, GIS and SPSS and presented in suitable forms and a draft

report.

The research entitled “Exploring the possibility of implementing payment for

ecosystem services (PES) in Maipokhari" was to assess the possibility if payment for

ecosystem services is appropriate in the Maipokhari area and develop a PES

framework for the area as required.

The sample size of N= 110 from both study sites (service providers and service

beneficiaries) were selected in random basis, among which N= 36 were service

providers household whereas N= 74 were service beneficiaries households as one

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person per House Hold (HH) was interviewed. 47% of respondents who are using

the services have willingness to pay less than

Nepalese Rupee (NRs) 100 Per HH per year, if they are assures to get ecosystem

services.Majority of 92% respondents who are providing the services have

willingness to accept aboutNRs. 100 to 500 per HH per year, as compensations and

are fully committed to provide the ecosystem services.

23. Human-Wildlife Conflict in Shuklaphanta National Park

Researcher: Pooja Basnet Supervisor: Shambhu Poudel

The park-people relation is always visualized as an area of conflict because of the

various reasons prevalent in the areas despite of the many efforts of reducing these

conflicts. The existence of human casualties, livestock depredation, crop damage

and human harassment by wild animals results in the unhealthy relationship

between the wildlife particularly the predators and the local people. With habitat

shrinking and encroachment of animal’s area plus the human population increment

leads to the inevitable conflict between them. This research assesses the various

aspects of Human-wildlife conflict in and around of Beldandi and Rauteli Bichawa of

Shuklaphanta National Park. During January 2017, ethnographic data were

collected. 69 households were sampled employing social survey methods, semi-

structured questionnaire survey of households, on-site focal group discussions,

formal and informal interviews and key informant interviews. Secondary data were

collected from several published and unpublished documents, records and reports.

Data analysis is done by both qualitative and quantitative means using MS Excel.

Locals found the park animal nuisance as they destroy most of the crops of their

farm. Although people are not satisfied with the compensation for the crop which

the park is providing their attitude towards wildlife conservation was found to be

positive. The highest concern of people was found in human casualties, crop

damage and the proper compensation. The wildlife especially elephant and rhino

has killed 1 people and injured 7 people in last two years in and around

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Shuklaphnata National Park. One people was killed in Beldandi with two more

injured and similarly five people were injured in Rauteli Bichawa within last three

years. A total economic value of loss per household per year accounted was for

NRS. 16266.67 ($157) in Rauteli Bichawa VDC whereas loss per household per year

in Beldandi was NRs.6923.08 ($67).In Beldandi Municipality, 10 goats, 4 oxes, 50

chickens were killed in the period of three years (070-072) and similarly in Rauteli

Bichawa VDC, a total of 21 goats, 7 buffalos, 75 chickens were killed.

Promotion of alternative energy source and improved cooking stoves can reduce

the conflict indirectly through decreasing the dependency in forest resources.

Physical and biological barriers should be as well promoted. Quick and reliable

compensation scheme are suggested mitigation measures for the affected

households. Environmental awareness program and public participation are the

major aspects that should be considered to mitigate the conflict.

Keywords: Human-wildlife conflict, livestock depredation, compensation

24. Economic valuation of a Community Forest in an Urban Area : A Case Study of Ranibari Community Forest in Kathmandu Researcher: Pragyan Raj Pokhrel


Forest valuation is the process of establishing, by conventional calculation, a single

number expressed in currency that is surrogate for the market price expected on

sale of the subject asset. The forest ecosystem provides provisioning, regulatory,

cultural and supporting services.. This study assessed the provisioning, regulatory

and cultural services along with the land value to devise a net economic value of

Ranibari Community Forest located in Kathmandu. The provisioning services

valuated were timber and fuelwood using direct market prices derived from Timber

Corporation of Nepal, the regulatory services assessed were water conservation

where the volume of water conserved by the forest was assessed and multiplied by

the cost of storing 1m3 of water in a reservoir and carbon sequestration which was

computed by calculating the total tonne of carbon sequestrated by the forest and

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multiplying it with 1 tonne of carbon whereas the aesthetic value of the forest was

computed by assessing the Willingness To Pay of the visitors for the conservation of

the forest. The total net economic value of the ecosystem services provided by the

6.95 ha area of Ranibari forest added up to Nepali Rupees (NPR) 2,358,469 per year

where the provisioning services accounted for NPR 128,325, the water conservation

value accounted for NPR 1,865,188, the carbon sequestration value for NPR 66,143

and the aesthetic value for NPR 298,812. The study found that on average more

than 16,000 people visit the community forest each year and the Willingness To Pay

for the conservation of this forest for its aesthetical purposes is overwhelming

among the visitors. The average frequency of the visits is 3.7 days. However, the

community forest with an area of 6.95 ha being situated in an urban area had a

total land value of NPR 2.842 billion. The net economic value of this community

forest computed to a massive NPR 2.846 billion where the value of ecosystem

services accounted for just 0.08% of the total value of the forest. The study site

being in an urban setting, more importantly being in the capital city where the

single unit of land i.e. aana has a minimum worth of NPR 700,000 according to the

Minimum Land Valuation is obvious to display this kind of figures. This study

recommends that a framework for assessment of different ecosystem services be

devised for the Nepalese context. The cost of carbon should be fixed for the

national context to better valuate the carbon sequestration by the forest.

Key words: Forest valuation, Ecosystem services, Minimum Land Valuation

25. Women Participation in Community Forestry

Researcher: Pabitra Timalsina


A case study on “Women Participation in Community Forest” was conducted in Janata CFUG of Panchkhal Municipality-10, Kavrepalanchok District. The main objective of the study was to assess the participation of women in community forestry development and management activities. Both primary and secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques such as questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and direct observation and review of literatures and publications related to community

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forestry. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted in logical way through some tables, charts and figures using MS excel and SPSS statistical packages. The study found that the inclusion of women in CFUG executive committee was satisfactory with 45% participation and in general assembly and regular meeting were considered very well with more than 85% participation of women. Nearly half of the women (50%) have attended meeting and general assembly actively in decisive manner. On the other hand, their participation in forest protection and management activities such as patrolling, thinning, pruning, bush cutting and forest product collection was also high with more than 58% participation of the respondents. In addition, women participation in benefit sharing decision making meetings and discussion was also very good, in which 72.5% of the total respondents were participated. However, 43% of the total respondents reported that women in CFUGwere excluded from training and workshop opportunities which were crucial in building capacity of individual woman. In addition, the existing situation of constitution and operational plan implementation in the CFUGs does not meet the standards of targeting women as mentioned in community forestry guidelines because key positions such as chairperson, secretary and treasurer position were not assigned to women. Finally, the major barriers of women participation in community forestry development and management activities reported by 57% of the total respondents were household level work load of women and male dominated culture. It is recommended that mainstreaming of women in decision making process should be done by encouraging them to remove their barriers of participation and providing capacity buildingtraining on community forestry policy, guidelines, CFUG constitution, operational plans and fund utilization arrangement by the District Forest Office and its field staff. Key words: Women Participation, Community Forestry, Community Forest User Group, Capacity Building

26. Assessment of Human- Elephant Conflict in Ayodhyapuri Buffer Zone Community

Forest of Chitwan national Park

Researcher: Prasiddha Khadka


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Conservation of mega herbivores has been a big challenge in human dominated

landscapes as they frequently come into conflict with humans. Asian

Elephant(Elephas maximus) is a typical example in this regard as human-elephant

conflict isone of the major threats for long-term survival of this flagship species of

wildlife. Theresearch entitled “Assessment of Human-Elephant conflict in the

Ayodhyapuribuffer zone community forest of Chitwan National Park” was carried

out in theMadi Municipality. For this study 128 heads of household and 13 key

informantswere interviewed.

The study assessed the human-elephant conflict by finding out the major causes of

conflict in the buffer zone, evaluating the crop damage, property loss,

humancasualties, level of tolerance of people towards elephant damage and

people’s attitudetowards elephant conservation and also the various adaptation

measures applied onthe local area so as to recommend appropriate measures.

Crop damage by elephant is the major cause of conflict. In total 84% of the

respondents reported to suffer from crop damage by elephant. Paddy was the most

damaged crop among the crops damaged. Studying the crop damages, there was an

average loss of Rs. 6235.22/household/year. Property damage by elephants was

also another severe problem in the study area. The estimated propert

loss/household/year was Rs. 12104.87. It was studied that people used different

mitigation measures for reducing human-elephant conflict. Among those measures,

Machan guarding and community protection was highly practiced. The exciting

mitigation measure which was found in the study area was people have started to

dig trenches by themselves tostop elephants entering into the village and they have

dug ponds in their agriculturalfields where they can do fishing to run livelihood

which will also control elephants to enter into village area. Although the most

effective measure was electric fencing and mesh wire fencing; less number of

people used these measures because of the unavailability of electricity, other

economic constraints and lack of maintenance of previously established electric

fences.

Key words: Human-elephant conflict, Crop damage, Property damage, Adaptation

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measures

27.Assessing the Ecotourism Potentialities In Wetland and Surrounding Areas: Casr

Study of Ghodaghodi Wetland, Kailali Researcher: Prakash Sirmal Supervisor: Arun Sharma Poudyal Ghodaghodi wetland (150 ha) is one of the 14 lakes of Ghodaghodi Lake Complex

(2,563 ha), a Ramsar Site of Nepal. Ghodaghodi wetland is the largest wetland of Nepal which isremarkable for its rich biodiversity and connectivity between the Terai plains and theSiwalik of Nepal.

This research entitled, “Assessing Ecotourism Potentialities of Wetland andSurrounding Areas- a case study of Ghodaghodi wetland” was conducted to assessthe potentiality of tourism product, opportunities and challenges to ecotourismdevelopment in the area. Required information for the study has been obtained both fromsecondary and primary sources. Key informant survey & visitor survey using a set 7criteria matrix rating systems developed were used to collect required data which werethen analyzed using Likert scale to assess the potential of ecotourism in the area.

Household level questionnaire survey, key informants survey, and direct observationwere done to identify major issues & threats in wetland and also opportunities to enhanceecotourism in the study area.

Some of the prime tourism attractions of Ghodaghodi wetland and surrounding areas arethe Ghodaghodi Lake Complex (GLC), Ghodaghodi temple, View Tower, MaghiHomestay, Sita Kunda, Marsh Mugger Habitat, rare flora and fauna, natural beauty andvillages. The ecotourism potential value of the site was calculated to be 2.36 and it fallswithin the class range of 2-3 which clearly revels that the wetland and surrounding areashave high ecotourism potentialities.

The major issues in study area were high dependency of local people on wetlandresources, increasing human encroachment, Low literacy rate, proliferation of invasive alien species, natural eutrophication, erosion, diversion of lake water, unplannedinfrastructure development on the lake shores, use of pesticides, herbicides and inorganicfertilizers, overgrazing in adjacent forest, poaching and

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hunting and fishing andsmuggling of timber. The study found that, human disturbance, overgrazing, poachingand hunting, siltation, reduced inflows onto the lakes, introduction of new alien species, etc. are the major threats to wetland diversity. Pleasant environment, greenery, Hiking,Tharu museum, bird watching, picnic spot, boating and many other attractions andactivities offer greater opportunities for ecotourism development in the area.

28. Assessing the Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Measures

Researcher: Raju Prasad Bhandari Supervisor: Murari Raj Joshi

Climate change is one of the most serious threats to natural resources and people’s

livelihood. Therefore, research on “Assessing the Climate Change Effects and

Adaptation Measures” was carried out in Madanpokhara, Palpa district aiming to

assess and document climate change adaptation strategies of community forest

user group members. Primary data were collected from household survey involving

48% of the total community forest user households with stratified random

sampling, interview with key informants, focus group discussion and field

observation. Secondary information was gathered from CFUG records, operational

plan and constitution and literature related to climate change and adaptation

measures. Field information was basically analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively

by using MS Excel 2013. The analyzed data were interpreted in the form of charts,

tables, figures and main texts.

Majority of the total respondents (57%) were farmers, and therefore, only 45% of

the total respondents had some knowledge about climate change effects and

adaptation measures. Change in rain fall pattern and rise in temperature was

reported by the 72% of the total respondents. The average annual rainfall over the

past 30 years recorded in Tansen Meteorological Station shows that it was in

decreasing trend with erratic in nature whereas average mean high temperature of

the study areas during this decade (2006-2015) was increased by 2.14°c compared

with last decade (1996-2005) with average temperature 25.590C. Major climatic

hazards of the study areas were drought during early summer months, rise in

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temperature with hotter days, longer summer, late monsoon and shorter winter

seasons. They also reported more natural disasters such as landslides and flood,

drying out of water sources in the recent past and winter rains seemed to be

declining. The reduction of winter rain, drought in early summer and late monsoon

rainfall resulted in 22.5% reduction of crop production in study CFUG compared

with 15 years ago. This has adverse impacts on food security and overall livelihood

of study households. The study also revealed that the threat of climate change was

also more pronounced on human health, livestock production, water availability

and physical infrastructures than on social sectors. To cope with these climate

change effects, the respondent households had applied adaptation measures such

as use more compost manure for soil and soil moisture conservation to increase

farm production, change in cropping practice, use improved variety of agriculture

crops, and change in cropping pattern by growing cash crops such as vegetables,

mush room production and raising milking cattle and buffalo, fruit trees plantation

in home gardens and planting fodder trees and grasses in river banks, irrigation

canal improvement and conservation pond construction for rain water harvesting

for livestock.

Finally, it is recommended that capacity building training and awareness programs

on climate change, its effects and mitigation measures should be conducted to cope

with climate change impacts in study CFUGs.

Keywords: Climate change, change in rainfall, change in temperature, adaptation

measures

29. Impact of the collection and trade of Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in the income generation and rural livelihoods (A case study from Majphal VDC, Dolpa district) Researcher: Reeta Khulal

Supervisor: Rajendra K.C

Yarshagumba is a unique caterpillar-fungus fusion that occurs when parasitic

mushroom spores (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) infect and mummify a ghost moth

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larva living in the soil. Yarshagumba generates the highest amount of revenue

among 62 species traded in Nepal as non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which

shared 41% of the total revenue from NTFPs in 2011 (GoN 2011). The key objective

of the study was to find out the overall status of employment and income

generation to local people through Yarshagumba (O. sinesis) collection and existing

trade practices. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was

collected from the study sites while secondary data was collected from published

and unpublished documents regarding Yarshagumba, its impact of collection and

trade on local livelihoods. Household survey was done for a randomly selected 79

HHs in all wards (9 wards in Majhphal VDC). Qualitative and quantitative analysis

methods were applied to analyze the data in this research. From 2012 to 2016

their id decrease in collection of pieces per person from 5.2 pieces to 2.6 per day

except in 2014 slight increase by 4.8 pieces per person per day. Average annual

income of per households are in fluctuating manner decrease in 2013 from 2012

slight improvement in 2014 and gradually decreasing in 2016. Rate of Yarsagumba

from Dolpa is in increasing order rate was constant in 2012 and 2013 by Rs400 per

pieces, increase by Rs500 in 2014 and Rs700 in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Out of

79 respondents 43 respondents had kept Yarsagumba in their top most and first

priority as income source followed by farmers (28). 32 respondents said that

resource has been depleted by 26-50% and 51 to 75% respectively and 15

respondents said resource is depleted by less than 25%. Maximum respondent said

that causes of resource depletion is due to land pollution and less harvesting

knowledge. There is gradual increase of the price and demand of the Yarsagumba

from Dolpa but the result shows that average harvesting of the Yarsagumba is

decreasing. Local people should be empowered for the management of NTFP

(Yarsagumba). Technical support should be provided for proper harvesting and

post- harvesting practices. Awareness should be created among the rural collectors

about their roles on NTFP management and sustainable levels of harvest.

Haphazard and random harvesting of Yarsagumba causes drastically declination in

annual number of harvesting. So at collection site there should operate the

rotational and limited number of collection pieces should do. Some of the mature

Yarsagumba fungus should leave as it is for the mother Yarsagumba to produce next

year baby fungus.

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Keyword: Ophiocordyceps sinesis, sustainable harvesting, income generation, rural

livelihood

30. Status of women Managed Community Forest: A Case Study of Chandragiri

Sachet Mahila Community Forest in Kathmandu, Nepal)

Researcher: Rajesh Chataut


A study on “Status of Women Managed Community Forestry” was conducted in Chandragiri Sachet Mahila CFUG of Chandragiri Municipality-4, Kathmandu District. The main objective of the study was to assess the status of women involved in community forestry and their decision making role. Both primary and secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques such as questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and direct observation and secondary data were gathered from literatures and publications. The collected data were analyzed using MS excel and interpreted in logical way in main text through some tables, charts and figures. The participation of poor and Dalit women in CFUG executive committee was very low with only 22%. Only 44% of the total respondents have attended meeting and general assembly every time and most time. Nearly 72% of the total respondents reported that participation of women in decision making was moderately active. The decision making areas of women in CFUG were basically narrow and mostly forest related. The confusion and ambiguity was prevalent in women committees that have no more forest management activities than mere protection. There was moderate support and motivation for women by the men in the studied CFUG. In addition, field visit of the concerned forestry technicians was also very low. Very few women were first contacted by extension workers from outside. They have still depended on their husbands to get information about community forestry. Finally, more work load to women mentioned by 71% of the total women respondents and male dominated culture were the major barriers of women‘s participation in community forestry development and management activities in study CFUG. This CFUG has generated Rs 397000 and nearly 77% CFUG funds were mobilized in different activities. Still, there were high opportunities of tourism and

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other income generation activities implementation for making CFUG a platform of women for social change. Finally, it is recommended that participation of more poor and dalit women in meetings and assemblies should be promoted by giving opportunity of study tour, training and field observation. Key words: Community forest user group, Women participation, Decision making, Fund generation, mobilization

31. The Economic Analysis of Community Forests in Nawalparasi District Researcher: Sampada Neupane


Community forestry, as a grass root level participatory forestry with autonomous

institutional arrangements, is considered as a program heading for poverty

reduction and local community development in Nepal. But gap exists in information

on actual income expenditure and their trend of the user groups. The income and

expenses of user group affects the user’s economy as well. This study explored the

income sources and areas of expenditure and their annual trend of each source.

