keybook social studies 7

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1

Exercise

PHYSICAL STATE OF THE EARTH

Give short answers to the questions.What is the thickness of Upper Mantle of earth?1

What is the difference between lithosphere and asthenosphere?2

What is the major cause of earthquakes?3

Ans. The layer below the crust is known as mantle. It consists of two layers: .Upper mantle, it is 670 kilometres thick

Lithosphere consists of the upper surface of Earth and the on which we live the solid upper portion of mantle. Under lithosphere, there is soft layer of a rocks known as thenosphere. s

Ans.

Most of the Earthquakes occur due to movement of tectonic plates.Ans.

What are volcanoes?4

Define denudation?5

What is mass wasting?6

Ans. Volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash, and hotgases flow or eject during an eruption.

In geology, denudation is the sum of processes that cause the slowdestruction of the earth's surface leading to a reduction in the level oflandforms and landscapes

Ans.

Ans. Mass wasting is the process by which soil, sand and rocks move downslope naturally as a mass, largely under the force of gravity.

Answer the following questions in detail.

What is earthquake? Write its causes and effects.1

Earthquake is the sudden violent vibration or shaking of the ground as a result of movements within the earth's crust. When earthquake occurs in

any part of Earth, the waves of earthquake travel in all directions. The scientific instrument used to measure the intensity of earth quakes is

known as seismograph.

EARTHQUAKESAns.

33

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES

1. Movement of Tectonic Plates

Most of the earthquakes occur due to the movement of tectonic plates. When

these plates collide with each other, the Earth's surface vibrates and there’s

an earthquake.

2. VolcanismEarthquakes also occur due to volcanism. When Lava reaches the surface of the

earth, it erupts out from any weak part of Earth, there is a movement on the

surface of the Earth. In this way volcanism becomes a cause of earthquakes.

Effects of Earthquakes

Buildings are destroyed, people are injured, and there is a loss of lives and

materials.

The system of electricity, water and gas is disturbed.

There are also threats of floods and tsunami.

The facilities of transportation disturb after the destruction of bridges and roads.

DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES

1. Most of the earthquakes occur around the areas of Atlantic Ocean. This

region includes the areas of Alaska, Aleutian, Japan, Mariana, Philippines

and New Guinea etc

2. The other big centre of earthquakes in the world is Trans Eurasian crack.

n toThis crack passes through Himalaya and Indonesia Islands and reaches

the Gulf of Persia and Turkey.

Define faults and explain their types.2

Ans. FAULTS AND THEIR TYPESWhen one part of the Earth's crust moves against another part, a fault is

generated. Basically faults are the big cracks or clefts in the Earth's crust.

These cracks form the boundaries between various tectonic plates. Usually

the faults are formed in weak areas of Earth's surface. The area where a

fault forms is known as fault zone. The crack present in fault zone is called

fault line. A sudden slip along a fault line generates an earthquake.

Following are the types of fault:

1. Normal FaultIn this type of fault, parts of the crust move in opposite directions. Due to the

removal of upper layers, lava comes out through the weak portions of Earth

and volcanic eruption occurs.

44

Explain the three types of denudation.3

3. Reverse FaultIt occurs when plates move to wards each other. Due to it earthquakes and

eruption of volcanoes occur. This fault is the opposite of a transform fault.

Such type fault is known as reverse fault.

1. Weathering

In this process rocks are broken down into small pieces. This process is more

dependent on weather conditions, heat of the Sun and precipitation (rainfall

and snow). This process is further divided into the following three types:

Ans. DENUDATION AND ITS TYPES

In geology, denudation is the sum of processes that cause the slow

ofdestruction of the earth's surface leading to a reduction in the level

landforms and landscapes. As soon as internal forces of Earth expose an

area of its surface, some external factors (e.g. river glacier, wind, heat of the

tornSun and frost) start to level the surface by worn and process and

transport the debris from its original place to new one. There are three major

types of denudation:

2. Transform Fault

When pieces of plates move forward and backward, they rub against each

Transform faults are hidden in the deep oceans and form shortother.

zigzags. Such types of fault is called transform fault.

( ) Physical or Mechanical Weatheringi

Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and

soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat,

water, ice and pressure. Physical weathering is heightened in very cold or

very dry environments. Physical scratch decreases the size of particles and

therefore increases their surface area, making them more at risk to rapid

chemical reactions.

(ii) Chemical Weathering

Rocks are composed of minerals. Chemical changes occur in these when

they interact with water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. These gases weaken

This breakage of rocks due tothe rocks which ultimately break down.

chemicals is called chemical weathering.

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3- Mass Wasting

Mass wasting is the process by which soil, sand and rocks move downslope naturally as a mass, largely under the force of gravity. Mass wasting mayoccur at a very slow rate, particularly in areas that are very dry or those areasthat receive sufficient rainfall such that vegetation has stabilized the surface.It may also occur at very high speed, such as in rock slides or landslides, withdisastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed. Mass wasting usuallyoccurs in rainy areas. Soil flow happens on sharp slides and within few hoursa portion of mountain flows downwards. The flow of mud is an important typeof mass wasting.

What are impacts of erosion and mass wasting?4

Impacts of Erosion and Mass Wasting

The impacts of erosion and mass wasting on agriculture, irrigation, human settlement and transportation are explained below:

1. Agriculture and Irrigation

Soil erosion removes valuable top soil which is the most productive part ofthe soil for agricultural purposes. The loss of this top soil results in loweryields and higher production costs. Due to water erosion, huge quantity of soilheaps up at the bed of canals. As a result the water quantity in canalsreduces. Due to continuous transfer of soil Bedrail along with water, the baseof dams is filled with mud. Thus their capacity to store water reduces.

2. Human SettlementDue to flow of soil and mud and land sliding in hilly areas thousands ofhuman settlements have been wiped out. Such accidents usually occur in the

sNorthern area of Pakistan. River bank erosion is also one of the criticalpublic concerns in some countries.

Measures to Minimize the Impact of Erosion and Mass WastingThe impact of erosion and mass wasting can be minimized by taking thefollowing measures:1. Soil erosion by water can be stopped by planting trees on the banks of canals, streams, mountain slopes and plant more trees.2. Smooth agricultural level also reduces chances of water erosion. 3. Settlements should be avoided in areas where there is danger of erosion and mass wasting.4. Retaining walls should be made along the roads of hilly areas

3- Transport System

In hilly areas, soil flow and land sliding are very common. Due to this, theroads are blocked and inhabitants of hilly areas are disconnected from therest of world.

