kavita singh presentation pp-biopolymer

8/2/2019 Kavita Singh Presentation Pp-Biopolymer

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BY:Kavita Singh

0817

2nd sem24th batch, IIP

Library Reference

Biopolymers in Packaging


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Biopolymer

Biopolymers are polymers that are generated from renewable natural

sources and biodegradable


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Need Of Biopolymer

Conventional resources are exhausting

Biopolymers are abundantly available

Renewable polymers,

Biodegradable and Compostable

Biopolymers are sustainable, and

Carbon neutral

Biopolymers have unique functionality

Can contribute to healthier rural economies


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Applications


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Biopolymer Types

Biopolymers are categorized on the following basis:

Category 1: Polymers directly extracted/removed from biomass. Examples are:1) starch

2) cellulose

3) proteins like casein and gluten etc

4) chitin/Chitosan

5) lignin

Category 2: Polymers produced by classical chemical synthesis usingrenewable biobased monomers. Examples are:

1) poly lactic acid, a biopolyester polymerized from lactic acidmonomers.

2) biobased monomers

Category 3: Polymers produced by microorganisms or genetically modifiedbacteria: 1) poly hydroxy alkanoates

2) poly hydroxybutyrate

3) bacterial celluloses


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Manufacturing of packaging material from

biopolymer

Biopolymers

Modifications

Thermoplastic

Product properties

Product

Modification (physical/chemical)

1) Two main strategies may be followed in synthesizing a polymer.

One is to build up the polymer structure from a monomer by a process of

chemical polymerization.

The alternative is to take a naturally occurring polymer and chemically modify

it to give it the desired properties

2)


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The major processing routes to potential

biopolymer based products

Processing route Product examples

(Co-) Extruded film Packaging film

Cast film Packaging film

Thermoformed sheets Trays, cups

Blown films Packaging film

Injection (blow-) molding Salad pots, cutlery, drinking

Fibers and non-woven Agricultural products, diapers

Extrusion coating Laminated paper or films


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Market

Biopolymer - an environmentally friendly and harmless polymeric material

continues to show good growth potential.

A recent survey conducted shows that global demand would grow from 180million tons to 258 million tons by 2010 - definitely growing faster than thecommonly used plastics such as polyolefin.

Several factors such as soaring oil prices, worldwide interest in renewableresources, growing concern regarding greenhouse gas emissions and a newemphasis on waste management have created renewed interest in biopolymersand the efficiency with which they can be produced.

New technologies in plant breeding and processing are narrowing thebiopolymers-synthetic plastics cost differential, as well as improving materialproperties.

Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol will also bring into sharper focus therelative performance of biopolymers and synthetics in terms of their respectiveenergy use and CO 2 emissions


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Current stage of development (2007) of

thermoplastic biopolymers


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Production Data


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There are four major biopolymer groups in the market :

PHA or PHB

Polylactic acid (PLA)

Starch-based polymers

Cellulose


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PHAs

Poly hydroxy alkanoates

PHAs are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterialfermentation of sugar or lipids.

More than 100 different monomers can be combined within this familyto give materials with extremely different properties.

They can be either thermoplastic or elastomeric materials, with

melting-points ranging from 40 to 180C. The most common type of PHAs is PHB (poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate).

PHB has properties similar to those of PP, however it is stiffer andmore brittle.

A PHB copolymer called PHBV (polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate) is lessstiff and tougher, and it is used as packaging material.


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Contd

Products: Coating of paper and foils, Household goods, Bone plate,Razor, biodegradable (PHA) Shampoo bottle, biodegradable (PHBV)Surgical sutures

References: NODAX, BIOPOL, BIOMER

Processes: Blow moulding, Injection moulding, Extrusion

Creation:Made from renewable natural sources like sugar..

Disposal: It biodegrades in microbially active environments in 5-6weeks. The action of some enzymes produced by microbes solubilisesPHB which is then absorbed through the cell wall and metabolized.

PHB is normally broken down to carbon dioxide and water whendegraded in aerobic conditions. In absence of oxygen the degradationis faster, and methane is also produced. PHB is not degraded inbiologically inactive systems such as sanitary landfills


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PLAPolylactic acid PLA is a biodegradable thermoplastic derived from lactic acid.

It resembles clear polystyrene, provides good aesthetics (gloss and

clarity),

but it is stiff and brittle and needs modifications for most practical

applications (i.e. plasticizers increase its flexibility).

It can be processed like most thermoplastics into fibers, films,

thermoformed or injection moulded.

Used for: compost bags, plant pots, diapers, loose fill packaging, table

ware, bottles, medically used products etc


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Cont

Most conventional plastic processes like:

Blow moulding, Injection moulding, Extrusion, Vacuumforming, Fiber spinning

References : Cargill Dow Polymers LLC-Natures Way

PURAC

Creation: Lactic acid can be obtained on the basis of renewable starchcontaining resources (e.g. corn, wheat or sugar beat) by fermentation,or by chemical synthesis of non-renewable resources

Disposal: If composted properly it takes 3-4 weeks for completedegradation. The first stage of degradation (two weeks) is a hydrolysisto water soluble oligomers and lactic acid. The latter, as a naturallyoccurring substance, is a rapid metabolisation into CO2, water andbiomass by a variety of micro-organisms.


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Starch-based polymers

Usually referred to as thermoplastic starch. They are stable in oils and fats, however, depending on the type, they

can vary from stable to unstable in hot/cold water.