The study also analyzed the NPV, BCR of each community forest.

A brief study on “The Economic Analysis of Community Forests in Terai Nawalparasi

district” was carried out in three CFUGs: Sansarkot Hariyali, Parijat and Chisapani

CFUG, Bardaghat municipality, Nawalparasi district. The study aimed not only to

document income and expenditure of the CFUGs but also to explore their trend and

financial analysis to improve the local economy.

Both primary and secondary information were collected to fulfill these objectives

using different Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques like key informant

survey, focus group discussion, direct observation and secondary information were

collected from CFUGs reports, forest operational plan and constitution, DFO reports

and different relevant publications. Information were analyzed using MS excel.

The community forest user groups have been generating its funds from various

sources like Forest products, Household collection, Donations from DFO and other

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organizations and various other sources. The areas of the expenditure of the

community forest are Forest development, Office management and other areas.

Among all the income sources the contribution of the forest products was the

highest in all the CFUGs i.e. Sansarkot Hariyali (69.18%), Parijat (60.55%) and

Chisapani (57.56%) and the contribution of other sources were diverse among

CFUGs. The expenses in different areas vary among the CFUGs.

The NPV and B/C ratio was highest of the Chisapani CFUG among the three CFUGs

as the CFUG obtains its income from more number of sources and also it consists of

the more areas of expenses so this CFUG was in top ranking from the economic

point of view among the three.

The CFUGs have great potential in income generation and spending these incomes

in various areas for the betterment of the user and community as well so to

generalize the findings of this kind of study involving sufficiently large number of

CFUGs either from governmental or non- governmental level is essential.

Key words: Community Forest User Groups, Income Sources, Areas of Expenditure,

Economy

32. Status of Good Governance in Community Forestry User Groups: A case study from Bosan and Hattiban Mahila CFUGs of Kathmandu district. Researcher: Sameen raut


A study on “Status of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups” was

conducted in Bosan CFUG and Hattiban Mahila CFUG of Kathmandu district. The

main objective of this study was to assess and compare the degree of governance in

these two CFUGs as well as to identify the issues, constraints, challenges and

opportunities of practicing good governance. Four elements of good governance,

namely Participation, Transparency, Accountability and Predictability, each with

four indicators were defined as a measure for the study. Primary as well as

secondary data were collected for this research. Primary data was collected using

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questionnaire survey, executive committee meetings, focus group discussions, key

informant survey and direct observation whereas operational plan and constitution

of the respective CFUGs, minute registers, several published and unpublished

documents, scientific journals, reports, articles, previous thesis papersand lecture

notes related to community forestry governance, DFO Kathmandu records and

internet were used to gather required secondary information. Data were analyzed

using MS-Excel and assessed by grading, scoring and ranking methods using

governance matrix table and ranking table. Bar diagrams, tables and spider web

diagrams were prepared and incorporated in main text to reflect the governance

system of the respective CFUGs.

In total 55 households from Bosan CFUG and 40 households from Hattiban Mahila

CFUGwere involved in the study. Both men and women have participated in the

study with slightly higher participation of women (58%) compared with men. The

results of the study revealed that the overall status of governance in Bosan CFUG

was „Good‟ with67% of the total attainable score where as that of Hattiban Mahila

CFUG was „Medium‟ with 50% of the total attainable score. Comparing each

element of both CFUGs, transparency, accountability and predictability of Bosan

CFUG was found higher than that of Hattiban Mahila CFUG which was managed

mostly by women. However, both CFUGs scored exact same points in terms of

participation. The level of all four elements of governance in Bosan CFUG was

„Good‟ but only the level of participation in Hattiban Mahila CFUG was good with

the remaining three elements falling in the „Medium‟ category.

It is recommended that both the CFUGs should improve the level of participation of

their users by encouraging more regular and meaningful involvement in decision

making processes. Better transparency in fund management is a must to build trust,

and therefore, regular public auditing is a pre-requisite of transparency. CFUGs

should prepare annual plans and directives for better management and

implementation of income generation activities to improve the living standards of

people, especially of the poor and marginalized group members. More effective

means of disseminating information and decisions to all the users must be made in

both study CFUGs.

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Key words: Governance, Community Forest User Groups, Participation,

Transparency, Accountability, Predictability, Income Generating Activities

33. Mean Annual increament of Taxus baccata and its financial analysis

Researcher: Srijana Gautam


The research on Mean Annual Increment of Taxusbaccata its financial analysis was

done in the private land of Dhungakharka VDC of Kavrepalanchok District. The

research was conducted with the main objective of assessing the Mean Annual

Increament of Taxusbaccata in the private land and finding the financial condition

of the Taxusbaccata by finding the financial condition of the owner of private

forest. This research was also concerned to find the future potentiality of pro-poor

.Direct observation and measurement on the field site was done for the collection

of the primary data and published and unpublished report and journals were taken

as secondary data. Three villages were choose. From the each village three farmers

were choose. The benefit, benefit cost ratio, and average mean annual increment,

average basal area increment, average crown area increment. The maximum

benefit from this result was 1684.92 of Krishna PrasadTimalsina from Gelung village

and highest benefit cost ratio is 11.67 of Gopal Prasad Timalsina from patnikhola

village. The highest Mean Annual Increment was 28503.17 of

yagyabahadurTimalsina of patnikhola village.

This research found that the growth of the Taxus in private land was in good

manner and farmers were also financially well. Such types of research was very

useful for the upliftment of the farmers economically. Such types of research

provide upto date information about the Taxusbaccata on their private land by

showing the growth rate and economic condition which helps to encourage the

farmers to grow the Taxusbaccata on their private land . Therefore such type of

research should be held more and more on the private as well as in the community

forest on the other places also.

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Key words:Mean Annual increament, mean annual diameter increment,

MeanAnnaul Height Increment, Mean Annual Crown Increment, Mean Annual Basal

Area Increment, Benefit, Benefit Cost Ratio, Relation Between Age and Whorl,

Relation between Age and Branches.

34. Assessing climate change impact on Pinus roxburghii through Annual Ring Analysis Researcher: Sneha Verma Supervisor: Ram Asheshwar Mandal

Climate change is the statistical change observed in climatic variables and that

sustains for longer period. Climate change has its effect on every species. It affects

both physical and phenological characteristics of tree- species. Dendrochronology is

the study about dating of tree- ring and study about tree- ring relating to climate is

known as dendroclimatology. Pinus roxburghii was selected for the study. Out of 40,

20 healthy core sample from Bhusunepakha community forest of DhungkharkaVD,

Kavre were used for this study. Core sample were dried, mounted and sanded

consecutively. Then dating and measurement was carried out using stereo-zoom

microscope and LINTAB attached with PC having TSAPwin software. COFECHA was

used to detect error in dating. Three mean index chronology viz. residual, standard

and arstan chronology was developed using ARSTAN. 105 years of chronology was

developed. Climatic data of nearby station of Dhulikhel was obtained from

Department of Hydrology and Meteorology and analyzed using MS excel. Average

annual temperature had increasing trend. Similarly, average annual rainfall had

erratic fluctuation. Pre-monsoon climatic condition of the study area seemed to be

creating stress on rings and limiting its growth. Temperature and rainfall showed

positive correlation with coefficient of determination of 0.29. Dbh and height

showed positive and high correlation having coefficient of determination 0.84 as

well as dbh and ring-width showed positive and moderate correlation having

coefficient of determination of 0.41. It is recommended that detail study on ring-

width and climatic study should be carried considering older stands of Pinus

roxburghii in different areas of Nepal.

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Key-word:Dendrochronology, Dendroclimatology, Annual ring, Ring-width,

Temperature, Rainfall, Climate change, Dbh, Height

35. Contribution of Agroforestry in Livelihood Improvement of Community Forest User Group Members Researcher: Susmita Satyal


The research entitled “An Assesment of Contribution of Agroforestry on livelihood

Improvement of Community forest User Groups” is a case study conducted at “Thuli

CFUG and Bhasme Pakha CFUG” of Panchkhal municipality, Kavrepalnchok District

for assessment of existing agroforestry practices in the study area, it’s contribution

on livelihood improvement of community forest user groups and to find out the

problems for practicing agroforestry. Both primary and secondary data were

collected. Different PRA tools like household survey with open ended questionnaire,

interview with key informants, direct observation, etc. were used for primary data

collection where sampling intensity was taken 15.95% on an average from both the

CFUGs (12.03% and 19.38% from Thuli and Bhasme Pakha CFUG) with consideration

of gender, age groups and well-being ranking. Secondary data were collected from

DFO, Kavrepalanchowk, NGOs, libraries, different journals and magazines, internet,

etc. The collected data were analyzed were using MS excel and tables and figures

were used for data interpretation.

Home gardens, live fences around the farmlands, agrisilviculture systems were

found to be practiced at the study area. 40.74% tree species were found to be

fodder species. This interprets the dependency of CFUG members for fodder for

livestock on agroforestry. 78.03% respondents reported increase in livestock

production and 21.97% reported decrease in labor cost and time for fodder

collection from forests. 23.41% respondents from Thuli CFUG and 35.2%

respondents from Bhasme Pakha CFUG were involved in horticulture for income

generation. The weighted average of plants per hectare of Thuli CFUG was found to

be 104.04 plants/ha. while that from Bhasme Pakha CFUG was 165.33 plants/ha.

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This showed that CFUG members of Bhasme pakha CFUG were more involved in

agroforestry implementation. The major limitation for application of agroforestry

was trees’ shading effect on agricultural crops. Similarly, land was found insufficient

for agricultural production and tree farming. So, agricultural production was

preferred.

Commercial agroforestry should be given more importance and formal trainings on

agroforestry to the farmers should be provided, for, only few households are

involved in income generation activities from agroforestry though many of them get

indirect benefits from it.

Key words: Agroforestry, Community forestry, Home garden, live fence, Livelihood,

Livestock

36. Protected Area – People Relationship in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

Researcher: Sunmaya Magar


DHR is the only hunting reserve with its own rich bio-diversity. The main objective

was to assess the relation of local people and reserve in Dhorpatan Hunting reserve.

A random questionnaire was carried in 107 household of Bobang VDC and Nisi VDC

in order to assess the reserve. Major problems like fuel wood and timber scarcity,

lack ofgrazing area, crop and livestock damage and food deficiency to the people

were identified. Similarly, animal poaching, illegal use and pilfering of park

resources. Due to harsh climatic condition, the area provides home to limited

species of food cropsand the demand of timber and fuel wood is relatively high as

the alternative sources of energy are less likely tofunction. The compensation

scheme offered by the Government is also tedious and time-consuming for local

peoples. Meanwhile, in pest ranking wild boar (Sus scrofa) was found to be major

problematic animal. Similarly, common leopard as second and Dhole, Barking Deer

and Sloth bear had minimal damage respectively. In order to enhance reserve –

people relationship following factors play a vital role: limited rotational grazing,

providing skill development programs, co-ordination programs and enhancing

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public participation, making compensation program people friendly.Nepal Army

was the only governmental institution in the area with no other NGO’s and INGO’s

working as mediator. On the basis of findings of this study for proper management

of reserve, some measurements are proposed to resolve the problem and

formulation of future plans by recognizing indigenous resources need on biological

needs of the wildlife. Promotion of alternative energy and improved cooking stoves

can help to make reserve-people relationship better through decreasing the

dependency in forest resources. Physical and biological barriers should be

promoted as well. The communication gap should be maintained properly which

would help to make reserve-people relation better.

Keywords: Reserve-people relationship, people perception, resource use pattern

37. Contribution of Community Forestry on Climate Change Adaptation-A Case Study of Mainali Thakur Community Forest, Sindhuli District Author: Sunil K.C


Climate change is currently one of the greatest threats to forest conservation and

livelihood security of forest users. A case study entitled “Contribution of

Community Forestry on Climate Change Adaption” was conducted in Mainali Thakur

Community Forest of Sindhuli District. The main objective of the study was to

understand people’s perceptions on climate change and its impact on local

environment, explore the strategies adapted by local people to cope with climate

change impacts on their livelihoods and find out the contribution of community

forest on adopting different adaptation strategies by CFUG members. Primary

information was collected from household survey and focus group discussion, key

informant interview and direct observation, and secondary data was extracted from

internet, different journals and organizations related to climate change, its impacts

and adaptation measures. The data were analyzed using statistical tools and

computer programs like MS excel, SPSS etc., and interpreted in main text with

table, figure and charts.

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The result of the study shows that there was increase in temperature and decrease

in rainfall has been felt by the respondents and also been validated by climatic data

analysis. The mean maximum temperature of the study areas was increasing by

0.0257°C per year, and the amount of rainfall was in decreasing trend with the rate

of 35.34 mm per year. About 92% of the total respondents also answered that the

summer rainfall has been decreasing in study areas. About 73% of the total male

and 42% of the total female respondents reported that the availability of fodder

decreased in community forest areas despite protection and proper management

of forest due to the results of low summer rainfall. In addition, 64% of the total

male respondents and 67% of the total female respondents stated that the number

of disease and pest has highly increased in agriculture crops. Similarly, 31% of the

total respondents have felt change in monsoon pattern, while 32% of the total

respondents suffered from forest fire, 19% from flash flooding and 18% from

drought in the study areas. To cope with these problems, CFUG has conducted

training, demonstration tour, and programs focusing to the poor, women and

disadvantaged groups for increasing awareness on climate change and its

adaptation measures such as check dam construction to control gully and increasing

awareness on off-farm income generating activities such as ecotourism, to grow off-

seasonal vegetables under plastic tunnels. About 96% of the total people had used

chemical fertilizer to grow improved varieties of different agriculture crops. A key

conclusion coming out of this review is that climate change is not only an issue of

international concern but is now a local level problem in Nepal.

Key words: Adaptation, Climate change, Climatic hazards, Contribution of

community forest, people’s perception etc.

38. Status and Distribution of Anthropogenic Pressure and Tree Species Biodiversity

in the Kailashi Buffer Zone Community Forest of Bardia National Park

Researcher: Shrijana Poudel


People dwelling in the buffer zone are allowed to use forest resources after they

become member of BZCF. However, population is increasing and increase in

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population of human and livestock and their demand for resources have serious

impact on environment. Little studied are the status of human induced disturbance

in the buffer zone of BNP. This research aimed to determine the status and

distribution of anthropogenic pressure and tree species diversity in the Kailashi

BZCF of Bardia National Park. Disturbance indices, GBH, tree species biodiversity,

species richness, regeneration status and density of trees were recorded in 24 plots

at the interval of 250 m. 50 households (20% of the total) were visited and

questions asked chiefly depended on landholdings, livestock holdings, forest

product consumption, their occupation and involvement of community member in

other community forests. Among 15 types of tree species, Acacia catechu exhibited

highest pressure. Most of the tree species including Acacia catechu were mainly

lopped for fodder need. However, considerable number of stump cut of species like

Trewia nudiflora and Acacia catechu indicates their usage as a timber. Average

number; 4.38 and 3.75 of foot trails and dung clusters in the sampled plots indicates

resource collection and livestock grazing. Shannon-Weiner index of the sampled

plots was 1.75. Acacia catechu showed maximum Margalef species richness index

with 25.46 followed by Trewia nudiflora; 15.70. From all the sampled plots of the

forest, species like Acacia catechu, Aegle marmelos, Trewia nudiflora showed fair

regeneration. Density per hectare of all plots was 346 trees per ha. Small HH with

higher LSU showed higher consumption. This was statistically tested by Spearman‟s

rank correlation which exhibited strong and positive correlation. Small HH with

higher LSU and consumption indicates the major resource extraction directly from

the forest as they don‟t have enough land. Greater proximity and preference of

certain tree species were also observed to be causal factors for pressure. In the

forest subject to disturbance, learning about communities‟ need, resources

dependency, and HH characteristics can be very useful for long term conservation.

39. Role of Community Forestry for the Improvement of Socio-Economic Condition of

Poor and Disadvantaged Group

Researcher: Sangeeta Sharma Timalsina


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Community forestry is considered as one of the most successful program of Nepal.

However, peoples have different views about the contribution of community

forestry on livelihood of the poor and disadvantaged peoples. To know this, the

research entitled “Role of Community Forestry for the Improvement of Socio-

economic Condition of Poor and Disadvantaged Groups”was conducted in Ratmatey

CFUG of Kavrepalanchowk District. The main objective of this research was to

assess the roles of community forestry for the improvement of socio economic

condition of the poor and disadvantaged group members. Both primary and

secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)

tools and techniques such as household questionnaire survey, discussion with key

informants, well being ranking, field observations etc and review of literature and

publication related to the role of community forestry programs in livelihood

improvement of its members. Data were analyzed using MS excel and interpreted in

main text with table and figures.

Out of 98 poor and disadvantagedrespondents, 63% were illiterate, and 62% of

them were involved in agriculture for their livelihood. Majority of them (77%) had

land less than 5 Ropani and they produced food stuff sufficient less than 9 months.

There were 13 members in CFUG executive committee, in which participation of the

poor and Dalit was only 8%. However, 50% of the total respondents reported that

they were actively participated in CFUG decision makingprocess. Participation of

poor and disadvantaged households was also increasing in differentevents and

programs of community forest user group. Most of them were also satisfied with

the distribution of forest products. However, out of the total respondents only 30%

had got capacity building training and tour opportunities organized by the CFUG

and concerned line agencies.

CFUG has generated Rs 880,300 from the sale of forest products, membership fee,

fines and rewards. Out of this, only Rs 128,000 was spent for the direct benefits of

the poor and disadvantaged households involving 82% of the total respondents in

raising goat and vegetable farming. Finally, only 21% of them have improved their

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socio-economic condition by raising goats and vegetable supported by the CFUG

executive committee.

It is recommended that education and awareness is only the way of empowering

and strengthening among poor and disadvantaged groups about their rights for

improving their socio economic condition and also making them actively participate

in every decision making process of CFUG.

Key Words: Community forest, Disadvantage groups, Poor, Socio-Economic

Upliftment etc

40. Assessing Flood Disaster Effect on Plant Diversity and Human Wealth

Researcher: Seema lamichhane


Floods are the most common natural disaster and the leading cause of natural

disaster fatalities worldwide. Risk of catastrophic losses due to flooding is significant

given deforestation and the increasing proximity of large populations to coastal

areas, river basins and lakeshores. They destroy houses and buildings, and

carry soil away from valuable farming land. The research objectives are to show the

variation in climatic variables (rainfall and temperature), to demonstrate the flood

effect on plant biodiversity and to list out the effect of flood disaster on the human

wealth.Both primary and secondary data were collected from the field using

participatory rural approach and technique, related reports and publication.

Altogether 27 household survey was carried out. Stratified random sampling was

carried out in upper part, middle part and lower part. The sample plot having

10*10m 2 were established at flood affected area as well as surrounding (non-

affected area). This process was replicated at upper, middle and lower part of each

selected river. Therefore, altogether 64 sample plots were calculated. Climatic data

of the study area were collected from Department of Hydrology and Meterology,

Kathmandu. Calculated data were analyzed by using MS-Excel and other statistical

tools.

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From the study it was found that the highest rainfall was recorded about 799.3 mm

in August of year 2014.According to locality of flood affected area, the most

disastrous flood was occurred in 2014 due to the continuous and heavy rainfall. The

Shannon's index was the highest about 2.15 and Simpson’s index was the

lowest 0.0026 in non-affected area at upper part of Khorka Khola.

The Shannon's index was the highest about 2.13 in non-affected area at

middle part and Simpson’s index was the lowest about 0.015 in non- affected area

of middle part of Itram Khola. At Girighat Khola, it was found that the

Shannon's index was the highest about 1.99 in non-affected area at upper

part. The t-test showed that Shannon Weinner index was significantly lower at

affected areas than the non-affected area at 95%confidence. Due to the flood

disaster of 2014, five people had lost their life and many people and settlement

area were harmed. Altogether, the total number of livestock loss was 369, property

loss was about US $360680.12, total land loss was 1.552 ha and the number of tree

loss which belongs to people was about 145.

Key information: Flood disaster, biodiversity, Rainfall, flood affected area, human-

wealth

41. Human-Elephant Conflict: A Case Study of Elephant and its Conflict with Human

and its Mitigation Measures in Jalthal, Jhapa

Researcher: Subash Budathoki



significant

problems throughout the world. The existence of human casualties, livestock

depredation, crop damage and human damages by wild animals results in

unhealthy relationship between the wildlife particularly the predators and the local

people. The habitat of Mega herbivores have been fragmented, degraded and it has

resulted in phenomenon called human elephant conflict. Therefore, frequent

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encounters with humans, their crops and their property have caused human

elephant conflicts which have negative effects on both human and the elephant.

This study is aimed at exploring human elephant Conflict (HEC) in terms of property

damage, livestock depredation, human casualties and crop damage. It studied the

strategies of conflict reduction for elephant conservation. The study was conducted

in 9 wards of Jalthal, Jhapa.

For this study household survey of sampling intensity of 6.5% was conducted by

questionnaire schedule along with key informant survey and direct field

observation. 179 heads of household and 10 key informants were interviewed.

Majority of the local people were subsistence farmers highly dependent on

agriculture and livestock husbandry. The crop damage was the most frequent

damage occurring it the study area. Among the crop damaged paddy was the most

damaged. In total 42% of the respondent suffered from elephant. There was no

serious human casualties and livestock depredation.

Property damage was another problem faced by local people due to human

elephant conflict in the study area. Several mitigation measures have been applied

for reducing human elephant conflict. Privatefencing, shouting, firing was mostly

applied to chase elephant to reduce human elephantconflict. Majority of

respondent were positive towards conservation but suggested to take National

Parks for conservation. CFUG members are in fear of collecting fodder, forage, and

patrol community forest for its protection. HEC has made people insecure to live,

sleep near the forest area.

For successful conservation programs people’s participation is most so their

problems should be sensitively addressed. Proper relief scheme and mitigation

measures for human elephant conflict should be made so that people willingly and

happily participate in elephant conservation programs.

Keywords: Human elephant conflict, Crop damage, Relief Scheme

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42.Contribution of Community Managed Vulture Safe Feeding Site on Livelihood of

Local People and Community Development

Researcher: Sumit Kumar Runiyar


Abstract Not Available

43. An Assessment of Ecologic and Anthropogenic Factora Affecting Unglates Occupancy in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve Researcher: Sabhyata Lamichhane


Wild ungulates are important determinants of local carnivore distribution. They play

acrucial role in maintaining a terrestrial ecosystem. Effective conservation and

management of ungulates population require data on how they occur and use

different habitat types in a land cover matrix. Furthermore, a full understanding of

large-scale ungulates distribution as well as patterns of occupancy within the

Protected Area’s (PA’s) can be gained by identifying ecological and anthropogenic

factors that underlie their occupancy pattern. While species- specific distribution

and habitat preference studies have been conducted in the past, few studies have

actually used robust sampling framework to assess the correlates of their spatial

occurrence pattern in Nepal. In this study, sign surveys of five ungulates species

Spotted deer, Nilgai, Hog deer, Swamp deer and Barking deer was conducted in and

around Shuklaphanta National Park using occupancy sampling framework to

examine the relative influence of proportion of forest and grass cover, water

availability, fire and human disturbance on their occupancy pattern. The study area

was laid in a grid of 3*3 sq.km and grids (n=30) were selected randomly from ArcGIS

for sign survey to ensure independence in data. Data were analyzed using the

software PRESENCE ver. 11.8. The model-average estimate of probability of site

occupancy of spotted deer was 0.83(standard error (SE=0.29)), nilgai 0.53(SE=0.22),

swamp deer 0.23(SE=0.17), hog deer 0.37 (SE=0.12) and barking deer 0.14(SE=0.05).

Proportion of grassland positively influenced occupancy for spotted deer, swamp

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deer, hog deer and barking deer whereas proportion of forest had a positive

influence on the distribution of nilgai, barking deer and spotted deer. Human

disturbance had strong negative influence on the distribution of the majority of

ungulates but was positively related to nilgai habitat use. Amount of water

availability within the habitat positively influenced occupancy for all the ungulates.

Fire had a strong positive influence on the habitat use of only swamp deer. Taken

together this result on species-specific responses of the five wild ungulates to

natural habitat and anthropogenic covariates suggest that maintaining appropriate

interspersion of grassland and forest patches along with waterbodies is critical in

protecting these species.

Keywords: Distribution, Occupancy modeling, Anthropogenic disturbance, Protected

areas, Presence software

ABSTRACT

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Abstract of 9th Batch students -2018

1 An Assessment of Socio-economic Status, Human Wildlife Conflict, Perception of Local

People towards Snow Leopard Conservation (A Case Study from South Arun Critical

Habitat, Taplejung District)

Researcher: Anu Rai Supervisor: Mr.Shiva Shankar Neupane

Snow leopard is highly endangered. It islisted as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species. Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Management Plan (SLEMP) has

identified 14 corridors and 11 critical habitat to secure Snow Leopard in Eastern Himalayan

Landscape. This was preliminary research carried out in one of those critical habitat (South

Arun critical habitat) with the objective of capturing the socio-economic status, human

dependency on natural resources, local people perception towards Snow Leopard

conservation and humanwildlife conflict to devise the conservation initiatives that support

the wildlife and livelihood of people and minimize the HWC. Since local people follow

transhumance system Household survey (n=10), Focus group discussion were performed in

lower region to collect the socio-economic information. Information of both lower and

upper regions were collected. Chi square test was applied to analyze the perception.

Out of total population, 35 were male and 36 were female with the highest percentage of

male in education level (6-12) and follow Buddhism. Primary sources of livelihood were

agriculture, animal husbandry and trade (Cardamom, NTFP). Agriculture was not

performed in upper region. Transhumance system leaded to insufficient food in lower

region. Green house technology should be installed which was also practiced in KCA and

resulted positive changes. Difference in livestock rearing according to the region. Asiatic

Black Bear had caused the highest crop raiding and livestock depredation. Control measures

adopted were not effective. A case study from India, Kashmir suggested some of the

measures which can be practiced in this study area. Literate people are positive towards

snow leopard conservation. No any compensation scheme was launched and people were

unaware about it. Few people were informed about it from KCA. Due to loss of their crops

and livestock they wanted to remove problematic wild animals adopting new killing

methods.

Key Words: Snow Leopard, Socio-economic, human wildlife conflict, Compensation scheme, Transhumance system

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2 Analyze the Production and the Demand of Woody Forest Product and Revenue Collection Before and After SFM Practice (A Case Study in Sadhabahar Community Forest, ShantinagarDang,Nepal)

Researcher: AratiDahal Supervisor:Mr.Arun Sharma Poudyal

The selling of different forest products and services, including timber, NTFPs, and ecotourism, has

become a significant source of revenue for the GoN (Subedi et al., 2014). The forestry sector is

therefore a key element in providing enhanced incomes for both the GoN and the rural communities.

The objectives of this research was to assess the difference in amount of wood harvest before and

after the SFM practice, to compare the revenue generated from the community forest and its

distribution, and to understand the people's perception towards SFM practice in their community

forest. To attain these objectives primary source of data such as direct field observation, household

questionnaire survey, key informant survey etc. were done and secondary source of data such as

operation plan of the CFUG, annual forest product harvest and revenue mobilization reports, etc.

were extensively studied. Findings of this study show that there has been extra 660,2.88cft timber is

harvested than average annual harvest from the same CF under scientific forest management

practice. The average annual demand of timber from the CF is 108,82cft. Revenue collected was Rs.

195,82,85 in 2070/71 which decreased to Rs.446,06,7 in 2071/72 which further decreased to Rs.

294,98,8 in 2072/73. After the implementation of SFM in 2073/74 the revenue collected again

increased to Rs. 179,84,73. The operational plan of SFM predetermines the quantity of the timber to

be harvested thus the revenue collection in coming years can be predicted. This can give sustainability

to the financial profit in CF. But the mobilization of collected fund is not satisfactory. Most of the

generated fund is allotted in forest management and returning loan which was taken to initiate

scientific forest management in the CF. Transparency in this CF is satisfactory. Though the availability

of wood products is not much changed and there has been seasonal difficulties to collect these

resources respondents of the survey are positive and fairly optimistic towards the decision of

implementing SFM in their forest. Quality of forest regeneration is vigorous in recently harvested plot.

Though ecotourism is not the factor to contribute in revenue collection yet this CF holds opportunities

for its development through Green Park, religious destination (temple) and picnic spots. The finding of

this research is assumed to improve forest and fund management in the community forest. It can help

CFUG executive committee members to understand the insight of CFUG members regarding the

decision of implementation of SFM. It can contribute to help DFO staff, other government line

agencies, local NGOs and INGOs to promote and implement scientific way of forest management.

Keywords: wood harvest, revenue, SFM practice, community forest

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3 Effects of Social Mobilization in Gender and Social Inclusion in Community Forest User Group (A Case Study of Smirti and Pragati Community Forest User Groups of Rupandehi District, Nepal)

Researcher: AnishaPuri Supervisor: Mr.Murari Raj Joshi

The research study on “Effects of Social Mobilization in Gender and Social Inclusion in Community Forest User Group” was conducted in Smirti and Pragati CFUGs of Devdaha Municipality, Rupandehi District to assess the social mobilization effects on gender and social inclusion in community forest development and management, decision making process and benefit sharing. Both primary and secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as questionnaires survey of 100 households of both CFUGs, key informants interview, focus group discussion and observation of farm and forest areas, and review of related reports and publications. Information collected from the field were analyzed using MS excel and interpreted in main text with tables, graphs and figures. More than 50% of the total respondents of the study were women, poor and dalit members and majority of them (75%) were illiterate and their main source of income was off-farm sources as reported by 70% of the total respondents. The District Forest Office, District Development Committee, District Agriculture Development Office, District Livestock Service Office and Women Development Office of Rupandehi district have conducted training, study tour and social mobilization awareness programs related to community forestry, agriculture and livestock management in both CFUGs. Pragati CFUG with the help of DFO and DDC Rupandehi has conducted social mobilization work for drinking water supply, road construction, plantation establishment, botanical garden establishment, school construction, distribution of electricity pole and community forest management, and prepared master plan for the construction of Sat Patre and DahaSimsar inside the community forest. Smirti CFUG, on the other hand, has developed plan for constructing Ban Batika picnic spot with the help of DFO staff and constructed gabion check dam in Ghodaha stream to control stream bank cutting and overflow of water during monsoon season. Another effect of social mobilization in both CFUGs was increase of representation of women, poor and disadvantaged users by 20% in CFUG executive committee. Both CFUGs have managed social welfare revolving fund Rs 15000 per household at the rate of 3% annual interest in Smirti CFUG and 7% interest rate in Pragati CFUG for poor, women and disadvantaged households in implementing income generation activities such as pig and goat farming, mushroom production and vegetable farming, and doll making etc. Finally, 10 households of poor families, women headed households and disadvantaged families in Smirti CFUG and 41 households in Pragati CFUG were benefitted from this CFUG managed welfare scheme. It is highly recommended that forestry related income generation activities should also be planned and conducted focusing poor, women and disadvantaged households as prescribed in community forest operational plan and constitution.

Keywords: GESI, community forest, social mobilization, CF management and development

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4 Regeneration Assessment and Sustainable Yield Practice by Area and Stem Control Method in Nepal (A Case Study of Tilaurakot Collaborative Forest of Kapilvastu District)

Researcher: Ashal Shrestha Supervisor: Dr.Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Sustainable Forest Management is the present need of forests of Nepal. In several forests in Nepal Sustainable Forest Management are being carried out leaving the traditional management systems. This research was objectively carried to assess and compare the regeneration status and yield regulation practice in Tilaurakot Collaborative Forest. For the regeneration (seedlings and Sapling) assessment forest inventory was carried out where circular plots of size 25 m2 and radius 2.82 m were made. Altogether 100 sample plots were layed out; In regulated forest, 90 sample plots were allocated, 10 sample plots each of the annual working area from three sub-compartment B3C2S8 (2014 - 2.60 hac., 2015 - 2.04 hac, 2016 - 2.06 hac), B4C3S8 (2014 -1.0 hac., 2015 -1.83 hac. And 2016 -1.0 hac.), B5C3S4 (2014 -1.0 hac, 2015 - 3 hac. And 2016 -1.36 hac.) and in controlled area 10 sample plots were layed out in the area of 2.00 hactare. However, the yield assessment was done with the help of secondary data collected from District Forest Office. Various statistical tests like Independent samples t test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA and Tukey’s b test were performed based on the characteristics of data set. The results show that similar volume of yield from sub-compartment B3C1S7- in regulated year 2011 (97 trees harvested), 2012 (96 trees harvested) and 2013 (91 trees harvested) 174.73m3, 201.14m3 and 157.07m3 respectively was obtained, which was not significance at 95% confidence level with the application of stem control. However, the yield harvested was different between sub-compartments as the forest is natural and self-contented. In context of regeneration, the relation of sapling frequency with time was directly proportional with time i.e. in the regulated AWAs of sub-compartment B4C3S8 2014, 2015 and 2016, the number of saplings per hectare was found to be 3040, 2600 and 0 respectively whereas the number of seedling per hectare was found to be 7640, 15240 and 12600 respectively i.e. number of seedling was inversely proportional with the prolongation of time. Also, it was found that the effect of irregular shelterwood system on the forest has increases the species richness in regeneration layer and even promoted the threatened species like Pterocarpus marsupium and Dalbergialaifolia. The comparison between the regulated AWAs of sub-compartment B5C3S4 and controlled area showed that, in case of seedling the species richness was increased from 6 to 11 and in case of sapling the species richness has increased from 2 to 6 after the application of irregular shelterwood system. Therefore, the findings of this research will be helpful in the field of sustainable forest management. Key words: Sustainable Forest Management, regeneration, Yield regulation, controlled area.