66

Fill in the blanks.

Big __________ or clefts in the Earth's crust are known as faults.1

The waves of Earthquake become weak as they __________ away fromthe origin.

2

__________ of volcanoes are very dangerous.3

Physical weathering mostly occurs in __________ and dry areas.4

Flow of mud is an important type of ______________.5

cracks

get

Dormant

cold

mass wasting

Tick ( ) the true sentence and cross ( ) the wrong one.

The internal core of Earth is soft.1

Most of the Earthquakes occur around the areas of Pacific Ocean.2

Rocks are composed of minerals.3

The flow of mud is an important type of erosion.4

Retaining walls should not be built along the roads of hilly areas.5

Match the columns

Corn

Mantle

Weathering

Erosion

Volcanism

environmental pollution

layer below the crust

internal part of Earth

rock breaking

thinning and removal

Circle the right option.

The thickness of Upper Mantle is:1

Soil erosion removes valuable:2

The instrument used to measure the intensity of Earthquake is known as:3

(a) 1220 kilometers (b) 2230 kilometers (c) 670 kilometers

(a) top soil (b) salts (c) stones

(a) Isotherm (b) Seismograph (c) Pictograph

77

Describe importance of oxygen.1

Ans. When we breathe, we absorb oxygen in our blood which is the mostEimportant thing for life on arth. It gives us energy by burning our food. The

survival of life is impossible without this oxygen. Oxygen helps in burning all; ,kinds of energy resources e.g coal, oil, natural gas etc.

What is thermosphere?2

Ans. The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and directly below the exosphere. Thermosphere extends from80 kilometers to the final boundary of atmosphere.

Where is tropical zone?3

Ans. It is a hot region which extends on both side of the Equator. It extends fromthe tropic of Cancer on the northern side to the tropic of Capricorn on thesouthern side.

(a) (b) (c) Tectonic plate Mantle fault

(a) (b) (c) three nine two

(a) sky (b) Earth (c) water

(a) Woodlands (b) oceans (c) hilly areas

(a) Erosion (b) Denudation (c) weathering

The thinning and removal of the Earth surface is known as:4

Land sliding is very common in:5

Earthquake is the sudden shaking of: 6

The Earth is composed of basic layers:7

The layer below the crust is known as:8

2

Exercise

Atmosphere and itsComponents

Give short answers to the questions.

88

What is Isotherm?4

Ans. Isotherm is defined as the line drawn on a weather map or chart linking all or constant temperature.points of equal

Define Isobars.5Ans. An isogram is defined as a line on a weather map connecting points of equal

atmospheric pressure. Isobars are drawn on maps to indicate air pressure.The regions having same air pressure are joined by these lines.

What is sleet?6The combination of rainfall and snowfall is called sleetAns.

Answer the following questions in detail.

Describe the scale and instruments which are used to measure temperature.1

The degree of hotness and coldness of a particular place on arth is known Eas its temperature. In climatic studies the meaning of temperature is thetemperature of air. Temperature is measured by an instrument calledthermometer. Thermometer is made of narrow glass tube in which a specificamount of mercury is filled. From the tube, all air is removed to finish theeffects of air pressure. This tube is divided into different grades. Matterexpands on heating and contracts on cooling According to this principle, the

,mercury or alcohol present in thermometer expand contract and indicatedifferent readings of heat. Two scales are used to measure these degrees:i) Celsius Scaleii) Fahrenheit ScaleThermometer has three main levels. Boiling point is the temperature at which water starts boiling. Freezing point is the temperature at which water startsturning into ice. Absolute is the minimum possible temperature of matter. It isimpossible to have temperature absolute zero.Surface of the Earth is not the same all the time. Somewhere there is waterand somewhere is dry land. The dry places become hot and cold morerapidly than the wet places, so the continents become hot during summerand cold during winter.

Ans. Scale and Instruments used in Measurement of Temperature

What are factors which effect the horizontal distribution of temperature?2

Ans. Factors Influencing Horizontal Distribution of Temperature

The horizontal distribution of temperature is influenced by the following factors:

1. Water and drought

It is a fact that the dry and arid places on earth are heated more rapidly as

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2. Sun raysWe have studied earlier that the Sun rays fall vertically on the Equatorial

which causes increase in temperature.region, On the other hand on the Polar regions, the sun rays fall in a curved manner due to which these

.regions have low temperature

3. Winds and Sea CurrentsWinds respectively flow from hot to cold and from cold to hot regions. It resultsin temperature variations. Sea currents also travel from hot to cold and fromcold to hot regions, a hot wave reaches a cold area, it increases temperatureof that area. Similarly, cold currents reduce temperature of hot regions.

4. Coastal RegionsCoastal regions do not become hot even if they are near the Equator. It is

.due to sea breeze. As Karachi has moderate temperature throughout the year

5. Cloudy AreasCloudy areas have low temperature as compared to areas where continuous sunrays fall on the ground. The reason behind it is that clouds reflect most of Sun rays and allow a few Sun rays to reach Earth. It reduces the temperatureof Earth significantly. Therefore the cloudy areas have low temperature.

compared to the areas which are covered or surrounded by water. Thepercentage of water and drought on Earth surface is 71% and 29%respectively. Although the dry areas are cooled within short period of timeafter sunset. Instead water or oceans takes time to be heated or cooled.During summer, the dry place becomes much hotter than the water area. Itis due to the differences in the structure of the Earth.

Explain the wind system.3

Ans. Wind SystemAir always travels from area of high pressure to the area of low pressure

along the surface of the Earth. The types of air that flow along the Earth are.explained as following

1. Permanent WindsThe winds which blow between the belts of air pressure in the same direction throughout the year, are known as permanent winds. These winds are dividedinto three types:

i) Eastern Winds The wind flow from sub-tropical regions towards Equator, between which s30-50 degree latitude. These are called the eastern because they come fromthe East.

