key theorists of child development. sigmund freud 1856-1939 believed personality develops through a...
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Key Theoristsof Child
Development
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939Believed personality
develops through a series of stages
Experiences in childhood will affect adult life
Why are his findings important? Childhood is more
important than previously thought
Effects of childhood are long lasting
Arnold Gesell
1880-1961Psychologist and
PediatricianIdentified developmental
milestones for childrenChildren will reach
certain developmental milestones at certain ages
Studied and realized the importance of nature vs. nuture
Jean Piaget
1896-1980First to study children
scientificallyFocused on how
children learnChildren go through 4
stages of learningChildren must be
given learning tasks appropriate to their level of development
Maria Montessori
1870-1952Believed children should
be seen as individuals who will develop knowledge at their own pace
Child individualizes instruction based on what is developmentally appropriate for themselves
Founded the Montessori School
Lev Vygotsky
1896-1934Biological development
and cultural experience influence children’s ability to learn
Social contact is essential to intellectual development
Children should be given the opportunity for frequent social interaction
Erik Erikson
1902-1994Personality develops in
stagesEach stage includes a unique
psychological crisis. If the crisis is met in a positive way, the individual develops normally
Parents/caregivers need to be sensitive to children’s needs at each stage of development and support them through crises.
B. F. Skinner
1904-1990Argued that when a
child’s actions have positive results, they will be repeated
Negative results will make the actions stop
Parents and other caregivers can affect a child’s behavior through the use of positive and negative feedback
Albert Bandura
b. 1925Children learn by
imitating othersAlthough environment
shapes behavior, behavior also affects environment
Caregivers must provide good examples for children to follow
Urie Bronfenbrenner
1917-2005Outlined layers of
environment that affect a child’s development (such as biology, family, community, environment, and society)
Child’s primary relationship with caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting