kerangka hukum penanganan illegal fishing
TRANSCRIPT
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Kerangka Hukum Illegal Fishing di Indonesia
Wahyu Yun SantosoHp. 0815 7865 7800
Email: [email protected]
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Permasalahan Lingkungan
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PENGARUH KONSEP LINGKUNGANPADA HUKUM
(Lynton K. Caldwell, IUCN)
“Prinsip hukum setelah tahun 1960-an lebih banyak dipengaruhi konsep lingkungan hidup/ekologi daripada konsep hukum”
legal concept
environmental concept
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KONSEP DASARLINGKUNGAN HIDUP
1. Memahami LH Secara HOLISTIK
Pentingnya mencermati integrasi antar ketiganya
2. Dinamika Lingkungan: Perubahan, Kompleksitas, dan Ketidakpastian
ABIOTIC
BIOTIC
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MAN IN NATURE
MAN, NATURE, AND CULTURE
DETERMINISMENature - made man
MAN AND NATURE
POSIBILISMEMan - made nature
L M M L
Manusia Lingkungan
PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN BERWAWASAN LH(ECO - SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)
PROBABILISME
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Environment
• Ps. 1 UU No. 23/1997: Lingkungan hidup adl kesatuan ruang dg semua benda, daya, keadaan, dan makhluk hidup, tmsk mns & perilakunya, yg mempengaruhi kelangsungan perikehidupan & kesejahteraan mns serta makhluk hidup lain.
• Thailand, B.E. 2535 (1992), s. 4: 'Environment' means various things of a physical and biological nature surrounding human beings and created naturally and man-made objects.
• British Env’l Protection Act 1990, s. 1: The env’t consists of all, or any, of the following media, namely the air, water and land, and the medium of air includes the air within buildings and the air within other natural or man-made structures above or below ground.
• Dictionary of the Environment (1979) Michael Allaby: the physical, chemical and biotic condition surrounding and organism.
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Konsep dan Strategi
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Definition of Coral Triangle (CT) area. Indonesia (Central and Eastern), East Timor, the Philippines, Malaysia (Sabah), Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Coral Triangle: richest marine life on the planet. The CT, sometimes referred to as the “Amazon of the Seas”, is the epicenter of marine life abundance and diversity on the planet. In some areas, it has more than 600 coral species (more than 75% of all known coral species), 53% of the world’s coral reefs, 3,000 fish species, and the greatest extent of mangrove forests of any region in the world. In addition, the CT serves as the spawning and juvenile growth areas for what is the largest tuna fishery in the world.
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10
Archipelagic Waters(Art 49)
Internal Waters(Art 8)
Co
nti
gu
ou
s Z
on
e(A
rt.
33
)
200 nm 350 nm12 nm 24 nm
Terr
ito
ria
l S
ea
(Art
s. 2
-32
)
Continental ShelfPart VI (Arts 76-85)
Exclusive Economic ZonePart V (Arts 55-75)
High SeasPart VII (Arts. 86-120)
Ba
se
lin
es
(Art
s. 5
& 7
)
Straits used for international navigationPart III (Arts. 34 - 44)
The 8 Sea’s Regimes in the LOS-1982
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Importance of Fisheries to Developing Countries
• 1.5 billion people depend upon fish for food/livelihood• 2.6 billion people receive more that 20% of their animal
protein from fish, compared to 8% in developed countries • Up to 50% of animal protein in some countries
• Fisheries contribute to:– Secure livelihoods – Human health (food security and nutrition)– Economic and community development – Regional & international trade, export earnings – Environmental health and biodiversity conservation
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• Fish are the fastest growing international “agricultural” commodity
• Developing countries provide 77% of global fishing production
• Supply-demand relationship is “south” to “north” • Net exports of fish in 2002 earned $17.4 billion
in foreign exchange for developing countries– Greater than combined net exports of rice,
coffee, sugar & tea!
Importance of Fisheries to Developing Countries
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Defining Small-Scale Fisheries
• Labor-intensive, usually non-mechanized, small boats, traditional fishing gear, nearshore trips of one day or less
• Small-scale fishers account for 96% of the world’s fishers• Catch 58% of the global fish catch• 12-50 million men and women are estimated to be directly
involved in small-scale capture fisheries (full-time, increasingly part-time, seasonal)
• 87% of world’s artisanal fishers are in the Asia-Pacific region • 20% employed in fisheries earn < $1/day• 400% increase in people involved in fishing since 1950
(agriculture only 35%)
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Fish as key component of food security in Asia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Country
Pe
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e
(FAO)
Fis
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ke
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(Source: Center for Applied Biodiversity Science)
Marine Hotspots Analysis: Note Overlap with Areas Where Fisheries are Critical for Food Security
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Major Commercial Fishing Methods Used to Harvest Various Marine Species
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PROBLEMS
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Konsep: Illegal Unreported Unregulated Transhipment
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Destructive fishing
• Kegiatan mall praktek dalam penangkapan ikan atau pemanfaatan sumberdaya perikanan yang secara yuridis menjadi pelanggaran hukum.