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ii) Western Winds

These winds travel from sub-tropical belts of high pressure to sub-polar beltsof low pressure about between 35-60 degree latitude. As they come from thewest, they are called western winds. These winds cause rains throughout yearbut there is more rain in winter as compared to summer.

iii) Polar Winds.

These winds travel from the polar belts of high pressure to sub-polar belts of flow pressure and between about 60 degrees latitude in both hemispheres.

sThese wind travel from severe cold regions to less cold regions that is whythey are dry. They cause less rain and snowfall, which is mostly on oceans.

2. Seasonal WindsThe winds which change their direction season are knownduring a specificas seasonal winds. In geographical terms, the monsoon winds are the windswhich travel from sea to dry area during six months of summer and from dryarea to sea during six months of winter. During Summer, the winds comingfrom the sea are filled with water vapours. Therefore they bring heavy rains inthe eastern sides of continents. On the other hand, during winter monsoonwinds come from dry area and are dry. So these areas of continents do nothave rainfall.3. Local WindsThese are specific and limited winds and are often restricted to specificareas. Land breeze, sea breeze, valley breeze and mountain breeze areimportant local winds. The winds produced due to the difference in day andnight temperatures on coastal regions are known as sea breeze and landbreeze. During day time, the coastal area becomes hotter than sea and theair above it moves upwards in the form of convectional currents and forms abelt of low air pressure. While the air pressure is large on sea. The cold andhumid air travels from sea to dry place. It is known as sea breeze. Land andsea breeze form due to difference in day and night temperatures. In the same

sway winds are created in hilly areas due to temperature difference. The e areknown as valley breeze and mountain breeze.

What is precipitation? Discuss its types in detail.4

Ans. Precipitation nd ts Typesa iPrecipitation is the fall of water drops on the surface of the Earth in liquid.

Rain, snow and hailstorm are the types of precipitation.

1. RainfallWhen air move up from the Earth surface in the form of water vapours, thes ’s

These winds bring rains on the Eastern coasts of continents.

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i) Orographic Rainfall

The rain which is because of mountains is known as orographic rainfall. When winds full of water vapours face hindrance of mountains, they move up along slopes and their temperature falls. Vapours turn into drops and rainfall occurs.

ii) Convectional Rainfall

The rain due to convectional waves is known as convectional rainfall. In hotareas the air due to more temperature becomes light and where there ismore the evaporation, the air rises in the form of convectional currents. Aslong as air goes upward temperature goes on decreasing and water vapours

sturn into drops and make cloud . That is how rainfall occurs.

iii) Cyclonic Rainfall

When air travels from the areas of high pressure to the areas of low pressure then due to the intermingling of hot and cold winds, a cyclone is created.

Cyclone is an area of low pressure. Heavy air moves upward after rating light in weight. Its temperature decreases gradually and condensation start. Heavy

clouds are formed and rainfall occurs.

Match the columns.

A B

Pollution cold to hot regions

Equatorial region specific and limited

Local winds pollutant

Water vapours smoke

Industrial cities extremely hot

Fill in the blanks.

Sun rays carry heat along with _________ to the Earth.2

Ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer and _____________ .1 eye disease

water vapours gather in the form of clouds. When air moves up more, the temperature of these clouds decrease. The vapours combine together and

take the shape of water drops. When these drops become bigger, they fall down as rainfall. The following are the important types of rainfall.

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(a) Orographic rainfall (b) Convectional rainfall (c) Cyclonic rainfall

(a) atmosphere (b) water vapours (c) air pressure

The temperature and ___________ are related.4 atmosphere

(a) Polar regions (b) Equatorial region (c) Coastal region

(a) hot (b) cold (c) uniform

(a) troposphere (b) mesosphere (c) thermosphere

5 ______________ is an area of low pressure.Sub-Polar belt

4 Low level clouds are found about __________ metres above sea level.2000

The air from __________ lifts upwards.3 equator


The layer above stratosphere is:1

Surface of the Earth is not:2

Sun rays fall in curved manner in the:3

The rain because of mountains is called:5

3

Exercise

Agriculture and Industry


What is intensive agriculture?1

Ans. In this type of agriculture better crops are obtained from a small area ofland. By using quality fertilizers, better sources of irrigation and pesticideson a small piece.

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Describe tube wells.2

Ans. Tube wells are installed in those where the level of underground waterareas

is The nvery deep. umber of tube wells is increasing day by day. For acquiring

according an water to this method, a hole is dug and iron pipe is inserted in

electric extract the hole. An motor or diesel engine is used to water from the

depth of hundreds of feet.

What is an irrigation system?3

Ans. The irrigation and canal system of Pakistan is regarded as the best worldwide.

It is also the largest. About three fourth of the agricultural land of Pakistan

comes under this canal system. At present Pakistan has three large dams and

eighty five small dams in this system. These dams are controlled by 19

barrages. A total of 57 canals are included in this system. Among these 12 are

linked and other 45 are normal canals.

What is an industry? 4

What does small industry include?5

Write two major problems of our industry.6

Ans. Industry is a place where investor provides different raw materials and

natural resources to produce different items.

Ans. Small industry include: furniture industry, dairy farming, carpet weaving,

sports ware, printing industry, chemical industry (paint, etc.) and shoe

making industry etc.

Ans. Industry in Pakistan is facing many problems. Cost of production is too high.

The main reason is that local manufacturers are unaware of modern research.

Shortage of skilled labour in our country is unappealing for investors

Write answers to the questions in detail.

Describe types of agriculture.1

Ans. Types of Agriculture

Agriculture is an ancient human profession. It provides employment to many

people. Different types of cultivation are described below:

of land, abundant crops are obtained per hector of land. This type of

agriculture is found mostly in China, Japan, Britain, France, India, China,

Bangladesh, Indonesia and Egypt etc

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2. Intensive Agriculture

In this type of agriculture better crops are obtained from a small area of land. By

using quality fertilizers, better sources of irrigation and pesticides on a small piece

of land, abundant crops are obtained per hector of land. This type of agriculture is

found mostly in China, Japan, Britain, France, India, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia

and Egypt etc.

3. Commercial Agriculture

In this type of agriculture rops are produced as a large-scale to earn profit. Inc

some parts of Canada, America, Australia and Argentina etc. commercial

agriculture is practiced.