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5 Status of Implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Rupa Lake Area, Kaski District

Researcher: Bandana Regmi Supervisor: Dr.Ambika Prasad Gautam

Payment for ecosystem services is a process in which beneficiaries of the ecosystem services reward those whose lands provide these services with subsidies or market payments. One of such successful approaches is seen in Rupa Lake watershed which has set exemplary record in efficient utilization of natural resources through local people’s active participation in watershed conservation. The study entitled “Status of Implementation of Payment for Ecosystem Services in Rupa Lake Area” was carried out to assess the status of PES like scheme implemented in Rupa and to highlight the actual participants of PES mechanism. Also, economic valuation of two major ecosystem services was done so that the standard analysis would help for fair benefit sharing for both service providers and beneficiaries in future. The methodology included primary and secondary data collection where tools were key informant interview, household survey, focused group discussion and published reports, articles, etc. respectively. Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained whose analysis was done using descriptions, bar diagrams, tables and MPM, TCM and CVM were used for economic valuation. The study involved 110 of total respondents which had N=55 from upstream community, N=25 from downstream community, 10 implementing actors and 20 visitors. The study shows that Rupa Lake Rehabilitation and Fishery Cooperative handled the financial affairs regarding income from fishery production and contributed allocated fund towards PES mechanism to some major parties like mothers‟ groups, community forests, youth clubs and schools. The governing board of cooperative seemed sustainable in the long run as it was able to address and work according to local people’s interest which was transparent with the increasing number of shareholders in the cooperative. Most of the respondents were aware about their role towards watershed and lake conservation where (74.54%) from upstream and (68%) from downstream communities frequently participated in management activities. Majority of participants in PES were satisfied with the governing body run alone by cooperative while few of them still wanted government’s and NGOs’ inclusion to enhance PES mechanism. The trend of income through fishery seems to be increasing every year which shows the rise from Rs.6982106 in 2070/ 2071 to Rs.15412125 in 2073/2074. The benefit cost ratio clearly shows the profit been gained which signifies high economic potentiality of fishery production. Also, the total economic value of Rupa Lake was calculated to be Rs.84336570.16 including the WTP of hotels in Rupa watershed which added economic potential in the total economic value by (0.0038%). KEY WORDS: ecosystem services, Payment for Ecosystem Services, PES mechanism, Rupa Lake

watershed, upstream community, downstream community, economic valuation.

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6 Assessment of Growing Stock and Plant Competition in Thinned and Un-thinned Stands of Community Managed Pine Plantation (A study from Sindhupalchowk, Nepal)

Researcher: BenjuBaniya Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The forest conditions of Nepal can be enhanced by the application of proper silvicultural treatments and management techniques. Nepal has been implementing thinning practices in some of the forests and their effect has been visibly observed on the growing stock, diameter increment, tree typical crown area and plant competition. However, after the thinning activities carried out on the on the basis of thinning guideline, 2007, researches related to effect of thinning has not been adequately carried out in the community forests of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal. Thus, this research work was objectively carried out to assess and compare the growing stock, regeneration status, tree typical crown area and plant competition in thinned and un-thinned stands of planted Pine forest. Three community forest namely SrcihhapDeurali, Bajhbisauna and SansariDanda were selected as the study site. Total 30 circular sample plots having an area of 100m2 were established in each of the community forest such that 15 plots each were allocated to thinned and un-thinned stands. The diameter, height, regeneration count and crown diameter were measured. In addition, the distance between subject tree and its competitors were measured. The volume, density, regeneration status, tree typical crown area and competition indices were estimated. Moreover, the statistical tests such as independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare the dimensions between thinned and un-thinned stands of different community forests. The result in SansariDanda Community Forest showed that there were 554 plants per hectare in un-thinned stand which was more in comparison to 312 plants per hectare in thinned stand. Moreover, the result was statistically significant with the application of Mann-Whitney U test at 5% level of significance. Also, it was found that in un-thinned stand, the total volume of trees were 210m3/ha, however it was only 148m3/ha in the thinned stand. However, the result was not significantly different at 5% level of significance. Although, 12,867 seedlings per ha were found in the un-thinned stand of SansariDanda, it was less in comparison to 14,000 seedlings per ha in thinned stand. Also, there was no significant difference in undergrowth vegetation of both thinned and un-thinned stands. It was found that the typical tree crown area was about 31.52 .88) m2 in the thinned stand which was comparatively higher than in un-thinned stand having value 20.88 3.71) m2 and the results were significantly different as well. The intensity of plant competition was slightly higher on un-thinned stands than in thinned. However; the values were not significantly different at 5 % level of significance. Similar results were observed in other community forests as well. This research illustrates the effect of thinning on pine plantation and its importance on present Nepalese context. Therefore, it will be helpful tool for scientific community and decision makers who are involved in silviculture science. Key words: Thinning, growing stock, regeneration, tree typical crown area, plant competition

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7 Economic loss caused by hollow defects and shake in log- (A Case Study in Sadhabahar Community Forest, Shantinagar Dang, Nepal)

Researcher: BikashBudha Supervisor: Dr.Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The defectives like canker, hollow and shake are challenges in harvested yard in the forest. The resultant effect is loss of timber quality and monetary loss. This study was objectively carried out to list out the types of hollow defects and shake in log, assess the timber loss due to hollow defects and shake in log and determine the economic loss due to hollow defects and shake in log. The 1A and 2A felling series of A block of Devdah collaborative forest was selected as the study site. Total enumeration was carried out to meet the research objectives. GPS coordinates of defected trees were noted. Total defected trees were 116 in felling series 1A. Out of this, there were 101 Shorearobusta, 11 Terminliatomentosa ad 4 Syzigiumcumuni. Similalry, total 99 defected trees were enumerated in felling series 2A. Among this, there were 93 Shorearobusta, 2 Terminliatomentosa, 3 Syzigiumcumuniand 1 Adina cardifolia. These trees were debarked after felling.Next, diameters of two ends and mid-point, length of log, defected diameter and length of logs were measured and noted. Formal and informal interview was organized among the local people, district forest office staff, forest technicians currently working in the area to know the causes and types of defects. The defected volume was calculated subtracting the net volume from whole volume. The economic loss was estimated multiplying the price of timber with the total defected volume. At the same time descriptive statistics was applied to mean, standard error, standard deviation and range. The result showed that shake, canker and hollow are the major defects in logs. The hollows were partial and whole and the shakes are cup and ring as well as heart, star and radial. At felling series 1A highest loss of volume was 354.34 cftinShorearobusta. This was the least about 3.85 cft in Syzigiumcumini. At felling series 2A highest loss of volume was 433.7 cftinShorearobusta and this was the least about 5.82 cft in Syzigiumcumini. The grade A log was converted into grade B and C inShorearobustaand grade B log was converted into C in Terminaliatomentosadue to defects. Thehighest economic lossUS$ 1557.93 in Shorearobusta was found in the conversion of grade A to B. Total US$ 5804.27 was loss in felling series 1A for the specie of Shorearobusta. Likewise, Thehighest economic loss US$ 3429.25in Shorearobusta was found in the conversion of grade A to B. Total US$ 8365.11 was loss in felling series 2A for the specie of Shorearobusta. In total there was economic losses at 1A and 2A due to defects was estimated by US$5948.65 and US$ 8490.69 respectively. This research will be useful for evaluation of the stand.

Key words:Shorearobusta,Terminaliatomentosa,Syzigiumcumini, Adina cardifolia, Shake, Canker, hollow defect, felling series

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8 The Current Status of Production and Uses of Choerospondiasaxillaris (Lapsi) in Rural Community, Phalewas Municipality, Mudikuwa Village Parbat Nepal .

Researcher: Bikram Gautam Supervisor: Mr. Arun Sharma Poudyal

Choerospondiasaxillaris is a potential agroforestry tree species for income generation and nutrient supplements inthe middle mountains of rural Nepal. The occurrence and distribution of C. axillaris locally known as Lapsi in Nepal has been surveyed and documented. It is native to Nepal hills (900-1900 m). The tree has also been reported from China, India, Thailand, Japan and Vietnam. The tree is largely known for fruit in Nepal, for timber in China and for medicine in Vietnam. Lapsi is a wild, edible, indigenous fruit tree of multiple benefits. The tree has social, cultural, ecological and economic value in Nepal. Existence of Lapsi as pre –historic vegetation types of 'Sleshmantak Ban' (meaning lapsi forest) around 'Pashupatinath' in Kathmandu has been quoted in 'SwasthaniBratakatha' In Nepal, the status and condition of Lapsi trees is not well mention. But again now a days the economic importance of Lapsi is increase day by day. Recently in Nepal in hilly area, 29 districts have good status of Lapsi. Improved old trees are found in Kathmandu valley in Pashupati, Guyashori, Godawari, Pharping, Hattiban, Nagarjunaetc.Beside this ChalnakhelBhaktapur, Sindulpalkchock, Kaverpalkchock, Syanjha, Parbat have also good status of the Lapsi. Lapsi is commonly available former 35 VDCs of Parbat district. The available former VDCs are Khurkot, Durlun, Pangrang, Shankharpokhari, Thapathana, Bhangara, Karkineta, Dhariing,Dhulipokhari, Khaulakuri, Aarthardandakharka, Pakhapani, Lunkhu, Phalamkhani, Bhorle, Balakot, Horsandi, Bajung, Bhuktangle, Chitre, Deurali, Uram, Tribeni, Shivalaya, Mudikuwa, Devisthan, Kurgha,Bachha etc. but the study area is located in Phalewas municipality Ward No.4 Mudikuwa. Lapsi farming is spread within 15-20 Ha and there are 5-6 thousand Lapsi trees and 4 thousand trees which produce sweet Lapsi fruit. Nepal is unique for processing and use of Lapsi fruits. Fruits are rich in Vitamin C content (Saha, 1998) and are consumed fresh, pickled and processed for preparing a variety of sweet and sour tasty food products locally called 'Mada' (dried lapsi mat prepared from the pulpo/peel of ripen/raw fruits) and 'Candy', 'Titatura', 'Paun'.The contribution of Lapsi to livelihood improvement of local people, farmers, collectors, enterpriser and traders was seems as a best agroforestry tree species. After the Lapsi plantation the socio economic status of people is good so that they are positive to the plantation and diversification of the Lapsi. Keywords: Lapsi, economic importance, multiple benefits, agroforestry

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9 Estimating Probability of Habitat Use by Snow Leopard and Perceived Impacts of Climate Change its Critical Habitat- (Arun East, Taplejung)

Researcher: BinayaAdhikari Supervisor: Dr .JhamakBdr. Karki

The highly elusive creature “Snow Leopard” also regarded as the “The ghost of the mountains” plays an integral role on maintaining a healthy alpine ecosystem alongside being a flagship species. Climate change being a serious threat to Himalayan ecosystem has a deleterious impact on snow leopard, their prey and the habitat. Transhumance system also directly affects the probability of habitat use of snow leopard and understanding the perception of transhumant herders on climate change helps us to gain idea about the autonomous adaptation and behavioral responses they have taken. For the study, the area was divided into grids of 4*4 sq. km and sign survey alongside prey base survey and human disturbance survey were conducted. The perception survey was carried as FGD and individual interview. PRESENCE 2.12.10 was used to analyze the occupancy.

The survey yielded a naïve estimate of 0.27 and incorporation of occupancy model alongside influence of site covariates (Prey index and Human disturbance index) gave higher value for probability of habitat use i.e. 0.49 (with standard deviation of 0.12). Among the total 15 sampled grids, 5 grids (33%) had the probability of occupancy more than 0.50 whereas 10 grids (67%) had probability of occupancy less than 0.50.Prey availability showed strong positive influence on probability of habitat use by snow leopard whereas Human disturbance had negative influence. The transhumant herders perceived rising summer and winter temperature alongside decrease in rainfall. They also perceived decreasing number of snowing days and decreasing amount of snowfall. All of the herders agreed that summer is staring earlier these days and snow in rangeland is melting earlier whereas most of herders disagreed on the statement that new livestock diseases have appeared and new species of plants are appearing in rangeland.

Naïve estimate underestimated the occupancy by 22% which indicates the need to include occupancy modelto deduce reliable estimates. The result signifies protecting wild prey and reducing human disturbance could aid in management interventions of snow leopard. Mitigation and adaptation strategy of climate change for the sustainability of transhumance system and livelihood should be developed which will help in conservation of snow leopard.

Keywords:Snow leopard, Occupancy modeling, Eastern Himalayas, Presence software Climate change, Transhumance system, Perception

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10 AN ASSESSMENT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN COMMUNITY Forest User group- (A case study Bagbhairab and Kumaridevi CFUGs of Kathmandu District) Researcher: Chandra Bdr. Barme Supervisor: Mr.Murari Raj Joshi

A case study on “An Assessment of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups” was conducted in two community forest user groups of Kathmandu district. The main objectives of the study were to assess the participation of Women, Poor, Janjati and Dalits in community forest and CFUG management activities. Both primary and secondary information were collected using questionnaire survey, focus group discussion, key informant interview and direct observation, and reviewing of forest operational plan and constitution, CFUG records, DFO publication and governance related published and unpublished articles and literatures. Information were analyzedusing MS- excel, and presented in main text with mean and percentage in table and figure etc.Out of 82 total respondents of both CFUGs, 12.20% households were from well- off families, 56.63%from medium households, and 31.17% from poor households. More men (65%) were involved in study inBagbhairab CFUG, while more women (59%) were in Kumaridevi CFUG. The representation of womenin Kumaridevi CFUG executive committee (56%) was better compared with Bagbhairab CFUG withonly 46%. The Kumaridevi CFUG executive committee was more participatory compared withBagbhairab CFUG executive committee because it listen the voice of Women, Poor, Janajati and Dalitmembers while taking decision on CFUG activities. Participation of women and poor users in generalassembly and other decision making process,in both CFUGs was passive. However, Dalit users inKumaridevi CFUG were playing active role in general assembly, while this in Bagbhairab CFUG wasagain passive. Out of the total respondents, 87% in Kumaridevi and 80% in Bagbhairab have reported thatthere were transparency in forest product pricing, product distribution and fund mobilization in theirCFUGs. In addition, both CFUGs have organized public auditing meetings, in which 67% of totalrespondents of Bagbhairab CFUG and 54% of total respondents of Kumaridevi CFUG have attended suchmeetings. Bagbhairab CFUG has mobilized its fund more effectively in poverty reduction from which poor and dalit households were getting more benefits compared with the Poor and Dalit users of Kumaridevi CFUG. Finally, both CFUGs had good coordination and linkages with governmentaland non-governmental organizations and conducted training and community developmentprograms in collaboration and linkages with these organizations in the past.It is recommended that capacity of the Poor, Dalit and women of both CFUGs should be strengthened toput their voice in CFUG meetings and general assembly. Key words: Community Forest, Community Forest User Group, Participation, Transparency etc.

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11 Assessing the effects of leaves extract of Eichhorniacrassipes on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinusroxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea Researcher: DiptyPoudel Supervisor:Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Eichhorniacrassipeshas been blanketing over many important lakes of Nepal including Phewa, Begnas and Bishazari. This species is included in IUCN’s list of 100 most dangerous invasive species and threating loss of biodiversity. The mechanical control is very expensive thus the appropriate utilization strategy is needed to stop the invasion of this spp. Therefore, this study was objectively carried out to evaluate the effects of extract of E. crassipeson seed germination and seedling growth of Pinusroxburghiiand Bauhinia purpurea, assess variation in soil nutrients (NPK, C) and pH based on various concentration of E. crassipes’ leaves extract and find people’s perception about this invasive spp. Healthy leaves of E. crassipeswere collected from Phewa lake in February, 2018 for extract execution. Next, laboratory techniques were applied for oven drying, soaking, shaking in incubator, centrifuging, filtering and dilution. Altogether 120 polypots, 60 each for of Pinusroxburghiiand Bauhinia purpureawere used for seed germination. The seeds were sown on 18th March and recorded till 24th April, 2018 for germination and seedling growth. Nursery plot was established using randomized complete block design (RCBD) inside glass house having 15 replicates for each block. Each block represents the concentration of E. crassipesextract: distilled water (75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and control). All the polypots except control pots were treated using different concentrations. Daily observation and recordings were noted for 34 days and 38 days for the seed germination and seedling growth of Pinusroxburghiiand Bauhinia purpurearespectively. Moreover, temperature and humidity were recorded for three timings (0700, 1300 and 1900 hours). Soil N, P, K, C and pH of different concentrations were analyzed using Kjedahl method, Bray’s method no.1for acid soils, Flame photometric method, Walkley and Black Volumetric method and pH meter respectively. The people’s perception regarding E. crassipeswere analyzed using the descriptive analysis while One-Way ANOVA, Tukey’s b, Repeated Measures ANOVA and correlation (temperature vs germination and humidity vs germination) were used as inferential statistics for the data which showed normal and Kruskal-Wallis for data which was not normal. Normality was tested using Kolmogorov and Shapiro-Wilk. The result showed that, the highest no. of seeds germinated in 25:75 concentration specifically 14 and 11 in P. roxburghiiand B. purpurearespectively. The diameter of P. roxburghiiwas the highest in 25:75 with 1.52 mm while it was the highest in 75:25 with diameter of 1.3375 mm in case of B. purpurea. The average height of seedling growth of P. roxburghiiwas the highest in 25:75 concentration having 8.238 cm while the highest average height of B. purpureawas 5.81 cm in 50:50 concentration. The needles were the highest in 75:25 concentration of P. roxburghiiwith 12. The repeated measures ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in seed germination and seedling growth at 95% confidence level. The nutrient analysis showed that, the highest N%, P2O5 kg/ha, K2O kg/ha, C% and pH were 0.22, 30.30,1359.60, 2.56 and 0.22 respectively in P. roxburghiiat 75:25 concentration. In the case of B. purpureahighest N% (0.31), K2O (2839.80), C% were showed at 75:25 concentration while highest P2O5 (125.66) and pH (6.75) were at 50:50 concentration. The R2 values of temperature vs germination was 0.16 and this was 0.01 for P. roxburghiiand B. purpureacorrespondingly. The R2

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values of humidity vs germination was 0.40 and 0.50 respectively. 92% of people shared that E. crassipescannot be use but cent percent people had eager to utilize this sp. for useful purpose. Thus, this research will be useful tool to utilize this for efficient organic fertilizer for forest nursery work. Key word: E. crassipes, P. roxburghii, B. purpurea, extract, germination, soil nutrient

12 Yield Regulation and Economic Analysis of Collaborative Forest (A case study from Lumbini Collaborative Forest, Rupandehi, Nepal)

Researcher: DivyaBhattarai Supervisor: Dr.Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The sustainable forest management is a highly challenging issue in Nepal. There are limited studies associated to sustainable forest management. Thus this research was objectively carried out in order to assess and compare growing stock in collaborative forest; compare estimated forest products of operational plan and extracted records; evaluate yield regulation in forests on the basis of Melard’s French method and perform economic analysis of collaborative forest management. Lumbini collaborative forest of Rupandehi district was selected as study site. Random sampling was applied to collect the required data. Altogether 45 sample plots with a nested design; 20m*25m for tree, 10*10m for pole, 5*5m for sapling and 5*2m for seedling were allocated. The diameter and height were measured and regeneration was counted in the sample plot. These data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Growing stock (volume), Basal area per ha, regeneration per ha were calculated. The data were classified into DBH class 0-20, 20-40 and over 40 cm for evaluation under Melard’s French method of yield regulation. In addition, economic analysis was done estimating B/C ratio, NPV and profit index. The result showed that in harvested sub-block average number of seedling per ha was 28667 and sapling per ha was 5534 which were 36600 and 4460 in non-harvested sub-block. The basal area of mother tree of harvested sub-blocks were found to be 6.32, 5.6, 3.2, 1.16 and 8.2 m2/ha. The basal area of tree of non-harvested sub-blocks were found to be 18.4, 17.64, 15.04 and 27.08 m2/ha. The volumes of non-harvested sub-blocks ASB10, ASB8, ASB6 and ASB4 was found to be 45.42 m3, 37.85 m3, 35.7 m3 and 75.16 m3 respectively; while volumes were 6.32 m3, 5.6 m3, 3.2 m3, 1.16 m3 and 8.2 m3 in harvested sub-blocks ASB1, ASB9, ASB7, ASB5 and ASB3 respectively. The t-test showed significant difference between the volume of tree and poles of harvested and non-harvested sub-blocks at 5% level of significance. There was significant difference between timber (5527.35 m3) and fuel wood (3447.36 m3) volumes between the extracted value and estimated in operational plan. The B/C ration, NPV and profit index were 1.017, 283235.62 US $ and 4.88 respectively. This research will be useful for forest manager and researcher. Key words: Collaborative forest, yield regulation, growing stock, regeneration, forest management, DBH, basal area.