• Beberapa faktor penyebab secara umum: Rentang kendali dan luasnya wilayah pengawasan tidak
seimbang dengan kemampuan tenaga pengawas yang ada saat ini
Terbatasnya sarana dan armada pengawasan di laut Lemahnya kemampuan SDM Nelayan Indonesia dan banyaknya
kalangan pengusaha bermental pemburu rente ekonomi Masih lemahnya penegakan hukum Lemahnya koordinasi dan komitmen antar aparat penegak
hukum.
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Bentuk-bentuk Destructive Fishing
1.Menggunakan bahan peledak dan bahan kimia seperti : bom (dengan bahan berupa pupuk (cap matahari, beruang,obor), bius (kalium cianida – KCn) dan Tuba (akar tuba).
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Bahan Berbahaya Beracun (B3) yang sering digunakan
Potasium Cianida digunakan untuk penangkapan ikan didaerah karang, bahan ini biasa digunakan tukang mas.
Racun hama pertanian seperti merek Dexon, Diazino, Basudin, Acodan digunakan untuk penangkapan ikan air tawar di sungai atau perairan umum, bahan ini sering digunakan di daerah transmigrasi dan masyarakat lain disekitar perairan umum.
Deterjen digunakan untuk penangkapan ikan didaerah karang.
Akar Tuba digunakan untuk penangkapan ikan didaerah karang.
Tembakau digunakan untuk penangkapan ikan didaerah karang.
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2.Penangkapan ikan dengan trawl (pukat harimau).
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• Pukat harimau (trawl) yang merupakan salah satu alat penangkap ikan saat ini telah dilarang di wilayah perairan Indonesia sesuai Keputusan Presiden RI No.39 Tahun 1980 tentang Penghapusan Jaring Trawl.
• Namun pada kenyataannya masih banyak nelayan yang melanggar dan mengoperasikan alat tersebut untuk menangkap ikan. Indikatornya adalah karang mati, atau sulit bertahan hidup di daerah dimana nelayannya sering menggunakan pukat harimau untuk menangkap ikan.
• Cases: perairan Bagan Siapi-Api Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Selat Tiworo Kab. Bombana Provinsi Sulawesi.
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Masalah Kelautan Nasional
1. Penangkapan ikan ilegal (illegal fishing) penangkapan ikan oleh kapal kapal asing di wilayah Indonesia oleh
kapal-kapal pukat harimau dan jaring lebar di wilayah perairan sekitar pantai.
Beberapa data menyitir bahwa kerugian sebesar US $ 4,5 juta akibat kegiatan pencurian ikan.
Pendapatan ekspor perikanan Indonesia setiap tahunnya sebesar US $ 2,2 juta.
Ditengarai sekitar 300 pabrik pengolahan ikan Thailand mendapatkan pasokan dari perairan Indonesia.
Pusat Data Statistik dan Informasi Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) 2007: kerugian negara dikarenakan pencurian ikan ini mencapai US $ 3 Milyar/ tahun,
pencurian terjadi di lima wilayah : pencurian ikan di lima daerah yaitu Batam, Pontianak, Medan, Jakarta dan Tual.
Kerugian itu terdiri atas penangkapan ikan di ZEEI dan ekspor yang tidak termonitor, sebesar US$ 1.200 juta, Kapal-kapal ilegal yang melanggar daerah penagkapan sebesar US $ 574 juta.
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Masalah utama dari pencurian ikan adalah akibat kurang sempurnanya sistem dan mekanisme perizinan untuk menangkap ikan. Ternyata dari sekitar 7000 kapal penangkap ikan berbendera Indonesia yang memperoleh izin menangkap ikan di perairan ZEEI, sekitar 70% dimiliki oleh pihak asing seperti Thailand Filiphina, Taiwan dan RRC.
2. Pemanfaatan berlebih (over exploitation) sumber daya laut, sehingga sumber daya laut tersebut tidak menjadi sustainable (berkelanjutan)
3. Sistim pertahanan laut, 4. Minimnya moda transportasi laut di dalam negeri5. Rendahnya tingkat kesejahteraan nelayan di Indonesia
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1. Zona tambahan. Zona ini merupakan zona pelindung atau sea- belt. Indonesia memiliki kewenangan dalam kegiatan imigrasi, kemaritiman dan bea cukai.