4. Plantation Agriculture

This type is practiced in countries where weather conditions are hot, e.g, Mala sia, y

L Indonesia, Sri anka, West Africa etc. Crops grown on plantations include

sugarcane, banana, coconut, spices, and coffee etc. The fields for this agriculture

are usually very vast.

5. Mixed Farming

In this type of agriculture crop growing and cattle breeding is done simultaneously.

Thus animals not only get sufficient manure but also add to the fertility of land. In

some countries this type is practiced to meet the local needs, whereas in other

regions it has commercial objectives. Mixed farming is found in America, Mexico,

Brazil, South Africa, Europe and some parts of Asia.

6. Cereal Crops

The agriculture contributed about 80% of the total production of Pakistan. These

crops are cultivated on a large scale to meet local requirements. Main cereal crops

of Pakistan include wheat, rice, gram and various lentils.

Maize being the highest yielding cereal crop in the world. It is of great significance

for countries like Pakistan, India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand etc. In Pakistan

maize is the third most important cereal after wheat and rice.

1. Subsistence Agriculture

It refers to self- sufficient farming in which a farmer grows enough food to meet

just the needs of his family. This type of agriculture is practiced in South Asia,

,South-Eastern Asia and China etc.

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What are major problems of agriculture in Pakistan?2

Our agriculture sector is facing some important problems which aredescribed as under:1. Cultivators are in financial troubles. Use of good seed, chemicalfertilizers, pesticides, tractor, thresher, harvester and irrigation resourcesis very difficult for average farmers.2. Because of illiteracy, farmers are not able to learn modern agricultural techniques and prepare plans for better production.3. Natural disasters like floods, Earthquakes, drought etc. are a source of considerable disturbance for cultivators. These calamities cause greatlosses to crops.4. Different crop diseases damage or weaken the plants. According to an estimate, this is causing 25% less crop production in Pakistan.5. Farmers do not have access to markets and wholesalers pay lesserrates which results in their poor financial situation.6. In spite of canal system, our irrigation resources are inadequate. A lotof water is wasted in channels and fields.

Ans.

Describe the factors influencing the location of industry.3

Ans. The Factors Affecting Industry

The factors that influence the location of industries are described below:

1. Raw Material

Usually industry is located at such a place where raw materials are easily

and abundantly accessible. For example, textile industry will be located near

chsu places where cotton is harvested on a large scale.

2. Manpower

Adequate supply of labour is necessary for any industry. Both skilled and

unskilled labourers are employed in industries.

3. Capital

Abundant capital is required for setting up of an industry. Capital is necessary

for the construction of building, installation of machinery and to meet other

expenses.

4. EnergyEnergy is necessary to run heavy machinery in the industries. Coal, natural

gas, oil and electricity are the chief sources of energy. The type of machinery

in industry determines the nature of required energy.

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5. Means of Transportation and Communication

Industries are located in such areas where means of transport and

communication are better. Facility of good roads and railways is directly

connected with industrial development. These means are used to bring raw

materials to industrial areas and sending finished products to markets.

What are major industries of Pakistan?4

Ans. Major Industries of Pakistan and their Importance

Main industries of Pakistan are textiles, sugar, cement and automobiles

:which are described below

1. Textile Industry

2. Sugar Industry

At the time of independence in 1947 there were only two sugar mills in

Pakistan. According to 2011-12 statistics, now this number has increased to

M79. Sugar mills are located in Larkana, Pattoki, Kamalia, Jhang, andi

Joharabad Charsaddah, Bahauddin, Bhakkar, , Layyah, Mardan, Noshehra etc.

3. Cement Industry

Limestone and gypsum are necessary for cement industry. Reserves of these

raw materials are abundant in Pakistan. In our country cement factories are

Dera located in district Ghazi Khan, Rawalpindi,Karachi, Jhelum, Thatta,

Hyderabad, Mianwali, Hazara and Khairpur etc.

4. Automobile Industry

In this sector many big units are engaged in the production (manufacturing

and assembling) of vehicles. Hundreds of other manufacturing unites supply

parts to this sector. This sector manufactures cars, trucks, buses, jeeps,

tractors, motorbikes etc. Automobile manufacturing units are located in

Karachi, Hyderabad, Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat etc.

Textile industry is playing most important role in the economy of Pakistan.

This industry also has a big share in Pakistan's exports. It is providing

employment to a large number of workers in our country. In textile industry

(cotton) different machines are used for ginning, spinning and weaving.

Textile mills are located in Faisalabad, Karachi, Hyderabad and Lahore.

1717

Describe the importance of cottage industry.5

Cottage industry is considered significant for the economic development of

Pakistan. These industries produce goods and raw materials locally to meet

our maximum necessities. They also introduce new goods into market and

shape our ways of life. Cottage industry of Pakistan is dominated by

embroidery, spinning, hand woven cotton and woolen textiles, gold and silver

jewelry, leather goods, metal ware, cutlery, earthenware, sports goods, toys

etc.

Ans.

Fill in the blanks.

Majority of world population is __________ on agriculture.1 dependent

Rice is an important __________ crop in Pakistan.2 kharif

kharif and __________are the two seasons of crops found in the subcontinent.3 rabi

Main source of our national income is __________.4 agriculture

________________ is required for the setting up of an industry.5 Abundant capital


Pakistan produces 5 percent of the worlds' cotten.4

70 % of total cultivable area of Pakistan depends upon irrigation.1

Canal system of Pakistan consists of karez, wells and tube wells.2

The industry of Pakistan is very strong.3

Cottage industry is of no significance.5


Sugarcane is a crop of:2

Agriculture provides to many people:1

In Pakistan, number of sugar mills has increased to:5

Textile industry is located in:4

Maize is an important crop of:3

(a) food (b) employment (c) livelihood

(a) Rabi (b) food (c) cash

(a) kharif (b) (c) rabi (c) monsoon

(a) Karachi (b) Faisalabad (c) Peshawar

(a) 73 (b) 76 (c) 79

1818


What is domestic trade?1

Which are major imports of Pakistan?2

Why are means of transportation necessary for the development of industries?3

When the exchange of goods and services takes place within the boundariesof a country, it is called domestic trade. All the partners involved in thisexchange of goods and services belong to same country.

Ans.

Some of the major exports of Pakistan are Cotton, Rice, Cotton yarn andcotton clothes, carpets, leather products and miscellaneous exports.

