KGAOLO YA PELE

11 MATSENO

Bopape ke yo mongwe yo bohlokwa gare ga bangwadi ba dingwalwa tsa

Sepedi 0 ngwadile dipuku tse disupago tsa mehutahuta e lego dipapadi

dipadi dipadinyana Ie kgoboketso ya dikanegelokopana Makgale (1978)

(papadi) Lenong La Gauta (1982) (padi) Dikeledi (1985) (papadi)

Bogobe bja Tswiitswii (1985) (kgoboketso ya dikanegelokopana) Rena

Magomotsa (1986) (padinyana) Tsietsi (1995) (padinyana) Ie Motshelo

wa Tshireletso (1995) (padi)

Go tsweia pele Bopape 0 thopile difoka tse tlhano Tsona ke sefoka sa

EM Ramaila sa maemo a pele ka 1984 ka paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta Ka ngwaga wa 1985 0 thopile gape sefoka sa EM Ramaila sa

maemo a bobedi ka papadi ya Dikeledi A boa a thopa sefoka sa De

Jager-Haum sa maemo a pele ka ngwaga wa 1985 ka kgoboketso ya

dikanegelokopana ya Bogobe bja tswiitswii Erile ka ngwaga wa 1986 a

thopa difoka tse pedi tse di fapanego e Iego sa De Jager-Haum sa maemo

a pele Ie sa go bitswa sefoka sa dingwalwa sa MJ Madiba e Ie sa

maemo a bobedi ka padinyana ya Rena Magomotsa

Ditaba tse ka moka tse di boletswego di laetsa bohlokwa bja Bopape

dingwalong tsa Sepedi Gomme go na Ie basekaseki bao ba gatelelago

bokgoni bja Bopape Groenewaid (198213) ke yo mongwe wa go

gatelela bokgoni bja mongwadi yo bja go ngwala paditseka Ge a tiisa

bokgoni bjoo Serudu (1984 14) 0 bolela ka maitekelo a Bopape a go

ngwala Lenong la Gauta ka go re

1

A ke maitekelo a mathomo a Bopape a go ngwala

paditseka ka botlalo gape Bopape 0 bontshitse

bokgoni e Ie ruri go tsweletseng ga paditseka yeo

Bohlokwa bjo bo tlile go lekodisiswa ge go tsinkel wa paditseka ya

Lenong fa Gauta

12 MAlKEMISETSO

Ge go nyakisiSwa Lenong fa Gauta bjalo ka paditseka go Iemogilwe gore

ke sengwalwa sa mathomo sa Bopape sa mohuta wona wo ka ge a setse a

ngwadile paditseka ye nngwe ya bobedi Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dingwalwa

Ge go nyakisiSwa sengwalwa seo go yo lekodisiswa seo basekaseki ba

bangwe ba setsego ba boletse mabapi Ie Lenong fa Gauta Go ya ka

dinyakisiso paditseka ye e setse e sekasekilwe ke basekaseki ba bane e

Iego Groenewald Mphahlele Serudu Ie Mampuru

121 Groenewald PS Lenong la Gauta (1982) Dingwalo BA (Hons) Sesotho sa Leboa (1992) Ie Thutadingwalo ya Sesotho sa Leboa 2 (1993)

Dingwalwa tse tharo tse tsa Groenewald di bolela selo se tee ke gore di a

swana Ge dingwalo tseo di badiSiswa go tla hlokomelwa gore

Groenewald ga se a sekaseka Lenong la Gauta ka botlalo Gape ga se a

tsweletsa letlalo Ia diteng Ie la mongwaleio Seo a se dirilego ke go

tsweletsa letlalo la thulaganyo ka boripana ka go bolela ka dintlha tse

tharo e lego (a) go hlalosa tse e lego diphapantsho tsa paditseka ka go

tsopola Dresden Ie Vestdijk (b) go bapetsa Bopape Ie Van Doderer ka

gore dingwalwa tsa bona di kwana ka theknikikgolo ya tebelelo-ke ke

2

gore bobedi bja bona bo somisitse thekniki yeo ya molaodisi ka go

swana Ie (c) bokgoni bja Bopape ge a tlemolla Iehuto

Groenewaid 0 gateIeia bokgoni bja Bopape 0 nepisa gore Lenong La

Gauta ke kanegelo-ke (Letseka ke moiaodiSi) sephiri se utologela

letseka Ie mmadi ka nako e tee Bopape 0 tsweletsa bohlatse bjo bo

Iebanego Ie mmolai mo mathomothomong a padi ka go bolela ka ga

leraganyana Ie Ie gomaretsego maotwana a mmotoro wa Brenda Le gore

mmolai Ie mogatsagomolaodisi ke motho 0 tee Seo se tiisetsa ke

mongwapo mo mmeleng wa mmolai Yeo ke tshekatsheko ya go akaretsa

ditaba ka go realo nyakisiso ya ditaba ye e nepagetsego e a nyakega

122 Mphahlele LL Lenong la Gauta (1982)

Mphahlele 0 akaretsa ditaba ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie ge a boieia ka ga

tikologo yeo e Iego karolo ya diteng

Malebana Ie thulaganyo 0 boleia ge padi e arogantswe ka dikgaolo Ie ka

faD ditiragalo di latelanago ka gona 0 bontsha ge mongwadi a somisitse

thekniki ya go raraganya ditaba gape Ie tshomiso ya kgegeo go dira gore

mmadi a baIeIe pele Ie pele Moko wa ditaba Ie wona ga se a 0 hlalosa ka

botlalo 0 ruma ka go bapetSa Lenong La Gauta Ie dipuku tse dingwe tsa

botseka bjalo ka Tshipu e rile ke Lebelo (1983) ya DN Moloto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore Mphahlele ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie

mongwalelo 0 file kakaretso ya ditaba fela mola mo go thulaganyo a

tsopotse dithekniki tse pedi gomme a bapetsa kanegelo ye Ie tse dingwe

Go realo go nyakega nyakiSiso

3

123 Serlldll SM Lenong la Gaula (1982)

Serudu 0 thomile ka go akaretsa diteng Gabotse polelo ya gagwe e

lebane Ie thulaganyo Ge a e nyakisisa 0 nepisa dithekniki tseo di tlisago

maatlakgogedi mo kanegelong ye e lego tekolapejana tekolanthago

tharano Ie phego ka go di hialosa 0 bontsha ge elemente ya sehloa e

tsweleditswe mo kanegelong yeo

Malebana Ie baanegwa 0 bontsha ge molwantshi Ie molwantshwa ba

emela go Ioka Ie go se loke 0 ruma ka gore tikologo ye e somisitswego

pading ye e tlemagana Ie baanegwa ka bokgwari

Ka go realo tshekatsheko ye ya Serudu Ie yona ga se yeo e alago ditaba

ka botlalo gagolo ka gobane e Ie tshekatsheko ya taodiswana fela

124 Mampllrll DM Critical assessment of Lenong la Gauta as a

detective novel (story) (1986)

Mampuru bjalo ka Serudu Ie Mphahlele Ie yena 0 thomile ka go akaretsa

ditaba 0 bolela fela ka go no re molaetsa wa padi ye 0 tsweleditswe ka

bokgwari ge letseka Ie kgona go swara mmolai Mabapi Ie thulaganyo 0

hlalosa mareo ka moka ao a a somisitsego malebana Ie dikokwane tsa

letlalo Ie Mampuru 0 boieia gore maikemisetso a gagwe a magolo ke go

lekodisisa dielemente tse bohlokwa tsa paditseka e Iego kalotaba

tswetsopele sehioa Ie tharollo ya lehuto Seo se kgonthisa tswetsopele ya

nyakisiso ya paditseka yeo

Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tsa basekaseki ba bane ba a tla fapana Ie a

nyakisiso ye ka gobane tshekatsheko ya bona ga se e tsenelele Bona ba

be ba kwalakwatsa puku Ie go hiahia baithuti ba diyunibesithi Ie

barutwana ba mphato wa lesome fela Ka fao tsink~lo ye e nepagetsego

4

ya sengwalwa se sa Lenong fa Gauta e a nyakega Go realo

lengwalonyakiSiso Ie Ie tla setsa sebopego sa sengwalo

13 MOKGWA WA NYAKISISO

Ge nyakisiso e yo sekaseka paditseka ya Lenong fa Gauta e tIo sala

morago tshomiso ya mareo a mabedi e Iego go hlalosa (define) Ie go

hlatholla (ltinterpret) Dikgopolo tse pedi tse ga di swane ke gore ga di

bolele selo se tee di a fapana ka gona ga se mahlalosetsagotee

Go hlalosa ke mokgwa wa go bontsha seemo goba sebopego sa selo gore

se kwesisega gabotse Mohlala the tho e dirilwe ka mokgopa wa pudi ka

go bane e bapetSwa Ie go amogela ngwetsi ke gore ke seka sa go emela

mosadi ke ka faa go sa somiswego mokgopa wa nku goba wa kgomo Ie

ge e Ie wa tonki

Mokgopa wo 0 a sogwa wa tlotswa ka tshoolo letsoku goba tshidi gore

o be boleta Ie gore 0 se ke wa hlaba goba go ngwapa Ge the tho e dirwa

mokgopa 0 segwa ditsebjana tsa go sepelana Ie maoto gore 0 se sitise

moapari wa yona go sepela ebile e a kgabiswa gore a bogege Thetho e

direlwa mobja woo 0 thusago gore ge e aperwe e se we Thetho e aparwa

ke dikgarebe Ie basadi ba bagolo ka gobane e Ie seaparo sa basadi e se sa

bana

Go hlatholla ke go hlalosa ka go gateleia mesomo ya diphapantsho tsa

kgopolo ya go hlalosa ya ka godimo e Iego thetho Go yo lekolwa

mesomo ya thetho Mosomo wa mathomo ke go sireletsa mmele

phefong phi song Ie dikotsing tse dingwe tsa mmele mosomo wa bobedi

ke go kgabisa mebele gagologolo ya dikgarebe Ie basadi ka kudu

mabakeng a merero ya menyanya

5

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

A ke maitekelo a mathomo a Bopape a go ngwala

paditseka ka botlalo gape Bopape 0 bontshitse

bokgoni e Ie ruri go tsweletseng ga paditseka yeo

Bohlokwa bjo bo tlile go lekodisiswa ge go tsinkel wa paditseka ya

Lenong fa Gauta

12 MAlKEMISETSO

Ge go nyakisiSwa Lenong fa Gauta bjalo ka paditseka go Iemogilwe gore

ke sengwalwa sa mathomo sa Bopape sa mohuta wona wo ka ge a setse a

ngwadile paditseka ye nngwe ya bobedi Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dingwalwa