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13 An Assessment of Potentialities of Ecotourism in Begnas Lake and its Surrounding Areas, PokharaLekhnath Municipality, Kaski, Nepal.

Researcher: Jaya Pun Supervisor: MrPuran Bhakta Shrestha

The ecotourism industry is experiencing increasing popularity as the demand grows for tourism that is environmentally sensitive, informative and beneficial to local communities. Ecotourism is an important segment of sustainable tourism that focuses on preserving and protecting the natural system, wildlife conservation, environmental protection, poverty alleviation and economic development. The paper is aiming to study about the potentialities of ecotourism in Begnas Lake and its surrounding areas. It also attempts to analyze critically the ecotourism impacts and challenges in Begnas Lake Area and point out some recommendations for development of ecotourism in the area. The paper tries to answer the following questions: What is the existing situation of ecotourism? What is the local people perception of ecotourism and its impacts in the study area? What opportunities are there those could enhance the ecotourism in the study area?

Begnas Lake situated in PokharaLekhnath Municipality, Kaski was selected for case study. Data was gathered employing mostly quantitative methods consisting semi structured interviews, household survey, visitor survey, direct field observation and questionnaire survey. The findings illustrated that ecotourism has impacted in both positive and negative ways. Importantly, the respondents expressed optimism about the future of ecotourism in Begnas Lake Area. The study also revealed that there are great opportunities for improving ecotourism in Begnas Lake Area. But its effective practice and implementation is not promising due to lack of commitment of governmental policy and planning strategy with combination of integrated conservation and development. Thus to run ecotourism industry properly, principles and theories of ecotourism must be considered a major base while make its policy and planning.

Key words: Ecotourism, Potentialities etc.

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14 Trends and Management Practices of Forest Fire in Different Forest Management Regimes in Salyan District

Researcher: Jenisha Oli Supervisor: Dr. Ambika Prasad Gautam

Increasing trend of forest fire in recent year has been a major disaster in Nepal, which is detrimental to the human, physical, environmental and economic life of the country. Despite this fact, there has been no sufficient legal and policy measures in place to control and prevent forest fire in the country. Sound knowledge of impacts of forest fire is necessary for formulation of proper fire management plans and policies at different levels. To minimize the occurrence and damage caused by uncontrolled fire, the effectiveness of fire management practices and fire risk zonation can be of great help. This study is an attempt to analyze the forest fire phenomenon in Salyan district, explore the causes and assess the success of existing forest fire management practices adopted by different stakeholders. Six community forests were selected on the basis of forest vegetation types to assess the fire management practices. MODIS active fire data during 2001 to 2017 were used in Arc GIS to determine the fire trend which showed that fires are common during the dry windy pre-monsoon season from March to May. Pinusroxburghii forest were found to be most vulnerable to forest fires followed by Shorearobusta forests. Human negligence and carelessness has been found to be the main causes of fire in the study area. Fire management practices adopted by the community forest user groups has contributed to fire control and prevention compared to no management practices in government-managed forest. This research also analyzed and mapped high, medium and low fire risk zones in Salyan district using Kernel Density Estimation, which is expected to be useful for identifying priority areas for fire control and management. Close coordination and cooperation needs to be established and maintained between community forest user groups and the district forest officers for designing and implementing effective forest fire management strategies and actions.

Keywords: Forest fire, MODIS, Fire management practices, Kernel density estimation.

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15 Study of Regeneration Status in Harvested Block and Comparison of Crop Stand in Thinned and Unthinned Block with the Application of Silviculture System Researcher: KajolBelbase Supervisor: Mr. Arun Sharma Poudel

The topic on“Study of Regeneration Status in Harvested Block and Comparison of Crop Stand in Thinned and Unthinned Block with the Application of SilvicultureSystem”wascarriedout in Tilaurakot forest of Buddhabhumi municipality of Kapilvastu district. The main objective was to find regeneration stand in the harvested plot along with the condition of mother trees and to make comparison of crop stand between thinned and unthinned plot. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The number of seedling and sapling in harvested block were 14974 and 3368 respectively. Similarly, the number of seedling and sapling in thinned block were 13308 and 1846.15 respectively. The number of seedling and Sapling in thinned and unthinned block were 10000 and 1320 respectively. The growing stock and basal area per hector in thinned block was 174.98 m3

and 20.08 m2 respectively. The number of tree per hector in thinned block were 86 and poles per hector were 346. Similarly, the growing stock and basal area per hector in unthinned block were 265.71 m3 and 30.7 m2 respectively. The number of trees per hector in unthinned block were140 and poles per hector were 270. There were 43 mother tree per hector in harvested block of average diameter 48.35 cm with basal area 9.67 m2 and growing stock 101.01 m3 per hector. The biodiversity index of Sal species is found to be more than other species in harvested, thinned, and unthinned block. Tilaurakot forest is Sal dominant forest with other species Asna (Terminalia tomentosa), Barro (Terminalia bellirica), Bajhi (Anogeissuslatifiolia) and Satisal (Dalbergialatifolia). There was significant difference between seedling and sapling of harvested, thinned and unthinnedblock.There was no significant difference between the poles of Sal species in thinned and unthinned block. There is significant difference between poles of Asna, Sissoo and others species in thinned and unthinned block. There was no significant difference between trees of Sal species in thinned and unthinned block. Whereas, there was significant difference between trees of Asna, Sissoo and other species in thinned and unthinnedblock.The study conclude that the condition of regeneration was good after opening of the canopy and thinning promotes the growth of trees and undergrowth vegetation. Keywords: regeneration, silviculture, harvested block, thinned and unthinned block, crop stand.

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16 A Study of value chain of Shorearobusta Timber in Community Based Forests (A case

study from Nawalparasi district, Nepal.) Researcher: Kiran Poudel Supervisor:Mr.KishorAryal

This study entitled ―A Study of value chain of ShorearobustaTimber in Community Based Forests” was conducted in two community based forests namely Shree Jana Jagaran CF and Buddha Shanti CBF located in Nawalparasi district from January to April 2018 aiming to assess the activities and processes of value chain of timber. It has three specific objectives: a) To identify the specific roles and functions of the actors involved in forest product sales and distribution in each stage of value chain. b) To find out the percentage share of consumer price c) To identify the utilization trend of timber products sold by CBF to their users. d) To find out the production and material flow of timber. Both primary and secondary data were gathered using methods such as questionnaire survey, key informant interview, direct observation, and review of related reports and articles. Thus, collected data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using MS-excel. The analyzed data were interpreted using bar diagram, pie charts, tables, figures and in descriptive forms. The result of the study revealed that both Buddha Shanti collaborative forest and Shree Jana Jagaran community forest analyses similar value chain actors. The role of user groups is to manage and produce timber, DFO to regulate and market actors for supply and price determination. The percentage share of sawn timber consumer price distributed from producers to consumers in the urban market is 23% producer gross profit, 4% conversion loss, 23% gross local supplier profit and 37%gross urban profit. The utilization trend of the distributed timber seems to be 94% for committed purpose and rest 6% of the user groups have lent it to their neighbors. Value chain of Sal timber has been explained through subsidized market channel and open market channel. In both Buddha Shanti CBF and Shree Jana Jagaran CF the first priority of timber distribution was FUGs for construction and maintenance purpose followed by furniture and household consumption. Thus, for ensuring better and compatible timber value chain, fair market regulation, institutional partnership between government and market actors and fair as well as equitable profit share of timber market among the value chain actors are the basic requirements. Keywords:value chain, community based forest management, timber, Shorearobusta

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17 Human Wildlife Conflict in Buffer Zone of Shivapuri-Nagarjun National Park (A case study ofTarkeshworMunicipality)

Researcher: Madan Mohan Acharya Supervisor: Dr. JhamakBdr.Karki

The park-people relation is always visualized as an area of conflict because of the various reasons prevalent despite of the many efforts of reducing these conflicts. The existence of human casualties, livestock depredation, crop damage and human harassment by wild animals results in the unhealthy relationship between the wildlife particularly the predators and the local people. With habitat shrinking and encroachment of animal’s area plus the human population increment leads to the inevitable conflict between them. This study was carried out in the bufferzone (BZ) of ShivapuriNagarjun National Park (SNNP) aiming to assess the status of HWC in terms of livestock depredation, find out the most problematic animals and to envisage the attitude of people towards wildlife conservation. Data were collected through household survey, Key Informant Survey (KIS), group discussion and study of various research articles and official records of SNNP and Bufferzone Management Committee (BZMC). Altogether 131 HHs were surveyed for the study. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packagefor Social Science (SPSS) and MS –Excel.

Theaveragelivestockdepredationinthelastoneyearwas accounted NRs 2652.67 perhousehold. InTarkeshowr Municipality, 26 goats, 3 oxen and 126 chickens were killed in this last year. Goats and chickens were the most depredated livestock and common leopard was the most problematic animal followed by jungle cat. Majority (70.1%) of the respondents had positive view 70.1% towards wildlife conservation. Only few people used mitigation measures in their agricultural land. People believed it was difficult to stop animals using normal mitigation measures. They showed highly positive response towards compensation scheme launched by the government. After the establishment of BZ, people have high expectation of compensation from SNNP for crop and livestock depredation. Quick and reliable compensation scheme are suggested mitigation measures for the affected households. Fencing around the park should be improved as the existing fences were ineffective. Awareness programs should be raised among farmers and locally adaptable mitigation measures must be adopted.

Keywords: Human Wildlife Conflict, livestock depredation, Mitigation, compensation.

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18 Contribution of community forest on livelihood improvement of user group (A case study from Boshan and HattibanMahila CFUGs of Kathmandu District)

Researcher: Madan Gurung Supervisor:Mr. Murari Raj Joshi

The research study on “Contribution of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of User Group Members was conducted in Boshan and HattibanMahela CFUGs of Kathmandu district. The main objective of the study was to assess the overall role of community forests on livelihood improvement of user group members. Both primary and secondary data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques such as wellbeing raking, household survey or semi-structured interview, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and field observation etc, and secondary data were gathered from CFUG and DFO records, and other published and unpublished reports, journals and publications. Data were analyzed using MS-excel and SPSS, and interpreted in main text with mean frequency and percentage in table and figure etc. Majority of the total respondents (70%) were small farmers having land in between 1-5 ropani. Only 15% of the total respondents of both CFUGs were producing food sufficient for year round from their farmlands. The rest of the households were suffered from food security problems and had managed foods from different alternative sources such as sale of livestock and their products, vegetables, lapsi fruits, labor, business and other sources. Both CFUGs have generated income that was NRs 248630 in Boshan CFUG and NRs 226000 in HattibanMahela CFUG from forest products, membership fee, fine and donation etc. Nearly 80% of the CFUG funds in Boshan CFUG and 75% in HattibanMahela CFUG were used to develop five assets of livelihood of CFUG members including community development and income generation activities implementation. Capacity of 20 CFUG members in Boshan CFUG members and 15 CFUG members in HattibanMahela CFUG has been strengthened through capacity building trainings, workshops and study tour organized by the District Forest Office, Kathmandu and other line agencies. Due to this, the forest dependents were capable in doing forest protection and management works, The major income generation activities conducted in both CFUGs was vegetable farming, lapsi fruit production, goat and pig rearing etc from which 64 poor, women and Dalit households were benefitted directly. Finally, it is recommended that CFUG fund should be mobilized focusing to the income generation activities of needy and poor households in order to improve their livelihoods. Key words: Community Forest User Group, Community Forest, Community development, Livelihood improvement, Income generation activities etc.

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19 Role of Community Forestry in Socio-Economic Upliftment of Community Forest User Groups (A case study from Jumla district of Nepal)

Researcher: Mahendra Nidhi Hamal Supervisor: Mr.Murari Raj Joshi

A study entitled “Role of Community Forestry on Socio-economic upliftment of Community Forest User Groups” was conducted aiming to assess the role of community forestry in the change of livelihood of user group members. Both primary and secondary information were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and techniques such as reconnaissance survey, stakeholder’s consultation, questionnaire survey, key informant interview, and direct observation, and review of reports and publications. The study was mostly exploratory and the data obtained were basically analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using MS-excel. The analyzed data were interpreted using charts, tables, figures and the main texts. The study results Majority (52%) of total respondents were having land holding in between 0.5-1.5 ha, and only 35% of total respondents produce food sufficient for year round from their own farmlands. Majority of the total respondents (91%) had participated in CFUG meeting and general assemblies. In executive committee, there was representation from all well-being rank categories, women and Dalits, and they were involved actively in decision making process and practices. There were positive changes in both forest condition and availability of forest products. Availability of forest product had increased after the implementation of community forestry program whereas seasonal difficulties for forest products were also reduced to some extent. CFUG had generated funds, which was Rs 350000 during study period. This fund was used in school construction, trail or road construction, temples and gumba construction, scholarship to poor intelligent students, teacher’s salary, income generation activities implementation, and conducting training for skill development to carry out income generation activities. Rs 55000 were spent income generating activities such as vegetable farming, pig and goat keeping for poor and disadvantaged households. Two persons have got permanent job and 55 persons got temporary employment as wage labor works for pruning and thinning operation in community forest. Finally, it is recommended that CFUG level income generation activities and awareness programs should be organized to enhance the overall socio-economic upliftment of user group members.

Keywords: Community forest, Community Forest User Group, Income generation activities, Socio-economic condition, Upliftment.

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20 Effects of ecotourism on land use land cover dynamics (A study of shivapuri watershed including Bagmati, syalmati and Nagmati river kathmandu Nepal .

Researcher: Mamta Lama Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Since 1996, SNNP is one of the most visited Park of Nepal. There are enormous changes due to anthropogenic activities but there are limited research regarding the land use land cover change. Thus, this study was objectively carried out to assess the status and dynamics of Land Use and Land Cover Change between 1999 and 2016, identify the status of ecotourism, major ecotourism sites and activities and explore people’s perception on status of ecotourism, its effects on land use land cover to facilitate the park authorities for better ecotourism management. The satellite images of Landsat ETM+ of November 1999 and Landsat OLI of November 2016 were downloaded from USGS. Then, false and natural color composite was prepared. Next, the study site was clipped using ERDAS and classified with supervision of maximum likelihood algorithm. The classes were agriculture, forest, degraded forest and settlement areas. Altogether 216 and 233 training sample points were used for accuracy assessment of classified images of 1999 and 2016 respectively which helped to find overall Kappa accuracy, user’s accuracy and producer’s accuracy. Meanwhile, 98 household survey was done and 10 persons were consulted for Key informant interview. Collected data were analyzed. The result of the classified map of 1999 showed that the main land cover was forest cover 2514 ha (81.9%) after Agriculture land 355 ha (11.6%). The classified map of 2016 showed that forest cover is 2404 ha (78.3%). The difference in land use land cover was -110, -106, 198 and 18 ha in forest cover, agriculture, degraded forest and settlement respectively. The identified ecotourism activities were Jungle drive, trekking, hiking, bicycling, videography, wildlife viewing, bird watching, trekking for conservation monitoring. There was increasing number of visitors in recent years. Minimum 3(12%) of the respondents from Mulkharka village shared that the ecotourism is excellent with maximum of 15(60%) respondents who thought the status is very good in the study area. Similarly, in Mahankal 21(80.7%) respondents said that the status is very good. It was found that effects of ecotourism on land use land cover dynamics was more towards north- east part of the watershed. Therefore, this research will be useful for scientific community and policy makers for better decision making for land use management.

Key words: Land use, Land cover, change, dynamics, ecotourism, ETM+, Landsat, OLI , Shivapuri, effects, forest, map.