Ans.

Best means of transportation are necessary for the development of industries. They are used to bring raw material and send finished products to markets or ports.

Ans.

Write the answers of the given questions in detail.

Which are the major factors that affect international trade?1

Strong and fast means of transportation are essential for international trade.Most of the international trade is carried through sea routes. Neighboringcountries can also trade with each other easily by road for which trucks andrailways are suitable means of transportation.

2. Transportation

Ans. Factors hat Affect International Tradet

Availability or shortage of resources has prominent effect on the ratio of international trade. Major factors influencing the international trade aredescribed below:

1. MarketsThis is the age of competition. In order to earn more and more foreignexchange almost every country is in search of new and larger markets. Acountry can get attention only by manufacturing quality goods.

4

Exercise

Trade and Transportation

1919

3. PopulationInternational trade is very much influenced by the population of a country. A

country with less population is able to export surplus products. Usually more

populous countries have a higher volume of trade.

4. Trade PoliciesDifferent countries can trade according to their trade policies. Along with that

Quota system is also enforced by the government to balance the international

trade. Domestic political situation and government policies also affect the

international trade.

Write a note on major imports of Pakistan.2

2. Tea and Edible OilPakistan imports edible oil mostly from USA, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.

Consumption of tea is high in Pakistan. Most of tea is imported from

Bangladesh and Sri Lanka which costs a lot of foreign exchange.

3. Machinery and Raw MaterialPakistan is forced to import machinery and raw material for the development

of different industrial sectors. Without these exports our industry cannot

prosper. So import of foreign machinery and raw material is must for

economic development.

4. Iron, Steel and its ProductsPakistan is endowed with vast reserves of iron. Although Karachi steel mill is

working but it is unable to meet domestic demands. Consequently a large

quantity of iron, steel and its products are to be imported from foreign

countries. Iron, steel and its products are imported from Germany, Belgium,

UK, France, USA, Japan and Australia.

Ans. Major Imports of Pakistan

Import takes place when a good or service brought into one country from

another. Main imports of Pakistan are described below:

Production of petroleum in Pakistan is not sufficient. So a large amount of

foreign exchange is spent for the import of petroleum and its products.

Petroleum and its products have a direct influence on manufacturing sectors

of the country. Pakistan imports petrol, diesel and petroleum products like

Vaseline and plastic from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, Iran, Iraq etc. to

meet domestic demands.

1. Petroleum Products

2020

5. Chemical Fertilizers

Pakistan is an agricultural country. Chemical fertilizers play an important rolein the development of agricultural sector. Most of fertilizers are beingproduced in Pakistan to meet domestic requirements, but increasing demandmakes it necessary to import specific chemical fertilizers from other countries.Some kinds of fertilizers are imported from Iraq, Tunis, Italy and USA.

6. Miscellaneous ImportsBesides above mentioned import items, different other goods are alsoimported from foreign countries to meet domestic demands. These includes:medicines, paints, electric appliances, paper, stationary etc. Import of these

.goods costs a lot of foreign exchange

Write a note on road transportation.3

Major highways of Pakistan are as under, which connect different cities.

I) G.T. Road Peshawar, Lahore, Multan, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Karachi

ii) Indus Highway Peshawar, Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmore, Larkana, Sehwan Sharif, Karachi

iii) Super Highway Ormara, Gawadar, Pasni, Jiwani Karachi

iv) Coastal Highway Karachi, Hyderabad

v) Silk Road is also important which connects Pakistan and China.

A network of motorways is being established to meet the requirements of advanced age. According to this project, M1 (Peshawar to Islamabad), M2 (Islamabad to Lahore) and M3 (Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad) has been

completed, while other projects are under progress.

1. Road

Means of transportation in Pakistan advanced greatly with the passage of

time. There is a huge network of roads in the country which connect distantareas. Road transportation is relatively cheaper and more popular. In rural

oareas motorbikes, carts, t ngas etc. whereas in urban areas buses, trucks,

wagons, cars etc. are generally used. National highways and motorways aremost important roads in Pakistan. Management of highways is under federalgovernment who controls them through National Highway Authority. Besidesit, there are provincial, division and district levels. These all departments are

responsible for the construction and maintenance of roads, framing of trafficlaw and prevention of road accidents. Total length of important roads in Pakistan is about 2,60,000 kilometers.

Ans.

2121

Ans. Sher Shah used to transfer his officials after ever two or three years so thaty

they could not exercise undue influence and misuse their powers by working

in same area for a long period.

Fill in the blanks.


This is the age of competition.1

The biggest export item of Pakistan is rice.2

Consumption of tea is not very high in Pakistan.3

Best transportation results in the promotion of trade.4


Quota system is imposed to balance the international:1

Pakistani carpets are favourite because of their high:2

Total length of important roads in Pakistan is about:3

Cotton is the __________ of Pakistani economy.1 backbone

2 __________ are imported from Iraq, Tunis, Italy and USA.Fertilizers

3 Road transport in Pakistan is __________ and more popular.cheaper

In the _______ of Pakistan lies the Arabian Sea.4 south

(a) population (b) trade (c) relations

(a) quality (b) price (c) demand

(a) 3,60,000 km (b) 2,80,000 km (c) 2,60,000 km

5

Exercise

The Foundation ofMughal Empire


Why did Sher Shah used to transfer his officals?1

2222

Who faced Babar in the first battle of Panipat?2

Ans. Babar defeated the army of Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of Paniput and

got hold of Lahore.

When did armies of Babar and Rana Sanga confront?3

Ans. Bab r's army and the armies met in the battle at Kanwaha,a Rana Sanga’s

.near Agra on March 16, 1527

Describe battle at Chausa between Hamayun and Sher Shah.4

Ans. When Humayun got the news that Sher Shah had raised a siege of Gaur, the

capital of Bengal he got furious on Sher Shah and decided to march against,

him. Meanwhile, Sher Shah had took control of a large area. Humayun

resolved to make an advance in Bengal and kept advancing without any

resistance and entered Gaur in 1538 AD. Victory of Gaur was apparently a

big accomplishment of Humayun. In 1539 AD Sher Shah attacked

Humayun's army from three sides. Humayun's troops could not bear this

attack. This battle was fought at Chausa.