Ge go nyakisiSwa sengwalwa seo go yo lekodisiswa seo basekaseki ba

bangwe ba setsego ba boletse mabapi Ie Lenong fa Gauta Go ya ka

dinyakisiso paditseka ye e setse e sekasekilwe ke basekaseki ba bane e

Iego Groenewald Mphahlele Serudu Ie Mampuru

121 Groenewald PS Lenong la Gauta (1982) Dingwalo BA (Hons) Sesotho sa Leboa (1992) Ie Thutadingwalo ya Sesotho sa Leboa 2 (1993)

Dingwalwa tse tharo tse tsa Groenewald di bolela selo se tee ke gore di a

swana Ge dingwalo tseo di badiSiswa go tla hlokomelwa gore

Groenewald ga se a sekaseka Lenong la Gauta ka botlalo Gape ga se a

tsweletsa letlalo Ia diteng Ie la mongwaleio Seo a se dirilego ke go

tsweletsa letlalo la thulaganyo ka boripana ka go bolela ka dintlha tse

tharo e lego (a) go hlalosa tse e lego diphapantsho tsa paditseka ka go

tsopola Dresden Ie Vestdijk (b) go bapetsa Bopape Ie Van Doderer ka

gore dingwalwa tsa bona di kwana ka theknikikgolo ya tebelelo-ke ke

2

gore bobedi bja bona bo somisitse thekniki yeo ya molaodisi ka go

swana Ie (c) bokgoni bja Bopape ge a tlemolla Iehuto

Groenewaid 0 gateIeia bokgoni bja Bopape 0 nepisa gore Lenong La

Gauta ke kanegelo-ke (Letseka ke moiaodiSi) sephiri se utologela

letseka Ie mmadi ka nako e tee Bopape 0 tsweletsa bohlatse bjo bo

Iebanego Ie mmolai mo mathomothomong a padi ka go bolela ka ga

leraganyana Ie Ie gomaretsego maotwana a mmotoro wa Brenda Le gore

mmolai Ie mogatsagomolaodisi ke motho 0 tee Seo se tiisetsa ke

mongwapo mo mmeleng wa mmolai Yeo ke tshekatsheko ya go akaretsa

ditaba ka go realo nyakisiso ya ditaba ye e nepagetsego e a nyakega

122 Mphahlele LL Lenong la Gauta (1982)

Mphahlele 0 akaretsa ditaba ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie ge a boieia ka ga

tikologo yeo e Iego karolo ya diteng

Malebana Ie thulaganyo 0 boleia ge padi e arogantswe ka dikgaolo Ie ka

faD ditiragalo di latelanago ka gona 0 bontsha ge mongwadi a somisitse

thekniki ya go raraganya ditaba gape Ie tshomiso ya kgegeo go dira gore

mmadi a baIeIe pele Ie pele Moko wa ditaba Ie wona ga se a 0 hlalosa ka

botlalo 0 ruma ka go bapetSa Lenong La Gauta Ie dipuku tse dingwe tsa

botseka bjalo ka Tshipu e rile ke Lebelo (1983) ya DN Moloto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore Mphahlele ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie

mongwalelo 0 file kakaretso ya ditaba fela mola mo go thulaganyo a

tsopotse dithekniki tse pedi gomme a bapetsa kanegelo ye Ie tse dingwe

Go realo go nyakega nyakiSiso

3

123 Serlldll SM Lenong la Gaula (1982)

Serudu 0 thomile ka go akaretsa diteng Gabotse polelo ya gagwe e

lebane Ie thulaganyo Ge a e nyakisisa 0 nepisa dithekniki tseo di tlisago

maatlakgogedi mo kanegelong ye e lego tekolapejana tekolanthago

tharano Ie phego ka go di hialosa 0 bontsha ge elemente ya sehloa e

tsweleditswe mo kanegelong yeo

Malebana Ie baanegwa 0 bontsha ge molwantshi Ie molwantshwa ba

emela go Ioka Ie go se loke 0 ruma ka gore tikologo ye e somisitswego

pading ye e tlemagana Ie baanegwa ka bokgwari

Ka go realo tshekatsheko ye ya Serudu Ie yona ga se yeo e alago ditaba

ka botlalo gagolo ka gobane e Ie tshekatsheko ya taodiswana fela

124 Mampllrll DM Critical assessment of Lenong la Gauta as a

detective novel (story) (1986)

Mampuru bjalo ka Serudu Ie Mphahlele Ie yena 0 thomile ka go akaretsa

ditaba 0 bolela fela ka go no re molaetsa wa padi ye 0 tsweleditswe ka

bokgwari ge letseka Ie kgona go swara mmolai Mabapi Ie thulaganyo 0

hlalosa mareo ka moka ao a a somisitsego malebana Ie dikokwane tsa

letlalo Ie Mampuru 0 boieia gore maikemisetso a gagwe a magolo ke go

lekodisisa dielemente tse bohlokwa tsa paditseka e Iego kalotaba

tswetsopele sehioa Ie tharollo ya lehuto Seo se kgonthisa tswetsopele ya

nyakisiso ya paditseka yeo

Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tsa basekaseki ba bane ba a tla fapana Ie a

nyakisiso ye ka gobane tshekatsheko ya bona ga se e tsenelele Bona ba

be ba kwalakwatsa puku Ie go hiahia baithuti ba diyunibesithi Ie

barutwana ba mphato wa lesome fela Ka fao tsink~lo ye e nepagetsego

4

ya sengwalwa se sa Lenong fa Gauta e a nyakega Go realo

lengwalonyakiSiso Ie Ie tla setsa sebopego sa sengwalo

13 MOKGWA WA NYAKISISO

Ge nyakisiso e yo sekaseka paditseka ya Lenong fa Gauta e tIo sala

morago tshomiso ya mareo a mabedi e Iego go hlalosa (define) Ie go

hlatholla (ltinterpret) Dikgopolo tse pedi tse ga di swane ke gore ga di

bolele selo se tee di a fapana ka gona ga se mahlalosetsagotee

Go hlalosa ke mokgwa wa go bontsha seemo goba sebopego sa selo gore

se kwesisega gabotse Mohlala the tho e dirilwe ka mokgopa wa pudi ka

go bane e bapetSwa Ie go amogela ngwetsi ke gore ke seka sa go emela

mosadi ke ka faa go sa somiswego mokgopa wa nku goba wa kgomo Ie

ge e Ie wa tonki

Mokgopa wo 0 a sogwa wa tlotswa ka tshoolo letsoku goba tshidi gore

o be boleta Ie gore 0 se ke wa hlaba goba go ngwapa Ge the tho e dirwa

mokgopa 0 segwa ditsebjana tsa go sepelana Ie maoto gore 0 se sitise

moapari wa yona go sepela ebile e a kgabiswa gore a bogege Thetho e

direlwa mobja woo 0 thusago gore ge e aperwe e se we Thetho e aparwa

ke dikgarebe Ie basadi ba bagolo ka gobane e Ie seaparo sa basadi e se sa

bana

Go hlatholla ke go hlalosa ka go gateleia mesomo ya diphapantsho tsa

kgopolo ya go hlalosa ya ka godimo e Iego thetho Go yo lekolwa

mesomo ya thetho Mosomo wa mathomo ke go sireletsa mmele

phefong phi song Ie dikotsing tse dingwe tsa mmele mosomo wa bobedi

ke go kgabisa mebele gagologolo ya dikgarebe Ie basadi ka kudu

mabakeng a merero ya menyanya

5

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

gore bobedi bja bona bo somisitse thekniki yeo ya molaodisi ka go

swana Ie (c) bokgoni bja Bopape ge a tlemolla Iehuto

Groenewaid 0 gateIeia bokgoni bja Bopape 0 nepisa gore Lenong La

Gauta ke kanegelo-ke (Letseka ke moiaodiSi) sephiri se utologela

letseka Ie mmadi ka nako e tee Bopape 0 tsweletsa bohlatse bjo bo

Iebanego Ie mmolai mo mathomothomong a padi ka go bolela ka ga

leraganyana Ie Ie gomaretsego maotwana a mmotoro wa Brenda Le gore

mmolai Ie mogatsagomolaodisi ke motho 0 tee Seo se tiisetsa ke

mongwapo mo mmeleng wa mmolai Yeo ke tshekatsheko ya go akaretsa

ditaba ka go realo nyakisiso ya ditaba ye e nepagetsego e a nyakega

122 Mphahlele LL Lenong la Gauta (1982)

Mphahlele 0 akaretsa ditaba ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie ge a boieia ka ga

tikologo yeo e Iego karolo ya diteng

Malebana Ie thulaganyo 0 boleia ge padi e arogantswe ka dikgaolo Ie ka

faD ditiragalo di latelanago ka gona 0 bontsha ge mongwadi a somisitse

thekniki ya go raraganya ditaba gape Ie tshomiso ya kgegeo go dira gore

mmadi a baIeIe pele Ie pele Moko wa ditaba Ie wona ga se a 0 hlalosa ka

botlalo 0 ruma ka go bapetSa Lenong La Gauta Ie dipuku tse dingwe tsa

botseka bjalo ka Tshipu e rile ke Lebelo (1983) ya DN Moloto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore Mphahlele ga se a sekaseka diteng Ie

