key questions 5,6,7 and 8

8/2/2019 Key Questions 5,6,7 and 8

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Pakistan Studies Sabih 0448

Key Question 5: To what extent have Urdu and regional languages contributed

to the cultural development of Pakistan?

Ans:Languages have a great value in countrys culture.After theindependence of Pakistan,Urdu was choosen as the National language

of the country.Firstly because it was widely spoken by the Muslims

from the subcontinent as it has same dialect like Persian, Arabic and

Turkish. Secondly, Urdu has high status and a vast and rich literature.

It was classed as an important language of the world.Even before

partition, high rank poets like Mir Ghalib, Hali and shibli were famous

because of their Urdu poetry.Thirdly, It was choosen as national

language because it had close relation with Pakistan movement as one

of the objective for Muslim league was protection of Urdu.Forpromotion of sindhi language and sindhi literature Board was created

A largenumber of books magazines and newspapers were printed.For

Pashto language academy was established which published Pashto

dictionary and books.Pushto newspaper were also widely read .Balochi

language was promoted by collection of balochi folks and songs and

balochi university is also established for promotion of

language.Punjabi language is greatly popular as it is easily understood

by all provinces of Pakistan, Romantic poetry of Sufi poets contributed

greatly to the poularity of Punjabi language and several organization

are also working for the betterment of this language.


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Key Question 6:How far did the Pakistan Movement develop during

the early 20th century?

In early 20 the first major political crisis which British government faced after

winning the control of subcontinent was over plans to partition the province of

Bengal. Bengal was the most densely populated province, In western half of

Bengal there were 54 million people out of which 42 million were Hindus and

12 million were Muslim. In eastern province there were another 31 million

people out of which 18 million were Muslim and 12 million were Hindu. In

order to control this much populated provinces huge administration was

needed upon this Lord Curozon ordered to partion the province. Three

divisions in the old province namely Dhaka Chittagong and Mymensingh were

merged up to make a new province named as East Bengal

The immediate reaction was that both communities were divided along

communal lines Muslims were happy on this as they formed majority in new

province. But on other side Hindus were unhappy on it an the outcry was so

loud on it that by 1911 British turned theie decision and reversed the partition.

It did not take Muslim to realize that they cannot afford to stay disorganized

because Indian national congress was seems to be the representative ofHindus only. On 8 October prominent Muslim leaders met. This simla

Delegation, as it became known having to set of demands first that Muslims

should be represented by separate electorates and second demand was that

they should be given weightage in elected bodies. The long term importance of

this meeting was that tension between Hindus and Muslims were into

constitutional plans. The Main manifesto for the Muslims to create the party

was to represent themselves separately in political process

Muslim League was created when influential Muslim delegates were to gather

at Dhaka to attend the 20th

session of the Mohammedan Educational

Conference.

After the creation of league co-operation of the Muslim League with Congress

started as Muslim thought that Hindus will help them to exile British out from

subcontinent but things went opposite Congress attacked on separate

electrodes for Muslim This made Muslim league furious and they broke any

future cooperation with congress.


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British rule and attempts to make constitution reforms were failed badly

starting with Morley minto in that enlarging of Provisional and Imperial

councils were made and major repercussion was the official acceptance of the

right of Muslim to separate electorates. This has been rightly seen as the first

step towards Pakistan but surprisingly the reform were widely criticized by

Congress party and the provision of separate electrodes were attacked.

In spite of the concessions given by MorleyMinto reforms to Muslims relation

between British government and league were strained. In 1912 the role of

Muslim league was defined and congress also accepted that Muslim league

was not just British front but was a Party made for protection Muslims interest

At this time new figures was appearing on the scene Muhammad Ali Jinnah it

was mainly with his efforts that both league and congress had their annual

meetings at Bombay and some proposals were made during it This culminated

in December 1916 with Lucknow Pact Muslim league was lead by Muhammad

Ali Jinnah.The Lucknow Pact is significant as it marked some major

concessions, most notably the acknowledgment of separate electrodes for

Muslim and secondly Muslims were given one third of the seats in Parliament

.Two things regarding Lucknow pact were worth nothing. First Muslim league

came to know that they have to work hard to protect the Muslim political right

and second that Hindus became convinced that problem of subcontinent were

so deep that partition would be inevitable.

The impact of the First World War on Subcontinent rulers also it wasinconceivable that any major reform of the British Indian Empire would be held

but soon after wards the momentum accelerated and Montague Chelsmford

Reform were held it was significant because it was first time that an official

document stated that possibility of self rule by Indians in all internal matters

A greater list of provincial powers was made, Official majorities were abolished

and replaced with elected ones .And the most important reform was that

provincial governor has sweeping power, A diarchy was introduced for theprovincial governors, These reforms disappointed Muslim league and the


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congress Party, as they both hoped for more powers in their hand. The

qualification required for voting was relaxed in order that more People can

Vote.

The feeling of resentment was compounded when the British passed infamous

Rowlatt act which includes the right to arrest anyone with out warrant and

detention with out bail.after Listening to this Act storm broke out meetings

which were organized by organizers were banned by British but Sikh, Hindus

and Muslims showed up and estimated crowd of 20000 were gathered at

Amritsar for peaceful demonstration at Jallainwala Bagh but a sad event

happened British officer General Dyer ordered open fire with out warning any

one;by this act around 400 people were killed this was known as the Amritsar

Massacre 1919.


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Key Question 7: How successful was the Khilafat Movement in

advancing the cause of the Pakistan Movement?