Where was Sher Shah Suri born?5

Ans. He was born in 1486 AD.

Where was Babar born?6

Ans. Babar was born in Fergana (now in Uzbekistan) in 1483 AD.valley

Answer the questions in detail.

What were the reasons of Babar's success in the battle of Panipat?1Ans. At that time northern areas of the Subcontinent were under the power of

I 5 ,Ibrahim Lodhi. n 1 26 Babar defeated the army of Ibrahim Lodhi in the first

battle of Paniput and got hold of Lahore

Describe Humayun's battles with Lodhis and Afghans. 2

Ans. After Babar's death Mehmood Lodhi, the brother of Ibrahim Lodhi, speeded

up his activities in Oudh and Bihar. Mehmood Lodhi attacked Jaunpur and

expelled its governor. Humayun advanced upon Jaunpur, defeated Mehmood

Lodhi and captured Jaunpur.At that time Sher Shah Suri was a seasoned

politician and keen military leader. He had strengthened his position in Bihar.

He was involved in anti-mughal activities since the time of Babar.

2323

Explain early life of Sher Shah Suri and his achievements. 3

Ans. Sher Shah Suri (1486-1545 Ad)

Real Name of Sher Shah Suri was Farid Khan. He was born in 1486 AD Hisfather Hassan Khan Suri joined the army of Jaunpur's raja and progressed tothe rank of general. Hassan Khan Suri chose Sasram as his permanentresidence.

Sher Shah Suri's Rise to Power

After the exile of Humayun, Sher Shah was the sole ruler of Bengal, Bihar, Jaunpur, Delhi and Agra. But he was feeling the need for more conquests tomake his kingdom safe and free of dangers. First of all he conquered Punjabwhich was then under the rule of Humayun's brother.

What do you know about various reforms of Sher Shah Suri?4

Ans. Sher Shah was the first ruler of India who laid down an administrativestructure for the sake of common people's welfare. Sher Shah managed hislocal affairs very intelligently. All military and civil power was in the hands ofSher Shah himself, and he used both for the public welfare.Sher Shah used to

ytransfer his officials after ever two or three years so that they could notexercise undue influence and misuse their powers by working in same areafor a long period.

Write a note on return of Humayun.5

Ans. After his defeat at Kanauj, Humayun saved his life by fleeing to Iran,marching with his wife and companion through mountains and valleys. Iranhad a strong kingdom at that time. Mughal's had better relations with theruler of Iran. When Shah of Iran heard about hardships of Humayun, he gavehim a warm welcome and honored him as a royal guest. During this period India was ruled by Sher Shah Suri and his family. After the death of Sher Shah Suri, his successor Saleem Shah Suri assumed the

divisionthrone. At Saleem Shah's death country was engulfed in . Thissituation was favourable to Humayun. In 1554 AD he captured Peshawar andafter strengthening his position there, he advanced toward Lahore. Humayuncaptured Lahore in 1555AD and then took Delhi. Thus Humayun revived hislost kingdom. In 1556 AD Humayun was studying in his library of old fort, and heard thecall for Maghrib prayers. He was descending from stairs when he slipped and

, he diedfell down. His head was injured and could not survive his woundsafter three days of medication.

2424

Fill in the blanks.

Babar was born in Fergana in _______________.1

Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the first battle of __________.2

__________ passed away in 1530 AD. 3

1483 AD

Paniput

Babar

At the age of 12 years, Hamayun was appointed as the governer of

____________.

4

Badakhshan

Sher Shah Suri directly __________ his army.5 supervised


Babar is the founder of Mughal Empire in the subcontinent.1

Army of Zaheeruddin Babar was very large in number.2

Sher Shah Suri was a canny military leader.3

Hamayun was not welcomed by the king of Iran.4

Hamayun constructed the grand trunk road .5

Circle the right answer.

(a) 12 years old (b) 14 years old (c) 16 years old

(a) 1500 A.D. (b) 1504 A.D. (c) 1507 A.D.

(a) Chanderi (b) Benaras (c) India

(a) 1526 A.D. (b) 1528 A.D. (c) 1530 A.D.

(a) Palace (b) Tomb (c) Government

Babar's father passed away, when he was .1

Babar conquered Kabul in: 2

After success in Kabul, Babar marched towards:3

Hamayun was enthroned in:4

Sher Shah had himself built his:5

2525


When was Shajahan crowned as a king?5

Who was Bairam Khan ? 1

Ans. Akbar appointed his tutor Bairam Khan as incharge of all governmental matters.

What is meant by Mansabdari system?2Ans. Akbar reviewed the feudal system. Akbar replaced old system with

Mansabdari. According to this new system every official, whether civil or

military, was assigned a special mansab.

Who was the first husband of Noor Jahan and what happened to him?3Ans. A soldier Sher Afghan was the first husband of Noor Jahan. He killed during

a battle of Bengal.

Ans. The son of Jahangir, Shah Jahan became emperor in October 1627 at the

age of 35. His real name was Khurram. After his crowning, he adopted the

.title of Shah Jahan

Who compiled the Fitawa-e-Alamgiri ?6

Ans. Aurangzeb compiled the Fitawa-e-Alamgiri book.


Describe the religious strategy of Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar.1

Ans. Akbar initiated his efforts to maximize the debates on various religious issues

and minimized the interference of clergy in political matters. Akbar selected

good principles from all religions of the subcontinent and combined them into

a new religion "Din-e-Ilahi" This religion was enforced in 1582. Many customs

and rites, were appended to this new religion, including from eating resist

Exercise

6 The ConsolidationMughal Empire

Which book was written by Jahangir?4

Ans. Fitawa-e-Alamgiri.

2626

cow's meat, fire worship, bowing in front of the emperor, etc. Akbar's

followers accepted this new religion without any delay. The sons of scholar

Ameer Ali, Abu Al-Fazal and Faizi played a great role in the promotion of

Din-e-Ilahi. But Din-e-Ilahi spirited away soon after the death of Akbar.

Mujaddid Alif Saani's role was crucial in erasing Din-e-Ilahi.

In 1605, Akbar died. Just before dying he had appointed prince Nur-ud-Din

Muhammad Jahangir as his apparent heir.

Discuss culture in the age of Jahangir and Noor Jahan.2

Ans. During his rule, people of the subcontinent enjoyed peace and prosperity.