mongwalelo 0 file kakaretso ya ditaba fela mola mo go thulaganyo a

tsopotse dithekniki tse pedi gomme a bapetsa kanegelo ye Ie tse dingwe

Go realo go nyakega nyakiSiso

3

123 Serlldll SM Lenong la Gaula (1982)

Serudu 0 thomile ka go akaretsa diteng Gabotse polelo ya gagwe e

lebane Ie thulaganyo Ge a e nyakisisa 0 nepisa dithekniki tseo di tlisago

maatlakgogedi mo kanegelong ye e lego tekolapejana tekolanthago

tharano Ie phego ka go di hialosa 0 bontsha ge elemente ya sehloa e

tsweleditswe mo kanegelong yeo

Malebana Ie baanegwa 0 bontsha ge molwantshi Ie molwantshwa ba

emela go Ioka Ie go se loke 0 ruma ka gore tikologo ye e somisitswego

pading ye e tlemagana Ie baanegwa ka bokgwari

Ka go realo tshekatsheko ye ya Serudu Ie yona ga se yeo e alago ditaba

ka botlalo gagolo ka gobane e Ie tshekatsheko ya taodiswana fela

124 Mampllrll DM Critical assessment of Lenong la Gauta as a

detective novel (story) (1986)

Mampuru bjalo ka Serudu Ie Mphahlele Ie yena 0 thomile ka go akaretsa

ditaba 0 bolela fela ka go no re molaetsa wa padi ye 0 tsweleditswe ka

bokgwari ge letseka Ie kgona go swara mmolai Mabapi Ie thulaganyo 0

hlalosa mareo ka moka ao a a somisitsego malebana Ie dikokwane tsa

letlalo Ie Mampuru 0 boieia gore maikemisetso a gagwe a magolo ke go

lekodisisa dielemente tse bohlokwa tsa paditseka e Iego kalotaba

tswetsopele sehioa Ie tharollo ya lehuto Seo se kgonthisa tswetsopele ya

nyakisiso ya paditseka yeo

Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tsa basekaseki ba bane ba a tla fapana Ie a

nyakisiso ye ka gobane tshekatsheko ya bona ga se e tsenelele Bona ba

be ba kwalakwatsa puku Ie go hiahia baithuti ba diyunibesithi Ie

barutwana ba mphato wa lesome fela Ka fao tsink~lo ye e nepagetsego

4

ya sengwalwa se sa Lenong fa Gauta e a nyakega Go realo

lengwalonyakiSiso Ie Ie tla setsa sebopego sa sengwalo

13 MOKGWA WA NYAKISISO

Ge nyakisiso e yo sekaseka paditseka ya Lenong fa Gauta e tIo sala

morago tshomiso ya mareo a mabedi e Iego go hlalosa (define) Ie go

hlatholla (ltinterpret) Dikgopolo tse pedi tse ga di swane ke gore ga di

bolele selo se tee di a fapana ka gona ga se mahlalosetsagotee

Go hlalosa ke mokgwa wa go bontsha seemo goba sebopego sa selo gore

se kwesisega gabotse Mohlala the tho e dirilwe ka mokgopa wa pudi ka

go bane e bapetSwa Ie go amogela ngwetsi ke gore ke seka sa go emela

mosadi ke ka faa go sa somiswego mokgopa wa nku goba wa kgomo Ie

ge e Ie wa tonki

Mokgopa wo 0 a sogwa wa tlotswa ka tshoolo letsoku goba tshidi gore

o be boleta Ie gore 0 se ke wa hlaba goba go ngwapa Ge the tho e dirwa

mokgopa 0 segwa ditsebjana tsa go sepelana Ie maoto gore 0 se sitise

moapari wa yona go sepela ebile e a kgabiswa gore a bogege Thetho e

direlwa mobja woo 0 thusago gore ge e aperwe e se we Thetho e aparwa

ke dikgarebe Ie basadi ba bagolo ka gobane e Ie seaparo sa basadi e se sa

bana

Go hlatholla ke go hlalosa ka go gateleia mesomo ya diphapantsho tsa

kgopolo ya go hlalosa ya ka godimo e Iego thetho Go yo lekolwa

mesomo ya thetho Mosomo wa mathomo ke go sireletsa mmele

phefong phi song Ie dikotsing tse dingwe tsa mmele mosomo wa bobedi

ke go kgabisa mebele gagologolo ya dikgarebe Ie basadi ka kudu

mabakeng a merero ya menyanya

5

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

123 Serlldll SM Lenong la Gaula (1982)

Serudu 0 thomile ka go akaretsa diteng Gabotse polelo ya gagwe e

lebane Ie thulaganyo Ge a e nyakisisa 0 nepisa dithekniki tseo di tlisago

maatlakgogedi mo kanegelong ye e lego tekolapejana tekolanthago

tharano Ie phego ka go di hialosa 0 bontsha ge elemente ya sehloa e

tsweleditswe mo kanegelong yeo

Malebana Ie baanegwa 0 bontsha ge molwantshi Ie molwantshwa ba

emela go Ioka Ie go se loke 0 ruma ka gore tikologo ye e somisitswego

pading ye e tlemagana Ie baanegwa ka bokgwari

Ka go realo tshekatsheko ye ya Serudu Ie yona ga se yeo e alago ditaba

ka botlalo gagolo ka gobane e Ie tshekatsheko ya taodiswana fela

124 Mampllrll DM Critical assessment of Lenong la Gauta as a

detective novel (story) (1986)