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21 Impact of climate change on phenologyof rhododendron arboreum, myrica esculenta

and alnus nepalensis

Researcher: Manoj Panta Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The impacts of climate change have been observed on the phenology of the plants due to increasing temperature and rainfall but there was limited studies so far related to it. Therefore, this study was objectively done to show the trend of climatic variables (rainfall and temperature), find the effect of climatic variables on seasons and assess the response of phenology of Rhododendron arboreum, Myricaesculenta and Alnusnepalensisdue to climate change. Bakte, Devithan and Nagarkot of Kavre district having maximum altitude 2300 m were selected as the study site. The climatic data like rainfall and temperature of Dhulikhel weather station, Kavreplanchok between 1947 and 2016 were gathered from department of hydrology and metrology. Maps of selected sites were prepared stratified into Rhododendron arboreum, MyricaesculantaandAlnusnepalensis strata. Altogether 60 samples having 10 m×10 m were collected from the field. Specifically, five plots from each aspects (South, North, East and West) from three different sites. The height and diameter of seedling were measured twice in the field. First measurement was recorded in between 12 to 15 February while second measurement was conducted in between 19 to 23 March, 2018. The aspect wise temperature of different sites was recorded. Moreover, temperature of Dhulikhel was recorded in between 18 February to 15 March, 2018. Photographs of observed phenology of the plant were captured. Observation was done to record the phenology of the plants. Total 50 participants were surveyed to know about the impacts of climate change on phenology of the plant. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were applied to analyze the collected data. The result showed that theaverage annual maximum temperature was 23.28 0C in 2012 and the

lowest average maximum temperature is 21.53 0C in 1997 and 2004. The lowest average

minimum temperature was 10.07 0C in 2001. The highest average annual rainfall was 2345.4 mm

in 1985 and it was the lowest 916.6mm in 2012. The (1947-2016) winter rainfall that shows the

winter rainfall amount is increasing by 0.05 mm per year. It was found that pre-monsoon rainfall

was increasing by 0.25 mm, the monsoon rainfall amount is decreasing by 2.99 mm andpost-

monsoon rainfall that showed the post-monsoon rainfall amount is decreasing by 0.32 mm per

year. The direct measurement of temperature for 26 days showed that it was the highest 26.5 0C

in 14, March and the lowest 21.8 0C in 18, February 2018. A number flower of

RhododendronarboreumandMyricaesculentawas found at southern aspect. Rhododendron

arboreum started flowering one month earlier than its normal calendar. The Alnusnepalensis was

infected by aphid vector. The Rhododendron arboreum and Myricaesculentawere affected due to

defoliators. The height growth of seedlings of Rhododendron arboreum was 1.5 cm, 1.2 cm, 0.8

cm and 0.7 cm at southern, eastern, western and northern aspect respectively within 35 days.

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There is annual variation in rainfall, temperature, drought, flood, frost, hail stones, rainfall

intensity and snow fall. Local people shared that, there is early flowering, fruiting, seed falling etc.

Key words:Phenology, climate change impact, Rhododendron arboreum, Myricaesculenta,

Alnusnepalensis

22 Diversity and Distribution of Birds in Phulchoki Important Bird Area and People’s

Perception towards Birds Conservation - (A case study from lower north-western slope of Phulchoki hill forest) Researcher: NishanBaral Supervisor: Dr. JhamakBdr.Karki

The study was carried out to find the diversity and distribution of birds along two transects of lower north-western slope of Phulchoki hill and find people perception towards its conservation. The study was conducted from late January to early April, 2018. Ecological survey was conducted by using point transect sampling method. 54 plots of 20m2 from bothPhulchoki and Chapakharka transects were selected at an equidistance of 200m keeping an altitudinal limitation of 2100m for survey. Bird identification was done using bird guide book, call recordings and photographs. Crown density was calculated using Densio-meter and bush cover was calculated by ocular estimation. MS excel 2013 was used for statistical analysis and ArcGis 10.2 was used for mapping. The study area recorded a total of 93 species of birds from inside as well as outside the plots among which 768 individuals of 80 species were recorded inside the plot. From 80 species, 36 species were selected as important species by calculating average frequency and considering its national status. Bird diversity was calculated using Shannon-Weiner index in both transects and thus categorized into four parameters; namely altitude: 1500-1800m and 1800-2100m; Forest type: Alnus, Schima-Castonopis, Quercus-Rhododendron; Crown cover: 0-50%, 50-100% and Bush Cover: 0-50% and 50-100%. Diversity was also calculated between these parameters as a whole. Sorensen index was used to calculate degree of similarity between these transects and parameters. Highest bird-diversity was noted in 1800-2100m of Phulchoki transect with Shannon-Weiner index 2.740 whereas least bird diversity was calculated in Quercus-Rhododendronforest of Chapakharka transect with Shannon-Weiner index 1.905. Highest bird-diversity among parameters were noted in Schima-Castonopsisforest with Shannon-Weiner index 3.061whereas least bird-diversity as noted in Alnus forest with Shannon-Weiner index 2.394. T-test showed no significant difference in bird diversity in most of the parameters except in Quercus-Rhododendronforest and forest with bush cover 50-100% between Phulchoki and Chapakharka transect. T-test was used to find significance in difference in bird diversity between aforementioned parameters. Sorensen index showed most similarity in bird species composition between two transects in altitude between 1500-1800m with Sorensen index 0.731 and in bush cover of 50-100% between different parameters in whole study area. Similarity was least in Quercus-Rhododendronforest with Sorensen index 0.333 among two transects as well as between parameters with Sorensen index 0.24. Species richness was highest in forest with crown cover 50-100% with 36 species and lowest in Quercus-Rhododendronforest with 20 species. Among

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transects, plot no. 1 of Phulchoki transect had highest species richness with 13 species and plot no. 14 and 27 from Phulchoki transect and plot no. 17 and 21 from Chapakharka transect had least richness with 0 bird species. 97% respondents were positive about bird conservation in Phulchoki area and maintenance of harmony was considered as most important reason to conserve bird by people. Killing and trapping was identified as major threats to birds by people and proper implementation of law was considered as best way to diminish threat by people in the area. Though having good bird diversity and species richness, the area still needs conservation actions and bird conservation promotional activities to increase bird diversity as well as economic condition of people through eco-tourism. Keywords: diversity, distribution, birds, IBA, bird conservation

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23 Status and Contributions of Agroforestry Practices in the Mid-Hill of Nepal- (A case study of Panauti area of Kavrepalanchok district)

Researcher: Nitant Rai Supervisor: Dr. Ambika Prasad Gautam

Agroforestry is a land use system which integrates trees with agriculture crops and animals simultaneously for higher productivity on a sustainable yield basis. Nepal’s subsistence hill farming has traditionally practiced many types of agroforestry systems which have played a historic role in sustaining rural livelihood. Despite having potential to earn income through several agroforestry practices, rural household’s concern do not seem to flourish in the importance of agroforestry to increase the household economy. So, there is the dire need to study households’ perception towards agroforestry adoption, and suggest measures to benefit rural households from sustainable development and management of agroforestry in future. The research entitled “Status and Contributions of Agroforestry Practices in the Mid-Hill of Nepal” was conducted in Panauti municipality to explore current status of agroforestry practices adopted by Community Forest User Group members in their private land, its contribution to economy of the households, to understand CFUG members’ perception towards agroforestry practices. Both primary and secondary data were collected using tools like key informant interview, household survey, direct observation and published reports, articles, etc. respectively. 20% from Bause CFUG members and 27% from Dharapani CFUG members were surveyed. Agrisilviculture, silvipasture, agrisilvipasture, agrihortisilviculture, home garden, apiculture, woodlots, hortisilviculture, were some major agroforestry practices seen in the study area. Total of 51 tree species were found in the agroforestry system of both CFUG members. 31.7% of total species were timber and fuel wood species, 21.56% fodder species and 47.05% fruit trees which implies the greater market for fruit. Practicing agroforestry helped to increase farm income in such a way that the average household economy of the respondents through practicing agroforestry in their farm since last four years is Rs. 96,752 of Bause CFUG members and Rs. 120,537 of Dharapani CFUG members annually. Some of the factors that caused hindrances in agroforestry practice were limitation of land holding and less awareness causing fear of shading effects on crops among respondents. The provision of trainings to improve skills and knowledge of farmers was seen to be carried out in the study area however the frequency still needs get a hike. Also, due to influence of increasing access to market and transport facilities, farmers’ preference was seen to proceed towards commercial agroforestry system for income generation in the recent years. Keywords: Agroforestry, Community Forest User Group, livelihood, household economy.

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24 Assessment of Growth Performance of Acacia catechu (A Study from Breeding Seed Orchard of Acacia catechu in Siraha District)

Researcher: Pankaj Jha Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Growth performance of any tree species is a major parameter to determine the felling rotation of that species. The growth depends upon the genotype and phenotype of the plant. In Nepal, the growth performance of the Acacia catechu has not been assessed so far. Thus, this study was objectively carried out to assess the mean and periodic growth of diameter and height; to evaluate and compare the average per stem volume, average basal area and carbon and show the status of soil nutrient content viz. Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Carbon (C) and pH in plantation. The Breeding Seed Orchard of Siraha district was selected for the study site. Both primary and secondary data were collected. The diameters and heights were measured using Diameter tape, Abney’s level and linear tape. Soil sample was collected from different layers (0- 10, 10-20 and 20-30cm) from each block of BSO. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, frequency distribution, table, graphics etc. whereas qualitative data were analyzed in descriptive manner. At the same time, lab work was done to find the P, K, C and pH value of the study site. The results shows that the mean annual Diameter increment(MADI) before thinning was found to be highest in Dhanusha (Dharapani) i.e. 1.73cm followed by Saptari (Mahuliya) with 1.37cm in 2016 and 2018 respectively. The periodic diameter growth was found to be highest in Dhading, Gajuri family (1.166 cm). The highest mean annual height increment of this spp before thinning was 1.05 m in Kanchanpur followed by 0.81m and Nawalparasi (Bardaghat) in 2016 and 2018 respectively. The periodic height growth was the highest (1.7972 m) in Dhading, Gajuri family. The mean annual volume increment (MAVI) was found to be highest (0.0018 m3) in Dhanusha (Dharapani) in 2016 and Saptari (Mahuliya) and Dhading (Benighat) i.e. 0.0032m3 in 2018. The periodic volume increment was found to be highest in Dhading, (Benighat) family with 0.0071m3. The mean annual basal area increment (MABaI) was found to be highest having 10.31cm2 in Dhanusha (Dharapani) in 2018. The periodic basal area growth was highest i.e.13.558cm2 in Dhading, (Benighat) family. The mean annual carbon increment (MACI) was highest around 0.77kg/tree in Dhanusha (Dharapani) in 2016. The periodic carbon growth was the highest 3.0349kg/tree in Dhading, (Benighat) family. The study will be useful to find the best family for species of Acacia catechu to improve tree seed. Key words: Breeding Seed Orchard, family, Mean Annual Increment, growth performance

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25 Status of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups (A Case Study from Two Community Forest User Groups of Bhaktapur District) Researcher: Poonam Joshi Supervisor: Mr. Murari Raj Joshi

A comparative study entitled “Status of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups (CFUG) was conducted in two CFUGs, Hariyali and Kakrabari, located in Suryabinayak Municipality of Bhaktapur district aiming to assess four pillars of good governance that were participation, accountability, transparency and predictability. Both primary and secondary information were gathered using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools such as questionnaire survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion and direct observation, and review of reports and articles. Collected data was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using MS-Excel and SPSS and assessed by grading, scoring and ranking methods using governance matrix table and ranking table. Bar diagrams, tables and spider web diagrams were prepared and incorporated in main text to reflect the governance system of the respective CFUGs. In total, 50 households in Hariyali CFUG and 25 households in Kakrabari CFUG were involved in the study. The result of the study revealed that the overall status of governance in Hariyali CFUG was good with 62 % of total score and in Kakrabari CFUG was moderate with 42% of total score. Comparing each element of both CFUGs, participation, accountability, transparency and predictability of Hariyali CFUG was found higher than that of Kakrabari CFUG. The level of all four elements of governance in Hariyali CFUG was ‘Good’ but only the level of accountability in Kakrabari CFUG was good with the remaining two elements Participation and transparency falling in the ‘moderate’ category and predictability in poor category. Finally, it is recommended that CFUG level good governance training and awareness programs should be organized to enhance the overall governance skill and knowledge of both user group members. There should be active participation of women and men, poor and rich in CF activities. Better transparency in fund management is must to build trust, and therefore, regular public auditing is a pre-requisite of transparency. Keywords: good governance, community forest

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26 An assessment of Income generation activities and their role in Community development- (A case Study of SatashiDhaam Community Forest, Ilam District, Nepal) Researcher: PradeepAryal Supervisor: Mr. Arun Sharma Poudel

The potential of income generation in community forestry is now widely recognized and accepted. Income generation activities (IGAs) are major priorities of many development projects to combat the poverty. IGAs not only help in the development of greenery but also help in rural community development. The research entitled “An assessment of Income Generation Activities and their Role in Community Development” conducted in the Satashi-Dham Community Forest User Group, Ilam District. This study aimed to assess the existing IGAs in the Community Forest and to identify forestry development activities done by the CFUGs before and after CF formation. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as household survey with open-ended questionnaires, interview with key informants, group discussion, and direct observation were used to collect primary data. Secondary data were gathered from concerned DFO reports, CFUG operational plan and constitution and CFUGs annual progress report and others related published and unpublished journals. The data were analyzed using computer software packages through MS Excel and Arc GIS 10.2.1. The result presented in the charts, figures, diagrams and tables and interoperated accordingly. The result showed that, Income generating activities and community development was being improved after the implementation of community forest programs. Increase in fodder and forage in community forests had helped for raising goats, cow and buffalo, from which CFUG members were generating income. Community forest user group had generated different CF activities, and the money was used in different types of community development activities such as construction of making drinking water, Constructing school’s toilet and road construction and CFUG funds also mobilized for implementation of income generation activities and to provide support to disable CFUG members. The findings of research will be helpful for both GOs and INGOs to launch IGAs package program. Keywords: income generation activities, community development

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27 Analyzing Forest Fire Trends and Risk Zone Mapping Using Geospatial Tools and Techniques(A Case Study from Surkhet District of Nepal) Researcher: PurnaThapa Supervisor: Mr. Krishna Bdr. Bhujel

Fire is chemical combination of fuel, heat and oxygen called fire triangle. Forest fire is emerging as burning issue from local to global. Forest fire is one of the major natural disasters that affect the biodiversity, damaging the forest ecosystem, wildlife habitat and shaping the history of vegetation. The study was carried out to high forest fire vulnerable district, however, there is still lacking the forest fire trends and fire risk zonation. Thus, this study objectively carried out to identify the forest fire trends and fire risk zonation in Surkhet district. The forest fire occurrence and burnt area related data were collected from MODIS active fire website and social data collected from social survey including field observation. The topographic and land cover (fuel) related data archived from International Center for Integrated Mountain Development and Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center from NASA official website. The layers of each variable were prepared and overlaid on it for finding the forest fire risk zone. Forest fire risk zones were specified by assigning subjective weights to the classes. The data were analyzed by using the ArcGIS and SPSS program. The result showed the average 91 fire occurrence and 12906.26 ha forest burnt each year. Highest number of forest fire incidents was observed in the April month covering 62% and it is followed by May. About 99.68% of fire counts in four months March, April, May and June. Annual forest fire occurred higher in 2003, 2008, 2012, 2014 and 2016 AD. Overall, the trends of forest fire incidence found to be increasing. Driving factors such as topography, anthropogenic factors and vegetation cover were used for this study. The risk zonation map showed that, the study area is under the high fire risk zonation. This finding will help the local forest fire managers, communities, policy makers and researchers. Keywords: Forest fire, risk zone mapping, GIS

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28 An Assessment of the Contribution of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of Forest User Group Members (Case study from Parroha CFUG and BolbamCFUG, Sainamaina Municipality,Rupandehi District.)