One of the wrong decisions of Jahangir was to enter into a commercial

treaty with the British East India Company. This treaty lead to the gradual

decline of Mughal dynasty in the subcontinent.

The Chain f Justiceo

Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Jahangir announced general amnesty for all

prisoners of war. In fact, Jahangir was determined to dispense justice fairly.

One of his earliest orders was the setting up of a "chain of justice" made of

gold. Anyone who failed to secure justice might pull the chain outside the

Agra fort in order to draw the attention of the emperor and thus redress his

complaints. In history this act of Jahangir is known as Adl-e-Jahangiri.

Write about the religious policy of Aurangzeb.3

Ans. Many years after his enthronement, Aurangzeb did not entertain any bias

against the people of any faith. However, with the passage of time he took

traditionalsome measure as a Muslim. He banned all kind of music in royal

court. A Jiziyah tax was reinstituted on non-Muslims.All corrupt officials were

dismissed. Sale of alcohol and other drugs was prohibited. Women were

prohibited to visit tombs.

What is the status of Aurangzeb as a king in the history of Subcontinent?4

Aurangzeb Alamgir (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb, the third son of Shah Jahan was born in 1618. He was gifted with

a strong personality and will power. These qualities helped him to win the

war of succession during last days of Shah Jahan and thus he became the

emperor of India.

Ans.

2727

Akbar conquered the important areas of Ranthambore and __________

after a prolonged struggle.

1

Fill in the blanks.

Jahangir was most interested in __________________ than architecture.2

Shah Jahan died in __________ .3

Noor Jahan was the widow of____________ .4

Aurangzeb banned all kinds of ___________ in royal court.5

1659

Sher Afghan

music

Ans. Shah Jahan had appointed Dara Shikoh his heir while he was alive. He was

deprived of administrative and military capabilities. He died in 1659 during

the war of succession. Second son of Shah Jahan, Shuja, was a lazy person

and lacked administrative skills. Third son of Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb was a

much better person in his disposition and temperament. Shah Jahan had

appointed him the governor of Deccan. Fourth son of Shah Jahan, Murad,

also lacked administrative abilities and was very hasty in his decisions. He

was taken prisoner by Aurangzeb after a fake agreement.

Write a note on battles among Shah Jahan's sons for throne.5

Match the columns

Akbar was born in

Bairam khan

Navaratnas

Aurangzeb was born in

Abu Fazel

Precious jewels

1542

Akbar’s tutor

Akbar’s chief advisor

1618


Age of Shah Jahan was the culmination of Mughal culture and architecture.

3

Real name of Noor jahan was Noor Mahal.2

Before Akbar, there was Mansabdari system in the country.1

Kalanjar

Handsome writing

2828

Which philosophy of Sufism was taught by Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani (R.A)?1

Ans. He first of all formed relations with influential courtiers and incited them to

promulgate Shariah. On the other hand, he prepared a group of faith loving

followers who spread his mission and message in the entire country.

Who built the Red Fort of Agra?2

Ans. A greater part of the Red fort was constructed by Akbar starting in 1565 and

completed it in 1574.

Circle the right answer.

(a) Salary (b) Ransom (c) Gold

Bairam Khan was of Akbar:1

Every Mansabdar was paid according to his ability:2

Jahangir died in:3

Aurangzeb paid full attention to: 4

Akbar devised a new:5

First son of Shah Jahan was Murad.4

Aurangzeb paid full attention to his administration.5

(a) Uncle (b) General (c) Tutor

(a) 1627 A.D. (b) 1628 A.D. (c) 1629 A.D

(a) War (b) Administration (c) Architecture

(a) Religion (b) Machine (c) Book

7

Exercise

Socio-Cultural Conditionsof Mughal Empire


2929

Which Mughal emperor built Gardens in Kashmir? 3

Ans. Shah Jahan constructed Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir on the same pattern.

Who was the principal designer of Taj Mahal?4

Ans. Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is considered the principal designer of Taj Mahal.

What kinds of plants are found in Shalimar Garden Lahore?5

Ans. The garden contains many species of beautiful fragrant and non-fragrant

plants and trees.

Who is buried in Taj Mahal?6

Ans. Mumtaz Mahal

Ans.

Answer the questions in the detail.

Write a note on the life of Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani (R.A).1

He first of all formed relations with influential courtiers and incited them to

promulgate Shariah. On the other hand, he prepared a group of faith loving

followers who spread his mission and message in the entire country.

unusual loyaltyHazrat Mujadid Alif SaniRA confronted the ideas and of

Akbar. Through written letters, he advised the court officials to follow Islamic

Shariah. On his prompting, court officials became passionate to serve the

religion more and more.

Results of Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani's work started appearing during the last

days of Akbar. The unfaithful companions of Akbar died one by one and the

emirs replacing them knew about the teachings of Hazrat Mujadid. Prince

Saleem was enthroned through the efforts of these emirs.

Jahangir was under the influence of his faithful emirs. Their power was

reduced after the death of Nawab Murtaza Khan Farid Bukhari, and the

unfaithful Persian emirs took their place. They opposed Hazrat Mujadid's

reform movement. So they prompted Jahangir against Hazrat Mujadid who

ordered for his imprisonment. He spent some time of his detention in

Gwaliar fort where many moral offenders converted on his hand.

During his detention, Jahangir heard the stories of Hazrat Mujadid's piety

and good intentions. So, he set him free and appointed as his counselor.

Hazrat Mujadid died in 1624 A.D. after spending three years with Jahangir.

His sons carried on his mission.

3030

Discuss development in science, arts and architecture during Mughal period.2

Ans. The Mughal Emperors were unusual and strong patrons of art and

architecture. They moved between Delhi, Lahore, and Agra, where theyconstructed a variety of buildings including palaces, gardens, mosques, fortsand tombs. During the Mughal era the subcontinent became the heart ofIslamic culture and unforgettable architecture.

Explain the central government system of Mughal Empire.3

Ans. The unfaithful companions of Akbar died one by one and the emirs replacingthem knew about the teachings of Hazrat Mujadid. Prince Saleem wasenthroned through the efforts of these emirs. Jahangir was under the influence of his faithful emirs. Their power wasreduced after the death of Nawab Murtaza Khan Farid Bukhari, and theunfaithful Persian emirs took their place. They opposed Hazrat Mujadid's

reform movement. So they prompted Jahangir against Hazrat Mujadid whoordered for his imprisonment.