Mampuru bjalo ka Serudu Ie Mphahlele Ie yena 0 thomile ka go akaretsa

ditaba 0 bolela fela ka go no re molaetsa wa padi ye 0 tsweleditswe ka

bokgwari ge letseka Ie kgona go swara mmolai Mabapi Ie thulaganyo 0

hlalosa mareo ka moka ao a a somisitsego malebana Ie dikokwane tsa

letlalo Ie Mampuru 0 boieia gore maikemisetso a gagwe a magolo ke go

lekodisisa dielemente tse bohlokwa tsa paditseka e Iego kalotaba

tswetsopele sehioa Ie tharollo ya lehuto Seo se kgonthisa tswetsopele ya

nyakisiso ya paditseka yeo

Maikemisetso a dinyakisiso tsa basekaseki ba bane ba a tla fapana Ie a

nyakisiso ye ka gobane tshekatsheko ya bona ga se e tsenelele Bona ba

be ba kwalakwatsa puku Ie go hiahia baithuti ba diyunibesithi Ie

barutwana ba mphato wa lesome fela Ka fao tsink~lo ye e nepagetsego

4

ya sengwalwa se sa Lenong fa Gauta e a nyakega Go realo

lengwalonyakiSiso Ie Ie tla setsa sebopego sa sengwalo

13 MOKGWA WA NYAKISISO

Ge nyakisiso e yo sekaseka paditseka ya Lenong fa Gauta e tIo sala

morago tshomiso ya mareo a mabedi e Iego go hlalosa (define) Ie go

hlatholla (ltinterpret) Dikgopolo tse pedi tse ga di swane ke gore ga di

bolele selo se tee di a fapana ka gona ga se mahlalosetsagotee

Go hlalosa ke mokgwa wa go bontsha seemo goba sebopego sa selo gore

se kwesisega gabotse Mohlala the tho e dirilwe ka mokgopa wa pudi ka

go bane e bapetSwa Ie go amogela ngwetsi ke gore ke seka sa go emela

mosadi ke ka faa go sa somiswego mokgopa wa nku goba wa kgomo Ie

ge e Ie wa tonki

Mokgopa wo 0 a sogwa wa tlotswa ka tshoolo letsoku goba tshidi gore

o be boleta Ie gore 0 se ke wa hlaba goba go ngwapa Ge the tho e dirwa

mokgopa 0 segwa ditsebjana tsa go sepelana Ie maoto gore 0 se sitise

moapari wa yona go sepela ebile e a kgabiswa gore a bogege Thetho e

direlwa mobja woo 0 thusago gore ge e aperwe e se we Thetho e aparwa

ke dikgarebe Ie basadi ba bagolo ka gobane e Ie seaparo sa basadi e se sa

bana

Go hlatholla ke go hlalosa ka go gateleia mesomo ya diphapantsho tsa

kgopolo ya go hlalosa ya ka godimo e Iego thetho Go yo lekolwa

mesomo ya thetho Mosomo wa mathomo ke go sireletsa mmele

phefong phi song Ie dikotsing tse dingwe tsa mmele mosomo wa bobedi

ke go kgabisa mebele gagologolo ya dikgarebe Ie basadi ka kudu

mabakeng a merero ya menyanya

5

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

ya sengwalwa se sa Lenong fa Gauta e a nyakega Go realo

lengwalonyakiSiso Ie Ie tla setsa sebopego sa sengwalo

13 MOKGWA WA NYAKISISO

Ge nyakisiso e yo sekaseka paditseka ya Lenong fa Gauta e tIo sala

morago tshomiso ya mareo a mabedi e Iego go hlalosa (define) Ie go

hlatholla (ltinterpret) Dikgopolo tse pedi tse ga di swane ke gore ga di

bolele selo se tee di a fapana ka gona ga se mahlalosetsagotee

Go hlalosa ke mokgwa wa go bontsha seemo goba sebopego sa selo gore

se kwesisega gabotse Mohlala the tho e dirilwe ka mokgopa wa pudi ka

go bane e bapetSwa Ie go amogela ngwetsi ke gore ke seka sa go emela

mosadi ke ka faa go sa somiswego mokgopa wa nku goba wa kgomo Ie

ge e Ie wa tonki

Mokgopa wo 0 a sogwa wa tlotswa ka tshoolo letsoku goba tshidi gore

o be boleta Ie gore 0 se ke wa hlaba goba go ngwapa Ge the tho e dirwa

mokgopa 0 segwa ditsebjana tsa go sepelana Ie maoto gore 0 se sitise

moapari wa yona go sepela ebile e a kgabiswa gore a bogege Thetho e

direlwa mobja woo 0 thusago gore ge e aperwe e se we Thetho e aparwa

ke dikgarebe Ie basadi ba bagolo ka gobane e Ie seaparo sa basadi e se sa

bana

Go hlatholla ke go hlalosa ka go gateleia mesomo ya diphapantsho tsa

kgopolo ya go hlalosa ya ka godimo e Iego thetho Go yo lekolwa

mesomo ya thetho Mosomo wa mathomo ke go sireletsa mmele

phefong phi song Ie dikotsing tse dingwe tsa mmele mosomo wa bobedi

ke go kgabisa mebele gagologolo ya dikgarebe Ie basadi ka kudu

mabakeng a merero ya menyanya

5

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

14 TAETSONYAKISISO

Ge padi ye Lenong la Gauta e yo nyakisiswa go tlo somiswa

ditaetsonyakisiso tsa naratholotsi 18a go lebana Ie tlhaloso ya sebopego

sa sengwalo

Strachan (19882) ge a bolela ka sebopego sa sengwalo 0 ~upa ge se na Ie

dikarolo tse tharo e lego teks verhaal Ie geskiedenis gomme

Mojalefa (199513) 0 re sebopego sa sengwalo se ka no swantshwa Ie

legaba la eie leo Ie nago Ie matlalo a mararo Ka faa go na Ie matlalo a

mararo a sengwalo Letlalo la ka gare Ie bitswa diteng Letlalo la go

latela leo la bobedi Ie bitswa tbulaganyo gomme letlalo la mafelelo Ie

bitswa mongwalelo

Basekaseki ba bangwe bjalo ka Magapa (199711) Maila (199717)

Lekganyane (1997 12) Ie Thobakgale (199620) ba dumelelana Ie

kgopolo ye ya ka godimo ya boMojaIefa Ge Thobakgale (199624) a

ruma taba yeo 0 re mokgwa wo wa nyakisiso wa Strachan 0 fapana Ie wa

boMojalefa ka tsela yeo mokgwa woo wa nyakisiso wa boThobakgaie 0

yo salwa morago nyakisisong yeo

15 TLHALOSO YA DIKGOPOLO

Nyakisisong ye go yo hlaloswa dikgopolo tse e lego diteng Ie sererwa

thulaganyo Ie moko wa ditaba mongwaielo Ie maikutlo gammogo Ie

paditseka

6

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

151 Diteng tsa sengwalo

Ge Strachan (19885) a hialosa kgopolo ye ya diteng 0 tsopoia

Dautzenberg (198024) yo a rego diteng ke een reeks handelingen

verricht of ondergaan door personages in een bepaalde tijd en op een

bepaalde plaats Se Dautzenberg a se boielago moo ke gore go na Ie

dielemente tse nne tSe di Iebanego Ie diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo

nako Ie felo Mojalefa (1952) Ie Groenewaid (19934) ba tsweia pele

ka gore ditaba tseo tsa diteng di Iemogwa ka botsona pele ga ge

mongwadi a ngwala ka ga tsona ke gore pele a di hlalosa

BoMojalefa ba re ditaba tsa diteng di tlemaganywa ke sererwa Ka

poielo yeo ba fapana Ie tlhaloso ya Strachan Ie Dautzenberg ka gobane

ga ba boIeIe selo ka ga sona Ge go hlokomelwa polelo ya boMojaiefa

sererwa ke kgopolo ye bohlokwa

bull Sererwa

Mojalefa (19957) ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye 0 re ke taba yeo e rerwago

sengwalong Taba ye e tiiswa ke Thobakgale (199619) ge a re sererwa

ke lentswana goba lefokwana leo Ie akaretsago diteng tsa sengwalo

Marggraff (199461) yena 0 nepisa kgopolo ye ya sererwa ka go re ke ge

mongwadi a akaretsa ditaba tsa diteng gomme yona kakaretso yeo ke ya

mafelelo Ka faD sererwa ke karolo ye bohlokwa kudu ya diteng

Groenewaid (19934) Ie Mojalefa (19957) ba bontsha dintlha tseo di

Iaetsago bohlokwa bja sererwa ka go re

bull Sererwa se kgobokantsha ditiragalo

bull Se laola ditiragalo

bull Se bola tikologo (nako le feIo)

7

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

bull Mongwadi 0 phetha moo ditaba di thomago gona Ie moo di felelago

gona

bull Sephetho seo se laolwa ke sererwa Ie gore

bull Sererwa se Iemosa mmadi ditiragalokgolo Ie moanegwathwadi

Go ka rungwa ka gore diteng ke ditaba tseo mongwadi a rego ge a thoma

go ngwala sengwalo a hwetsa di Ie gona gomme tsona di kgokaganywa

ke sererwa gore e be taba e tee ka go realo go ka se boIeIwe ka diteng

gwa tlogelwa sererwa ka ge se Ie bohlokwa

152 Thulaganyo ya sengwalo

Ge go hlaloswa thulaganyo go ka thwe ke ge mongwadi a beakanya

ditiragalo tsa ditaba tSeo di lego gona ka go di nepisa Ie tseo di diregago

bophelong Ke ka fao Yelland Ie ba bangwe (1950136) ba hialosago

thulaganyo ka go re

Plot is the framework of a story or the

conscious arrangement of its events

BoYelland ba gatelela gore ke motheo wa peakanyo ya ditaba Ke ka fao

Serudu (198948) a tiisetsago taba ye ya ka godimo ka go re

Thulaganyo ke freime goba motheo wo go

wona mongwadi a hlamago taba ya gagwe

godimo ga wona

Dietrich Ie Richard (1936 127) Ie Mojalefa (1995 16) ba re ditaba tseo

tsa thulaganyo di na Ie tatelano yeo e lebanego Ie ge mongwadi a

ikgethela ditaba Ie ditiragalo tseo a ratago go ngwala ka tsona

8

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

Thokoane (1992 14) Ie Serudu (1989 48) bona ba tlaleletsa ka gore

thulaganyo e kgaotswe ka diripa tse tharo e lego matseno bogare Ie

morumo Malebana Ie dikarolo tseo tse tharo Groenewald (199318)

yena 0 fapana Ie boThokoane ka go re go na Ie dikarolo tse nne tsa

thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie tlemollo ya lehuto

Groenewald (199314) Ie Mojalefa (199516) bona ba ruma ka go re

thulaganyo ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a somisago ditaba tsa diteng gore

mrukemisetso goba tebanyo ya gagwe e tie e bonagale Tebanyo yeo e

bitswa moko wa ditaba

bull Moko wa ditaba

Serudu (198933) ge a hlalosa moko wa ditaba 0 re ke kgwekgwe gob a

tabakgolo ya padi goba papadi yeo e tsweleditSwego ka boripana

Mojalefa (199527) yena 0 nepiSa kgopolo ye ka go re

Moko wa ditaba ke ge mongwadi a hlalosa kgopolo

goba tebelelo ya gagwe ka gona moko wa di taba

ke maikemisetso goba thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

go e Iemosa mmadi ge a tlo ngwaia sengwalo Ka go

realo moko wa ditaba ke motheo wa sengwalo sa

mongwadi ofe kapa ofe

Mojalefa 0 gateleia taba ya kgopolo ya mongwadi mabapi Ie seo a

tIogo ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ka sona Groenewald (1993 14) 0 tiisa

taba ya Mojalefa ka go bontsha phapano ya moko wa ditaba Ie sererwa

Phapano yeo e ka sebopego se

bull Moko wa ditaba Sererwa

- 0 Iebane Ie Ietlalo la thulaganyo Se lebane Ie letlalo la diteng

- 0 tlemaganya dithekniki gore Se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

9

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

di lebane Diteng gore di be kgopana

-Ke tabakgolo yeo e laolago Ke kakaretso ya mafelelo

-thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e Ya ditaba tsa diteng

be sengwalo

Bjalo ka ge bohlokwa bja sererwa bo setse bo filwe go tIa hlaloswabohlokwa

bja moko wa ditaba

bull Bohlokwa bja moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Groenewald (19934) moko wa ditaba 0 bohlokwa ka ge 0

tlemaganya ditaba tsa thulaganyo gore di be kgopana ebile gape 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tSa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Ge go rungwa go ka thwe thulaganyo ke ge mongwadi a hlopha ditaba tseo a

di kwelego goba a di bonego ka tatelano ye e itsego Seo se hlaloswago ke

gore ge go rulaganywa go hlokomelwa moko wa ditaba e lego seo se

tlemaganyago ditaba tsa thulaganyo Ie go swaraganya dithekniki gore di

lebane Ka go realo ditaba tsa sengwalo di rulaganywa di theilwe godimo ga

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo e lego kalotaba tswetsopele sehloa Ie demollo ya

lehuto tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa ka botlalo dikgaolong tse di latelago tsa

nyakisiso yeo

153 Mongwalelo wa sengwalo

Mongwalelo ke letlalo la boraro e lego la mafelelo la sengwalo Nyakisisong

ye mongwalelo 0 tla hlaloswa ka boripana fela ka gobane 0 ka se nyakiSiSwe

Bohlokwa bja go 0 hlalosa bo lebane Ie gore ke karolo ya sebopego sa

sengwalo

10

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya mongwalelo Serudu (198933) 0 re ke mokgwa

wo mongwadi a tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka gona 0 dira bjalo ka go