Khilafat Movement was started in India in 1919 because at the end of

world war 1 Turkey was badly defeated by Britain and upon this Britain

were going to put hard conditions on Turkey.Muslim were concern

because they will also demolish caliphate which was great sign of unity

for Muslim.Upon this khilafat committee was made which made

demands that Turkey should not be divided into parts,Caliphate should

not be abolished,Muslim sacred places should not be harmed.Since

khilafat movement was against British,Congress also joined it and gave

a great support to moment.The khilafat movement got goodmomentum as Muslims and Hindus got united. Protests and marches

became regular throughout sub-continent after the khilfat leaders

were arrested.All of sudden Congress withdrew from movement;this

was major setback to khilafat movement.But the main reason why it

ended in failure in 1924 was that the Turkish government themselves

abolished caliphate and brought democratic system.So there was no

reason for Muslims to fight for something which was no more into

existence.


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Key Question 8:How successful was the Pakistan Movement in the

years 1927 to 1939?

In aftermath of the bloody events of 1919 it was hardly surprising that

Congress boycotted election of 1920.these were the First election after

Chelmsford Reforms, How ever Congress decided to fight 1923 elections.

During this period of time till 1927 both parties were trying to clear their

manifesto .In 1927 Muhammad Ali Jinnah Called a conference of Muslim

Leaders in Delhi to discuss the future of constitutional reforms ,In the end of

this meeting some Proposals were made these were known as Delhi Proposals.

The stage was now set for the British to make their own recommendations to

resolve the political crisis. It was decided by the British that a commission

should be established to take stock of various shades. The composition of the

Simon commission immediately caused offences as it comprised only British

members. The main features of the simmon Report was abolition of

diarchy.Althogh the Simon commission agreed on separate electrodes should

stay but one third majority should be finished. The other conclusions of the

report were also bad news for Muslim leagueThe congress party decided to hold a civil disobedience campaign against the

findings of the Simon commsion, Gandhi and Nehru were both arrested, The

Muslim leaguer kept quite and stayed way from this campaign because Muslim

league point was that congress struggle was nit just for independence but for

ruling over Muslims.

In reply to to simmon commission Congress brought Nehru Report which can

define some principles which might govern a future Indian constitution. The

chairman of this report was Motilal Nehru. The Nehru Report stated the

immediately full dominion status should be given to India and with two tier

Parliament. The main controversy of the report was over the question of

separate electrodes for Muslim rights. The commit believed that if full religious

liberty was granted there was no need for separate electrodes, even worse as

far as Muslim leaguer was concerned the Nehru report stated that there

should be no reserved seats for Muslims


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All these things convinced Muslim league that congress is the only party for

Hindus so M.A. Jinnah decided to issue the 14 points in 1929 as a response to

the Nehru report and one last attempt made by Quaid at an all party

conference .Mr. Jinnah suggested 3 amendments to Nehru Report but they

were rejected by the congress. At annual meeting of Muslim League in 1929 at

Delhi, Mr Jinnah gave his 14 points to safe guard and protects the rights and

interests of Muslim. These 14 points included demand of federal form of

government ,provincial autonomy full protection of all minorities specially for

Muslims separate electrodes for Muslim and one third of seats in Central

Assembly. These 14 points were first ever demand of Muslims put to British

and History tells us that Nehru Report was soon forgotten but the 14 points of

Mr.Jinnah became the basis of Muslim political efforts later.

In 1930 Allama Iqbal was chairing the Muslim League Conference .It was in his

presidential address that he formally stated that the Muslims of the

subcontinent should now start working towards an independent Muslim

homeland.Iqbal stated that I would Like to see Punjab, The North West frontier

and Balochistan into single state .This was the first that any senior Muslim

polition had made a such a demand


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After the Failure of Second round table conference there was little chance that

Third Round table conference will be successful ,so the British decided that


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they would impose Communal Award for future election, the Muslims were

given weightage in Hindu Dominated provinces, but the Muslim Majority in the

Punjab and Bengal was reduced. The Communal Award was unpopular with

both Muslim league and Congress Party but as the Muslim league had

themselves suggested a British award they Promise to abide it, And Congress

Party rejected it.

After the failure of the conferences British decided to right the

recommendations that were made during Round Table conferences on white

paper, This Act was formally titled the Government of India Act 1935 and

proves to be Last legislation that the British would pass before Independence.The most important feature of the Act was that for the first time during British

Raj Provincial autonomy was granted and the system of diarchy introduced

earlier in the provinces was abolished.Ministeries in the provinces were to

have control over all departments except maintenance of public orders. The

new Province of Sindh and Orissa were created .The Government of India act

was also important for movement of Pakistan as First time during British Raj

that a large population were given chance to exercise their vote


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In 1937 elections were held were held under The Government of India Act and

both Parties thought that it will be worth contesting the elections of 1937.The

election results for the Muslim League were not as good as hoped but Jinnah

was not too disappointed or discouraged as the leaguer was recovering from

the damaging internal dissensions of the early 1930,s.

Congress Ministries were formed in 8 out of 11 provinces of India and they

worked under the instruction of Mr. Gandhi and some other members.

The Congress rule was hated because it adopted policies which harmed andhurt the Muslims in many ways. Some of the steps taken by Congress were:-

Song of Banda Matram which clearly hurt Muslim Feelings was adoptedas national anthem

Widya Mandir scheme and Wardha Scheme were educational schemeswhich encouraged Hindu religion and culture. Teaching was to be in

Hindi with no Religious education


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Muslim children were required to show reverences for Gandhis portraitwhich was hung up in the school

Ban on cow slaughter Frequent occurrences of Hindu-Muslim riots in which always the

Muslims were made victim.

The Congress rule was hated on account of these anti-Muslim policies

and the Muslims heaved a sigh of relief when Congress ministries

resigned in November 1939 .Upon this The Day of Deliverance was

officially called by Muslim League as a celebration to mark the end of

Congress tyranny and injustice.


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key questions 5,6,7 and 8

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