2. Wilayah laut lepas (high seas). Wilayah perairan ini berada di luar Zona Ekonomi Ekslusif (ZEE) yang berlaku 100 % freedom of high seas. Penataan zona ini akan berdampak kepada pemberian izin bagi nelayan negara lain untuk beroperasi di perairan Indonesia.
3. Wilayah landas kontinen (continental shelf). Di wilayah ini Indonesia dapat melakukan penelitian, ekplorasi ikan dan aktivitas lainnya.
4. Alur laut kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI) untuk menghindari pelanggaran wilayah kedaulatan RI oleh armada asing.
Regard with UNCLOS Regime
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Code Of Conduct For Responsible Fisheries (CCRF)
• Hasil kesepakatan dalam konferensi Committee on Fisheries (COFI) ke-28 FAO di Roma tanggal 31 Oktober 1995;
• Menjadi asas dan standar internasional mengenai pola perilaku bagi praktek yang bertanggung jawab, dalam pengusahaan sumberdaya perikanan dengan maksud untuk menjamin terlaksananya aspek konservasi, pengelolaan dan pengembangan efektif sumberdaya hayati akuatik berkenaan dengan pelestarian ekosistem dan keanekaragaman hayati
• Penerapan di Indonesia ???
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1. Fisheries management (pengelolaan perikanan) • Memperhatikan prinsip kehati-hatian (precautionary approach)
dalam merencanakan pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan. • Menetapkan kerangka hukum – kebijakan. • Menghindari Ghost Fishing atau tertangkapnya ikan oleh alat
tangkap yang terbuang / terlantar. • Mengembangkan kerjasama pengelolaan, tukar menukar
informasi antar instansi dan Negara. • Memperhatikan kelestarian lingkungan. 2. Fishing operations (Operasi Penangkapan).
• Penanganan over fishing atau penangkapan ikan berlebih. • Pengaturan sistem perijinan penangkapan. • Membangun sistem Monitoring Controlling Surveillance (MCS). 3. Aquaculture development (Pembangunan Akuakultur) • Menetapkan strategi dan rencana pengembangan budidaya . • Melindungi ekosistem akuatik. • Menjamin keamanan produk budidaya.
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4. Integration of fisheries into coastal area management (Integrasi Perikanan ke dalam pengelolaan kawasan pesisir) • Mengembangkan penelitian dan pengkajian sumberdaya ikan di kawasan pesisir beserta tingkat pemanfaatannya. 5. Post-harvest practices and trade (Penanganan Pasca Panen dan Perdagangan). • Bekerjasama untuk harmonisasi dalam program sanitasi, prosedur sertitikasi dan lembaga sertifikasi. • Mengembangkan produk value added atau produk yang bernilai tambah. • Mengembangkan perdagangan produk perikanan. • Memperhatikan dampak lingkungan kegiatan pasca panen. 6. Fisheries research (Penelitian Perikanan) • Pengembangan penelitian. • Pengembangan pusat data hasil penelitian. • Aliansi kelembagaan internasional
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No. Level of Education Percentage
1 Finished University & Academy 0,03
2 Finished High School 1,37
3 Finished Junior High School 1,90
4 Finished Elementary School 17,59
5 Not-finished Elementary School 79,05
Tingkat Pendidikan Rerata Nelayan Indonesia
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KERANGKA PERATURAN
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UU Nomor 31 Tahun 2004 tentang Perikanan
Penangkapan ikan adalah kegiatan untuk memperoleh ikan di perairan yang tidak dalam keadaan dibudidayakan dengan alat atau cara apapun, termasuk kegiatan yang menggunakan kapal untuk memuat, mengangkut, menyimpan, mendinginkan, menangani, mengolah, dan/atau mengawetkannya.
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Lingkup
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Peradilan Illegal Fishing
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‘law in the books & law in action’
Fishery Act Actual situation
People are prohibited to use explosive, potassium, poison, and other illegal gears. (Articles 8 to 9)
The use of explosive, potassium, poison, and other illegal gears are still common in Indonesia.
People are prohibited to cause damage on marine environment & fisheries resources. (Article 12)
Coastal zone reclamation, sand mining and coral reef collection for housing, oil pollution from off shore mining and navigation are still common problems.
Modern fishing boat shall have license from the DKP before engage in fishing activities. (Articles 25-34).
There are significant numbers of fishing boats with a capacity of more than 5 GT still operate within Indonesian water without proper license.
The Government is required to provide credit scheme and training for small-scale fishermen. (Articles 60-64)
The government is only able to provide very limited credit scheme to small-scale fishermen.
The Government is required to establish Special Fisheries Court in five Provinces. (Article 71)
This proposed Courts are not yet fully established.
The police, navy and public servant investigator from the DKP are required to cooperate in investigation process. (Article 73)
Sectoral ego among these agencies is very high which cause investigation process ineffective.