They can be processed by traditional techniques for plastics.

These materials consist mainly (>90%) of starch obtained from

renewable natural sources. Coloring and flame retardant additives are possible.


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Products : Starch-based tube

Degradable compost bags

Agricultural mulch filmThermoformed trays

Most conventional plastic processes like:

Blow moulding, Injection moulding, Extrusion,

Thermoforming

References: Biotec GmbH (Bioplast)

NOVON International (NOVON)

Disposal: Depending on the grade, thermoplastic starch candegrade completely within five days in aqueous aerobic testing andin 45 days in a controlled compost, or can even decompose in water
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.packagingmag.com.au/Uploads/PressReleases/pack/Images-20081119/BioPak.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.packagingmag.com.au/Article/Biopak-compostable-net-tubing-arrives/431453.aspx&usg=__EZh5qndIGtYP26964SRKBAAgehw=&h=670&w=716&sz=46&hl=en&start=58&um=1&tbnid=wFrK_jt7woTyWM:&tbnh=131&tbnw=140&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstarch%2Bbased%2Bpackaging%2Bproducts%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D40%26um%3D1http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.space-pak.com/Portals/0/biofill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.space-pak.com/OurProducts/tabid/55/Default.aspx&usg=__oeViPig79UpXlx0nQSDnIbKH3to=&h=300&w=400&sz=122&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=v5ggxkjfFXbD9M:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstarch%2Bbased%2Bpackaging%2Bproducts%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1


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Cellulose

Cellulose is a cheap raw material, but difficult to use because of its

hydrophilic nature, insolubility and crystalline structure.

Because of its regular structure and array of hydroxyl groups, it tends

to form strongly hydrogen bonded crystalline micro fibrils fibers and

is most familiar in the form of paper or cardboard in the packagingcontext.

Derivatives: Carboxy methyl cellulose, Carboxy ethyl cellulose,

cellulose acetate, cellophane

Products: Toys packaging, Tapes, Food packaging, Paper, Membrane
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.packagingdigest.com/content/images/pdx0708bioplastics3_34.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.packagingdigest.com/article/CA6490214.html&usg=__Cd8uxSlwEsBM8vUKV6uwPuhA38s=&h=205&w=205&sz=96&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=y7g58EmllqQsSM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcellulose%2Bbased%2Bpackaging%2Bproducts%26hl%3Den%26um%3D1


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Most conventional processes like Injection moulding, Blow moulding

References: Bioceta, Nature flex, Cellophane


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Cellulose Acetate

Cellulose acetate (CA) is used for transparent, translucent and opaqueobjects

Furthermore, it is especially suitable for coatingsapplications requiring high melting-point, toughness, clarity,and good resistance to ultraviolet light, chemicals, oils, andgreases.

Cellulose acetate is an amorphous thermoplastic materialbelonging to the cellulosic resin family

t is obtained by introducing the acetyl radical of acetic acidinto cellulose (as cotton or wood fibers) to produce a toughplastic material


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Creation: Made from chemical modification of cellulose, which is one

of the most diffuse organic substances in nature.

Use: Cellulose acetate is inflammable and burns with a yellowish flame

producing a smelling smoke. Additive are often used to decrease itsinflammability and to give the material self-extinguishing properties


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Material Suppliers Trade Name Polymer

PHB/PHV (Poly hydroxy

alkanoates)

WasMonsanto

Biomer

Biopol

Biomer

Ester

Ester

Cellulose acetate Courtaulds

Mazucheli Bioceta

Acetal

Acetal/Es

ter

Polylactic acid/PLA Cargill Dow Polymers Nature Works

PLA

Mitsui

Hycail

Galactic

LACEA

Galactic

Ester

Ester

Ester

Ester

Starch National Starch

Avebe

Eco-FOAM

Paragon

Ester

Ester

Biopolymer packaging materials currently

available in the market.


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Issues Associated with Biopolymer use

i. Cost

ii. Energy

iii. Renewable

iv. Natural Resources

v. GM crops

vi. Labeling

vii. Compost disposal

viii. Communication

ix. Plastic recyclingx. Shelf life and transportation


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End-of-life waste management modeling

Several different waste management treatment technologies weremodeled to understand how biopolymer degrade in aerobic and anaerobic

environments.

Comparative Study-Heres how long it takes for some commonly used products tobiodegrade, when they are scattered about as litter:

Cotton rags : 1-5 months Paper : 5-24 months

Rope : 3-14 months

Orange peels : 6 months

Wool socks : 1-5 years

Plastic coated paper 5 years Nylon fabric : 30 years

Plastic bags : 450 to 5000 years

Glass Bottles : 1 million years


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Life Cycle of a Biopolymer


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Biodegradation of Biopolymer


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Treatment technologies

Landfill (anaerobic environment);

Source separated green and food composting;

Municipal solid waste composting; andMunicipal solid waste anaerobic digestion.


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Challenges ahead

Acceptance of biodegradable polymers is likely to depend on fiveunknowns:

Customer response to costs that today is generally 2 to 4 times higher

than for conventional polymers;

Possible legislation;

The achievement of total biodegradability; and

The development of an infrastructure to collect, accepts, and process

biodegradable polymers as a generally available option for waste

disposal.

The belief that the components of biopolymer need to be used forfeeding people, by both direct consumption and to aide in growing

plants as compost.


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Thank You!

Questions?

kavita singh presentation pp-biopolymer

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