kf d 2014 evidence-based practice 141031 -libre

8/10/2019 KF D 2014 Evidence-Based Practice 141031 -Libre

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College of Design &Innovation

Tongji University

2014 October 30


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Ken Friedman

Chair Professor of Design Innovation

Studies, Tongji University

University Distinguished Professor,

Swinburne University


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The Economic Context


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"The future is here.It's just not evenly

distributed yet."

William Gibson


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Three economic sectors:primary, secondary,

tertiary.

Colin Clark (1940)


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The primary sectorextracts wealth

from nature.


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Agriculture, livestock,farming, hunting,

trapping, fishing,

forestry, basic mining.


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Secondary sectorindustries transform

extracted material

through human activity.


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Manufacturing,building, construction,

mining, gas, oil, and

power production.


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Commerce, distribution,transport, public service,

domestic services,

personal services, andprofessional services.


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Post-IndustrialSociety

Daniel Bell (1976)


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Economic Sectors

Pre-Industrial - Primary

Extraction

Industrial - SecondaryFabrication

Post-Industrial Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary

Processing, Information


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Economic Sectors

Pre-Industrial - Primary

Extraction

Agriculture, Mining, Fishing,Timber, Oil and Gas


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Economic Sectors

Industrial - Secondary

Fabrication

Goods Production,Manufactured Durables,

Manufactured Non-durables,

Heavy Construction


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Economic Sectors

Post-Industrial Tertiary

Processing and Information

Transportation, Utilities


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Economic Sectors

Post-Industrial Quaternary


Trade, Finance, Insurance,Real Estate


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Economic Sectors

Post-Industrial Quinary


Health, Education, Research,Government, Recreation,

Entertainment


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Transforming Resources

Pre-Industrial

Natural Power

Wind, Water, Draft Animals,

Human Muscle


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Industrial

Manufactured Energy

Steam, Electricity, Coal, Oil,

Gas, Nuclear Power


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Post-Industrial

Information and Knowledge

Programming & Algorithms,

Computers & Data Transmission,

Human Interaction


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Strategic Resources

Pre-Industrial

Raw materials

Industrial

Financial capital

Post-Industrial

Human capital


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Technology

Pre-Industrial

Craft

Industrial

Machine TechnologyPost-Industrial

Intellectual Technology


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Mode of Work

Pre-Industrial

Physical Labor

Industrial

Division of Labor

Post-Industrial

Networking


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Time Perspective

Pre-Industrial

Oriented to Past

Industrial

Ad Hoc Adaptation, Experimentation

Post-Industrial

Future Orientation, Forecasting, andPlanning


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Axial Principle

Pre-Industrial

Tradition

Industrial

Productivity

Post-Industrial

Codified Knowledge


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Six Economies

Friedman (2005)


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Economy 1

Gathering and

Harvesting


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Economy 2

Fabricating


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Economy 3

Transport and Utilities


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Economy 4

Commerce and

Financial Services


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Economy 5

Information and

Knowledge Services


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Economy 6

Emotional Work,

Human Networks,

Experience Economy,

Cultural Services


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Economy 6

ALSOthe economy of

direct action onbiological, molecular,

and atomic structures


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Economy 6

These have now become

fields of professionalpractice


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All economies co-exist,but the proportions,

importance, and

demographics of the

sectors changes over

time.


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What is design in thecontext of todays global

economies?


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Design


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To design is to [devise]courses of action aimed

at changing existing

situations into preferred

ones (Simon 1982: 129).


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Design is a Discipline


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Design is a Field


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Universities areresponsible for

disciplines


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Design is in transition.Will design make the

shift that changed

physics between 1500and 1900?


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Physics in the 1500s

Copernicus

Kepler

Galileo

Brahe

Newton


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Physics in 1900

Maxwell

Planck

Einstein

Bohr


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Medicine in 1895


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Medicine in 1910

1910

Flexner Report

1920

2000


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What changes do we

need on a global basis?


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Foundation in theory and

models of design that

support practical skills


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Specific problem fordesign as a field with no

recognized discipline


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Design is a process thatinvolves finding, framing,

and solving problems for

legitimate stakeholders


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These issues require a

general theory of design and

broad models.


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Some aspects of design arenecessarily embedded in the

specific situations we face as

designers.


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These issues require manyforms of treatment and

representation, from theory

and analysis to case studies,and emergent iterative

solutions in the context of

work flow.


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We resemble the medicalpractitioners of 1910, rather

than the general and

specialist physicians of 2014.


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The current standard in

medicine is evidence-based

practice. There is nothing

similar in design.


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Design is a field so

fragmented conceptually and

so rooted in craft guild

traditions that we often dont

agree on the nature of

evidence or for many

whether evidence is

desirable or even possible.


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Designers today face ten major

challenges. These challenges

affect all organizations that

provide products or services

through business and industry,government or public service,

non-profit and education, the

military, churches and more.


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Threeperformance

challenges


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Act on the physical world.


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Address human needs.


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Generate the builtand social environment.


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Foursubstantive

challenges


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Ambiguous boundariesbetween artifacts,

structures, and processes.


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Large-scale social,economic,

and industrial frames.


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Complex environment ofneeds, requirements, and

constraints.


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Threecontextual

challenges


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Projects, products, andservices cross the

boundaries of several

organizations, stakeholder,producer, and user groups.


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Projects or products mustmeet expectations of many

organizations,

stakeholders,

producers, and users.


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Demands at every level ofproduction, distribution,

reception, and control.


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We have been so busy keeping

up with the changing worldaround us, that we have had

difficulties as a field to appreciate

the emerging moment thatrequires us to reshape our

practices as designers, thinkers,

and educators.


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Profound knowledge

Appreciation for system

Knowledge about variation

Theory of knowledge

Psychology

W. Edwards Deming (1986, 1993)


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Hierarchy of NeedsPhysiological

Safety (Security)

Social (Affiliation)Esteem

Self-Actualization

Abraham Maslow (1989)


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A Note of Caution

Human beings are

not instruments.


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References

Bell, Daniel. 1999 (1976). The Coming of Post-industrial Society. A Venture in Social Forecasting.

New York: Basic Books.

Clark, Colin. 1940. Conditions of Economic Progress. London: Macmillan and Co.

Deming, W. Edwards. 1986. Out of the Crisis. Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Deming, W. Edwards. 1993. The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education.

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for AdvancedEngineering Study.

Friedman, Ken. 2005. Six Economies for Design Research. Keynote Speech. Founding

Conference of the International Association of Societies of Design Research. November 1-4.

2005. National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, College of Design, Yunlin, Taiwan.

Maslow, Abraham. 1987. Motivation and Personality. 3rd Edition. New York: HarperCollins. (See

also Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard. 1969. Management of Organizational Behavior.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.)

Simon, Herbert. 1982. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.


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Copyright 2014 by Ken Friedman.

All rights reserved.

Permission to reproduce and distribute

with attribution and copyright notice.

PDF copy avaialble from URL:

https://swinburne.academia.edu/KenFriedman

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