Write note on the educational system during Mughal period?4

Ans. Every Mughal emperor considered education as his religious obligation. Agra,

Delhi, Lahore, Allahabad, Ambala, etc. were centres of Islamic learning and education during Mughal period. These centres of knowledge, universities

and schools played an important part in promotion of Islam and greatly

benefitted the Muslim population.Akbar compiled a book to instruct children. His method was very similar tobasic education of our time.

Jahangir was considered an authority in natural sciences. Shah Jahan toohad very good taste for knowledge and scholarship. Aurangzeb was agrammarian. His writings are a wonderful piece of Persian language.

Muhammad Shah, known as Muhammad Shah Rangeela, also paid attention toward establishment of schools. Shah Waliullah's famous centre ofknowledge was run on official grants.

Discus the role of Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani in the propagation of islam in the sub-continent.

5

Ans. Hazrat Mujadid Alif SaniRA confronted the unusual ideas and loyalty ofAkbar. Through written letters, he advised the court officials to follow IslamicShariah. On his prompting, court officials became passionate to serve thereligion more and more.

3131

Match the columns.

Rites and customs Anguri Bagh

Taj Mahal letters

Red Fort culture

Din-e-Ilahi Shah Jahan

loans cultivators

Circle the correct option.

Jahangir was under the influence of his faithful:

(a) emirs (b) generals (c) Sufis

(a) ruler (b) administrator (c) calligrapher

(a) moral (b) religious (c) social

(a) Shah Jahan (b) Akbar (c) Jahangir

1

Babar himself was a good:2

Every Mughal emperor considered education as his obligation.3

Mughal architecture reached its peak during the control of.4

Fill in the blanks.

Mujadid Alif Sani (R.A) spent __________ years as a counselor of Jahangir.1

__________ movement was very powerful in the time of Hazrat Mujadid (R.A).2

Hamayun had a great passion for __________ and painting.3

Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal in the memory of his wife________________.4

______________Fort was used as the royal residence of Mughal Eperors.5

three

Islamic

reading

Mumtaz Mehal

Mumtaz Mehal

3232

(a) Red Fort (b) Taj Mahal (c) Badshahi Mosque

Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.5

Sufism has a history in India evolving for over:7

(a) Mujadid Alif Sani (b) Shah Jahan (c) Akbar

Founder of earliest Islamic movement was:6

(a) 3,000 yrs (b) 1,000 yrs (c) 5,000 yrs


What was the real name of Bahadur Shah I?1

Ans. Muazzam

What did Farrukh Siyar do after assuming power?2

Ans. Farrukh Siyar established his authority with the help of two brothers, Abdullah

Khan and Husain Ali Khan, collectively known as the Saiyad brothers.

Write about Rafi-ul-Daulah.3

Ans. Rafi-ul-Darjat was born in 1699A.D. Saiyad Brothers crowned him as king after the

dismissal of Farrukhsiyar. Rafi-ul-Darjat was grandson of Bahadur Shah I and son

of Rafi-ul-shan. At the time of coronation he was only 20 years old. He was also a

prisoner Saiyad Brothers and was in jail since a long time. His ruling age was a

period of turmoil and unrest. He ruled for three months and died in the same year.

What did Nadir Shah do with Muhammad Shah?4

Ans. Nadir Shah gave back the government of India to Muhammad Shah and took its

riches with him.

Which rulers resisted against British?5

Ans.

8

Exercise

Downfall of Mughal Empire

Hyder Ali

3333

Who was the Lion of Mysore?6

Ans. Tipu Sultan was given the title of the Lion of Mysore.


Write down a note on Bahadur Shah I.1

Ans. A making fter the death of Aurangzeb, three brothers started efforts to take

his place as emperor. Muazzam defeated both Azam at Jajau in 1707 and

Kam Baksh near Hyderabad in 1708. Muazzam emerged victorious and

ascended the Mughal throne with the title of Bahadur Shah I. He was also

known as Shah Alam I. Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) was a kindhearted and

just ruler. He was 65 at the time of coronation. He lacked the decision power

and did not prefer to keep things as they are. He avoided any decisive action

on any issue. His nonperformance disheartened many emirs-who also

stopped their work. Differences between emirs increased. After some days of

these events and happenings, Bahadur Shah I fell ill and passed away in 1712.

Describe the period of Haider Ali .2

Ans. Famous Muslim general Hyder Ali was born in 1720. He started his practical

life as a soldier but got immediate promotion and reached to the rank of

general. State of Mysore was ruled by a Hindu raja. His minister was

Nand Raj. They both started confrontation and situation became worse.

Hyder Ali suggested Nand Raj to go back to his lands because it is now

dangerous for him to stay as a minister. When he went back, Hyder Ali

deposed the raja and captured the control of the state.

Fill in the blanks.

Jahandar Shah succeeded _______________ in 1712.

Abdullah Khan and Husain Ali Khan were known as the ________________.

Saiyid Brothers announced the dismissal of Farrukhsiyar in _______ .

In the age of Muhammad Shah, Jats of ___________________revolted.

Ahmad Shah Abdali was a general of _____________________.

1

2

3

4

5

Bahadur Shah I

Saiyad brothers

1719

Akbarabad

Nadir Shahd Durani

3434

Match the columns.A B

Bahadar Shah II Muhammad Shah Rangeela

Rafi-ul-Darjat Puppet king

Jat Rebellion Bahadar Shah Zafar

Rafi-ul-Daulah Bahadar Shah I

Nadir Shah Durrani Akbarabad


Bahadur Shah I was crowned at the age of:1

Ahmad Shah Abdali announced himself as king in:2

Tipu Sultan and the British fought a severe battle at:3

Maharaja Ranjit was a famous and powerful:4

Haider Ali was the ruler of:5

(a) 50 years (b) 60 years (c) 65 years

(a) Kandahar (b) India (c) Kashmir

(a) Seringapatam (b) Mysore (c) Panipat

(a) Sikh leader (b) Sikh Guru (c) Martha leader

(a) Mysore (b) Bengal (c) Oudh

keybook social studies 7

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