Researcher: PushpaDhakal Supervisor: MrArun Sharma Poudyal

The study on “Assessment of the Contribution of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of forest user’s group members” was carried out in Parroha and Bolbam CF of Sainamaina Municipality of Rupandehi district. The main objective was to find out the biophysical status of community forest and socio-economic status of its user group members, analyze the income and employment opportunities generated by community forest user group from sustainable forest management and investigate the fund mobilization process and its impacts on livelihood of CFUG members. Both primary and secondary data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools and techniques. Majority of population was from Brahmin, Chettri, Tharus, Dalits with about 40% representation of women in Bolbam CFUG and 36.46% in Parroha CFUG. Agriculture as the main occupation on both CFUG followed by business, services and labor.44.8% people have0.5 -1.5 ha land holdings. The average livestock per household was found 7.6 and 7.5 in Parroha and Bolbam CFUG with the household size 6.75 and 5.65 respectively. Both CF were sal dominant with the major species Shorearobusta, Terminalia alata, Aceciachatechu,Anogeissuslatifolia, Aldinacardifolia, Syzyziumcuminiand the main NTFPs were Thysanolaenalatifolia,Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthusemblica, Asparagus racemosus and Eulaliopsisbinata. Community forestry program has increased social cohesion among users. The funds generated through different sources are mobilized in improving five assets of livelihood. Parroha and Bolbam CF have the average annual income of Rs 67, 09,858.7 and Rs 37, 83,161.7 respectively. Parroha CF provides 2,980 MD job per year while Bolbam CF provides 7,350 MD job per year. But fund was not invested in IGAs and poverty reduction as per in the CF guidelines which is one of the hindrances in both CF. The main priority was given to forest protection and management in both CFUG. However some training was provided yearly by both CF. The forest product supply has increased in both CF. Community developments works were carried out effectively. More than 70% people were satisfied with the CFs management. Keywords: community forest, livelihood improvement, CFUG

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29 Impact of Ecotourism on wildlife Conservation and Local Livelihoods

Researcher: Rijan Sharma Supervisor:Dr.Ambika Prasad Gautam

The study entitled "Impact of Ecotourism on wildlife Conservation and Local Livelihoods" was focused to assess impact of Ecotourism for the wildlife conservation and to assess its impact on generating income of local people as alternative source. The case study was carried out in Dalla homestay,Shiv Community Forest Users Group in Madhuwan Municipality of Bardiya district. Questionnaire for the home stay operating household, member of homestay management committee and CFUG committee member was developed for the primary data collection. Additionally, key information was gained through Head of Khata range post, Chairperson of CFUG, World Wide Fund staffs, local club member and general member. Direct observation was made to find out the conservation work carried out by CFUG, accommodations and facilities provided in homestay. Problems and opportunities of Ecotourism in the study area was known through consultation with individual household and key informant and necessary measures were recommended for the further promotion of Ecotourism. Secondary data was collected from DFO, DDC, Publications, and Articles. Data was analyzed using MS-excel and SPSS. Home stay has favored total 16,703 visitors since its establishment. Total earnings from house hold since its establishment has reached up to Nrs.7, 330,860. 171 users have been trained so far in 9 events of different trainings since its establishment. 40 hectare of forest area has been improved as grassland, 7 artificial waterhole has been constructed, utilization restriction in 3 blocks out of 7. CF is spending more than 25% of its income in conservation and management of wild flora and fauna. Keywords: Ecotourism, wildlife conservation, local livelihood, homestay

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30 Status of good governance in communityforestry user groups- (A Case study fromJanjagaranand HardikeladiCFUGsofNawalparasi district)

Researcher:Sadan Rai Supervisor:MrArun Sharma Poudyal

A studyon“Status ofGoodGovernanceinCommunityForestryUserGroups” was conducted inJanjagaran CFUGandHardikeladi CFUG of Nawalparasidistrict.The mainobjective of this study wastoassessandcomparethedegreeofgovernanceinthe twoCFUGsaswellasto identify theissues,constraints,challengesandopportunitiesofpracticinggoodgovernance.Four elementsofgoodgovernancevizParticipation,Transparency,Accountability and Rule of Law,eachwithfourindicatorsweredefinedasameasureforthestudy.Primaryas wellassecondary datawerecollectedforthisresearch.Primarydatawascollectedusing questionnairesurvey,executivecommitteemeetings,focusgroupdiscussions,key informant survey and direct observation whereas operational plan and constitution of the respective CFUGs, minuteregisters, several published and unpublisheddocuments, scientificjournals, reports,articles,previousthesispapers andlecturenotesrelatedtocommunity forestry governance. The active involvement of users in different activities of the group, follow up the existing rule properly, efficient and effective distribution of the resources to the users, mutual co-operation between the group and executive committee and implementation of poor focused programs in the group are some positive indication of the good governance in the CFUG. However, the group has to increase the transparency of fund and participation of users in the discussion and decision making process. In addition, the group should launch direct benefited activities to the poor users. Some other recommendations have been suggested for the improvement of governance in the FUGs. The practices of good governance promote the ownership feeling of users toward the program. So, FUG has to pay more attention in improving the governance situation in the group through conducting the various activities in the group.Data wereanalyzedusing MS-Excel and SPSS.Bardiagrams,tablesandspiderweb diagramswerepreparedandincorporatedinmaintext toreflectthegovernancesystemofthe respectiveCFUGs.Intotal52householdsfromJanjagaran CFUG and38householdsfromHardikeladiCFUG were involvedinthestudy.Bothmenandwomenhaveparticipatedinthestudywithslightly higher participationofwomen(58%)comparedwithmen.Theresultsofthestudy revealedthatthe overallstatusofgovernance inJanjagaranCFUG was slightly "Good'' as compared toHardikeladiCFUG comparingeach elementofbothCFUGs, Participation, Transparency, Accountabilityand Rule of law. Key words: Governance, Community Forest User Groups, Participation, Transparency, Accountability, Rule of law.

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31 Assessing human wildife interaction in snow leopard critical habitat-(A case study from Thudam village of BhotkholaGaunpalika, Sankhuwasabha district, Arun north critical habitat, Nepal.) Researcher: Sandeep Joshi Supervisor: Mr.Shiva Shankar Neupane

Local perceptions towards wildlife, snow leopard(Unciauncia) especially were investigated by a census questionnaire survey of 12 households in snow leopard corridor in critical habitat as delineated by SLEMP in Sankhuwasabha, Arun North Critical Habitat, Nepal. There is no agriculture of any kind due to the rugged terrain and climatic conditions. Animal husbandry was the main source of livelihood. Majority of the people were involved in the trade of medicinal herbs. The community was fully dependent on natural resources for subsistence. Livestock depredation was the major problem faced by the community due to wildlife. Predation occurred more during winter season and at night time. Due to loss of livestock natives had a negative attitude towards wildlife and most of them were inclined to the removal of problem animals as the best solution to the depredation problem. All the cases of depredation were reported to have been done by snow leopard which is locally known as ‘Semu’. Chi-square test was used to test whether people’s perceptions towards solution of depredation as well as their reaction to wildlife causing damage were influenced by gender. Results showed no significant difference in perception gender-wise. People were not aware about vaccination of their livestock to resilience against diseases. Likewise, people were not aware about compensation they could receive for their livestock loss. Keywords: local perception, wildlife, snowleopard, critical habitat

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32 An Assessment of Habitat Use by Snow Leopard and Understanding Community Based Snow Leopard Conservation in Northern Arun East Critical Habitat and Thudam Corridor Researcher: Sandesh Lamichhane Supervisor: Dr. JhamakBdr. Karki

Snow leopard plays a vital role in maintaining the mountain ecosystem. They are found within and outside of protected areas of Nepal. For the conservation of this big cat in landscape level, the study of the habitat use needs to be done. In this study two covariates- prey and human disturbance have been considered. The sign surveys of snow leopard were conducted in northern Arun east critical habitat and Thudam corridor to estimate the habitat use and to examine relative influence of two covariates on the habitat use. The study area was laid in a grid of 4*4 sq. km with grids (n=12) were surveyed. Out of the 12 grids surveyed, a total of ten signs of snow leopard from five of the grids were recorded. The simple single season model using the MacKenzie model has been used to estimate the habitat use by snow leopard. The data were analyzed using the software PRESENCE 2.12.10. The model average estimate of probability of habitat use by snow leopard was calculated as 0.63 with its naïve estimate as 0.41. The prey factor had positive influence while the human disturbance had the negative influence on the habitat use by snow leopard, which shows that various covariates have their varying relationship with the habitat use. Therefore, it can be concluded that the conservation programs focusing prey species needs to be initiated to sustain the population of snow leopard. Likewise, the strategies to control human disturbances need to be adopted through various conservation educations. The Community-Based Snow Leopard Conservation Interventions can be observed in Topkegola village which includes activities like anti-poaching and patrolling. No any Community Based Snow Leopard Conservation Activities can be seen in Thudam. Thus, focusing to both the villages, especially Thudam, adequate awareness campaigns needs to be initiated to aware the local people about the benefits of conservation of snow leopards and its habitat in landscape level. Keywords: snow leopard, habitat use, community based conservation

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33 An Assessment of Land use Land cover Change in Chandragiri Municipality,

Researcher: Suraj Joshi Supervisor: Dr. Him Lal Shrestha

Natural processes and often complex socioeconomic processes such as migration, urbanization and other land use patterns contribute to LULC changes. Urbanization can be considered as the observable transformation of the spatial pattern of LULC, such as the transformation of agricultural land into built-up area or the gradual transformation of rural landscape into urban forms. The transformation of rural landscape to urban landscape has caused various impacts on ecosystem structure, function, and dynamics. Knowledge about LULC has become increasingly important since it the driver of local, regional and global environmental change. There is usually a lack of comprehensive data on LULC and even less on the rates and drivers of the change. Lack of local, regional, and national data of sufficient reliability and temporal and geographical detail frustrates attempts at multi-scale assessments of the implications of change. This study was carried out using remote sensing and GIS techniques and was aimed at detecting the spatio-temporal changes in LULC of the study area between 1996 and 2017 by classifying and analysing Landsat TM image of 1996 and Landsat OLI_TIRS image of 2017. Key informant interview, GPS, Google Earth, direct field observation and various literatures were used to collect spatial and socio-economic data. Supervised classification was performed using maximum likelihood classifier with the help of direct field observation, Google earth, topographic maps and NDVI. The study area was categorized into 5 LULC classes i.e. Forest, Shrubland, Agriculture, Built-up and bareland. The result shows that the forest area (major land cover) increased at the rate of 2.11 per year from 21.21% in 1996 to 32.84% in 2017 and built-up increased from 14.96% in 1996 at the rate of 1.06 % per year to 18.64% in 2017. Similarly, the agriculture (major land use) has decreased from 34.77% in 1996 to 23.51% in 2017. Also, shrub land and bareland has decreased by 0.15% and 3.91% respectively. The key drivers of forest cover change is the formation of community forests in the early 1990s and the decrease in agricultural land is due to its conversion into to built-up due to rapid urbanization and increasing population. The decrease in shrubland is due to its conversion into Forest by CFUGs and decrease in bareland mostly due to it being replaced by shrubs. Keywords: land use land cover change, Lansat, GIS, GPS

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34 Distribution, density and activity pattern of Leopard Cat (Prionailurusbengalensis) in Banke-Bardia complex, Nepal

Researcher: Sandhya Dhakal Supervisor: Babu Ram Lamichhane

The leopard cat (Prionailurusbengalensis) has the broadest geographic distribution among all small Asian cats. They are medium sized cat found in twenty one Asian countries from Russia to south Asia. The study was carried out in Banke-Bardia complex of western Terai. Photographs of leopard cat obtained during camera trap survey (2016-2017) to study tigers were used to assess status of Leopard cat. Camera traps were placed in 2km x 2km grids for 15 days. An effort of 12,116 trap nights resulted 245 photo-captures of leopard cat. Individuals were identified based on their body spot patterns. Bayesian Spatially Explicit Capture Recapture (SECR-B) approach was used in SPACECAP software package to estimate density and population of Leopard cat. Total of 37 leopard cat individuals were identified. Derived density estimates was 4.85±0.015 SE individuals per 100 km2 with population estimate of 72.11± 22.98 SE in Bardia and density estimates of 3.07±0.01 SE individuals per100 km2 with population estimate of 54.87±17.75 SE in Banke complex. Based on camera trapped data the leopard cat showed high crepuscular activity patterns. Highest number of trap occurred in mixed Sal forest in Bardia and Sal forest in Banke. Key informants interview was also carried out to understand the conservation status of the species. There were no specific programs focused to the species and there was a knowledge gap about the species. Further research and monitoring would help understand the ecology of the species and conservation planning. Keywords: distribution, activity, pattern, leopard cat, density, camera trap survey

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35 An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Livelihood and its Adaptation measures (A case study from Bhedabari Community Forest User Group, Gaidakot Municipality-11, Nawalparsi District, Nepal)

Researcher: SantiTamang Supervisor: Mr. Murari Raj Joshi

Climate change is regarded as one of the most fundamental threats to natural resources, people‟s livelihood and sustainable development. This research entitled “An assessment of climate change impacts on livelihood and its adaptation measures” was carried out in Bhedabari Community Forest Users Group of Gaidakot Municipality-11, Nawalparasi district of Nepal with the aim of assessing and documenting its impact on people’s livelihood and adaptation measures to climate change effects. Primary data were collected from household survey, interview with key informants, focus group discussion and direct observation and secondary information was collected from the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology and CFUG constitution, operational plan, and reports of line agencies and climate change related publications and information was analyzed using SPSS 20 and MS Excel 2010 and reported in the main text with table and figures etc. The average annual rainfall of study areas from 1987-2016 showed lowest rainfall in 1992 with 1525.3 mm and highest rainfall in 2013 with 3684 mm rainfall. In year 2016, total rainfall of study areas was 2520 mm, which was 1164 mm lower than year 2013. Mean annual maximum temperature of study areas was increasing at rate of 0.024°C per year whereas mean annual minimum temperature data from 1987-2016 also showed a general warming trend of 0.016°C per year. Although most of the respondents were unaware about the words “Climate Change” in study sites, they were quite familiar with the irregularities in rainfall pattern, increase in temperature and other weather extremities. The study areas was suffered from invasive species such as Phoenix acaulisand weeds in forest and community land due to which forage production reduced, irrigation scheme damaged and reduction of rice and maize production by nearly 20% due to climatic hazard called drought in crop growing season, low soil fertility, irrigation system damage, and outspread of insects and diseases. Nearly 30% of the total respondents have changed their cropping pattern, 25% CFUG members used more manure, fertilizers and pesticides, 25% people planted trees and grasses, 10% peoples used improved farming system by growing vegetables and another 10% people had improved irrigation systems to cope with climate change impacts on livelihoods. Finally, raising awareness and sharing information on climate change, its impacts and adaptation practices among CFUG members should be conducted to reduce the effects of climate change in study areas. Keywords: Climate Change, Community Forest User Group, Impact, Adaptation

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36 Economic Loss of Timber Caused by High Stumps and Defects- (A Study from Community Forests in Kailali, Banke and Bardiya Districts) Researcher: ShailajaAwasthi Advisor: Dr .Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The economic loss of timber caused by high stumps and defects is an essential part of study in forest science. Therefore, this study was objectively carried out to assess the volume of timber lost and associated monetary loss caused by high stumps by the use of different felling methods, estimate the economic loss due to defects in logs (decay/ rot) and find the causes of high stumps and defects (decay/ rot). Thus, DeuraniFulbari (DFCF), Jay DurgaVawani (JDVCF) and Raniphanta (RPCF) community forests of Bardiya, Banke and Kailali districts respectively were selected for the study. The harvesting was done using axe and hand saw in DFCF and RPCF whereas power chain saw in JDVCF. Total enumeration was done to measure the stump height, stump diameter and the species were noted. Likewise, secondary data were collected to find the defected volume. The quantity of timber loss was calculated using the volume equation and the monetary value was estimated using the price fixed by the institutions. The volume loss per hector due to high stump was found to be 6.13m3, 4.39m3 and 0.44m3 in RPCF, DFCF and JDVCF respectively. Monetary loss per ha due to high stump was found to be US$ 628.62 if consumed within community, US$1168.99 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 1622.76 if sold outside the community through tender in DFCF and US$ 745.45 if sold within CF, US$ 1240.44 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 1706.71 if sold outside CF through tender in RPCF where harvesting was done with hand saw and axe.. Likewise, monetary loss per ha in JDVCF was found to be US$ 11.03 if sold within community, US$ 73.30 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 115.77 if sold outside CF through tender. Volume loss per ha due to defects (decay/rot) was found to be 13.68m3,7.01m3 and 6.85m3 in JDVCF, DFCF and RPCF respectively. Monetary loss per ha due to defects was found to be US$ 509.22 if consumed within community, US$ 2206.84 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 3649.72 if sold outside the community through tender in JDVCF. Similarly, monetary loss per ha in RPCF was found to be US$ 728.42 if sold within community, US$1059.78 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 1894.94 if sold outside CF through tender. . Likewise the monetary loss per ha due to defects was found to be US$ 557.66 if sold within CF, US$ 1096.71 if sold to DFPSC and US$ 1878.99 if sold outside CF through tender in RPCF. The result of several regression analysis indicated that stump diameter has significant and positive relation with stump height which was further supported by ANOVA and t-test (p<0.05). The major causes of high stumps were found to be bulky tree, carelessness of labour, harvesting tool used, season of harvest, buttress and leaning tree. The major causes of defects were found to be old trees, diseases, injured branches from where water enters, water logging and insect/fungal attack.Therefore, the study is useful for the policy making and forest management science. Key words: Stump height, Defects, Decay

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37 Distribution, Cultivation Practices and Marketing of Ziziphusbudhensis(A Case Study from Temal Rural Municipality, Kavrepalanchok District)

Researcher: SnehaPuri Supervisor: Mr. Arun Sharma Poudel

This study on “Distribution, Cultivation Practices and Marketing of Ziziphusbudhensis:A Case Study From Temal Rural Municipality” was carried out in ward number 4 and 5 ofTemal RM. Ziziphusbudhensis, locally known as “Bodhichitta” or “ Buddhachitta” , is endemic to Temal region of Kavrepalanchok district. Ziziphusbuddhensisis a sacred tree thathas significance in Buddhist traditions. The tree and seed both are commonly known asbodhichitta or buddhachitta mala. The seeds, used by Buddhists in the form of garlands forworship, are highly valued and a major source of income for inhabitants of Temal RM.The study was carried out with the collection of both primary and secondary data. Direct observation method was carried out to analyze the distribution of Bodhichitta. Questionnaire survey and group discussions were carried out to understand and document the cultivation practices and trade of Bodhichitta. Value chain and product flow were analyzed to know about market of Bodhichitta.Distribution of Bodhichitta was seen throughout every household of Temal RM. The averagenumber of fruiting tree per household was 9.07and not yet fruited tree was 37.18. Fruitingtrees were of age 3 years old and above and not yet fruited tree were of below 3 years. No anytree of Bodhichitta was seen in wild. They were concentrated on farmlands in association withthe crops such as Maize, Soyabeans, Peas, Chilly, Spinash, cereals, onion. No any other treeswere found in association with this tree. This deciduous tree is found growing in subtropicalregion, is cultivatable, spiny, averaging 30-32 feet in height, flowering from March-April,fruiting from May-July, and maturing in August.No natural regeneration of Bodhichitta occurs so farmers are planting Bodhichitta’s seedlingraised in their nurseries through seed propagation method. One year old seedling is planted inrainy season which starts fruiting at the age of three. Farmers are practicing regular weeding, cleaning, manuring and cultivation of associate crops for its better production.Officially the legal trade of Bodhichitta was started in Kavrepalanchok district from 2068 B.S.Total Bodhichitta which is officially traded from Kavrepalanchok from fiscal year 2070/2071to 2074/2075 is 99,891 kg. With the increment in supply amount the price is decreasing. Theaverage annual income per household from the sale of Bodhichitta is about four lakhs fiftythreethousand and five hundred. Presently, Bodhichitta value chain has been dominated by intermediaries who have madefarmers to remain in their clutches. Farmers are not getting their actual profit sharing. Boththe farmers and traders face problems throughout the production and marketing process. Keywords:Bodhichitta, value chain