kgetha mantsu Ie go a beakanya ka mafoko a a tanyago mmadi a a nago Ie

mosito

Strunk (195953) yena 0 hlalosa mongwalelo ka go re

Style is an increment in writing By style we do not

mean the sound his words made on paper Every

writer by the way he uses the language that reveals

something of his spirit his habits his capacities

and his bias

Strunk 0 gatelela gore mongwadi yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe 0 somis a poIeIo

go tsweletsa maikutlo MohIaIa (199426) Ie Lekganyane (199714) ba gateIeia

seo Strunk a se boletsego ka gore tiriso ya poielo e tsweletsa maikutlo Ie ge e

Ie khuduego Kerkhoff (196216) 0 bolela ge mongwaielo 0 na Ie dielemente

tseo di bopago polelo Polelo yeo e diriswa Ie go kgokagantshwa ke moko wa

ditaba Yona taba yeo e bewa pele ga mmadi gore a e Iemoge ge a bala

Seo se hIaIoswago mo ke gore ge go sekasekwa mongwalelo go swanetse go

hlokomelwa tiriso ya polelo ge e tSweletsa maikutlo Ie khuduego fela

nyakisisong ye mongwaielo ga 0 sekasekwe

16 TLHALOSO YA KANEGELOTSEKA

Ge go tsinkelwa kanegelotseka go swanetse go hlaloswa kgopolo yeo ya

botseka gomme ka morago go tlo hiokomelwa mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Bontsi bja banyakiSiSi ba hIaIosa kgopolo yeo ka gore ke sephiri Ie go utolla

sephiri Tlhaloso yeo e na Ie mathata Mathata ao sea Go na Ie

11

dikanegelotseka tse di se nago sephiri Ie go utolla sephiri Ke ka faa Narcejac

(19581660) a hlalosago taba yeo ka go re

Le roman polider est un redt ou Ie raisonnement

creeleffroi quil est charge dapaiser

Seo a se tiisago ke gore Ietshogo Ie lebane Ie sephiri mola go homotsa go

Iebane Ie go utolla sephiri

161 Mehuta ya dikanegelotseka

Ge Mahapa (19975) a hIaIosa kgopolo yeo 0 re poieiong yeo go tIo Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago karoganyo ya Boileau Ie Narcejac bofokodi bja

karoganyo Ie karoganyo ya Groenewaid Boileau-Narcejac (1964) Ie Thomas

Narcejac (1958) ba aroganya dikanegelotseka ka mehuta ye e Iatelago

detective kanegelotseka ya letseka polider kanegelotseka ya lephodisa

problem kanegelotseka ya mathata noir kanegelotseka ye soro bourreau

kanegelotseka ya mmolaiphiSegeiosefegabatho victime kanegelotseka ya

magoboswa cruel kanegelotseka ye soro suspense kanegelotseka ya

ngangego Ie thriller kanegelotseka ya go boifisalpoifo

Seo se Iemogwago ka karoganyo ya basekaseki ba ke gore ba hiakahiakanya

ditaba tsa bona Groenewaid (199330) 0 re karoganyo ye e dirilwe ge go

hlokomediswa dielemente tse di latelago

(a) Dielemente tse di its ego tsa kanegelotseka bjalo ka letseka mogoboswa Ie

sefegabatho (detective victime bourreall)

(b) Thulaganyo bjalo ka poifo (suspense thriller) Ie ya mararane (problem)

(c) Diteng bjalo ka ya bosoro (cruel)

12

Dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa karoganyo yeo di swanetse go lebana Ie

dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie mehuta ye mengwe ya

dikanegelotseka bjalo ka elemente ya monyakisisi Ie letseka bjalo ka ge di

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nka se lebale (1972) mosenyilmmolai 0 Iebane Ie

kanegelotseka ya Tshipu e rile ke lebelo (1983) mogoboswammolawa 0

Iebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Makhura a lefehlo (1991) bohlatse bjo bo utollago

nyepo bo lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Lenong la Gauta (1982) mola nyakisiso

go utolla nyepo yona e lebane Ie kanegelotseka ya Nnete fela (1994)

17 TSHEPEDISO YA DITABA

Kgaolo ye mo matsenong a yona go gateletswe bohlokwa bja Bopape Ka

tsela yeo maikemisetso a tSweleditswe ka go a Iebanya Ie sebopego sa

sengwalo sa Lenong fa Gauta ka botlaIo ka gobane go Iemogilwe gore

basekaseki ba bangwe ba se ba nyakisisa paditseka ye ka botlalo Go

tsweleditswe mekgwa ye mebedi ya tshekatsheko e lego mokgwa wa go

hlalosa Ie wa go hlatholla Godimo ga moo go hlatholotswe taetsonyakiSiso ye

e nyalelanego Ie nyakisiSo ye e lego ya naratholotsi

Mo kgaolong ya bobedi go yo hialoswa diteng ka go Iatela lenaneo la (a)

kakaretso ya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta (b) tlhaloso ya dielemente tsa

diteng tsa padi ye Ie (c) tiriso ya dielemente tsa diteng tsa paditseka yeo

Kgaoiong ya boraro go yo tsinkelwa thulaganyo ge e Iebane Ie (a) mabaka a

thulaganyo ya ditaba (b) moko wa ditaba (c) moakanyetso (d) thaetlele Ie (e)

dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

Go kgaolo ya bone gona go hlatholotswe thulaganyo ge e nepisa semelo sa

baanegwa

13

Kgaolo ya bohiano go yo hIaIoswa thulaganyo ka go e nepisa Ie ditiragalo

Go yo rungwa dikgaolo tseo rno kgaolong ya boselela ka go di akaretsa

Go ka akaretswa ka gore kgopolo ye ya paditseka e hialositswe ke boBoileau

ka go gateleia karoganyo ya dikanegelotseka Groenewaid (199330) 0

tsweletSa bofokodi bja bona bja go hlokomela dielemente tse di itseng tsa

kanegelotseka Groenewald 0 tsweletsa bofokodi bja bona bja go hiokorneia

dielernente tse di itseng tsa kanegelotseka Groenewaid 0 nepisa taba ye ya

karoganyo ya kanegelotseka ka go boIe1a dikokwane tse bohlokwa tseo di

lebanego Ie dielemente tseo di fapantshago kanegelotseka Ie rnehuta ye

rnengwe ya dikanegelo Ka go realo nyakisiso ya Lenong La Gauta e lebane Ie

bohlatse bja go utolla nyepo

14

KGAOLO Y A BOBEDI

21 DITENG

22 MATSENO

Mo kgaolong ye tshepediSo e ya go Iatela Ienaneo Ie Ie Iatelago Mo kgatong

ya mathomo go yo akaretswa diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta gore

maikemisetso a nyakisiSo a tIe a lemogwe ka botlalo Kgatong ya bobedi go yo

ahlaahlwa diteng

Diteng di hlalositswe bjalo ka ditaba ka botsona di na Ie dielemente tse nne

tseo di tIogo ahlaahlwa mo kgaolong ye e lego

(i) Baanegwa

(ii) Ditiragalo

(iii) Nako

(iv) Felo

23 KAKARETSO YA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

Bjale go ilo akaretswa diteng Sa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka

maikemisetso a go hiahla mmadi gore a Iemoge ditaba tseo di yago go

sekasekwa

Ge go balwa Lenong la Gauta go bolelwa ka Morena Matsobane Maoka yo a

nyetsego Mmatshego go ba mosadi wa bobedi ka morago ga Iehu la mosadi wa

gagwe wa pele Ba be ba agile Soweto Johannesburg Matsobane 0 ile a

rulaganya Ie Nakedi Ie Thabo go utswa phetha ya Lenong la Gauta Ie

15

dipalamonwana tse tharo tSa taamane Nakedi yena 0 be a dula Ie Brenda Ie ge

ba be ba sa nyalana semmuso

Ge boNakedi ba sene swarwa Brenda 0 ile a boela gae Seshego Yen a 0 fihlile

gona a nyalwa ke Nnono Molaba Morena Matsobane 0 Be a hlokofala

kgolegong gomme seo sa dira gore Mmatshego Ie yena a yo dula Seshego

Pieters burg Mmatshego 0 He a nyalwa ke Nkwe Maleka gomme ba bula

kgwebo ya go bitswa ka Ia Maleka Service Centre Nnono Molaba ya ba

mookamedi wa kgwebo yeo

Nakedi Ie Thabo ba rile go lokollwa kgolegong ba thoma go nyakana Ie

Brenda Ie Mmatshego Ie lehumo la bona Ba lekile go ngwalela Mmatshego

mangwalo a mantsi ao a hlokilego diphetolo Bobedi ba akantse go ya

Pietersburg go yo tsoma lehumo la bona Ka thuso ya Mohlatlego Ie Sina

baithuti yunibesithing ya Leboa ba kopane Ie Brenda Brenda 0 ba holofeditse

go ba thusa go hwetsa Lenong la Gauta

Brenda 0 rile go lemoga gore tumo ya gagwe ya Lenong fa Gauta Ie maano a

gagwe a a folotsa a tsea sephetho sa go bolaya Mmatshego gabohloko Polao

ye ya Mmatshego e bile lerumo pelong ya Morena Maleka gomme yena a

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise ka polao yeo ka sephiring Morena

Maleka 0 dirile bjalo ka ge a be a sa tshepe nyakisiso yeo e ka dirwago ke

maphodisa

Nnono 0 amogetse kgopelo yeo Ie ge e Ie gore Brenda masadi wa gagwe a be

a ganana kudukudu Ie yona Fela nyakisiSong ya gagwe Nnono 0 Iemogile

gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa Mmatshego seo se ile sa mo nyarnisa kudu

ebile a se se dumele Ge Brenda a sene bona gore 0 lemogilwe go ba mmolai

wa Mmatshega a leka go tshaba gomme a ipolaya ka kotsi ya sefatanaga ka

ge a be a setswe morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

16

24 TLHALOSO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA GAUTA

241 Baanegwa

Baanegwa ke elemente ya mathomo ya diteng Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye

Serudu (198931) 0 re

Moanegwa ke motho yoo a diriswago ke

mongwadi mo kanegelongkopana goba

pading ya gag we Ke seakanywa sa

mongwadi seo se nago Ie boitshwaro

maikutlo bomotho tseo di tsweletswago

ka poledisano Ie tiro Moanegwa ga se motho

wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho

tsoko yo a phelago goba yo a ka phelago

Ge a tlaleletsa taba ya gore baanegwa ke batho Mojalefa (199523) 0 re ke

batho ba sengwaIo Ie ge e Ie gore Ie dUo (kgomo mpsa tau bjalobjalo) e ka

ba baanegwa Ge a tsweia pele 0 re go kaone gore ba bitswe baraloki go phaia

gore ke batho ka gobane ge go bolelwa ka baraloki go bolelwa Ie ka dilo

empa e sego batho fela Baanegwa bao ba laolwa ke sererwa ke gore go ya ka

Mojalefa (199520) sererwa se lemosa mmadi moanegwagolo

Magapa (199727) yena 0 hlopha baanegwa bao ka magoro a mabedi e lego

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Seo e lego se bohlokwa rno kgaolong ye ke

gore baanegwa ke bao ba dirago ditaba goba ba diregelwago ke ditaba geo

Gomme bona ke batho ba sengwalo Bjale ka ge kgopolo ye ya baanegwa e

setse e hlalositswe gona go yo lekolwa elernente ya ditiragalo

17

242 Ditiragalo

Elemente ya bobedi ya diteng ke ditiragalo Groenewald (19939) ge a hlalosa

kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo 0 re

Tiragalo ke seo moanegwa a se dirago goba

seo se mo diragalelago I welago Ke ge ditapa

di fetoga Ditiragalo tseo di a latelana

Ge a tIaleletSa polelo ya Groenewald Mojalefa (199521) 0 re ditiragalo ke

dilo tsohle tseo di diragalelago baanegwa Ie mabaka ao ba ikhwetsago ba Ie go

ona Mongwadi wa sengwalo se se itsego 0 phetha mo ditaba di thomago Ie

mo di felago gona

Ditiragalo tseo tSa diteng di tIo Iemogwa ge di late lana gomme ditiragalo tseo

di kgethologanywa ka lebaka Ia gore di a fetoga Phetogo yeo e Iebane Ie

ditiragalo Ie moanegwagoio Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka elemente ye ke

seemo sa tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo hlokomelwa elemente ya boraro e lego nako

243 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng Marggraff (199463) ge a e hlalosa 0

re

The time of the story relates to the time

vhich is occupied by the events

(narratological time) and the epoch period

18

in which the events take place (historical

time)

Marggraff 0 gatelela gore nako ya sengwalo e ka mafapa a mabedi e lego

nako ya kanegelo Ie nako ya histori (nako ya diteng) Mojalefa (199326) 0

oketsa ditaba tseo tsa nako ka gore ke lebaka leo ditiragalo di diregago go

lona ka go latelana go tioga nakong ya go feta go fetela nakong ya bjale go

tsenela nakong ye e tlago

Ditiragalo tseo tsa diteng di latelana go ya ka mabaka bjalo ka metsotso in ka

moka kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ka gona ge go sekasekwa Lenong La Gauta

go tlo hlokomelwa kgopolo ye ya nako go ya ka Groenewald Ie Mojalefa

244 Felo

Felo ke elemente ya bone e lego yona ya rnafelelo ya diteng Ke fao baanegwa

ba phelago gona Ie moo ditiragalo tsa sengwalo di diregago gona Ke ka fao

Marggraff (199464) a rego

Place is considered to be the physical spot

at which events take place and at which

characters are positioned

Ge a tiisa Ie go tlaleletsa seo Mojalefa (199526) 0 re mafelo ke ao a laetsago

histori Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gallta ke mafelo a go swana Ie

Johannesburg Pieters burg Mankweng Seshego Ie Soweto

19

245 Kakaretso

Dielemente tse nne tse tsa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragal0 nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe ka botlalo bjale go yo sekasekwa dielemente tseo tsa diteng ge di

lebane Ie paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Se bohlokwa mabapi Ie dielemente tse nne tse ke gore ka moka ga t80na di

laolwa ke sererwa Baanegwa ke batho Ie dilo tseo e sego batho di ka dirago

mediro yeo ka setlwaedi e dirwago ke batho Sererwa se laola ditiragalo Ie go

di kgokaganya gore e be ngatana e tee Mohola wo mogolo wa nako ke go ela

mabaka go swana Ie motsotso kgwedi bjalobjalo gomme felo ke moo

baraloki ba phelago ebile ba diragelelwago ke ditiragalo gona Ditiragalo Ie

tsona ke elemente ye bohlokwa ya diteng

25 TIRISO YA DIELEMENTE TSA DITENG TSA LENONG LA

GAUTA

251 Baanegwa

Dielemente tse nne Sa diteng e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo di

hlalositswe Mojalefa (19956) 0 re baanegwa ba ka arolwa ka magoro a

mabedi gore go tie go kgonwe go lemogwa kamano ya bona Magoro ao ke

baanegwagol0 Ie baanegwanyane

Ge go yo sekasekwa baanegwa go tl0 hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwa ba

bagolo e lego mongangiSi Ie mongangiSwa Kamano yeo ya bona ke

bongangiSi Ie bongangiswa

20

bull Mongangiswa

Ge a hialosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19966) 0 re ke moanegwa yo mogoIo yo

a Iebanego Ie go Ioka Yena 0 ganetswa go tswetsa pele dikganyogo tsa gagwe

tsa go Ioka ke mongangisi

Nnono ke moanegwa yo mogolo yo a ngangiSetswago go loka ga gagwe

Botseka bja gagwe bo lebane Ie go Ioka eupSa 0 thibelwa ke mongangisi ka

Iebaka Ia gore e Ie mmolai Yena 0 ratago tswetsa pele maikemisetso a gagwe

a go loka ka gobane a nyaka go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Mongangisi

Go ya ka Mojalefa (19966) mongangisi ke moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a

lebanego Ie go se loke ka gobane 0 phegisana Ie moanegwa yoo babadi ba mo

ratago Ke gore 0 ngangisana Ie ditiro tse botse tsa mongangiswa

Brenda ke moanegwa yo go ka thwego ke mongangisi gape ga a rate go

lemogwa go ba mmolai wa Mmatshego Yena 0 phegisana Ie morero wa

Nnono ka go rata go mo thibeia gore a se nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego Le

ge a bona taba ya Nnono gore ke ye botse yena 0 ngangiSana Ie yona gore e se

ke ya tswela pele go bane e Ie yena mmolai wa Mmatshego

Baanegwa bao ba bagolo ba amantShwa ke sererwa seo e lego molato wa

polao wage hlolwa ke Brenda Mo go Lenong fa Gauta mongangiswa ke

Nnono Molaba mola mongangiSi e Ie Brenda Nnono 0 emela go loka gomme

Brenda 0 emela go se loke

~l

Kamano ya baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane

Kamano

Ge a lthlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198925) 0 re kamano I tswalano mo

dingwalong ke lereo leo Ie supago kgokagano gare ga ditaba ditiragalo gob a

mantsu Ie ge e Ie baanegwa mo mangwalong Gape e ka ba kamano gare ga

ditematheto goba methalotheto bjaIobjaIo Lebaka (199923) 0 katolosa

kgopolo yeo ka gore ge baanegwa ba diteng ba tsweleia sengwalong ba ka

arolwa ka magoro gore go tIe go kgone go lemoga ka fao ba amanago ka gona

o tsweia pele gore kamano gare ga baanegwa bao e ka hialoswa bjalo ka

sets walle e Iego tsela yeo batho ba tswalanago ka yona Mojalefa (19956) 0

tlaIeIetsa taba yeo ka gore baanegwa ba na Ie mokgwa woo ba amanago ka

gona ge ba thusana mo sengwalong gomme kamano yeo e Iaolwa ke sererwa

Kamano yeo e arotswe ka dihlopha tSe pedi gore e bonale

Baanegwagolo

Lekganyane (199723) 0 hialosa kgopolo ye ka gore baanegwa bao ke

mongangisi Ie mongangiswa Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Thobakgale (199636) 0 sup a

gore baanegwa ba bagolo ba na Ie kamano Kamano e Iebane Ie bongangisi Ie

bongangiswa Bona ba Iebane Ie go loka Ie go sa loke

Baanegwanyane

Baanegwanyane ke baanegwa bao ba somiswago ke mongwadi go tlaleletsa

baanegwagoio Bona gantsi ke bathusi Ie bahlohieletsi Serudu (198932) 0

katolosa kgopolo ye ka gore moanegwanyane (minor character) ke

moanegwa yoo a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo pUkung 0 thusa go bonatsa

ditiro tsa mogale goba mogaleadi

A ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a tlogelwa pele taba e fihla mafelelong

Ge go hlaloswa kamano gare ga baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane go tIo

somiswa lenaneo la Groenewald (199311) Ie Mojalefa (199719) e lego la

bull tebanyo

bull bokgontshimiddot

bull bothusi

bull boganetsi

bull bothusegi

Pele go tlo hlaloswa kgopolo ye nngwe Ie ye nngwe ya lenaneo la ka godimo

gomme tlhaloso yeo ya tlaleletswa ka kamano ya baanegwa go ya ka paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

Tebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

Go supsa gore baanegwa ba babedi ba diteng e

lego mongangiSwa Ie mongangisi ba a lebanywa

Gona tebanyong yeo mongangisi 0 kgahlanong

Ie maikemisetso a mongangiswa

Se bohlokwa mo tabeng ye ke tebanyo e lego maikemisetso I phegelelo ya

moanegwa Go Lenong la Gauta tebanyo ya Brenda ke lehumo I go ikhumisa

Taba ye e tiiSetswa ke ditiro tsa gagwe tsa go bolaya Mmatshego gore a tsee

mahumo e be a gagwe

Bokgontshi

Bokgontshi ke selo seo se susumetsago goba se kgontshago moanegwa gore a

fihlelele maikemisetso a gagwe Ke ka fao Magapa (1997 28) a hlalosago

kgopolo ya bokgontshi ka go re

Ke seo se kgontshago goba se hlohleletsago

mongangiswa go phegelela seo e lego nepo

goba tebanyo ya gagwe Bokgontshi bo Iebane

Ie senaganwa (lerato IehIoyo bobe bogale

bjalobjaIo)

Se se gatelelwago mo ke senaganwa e Iego kgopolo ya motho

Go paditseka ya Lenong La Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 na Ie Iehloyo go

Mmatshego 0 bolaya Mmatshego gore a mo hule Ierwa I Iehumo la gagwe

Brenda 0 na Ie megabaru ya go ikhumisa 0 somisitse boradia go bolaya

Mmatshego Ga se a rate gore Nnono a tsebe ka ga maikemisetso a gagwe a

mabe Mmatshego 0 be a humile ka Iehumo leo a Ie tIogeIetswego ke monna

wa gagwe Ke ka baka la Iehufa mona Ie megabaru tseo di hIohleIeditsego

Brenda gore a bolaye Mmatshego a tIe a hume ka Lenong La Gauta

Bothusi

Bothusi ke se sengwe Ie se sengwe seo se thusago mongangiSwa

maikemisetsong a gagwe Ge a tlaIeIetsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo yeo Mojalefa

(19974) 0 re bothusi ga bo lebane Ie senaganwa eupsa dilo tseo di ka

bonwago ka mahlo bjalo ka moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe

sefatanaga puku bjalobjulo

14

Se bohlokwa se se gateIeIwago mo go bothusi ke gore bo ka Iebana Ie

senaganwa motho goba seIo goba ka moka ga tsona Go Iaolwa ke gore

kanegelo e hlamilwe bjang Go realo go ra gore bothusi bo nepisa dilo tSe

tharo Seo se supa gore sengwalo se ka ba Ie se tee tse pedi goba boraro bja

tsona ka moka

Go paditseka ya 0nong la Gauta Brenda Maleka 0 thusitswe ke boikaketsi Ie

boradia bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Brenda 0 be a pheia Ie Nnono e Ie baratani

gomme a sa mmotse bobe bjo a na Iego Ie bjona Nnono Ie Brenda bjalo ka

baratani ba be ba swanetse go ntshana sa inong fela gwa se be bjalo Brenda

ga se a bontsha Nnono se se bego se Ie monaganong wa gagwe Brenda 0

bolaya Mmatshego gore a tie a ikhumise ka Iehumo Ia gagwe

Ka Iehlakoreng Ie lengwe go ka thwe Brenda 0 thuswa ke sefatanaga I koloi

o kgona go sepela ka sefatanaga sa gagwe go yo hula Ie go bolaya Mmatshego

e sa Ie bosego Gape Brenda 0 thusitswe ke Nakedi gore Mmatshego ke yena a

swerego lehumo la Lenong la Gauta ka go realo Brenda 0 logile maano a go

mo amoga Lenong la Gauta e Iego palamonwana Ie pheta

Boganetsi

Boganetsi bo Iebane Ie selo seo se ganetsago mongangiswa go phethagatsa

morero wa gagwe Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Magapa (199728) 0 dio re ke se

sengwe Ie se sengwe seo mongangiswa a thulanago Ie sona Ka go realo pelo

letswalo (senaganwa) goba moanegwa yo mongwe a ka ganetsa mongangisi

goba mongangiswa dinepong tsa gagwe

Bjalo ka bathusi boganetsi Ie bjona bo ka arolwa ka senaganwa motho goba

selo Se bohlokwa seo se gatelelwago mo go boganetsi ke thulano

25

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gaua Nnono 0 thulana Ie Brenda ka gobane

Brenda 0 ganana Ie taba ya gore Nnono a nyakiSiSe ka mmolai wa Mrnatshego

Brenda 0 re

Go rnpotsa gona 0 rnpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane

Ie taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo rnobjalo ga ke

rate ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (Let176)

Thulano ye nngwe e bon ala ge rnaphodisa a ganetsa Nnono go tsenatsena

rnerero yeo e sego ya gagwe Mna Maroga wa Iephodisa 0 re

o gopola gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0 itebeletse

rnosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla go lahIa 0

ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa Sepela (Let11l2)

Bothusegi

Ge go bolelwa ka bothusegi go supsa go thusega ga rnoanegwa yoo e Iego

gore rnafelelorng 0 a atlega Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (19957) 0 re

bothusegi bo lebane Ie rnongangiSwa goba rnongangisi yoo rnafelelong a

atlegago Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago rno kgopolong ye ke katlego

rnafeleiong a ditaba

Go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Nnono 0 nyakisisa ka ga Mrnatshego 0

ikhwetsa a Ie rnotseng wa Seshego Ge a bolediSana Ie Mpho ka lenong la

gauta seo se rno dira rnotho yo a thabilego a tletsego tshepo Mo nyakisisong

ya gagwe Nnono ga a tshepe seo gomme 0 hloka Ie rnantsu a go bolela

Nnono 0 re

26

Ke rile ge ke gopoIa ka nyako idibaia ka letshogo

Ie tlaleIo lentsu Ie gana go tSwa (Letl165)

Nnono 0 hweditSe bohlatse bjo bo tletsego gore Brenda ke yena mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono 0 kgonthisiSa taba ye ka go bolela mantsu a

Brenda ke nnete gore ke wena 0 mmolailego 0

mmolaile ka wona mokgwa woo Brenda wena

(Letl167)

Kakaretso

Go setse go hIaIositswe dikgopolo tseo e Iego baanegwagolo Ie

baanegwanyane Ie kamano gare ga bona Go Iebeletswe gape Ie Ienaneo la

kamano e Iego tebanyo bokgantshi bothusi boganetsi Ie bothusegi Bjale

dikgopolo tSeo di yo somiswa ge go yo sekasekwa paditseka ya Lenong la

Gauta

252 Ditiragalo

Kgopolo ye ya ditiragalo e setse e Iekotswe mo kgaoiong ya pele ge go be go

hIaIoswa dielemente tsa diteng feia se sengwe se bohlokwa seo se lebanego Ie

ditiragalo ke gore di na Ie mehuta ye e itsego Marggraff (199462) Ie

Thobakgale (199647) ba re go na Ie mehuta ye meraro ya ditiragalo Tsona di

bitswa ditiragalotshwaneIo ditiragalotebanyo Ie ditiragalotlaleletso Ditiragalo

tse di bohlokwa ka ge e Ie tsona tse di bopago kanegeio Tsona ditiragalo tse di

tlemaganywa ke sererwa gore e be ngatana e tee

Mojalefa (199735) yena 0 arola ditiragalo tseo ka magoro a mabedi e lego (a)

legoro Ie legol0 la ditiragalo Ie (b) legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo Ka gona

27

nyakisiso ye e yo fapana Ie yeo ya Thobakgale ka gobane ditiragalo di yo

sekasekwa ge di lebane Ie magoro a mabedi a ditiragalo go ya ka Mojalefa

2521 Legoro Ie legolo la ditiragalo

Legoro Ie Ie nepisa ditiragalotshwaneio Pele ga ge go ka hIaIoswa kgopolo ye

go tIo hlokomelwa sererwa sa Lenong La Gauta e Iego botseka Padi ye e

nepisa ditaba tse tharo e lego (a) bosenyi (b) nyakisiso Ie (c) kotIo

bull Ditiragalotshwanelo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199735) 0 re ke ditiragalo tseo di

swanetsego go ba gona kanegelong gomme 0 tswela pele ka go re kanegelo ye

nngwe Ie ye nngwe e theilwe ka mohuta wo wa ditiragalo Mojalefa (19954) 0

tiisa kgopolo ye ya ditiragalotshwanelo ka gore ke tiragalo yeo gantsi e bago Ie

ditiragalo tse tharo e lego (a) tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo (b)

tiragalotshwanelo ya gare Ie (c) tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo Gomme 0 roma

ka go re ditiragalo tse tharo tseo di laolwa ke sererwa Ke gore taolo ya

sererwa legorong Ie e na Ie maatla a magolo kudu

Bjale go yo lekolwa ditiragalo tseo mo paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(a) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo bosenyi e lego polao ya Mmatshego

(b) Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare nyakisiso e lego leraganyana leo Ie

gomaretsego maotwaneng a mmotoro wa Brenda Ie mengwapo mmeleng

wa Brenda

(c) Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo kotio e lego Brenda a swarwa Ie gore

Brenda 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga ge a leka go tshaba

28

2522 Legoro Ie lennyane la ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199736) legoTO Ie Ie bopilwe ka mehuta ye mebedi ya

ditiragalo e Iego (a) tiragalotebanyoIe (b) tiragalotlaleletso

bull Tiragalotebanyo

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (199736) 0 re mohuta wo ke wa ditiragalo

tse nnyane tsa go bopa ditiragalotshwanelo Mosekaseki yo 0 tswela pele mo

letlakaleng la 37 ka gore ditiragalo tse tsona di laolwa ke sererwa gammogo Ie

dielemente tsa diteng e lego ditiragaIo baanegwa nako Ie feio Vena 0 ruma

ka gore taolo ya sererwa ga e na maatla go swana Ie ya legoTO la

ditiragalotshwanelo

Bjale go yo somiswa mohiaia wo 0 latelago go laetsa gore tiragalotebanyo e

laolwa ke dielemente ka moka tsa diteng mohlala wa tiragalo go tswa go

Lenong la Gauta so

Brenda 0 bolaya Mmatshego (Letl2S)