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38 Livelihood, Conflict and Conservation: Local Perceptions towards Snow Leopard in Arun East, Taplejung

Researcher: Sujata Shrestha Supervisor: Mr.Shiva Shankar Neupane

People's perceptions towards snow leopard and general wildlife were investigated by a questionnaire survey of 11 households in snow leopard critical conservation site as delineated by SLEMP in Taplejung, Nepal. Almost all the inhabitants practiced both agriculture and animal husbandry. Majority of the people were involved in cardamom business. People were highly dependent on natural resources for sustaining their daily life. People suffered major damages due to wildlife like crop raiding and livestock depredation. The average loss due to crop damages in 2017 was NRs 11553. Predation occurred more during summer season and during night time. Due to the damages locals held negative attitudes towards wildlife and believed that removal of problematic animals was the best solution to the predation problem. People were not extremely negative about snow leopard. Chi-square test was used to test whether snow leopard conservation was influenced by gender and education. Results showed that snow leopard conservation was influenced by education and not by gender. Compensation scheme had not been launched in that area, however people were hopeful for its implementation by Government of Nepal (GoN) or any legal institution. Key words: perceptions, snow leopard, damages, compensation

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39 Human-Elephant (Elephus maximus) Conflict in the Buffer Zone of

KoshiTappuWildlife Reserve, Nepal Researcher: SujitaKumariRaut Supervisor: Dr. JhamakBdr. Karki

The existence of human casualties, livestock depredation, crop damage and human harassment by wild animals results in the unhealthy relationship between the wildlife particularly the predators and the local people. The research entitledHuman-Elephant Conflict in Buffer zone, area of KoshiTappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. The study assessed the human-elephant conflict by finding out the major causes of conflict, evaluating the crop damage and livestock depredation, human casualty and people’s attitude towards elephant conservation and the adaptation measures applied on the local area so as to recommend appropriate mitigation measures.Primary data was collected by household survey through questionnaire schedule, focus group discussions, key informant survey and direct field observations. Secondary data was collected by different published or unpublished documents, journals, articles, reports and websites of different organizations. Collected data was analyzed with the help of MS Excel. The findings were presented on percentage, pie-charts, histograms, and tables interpreted accordingly. Local people are suffering from both direct and indirect problems due to wild elephant. Direct problems include damaging of physical properties and crop land. In addition, elephants help other wild animals to enter in the crop land by destroying the fences of crop land. So, that the crop damage is a vital problem in the case of Human-Elephant Conflict. Despite the problems of wild elephant, local people still perceive that elephant conservation is a good thing mainly for promotion of tourism and recreation. Installation of electric fence and change in crops pattern is only the adaptation measure applied in the area. Key words: Conflict, Crop Damage, Adaption measures, perception

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40 Prospects of Urban Forestry in Butwal Sub-metropolitan City

Researcher: Surya Devkota Supervisor: Dr.AmbikaPrasad Gautam

Urban Forestry has been gaining increasing importance across the world, but its potential for cities and towns in developing countries is unrealized. This research discusses the prospects of urban forestry in Butwal Sub-metropolitan City. This report presents a conceptual overview of urban forestry, overall description of the present status of green resources in and around Butwal city as well as current efforts for greening were the background to propose the ways to transforming the mega city Butwal into a greener tropical municipal in the long run. The research used Google Earth satellite image analysis as the main source of information to assess the condition of green space. Field observations, key informant interviews, and questionnaire were the main source of primary data. Publication of forest offices and the respective urban parks and other published and unpublished documents were used as the secondary source of data and information. The green resources in Butwal are overwhelmed by a number of limitation inherent to the exceptional mode of urban development, rapid increase of urban population, transformation of green and other open spaces into other types of land use, lack of proper planning and implementation and management restrictions as well. Nevertheless, this research reveals that there are ample opportunities yet remain to promote urban forestry in and around Butwal. The possible opportunities are to the protection of existing green areas such as parks, garden, play grounds etc., increase roadside avenue plantation and rooftop gardening, introduce afforestation and nursery activities in newly developing areas in between built up and periurban, promote homestead gardening and social or community forestry in peri-urban areas. Majority of the area (85%) within municipal area is open and remains vegetated almost all around the area. The enormous open area is composed of Forest and Cultivated land. The study recommends that government should take immediate steps to establish the institutional setup to facilitate the urban forestry programs. Moreover, coordination amongst concerned ministries and governmental departments, patronization of private-sector, NGOs participation and contribution, enhancement of green awareness of citizen and ensuring their active participation and collaboration with donor agencies can accelerate the greening process through the UF conceptual framework in Butwal as well as other cities of Nepal. Keywords: urban forestry

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41 Role of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of Forest User Group Members (A case study from Pragati and Buddhanagar CFUGs of Rupandehi district) Researcher: Shreya Lamsal Superviosr: Mr. Murari Raj Joshi

A study on ''Role of Community Forest on Livelihood Improvement of Forest User Group Members'' was conducted in Buddhanagar and Pragati CFUGs of Rupandehi district. The main objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic status of the user groups, analyze the income and employment opportunities generated within CFUGs through community forest and to analyze the overall changes brought by community forestry on five assets of livelihood. Both primary and secondary data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools such as well-being ranking, household survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, and field observation and secondary data were gathered from CFUG and DFO records, and community forestry related published and unpublished reports and publications and data were analyzed using MS excel and SPSS and interpreted through table, figure and the main text. In total, 65 households from Pragati CF and 38 households from Buddhanagar CF were surveyed. Both CFUGs had diverse ethnicity with Brahmin/Chhetri, Janjatis and Dalits communities. Agriculture followed by business, services, labor were the main occupation. Only 13% from Pragati CFUG and 11% from Buddhanagar CFUG were producing food sufficient throughout the year. Households suffering from food deficient problem managed to purchase their foods from their alternate source of income such as animal sale, business and wage labors etc. Community forestry has increased social cohesion among users and increased their participation in CFUG decision making process and practices. Both CFUGs has conducted trainings and workshops in order to develop the skill of the users mobilizing the CFUG funds. Both CFUG has spent their fund in improvement of livelihood assets such as training, community forest management, community development and income generating activities. Forest fire and illegal felling has been reduced and forest product availability has been increased gradually. Both CFUGs has provided long term and seasonal employment to 20 persons. 40 and 60 households from Pragati CFUG and Buddhanagar CFUG respectively received money at low interest rate for construction of cattle shed, pig rearing, shop keeping, organic vegetable farming etc. Keywords: community forest, livelihood improvement, CFUG

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42 Land use land cover dynamics around Phewa lake watershed area using remotelysensed multi-temporal Landsat images, Kaski District, Nepal Researcher: SrijanaPoudel Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

Thesis title Entitled“Land use land cover dynamics around Phewa lake watershed area using remotely sensed multi-temporal Landsat images, Kaski District, Nepal”.The Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) have been playing a significant role in monitoring and detecting the land use land cover change. The study on land use land cover change of Phewa lake watershed is very limited. Thus, this research was objectively carried out to assess the land use and land cover dynamics, explore the causes of land use land cover change and management options and find the potential change regarding land use and land cover dynamics of Phewa lake watershed. The satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of 2005 and 2018 respectively were downloaded from United States Geological Survey (USGS). The atmospheric and radiometric correction was done to remove noises. The image was processed and different band ratios including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Building Index (NDBI) were calculated using ENVI 5.3. The supervised classification was done to classify the image into agriculture land, build up area, degraded land, forest and water body using the support vector machine classification algorithm. The time series change analysis was done from the classified map of 2005 and 2018. Total 100 sample points were generated randomly for the ground truthing and were validated either in the field or by using secondary data including Google Earth. The error of omission and commission, Overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient were calculated to evaluate the thematic map. Total fifteen respondents were interviewed to find the causes and management options of land use land cover change. One focus group discussion was carried out to find the potential changes around Phewalake. The result revealed that 7273.71, 6978.51, 1396.35, 407.43 and 349.29 ha areas were under forest, agriculture land, built up area, water body and degraded land respectively in 2005. The overall accuracy for 2005 was 90.12% with kappa coefficient 0.86. Similarly, theclassification of Landsat Image 2018, showed that 8693.01, 4569.39, 2691.27, 401.94 and 49.68 ha were under forest cover, agriculture land, built up area, water body and degraded land respectively with over all accuracy 85% and Kappa coefficient 0.75. The change detection indicated that the highest land cover change was noticed from agriculture land to forest land (4.67%) and from agriculture to build up area (3.56%). All of the people in the interview said that there was a decrease in agriculture land and increase in buildup land. Hence, for the proper land use practice, the potential management options like enforcement of rules and regulations and promotion of conservation practices will be effective. The barren area (33.79 ha) near Phewa lake has higher potentiality of encroachment and more than 40 hectares of the agriculture land might be converted to build up area. The research findings of land-use land-cover dynamics will not only be useful for formulating effective management policies but also to aware scientific communities and stakeholders. Key Words: Land use land cover dynamics, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, ENVI

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43 Status of good governance in community forest user groups (A Case Study from two Community Forest User Groups of Gulmi district) Researcher: Dipendra Bikram Thapa


A study on “Status of Good Governance in Community Forest User Groups” was conducted in Baurey and Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUGs Gulmi district aiming to assess two main pillars of good governance which were participation and transparency. Both primary and secondary information were gathered through questionnaire survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion and direct observation, and review of reports and articles. Information was analyzed using MS-Excel and assessed by grading, scoring and ranking methods using governance matrix and ranking table. Analyzed information was incorporated in main text with table and figure. Both women and men were involved in the study with more women (53%) in Baurey CFUG and men (55%) in Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUG. The CFUG executive committee of both CFUGs was well structured with high representation of female (54%) in key positions as well. Majority of women, poor and Dalits raise their voices in group meetings, which were heard most of the time. Baurey CFUG had regular general assembly, public audits and monthly meetings whereas Shree MaryangaJhakribhir lack regular meeting and public audits. Funds utilization for forest protection, community development, income generation and institutional development was high in Baurey CFUGs than in Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUG. The decision regarding pricing and distribution of forest products was made only by the CFUG executive committee in Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUG whereas the general members were also included in Baurey CFUG. Finally, results of the study show that the overall status of governance in Baurey CFUG was ‘Good’ with 72% of the total score, whereas that of Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUG was ‘Medium’ with only 59% of the total score. Level of participation and transparency was higher in Baurey CFUG with ‘Good’ category while degree of the participation was ‘Good’ in Shree MaryangaJhakribhir CFUG and transparency was only ‘Medium’. It is recommended that decision on pricing, distribution of forest products, planning field activities and their implementation must be made by consensus in accordance with community forest operational plan and constitution and not by the CFUG executive committee alone. Keywords: good governance, community forest user group

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44 Status and distribution of non-timber forest products and its contribution to rural economy (A case study from three Community Forests of Surkhet, Nepal)

Researcher: SrijanaPaudel Supervisor: Dr. Ram Asheshwor Mandal

The Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has been playing a vital role in western part of Nepal. In this context, the status of NTFPS, trade and contribution and income of local people are significant research issue. Thus, this research was objectively carried out to determine the status and distribution of preferred NTFPs in community forests and private lands, assess the effects of NTFPs on local people’s income and evaluate the economic analysis of NTFPs in community forests and private lands. . The map of the study area was prepared and these were stratified. Total 108 nested samples having 10mᵒ10m, 5mᵒ5m, 1mᵒ1m were established to collect the data. In addition, 18 soil samples were collected from three depths 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. In addition 30 house hold survey was conducted. Availability, stock, mean annual increment, relative density, annual allowable harvest were calculated. Trend of income and expenditure were estimated. Benefit cost ratio and Net Present value were estimated. The result showed that there were 35 NTFP species found in community forests. Out of this, 6 species were highly tradable specifically Zanthoxylumarmatum, Perseaodoratissima, Berberisaristata, Valerian offincalis, SwertiachirayitaandBergeniaciliata. Theresult showed that the stock of Bergeniaciliata was the highest 18333 per ha and Perseaodoratissima was lowest 33 in Laligurans community forest. The harvestable quantity of Zanthoxylumarmatum was decreasing from year 2013 to 2017 the highest quantity was 305kg in 2013 and lowest was 148 kg in 2017. It was found 616.4 kg/ha K2O5 in Nalkhola this was the least 134.0 kg/ha inLaligurans CF similarly the N% value was found high 0.28% in Kalika CF. Mann-Whitney U-Test (Non-parametric test) showed that there was not significant different between local prices and middle man price of different species. About 80% of total households were trading NTFPs in Laligurans community forest. The income from sale of Zanthoxylumarmatum was increasing from US$ 4000 to US$ 12500 from 2013 to 2017 in Laligurans CF land and in same period this income was US$ 341 to US$ 2100 at same period. The highest average B/C ratio was 11.268 and NPV was 4885.841from private land. This research will be useful for scientific community and policy maker to know about NTFPs in western Nepal. Keywords: Non-Timber Forest Products, Community Forest,K2O5, N%, Trade, Income, Inventory, contribution.

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45 Study on Existing Condition of Sal (Shorearobusta) Forest and its management in Community Forest(A case Study from Nabadurga CF Dang, Nepal)

Researcher: SauravLamichhane Supervisor: Mr.Arun Sharma Poudel

Sal Forest Management is a highly challenging issue in Terai and inner Terairegion of Nepal. There are very few studies related to Sal forest management. Thus this research was objectively carried out in order to analyze the existing condition of forest and its management in community forest. Furthermore, the research tends to offer suggestions for managing Sal forest in productive manner. This research was carried out in Nabadurga community forest (CF) of Dang district. Random sampling was applied to collect required data. Information necessary for the ecological data were collected through forest resource inventory. Altogether 49 sample plots with a nested design; 20m*25m for tree, 10*10m for pole, 5*5m for sapling and 5*2m for seedling were allocated. The diameter and height were measured and regeneration was counted in each sample plot. Growing stock (volume), basal area per ha, regeneration per ha were calculated. PRA tools such as household survey, focus group discussion and key informants survey were carried out to collect social data. Likert scale method was used for analyzing perception data. MS Excel was used for data analysis. The results showed that there is a need of improvement in the existing forest management system. The overall perception of respondents regarding existing forest management system was 55% which indicated that the existing forest management in Nabadurga was somehow satisfactory in terms of conservation of the forest which is fine but on the other hand users are in need of productive forest rather than protective. The benefit cost ratio in past two years was found to be 0.189 and net present value was found to be 21774.68 US$. Moreover, existing forest management system was not enough to fulfill the demand of user adequately along with not being very profitable economically. Nabadurga CF is pure Sal (Shorearobusta) forest compromising 94% of total species in all classes (seedling, sapling, poles and trees). The average number of seedling per ha was 8701 and sapling was 1950. The average basal area per hectare was 28.32m2/ha; the average tree and pole stand per hectare were 38 and 1033 respectively. The average growing stock per hectare was 225.6m3/ha. It shows that regeneration status and growing stock of the forest is good which signifies that the condition of forest is also good. However, for the fulfillment user’s demand, social satisfaction and economic viability, the forest management system can be directed towards scientific forest management.

Key words: Community forest, regeneration, growing stock, basal area, scientific forest management

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46 Status of good governance in community forest user groups (A comparison case study between a male headed and a female headed CFUGs of Kailali District) Researcher: Tanka Rawal Supervisor: Mr. Murari Raj Joshi

A research entitled '' STATUS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE IN COMMUNITY FOREST USER GROUPS was conducted in a female headed and a male headed CFUG of Kailali district of Nepal aiming to assess the current governance status of four pillars of good governance namely Participation, Accountability, predictability and transparency each with four indicators and which are defined as a measure for the study as well as to identify the issues, constraints, challenges and opportunities for practicing good governance in study CFUGs. The field study was carried out collecting both primary as well as secondary data by using PRA tools and techniques such as questionnaire survey, key informant interview, focus group discussion, direct observation, review of reports and publications. The data gathered were analyzed using MS excel 2010 and represented by bar diagrams, tables and spider web diagram for the clear perception of the situation of good governance in respective CFUGs with main text. In the study, 10% of the total households were taken as samples. Both men and women had participated in the study. The result of the study revealed that the overall status of governance in MahilaJagaran CFUG headed by woman found to be a little bit better than Matribhum CFUG chaired by man. The total score obtained in four pillars of good governance by MahilaJagaran CFUG was 46 score out of 64 total score where as it was 44 score in Matribhumi CFUG. While comparing each of the four pillars of good governance, participation, transparency and predictability of MahilaJagaran CFUG was found higher than that of Matribhumi CFUG. Matribhumi CFUG was found good only in accountability compared with MahilaJagaran CFUG. Women managed group was more transparent with high degree of participation and quick decision making process. Finally, women were not only wise decision makers but also effective resource managers if they were given the opportunity. It is recommended that educating CFUG members through trainings, seminars and awareness programs can be a good way to enhance their knowledge and skills on governance and decentralization of power to women can also be helpful in creating good governing situation in CFUGs. Keywords: Accountability, Community Forest User Group, Governance, Participation, Transparency, predictability

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