(i) Ke efe tiragalo yeo e dirwago Go bolaya

(ii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ke mang Brenda

(iii) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa kae Lapeng la Mma Maleka

(iv) Tiragalo yeo e dirwa ka nako mang Bosego

Ka dipotsiso tse di botsisitswego ka godimo go tIo lemogwa gore di thusa

gore go lemogwe taolo ya dielemente tsa diteng mabapi Ie tiragalotebanyo

Nyakisiso ye e yo Iekoia ditiragalotebanyo tsa ditiragalotshwanelo ya

mathomo e Iego bosenyi ya gare e Iego nyakisiso Ie ya mafelelo e Iego

kotlo

29

B jale go yo kgethwa ditiragalotebanyo di se kae fela go Iegorwana Ie Iengwe

Ie Iengwe tseo di bopago tiragalotshwanelo ya mathomo e lego ya gare Ie ya

mafeIeIo ka gobane nyakisiSo ye ga e nepiSe ditiragalo ka moka tsa paditseka

ya Lenong la Gauta

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya math~mo

Thobakgale (199656) 0 re ke matseno a kanegeio Go ka thwe ke tiragalo ye

kgolo ya go akaretsa matseno a ditaba

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta ke go bIola bosenyi I molato

Mmatshego 0 hwetswa ka phaposing ya gagwe ya borobaIeio a hlokofetse Go

lemogwa a bolailwe eupsa mmolai wa gagwe ga a tsebje Morena Maleka 0

kgopela Nnono Molaba gore a nyakisise mmolai wa Mmatshego

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Thobakgale (199653) 0 re ke kokwane ya gare ya

kanegelo Yona e lebane Ie bogare bja kanegelo Tiragalo ye e lemogwa ka

dikgakgano

Tiragalotshwanelo ya gare ya Lenong la gauta Nyakisiso ya bosenyi

Nnono Molaba 0 dira dinyakisiSo gomme Brenda 0 thulana kudu Ie yena

mabapi Ie nyakisiso yeo Maphodisa Ie ona a ganetsa Nnono go sunyasunya

dinko molatong woo

30

bull Tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo

Thobakgale (199653) 0 re tiragalong ye ke faa ditaba di fihlago mafelelong

Ditaba di ka felela ka kotlo lehu bjalobjalo Pheletso yeo ya ditaba e lebane Ie

mongangisi goba mongangiswa Mo paditsekeng ya Lenong la Gauta

tiragalotshwanelo ya mafelelo e lebane Ie mongangiSi e lego Brenda

Tiragalotshwanelo ya Lenong la Gauta Kotlo ya mmolai wa Mmatshego

Brenda 0 a golegwa a ahlolwa gomme a hlokofala ka kotsi ya sefatanaga a

leka go tshaba Fela 0 salwa morago ke maphodisa Ie Nnono Molaba

bull Tiragalotlaleletso

Mojalefa (199738) ge a hlalosa tiragalotlaleletso 0 re ke tiragalo yeo e

Iebanego Ie go oketSa tiragalotebanyo 0 tswela pele mo letlakaleng la 38 ka

gore ke ditiragalo tseo di oketsago kanegelo Go Iaetsa gore ke tsa go

tialeletsa Ie ge di ka tloswa ga di na mohoia wo mokaalo Se bohloka seo

mosekaseki yo a se bolelago ke gore mohuta wo wa ditiragalo wona 0 laolwa

ke dielemente tsa diteng e lego tikologo

Nyakisiso ye e ka se ahIaahle tiragalotiaIeIetso ye ka gobane ga e na mohola

Go tlo lekolwa ditiragalotlaleletso di se kae tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

Mohlala so

(i) Bosenyi Go bolawa ga Mmatshego

(ii) NyakiSiso - Nnono 0 nyakisisa mmolai wa Mmatshego

(iii) Kotlo Brenda 0 a ahlolwa 0 hlokofala kotsing ya sefatanaga

31

Ge go bolelwa ka ditiragaIo go nepiSwa ditiragalo tsa go ba Ie magoro a

mabedi Taolo ya sererwa malebana Ie magoro ao ga e swane ke gore sererwa

se na Ie maatla mo go legoro la ditiragalotshwanelo ge go bapetswa Ie legoro

Ia ditiragalo

253 Nako

Nako ke elemente ya boraro ya diteng E arotswe ka dikarolwana tse tharo e

Iego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako ya ditiragaIo Ie (c) nako ya Ieago Bjalo go

yo Iekolwa dikarolwana tSe tharo tse ge di yo Iebantshwa Ie paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta

2531 Nako ye e itsego

Mojalefa (19958) 0 re nako ye e itsego ke nako ya go se be Ie mathomo Ie

mafeIeIo go swana Ie bosego selemo marega bjaIobjaIo Selemo ke nako ye

e itsego ka gobane ga go tsebje gore se thoma ka iri efe gomme sa feIeia ka

efe

Bjale go yo Iekolwa mehiaia yeo e Iebanego Ie go laetsa mohuta wo wa nako

go tswa go paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta

(a) 0 sepetse ka La boraro mesong ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse boikhutso bja

lebakanyana la beke go yo leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge mmagwe

a sa etile (Letl 38)

(b) Ga ke sa na nako ya go bapaia Ie basemane ba go Iekana Ie wena Seo 0

ilego go se dira gosasa ge bo esa Ie ka moso ke se 0 tla tsoga gosasa wa

ya mosomong wa gaga wa ka mehIa (Letl 89)

32

(c) Ke rile ge ke phafoga gare ga bosego ka hwetsa gore Mmatshego ga a

gona Ke ile katlabega Ie go tshoga kudu (Letl 27)

Mo mehialeng ye e filwego ka mo godimo ga go nnete ya gore dinako tse di

boletswego di thoma neng tsa felela neng go swana Ie mesong mo mohlaleng

wa mathomo Ka gona mesong ga e elege ka ge go sa tsebje iri yeo meso e

thomago ya ba ya felela ka yona

2532 Nako ya ditiragalo

Go ya ka Mojalefa (1995 8) nako ye ya tiragalo ke nako ya go ba Ie mathomo

Ie mafelelo bjalo ka iri letsatSi kgwedi ngwaga bjalobjalo Ge go bolelwa

ka iri go a tsebja gore e thoma ka motsotso ofe ya felela ka motsotso ofe

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala yeo e laetSago mohuta wo wa nako go tswa

paditsekeng ye ya Lenong la Gauta

(i) Kgwedi tse e ka bago tse diselelago morago ga ge segwera sa Nkwe Ie

Mmatsego se setse se tieletse Brenda 0 ile a boa gae (Let 23)

(ii) 0 sepetse ka Laboraro me song ge ke sa fose 0 kgopetse go boikhutso bja

lebakanyana Ia beke go ya go leta ngwako wabo kua Seshego ka ge

mmagwe a sa etile (Let138)

(iii) liE be e Ie iri ya bosupa mantsibua ge ke tsene ka kgoro tsa motse wa

Seshego ke feditse lebakanyana ke nyaka ga boNanikL (Led 56)

Mo mohialeng wo 0 filwego wa mathomo go a tsebega gore kgwedi e thoma

ka letsatsi lefe gomme ya felela ka letsatsi lefe Go bjalo Ie go dinako tse

dingwe tse di latelago

33

2533 Nako ya leago

Tlhaloso ya Serudu (199571-73) e sup a gore dikanegelo tsa leago di lebane Ie

ditiragalo tsa bogoiogolo tseo di bego di akaretsa setshaba ka moka se se

itsego Gape di tsweletsa ditaba ka botIaIo mabapi Ie tikologo ye e itsego yeo e

fetogago Ie mabaka

Ge a tiisa se~ Phala (199949) 0 re nako ya histori ke yeo e Iebanego Ie nako

ya segoiogolo Ie ya sebjalebjale Go tlaleletsa tseo di boletswego ke

basekaseki ba go ka thwe mosomo wo mogolo wa nako ye ke go laoia

tatelano ya ditiragalo

Bjale go yo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae ya nako ya leago go tswa

paditsekeng ya Lenong La Gauta

(i) Ke rile ge ke e tswa ka heke ka kwa nke morwalo

o boima bjalo ka thaba 0 ewa magetleng aka E bile

la mathomo mola ke thomago Ie molato woo Ke He

ka ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke lokologile

(LetlI80)

(ii) Diatla tsa ka di be di roromela ka gonnyane ge ke

bula mokotla wa diaparo gomme ke thoma go

sanyakolla go bona gore go na Ie eng ka gare

(LetlI45)

(iii) Mo ditiragalong tsa motse wo ke mathomo go

direga taba ya mohuta wo gomme ke a tseba

maphodisa a tlamegile go dira lesata (Letl 30)

3+

Ditiragalo tSe di hlamilwego fa di amana Ie tsa nako ya sebjalebjale e sego ya

segoiogoio Mokgwa wa go nyakisiSa molato ke wa sebjaIebjaIe ga 0 swane Ie

wa segologolo wa go letSa phalafaia ya go bega sebatakgomo Go supSa gape

gore mokgwa wa tlhabologo ke wa sebjalebjale bjalo ka mokotla wa diaparo

Ditiro tSa batho Ie tsona ke tsa sebjalebjale maphodisa a tlamegile go dira

lesata

254 Felo

Elemente ye ya felo Ie yona e setse e hlalositswe mo kgaolong ya pele Le ge

go Ie bjaIo go ka thwe felo ke fao baanegwa ba dirago ditiragalo gona Go ka

oketswa tlhaloso yeo ka ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ya gore elemente yeo e

laola phetogo ya ditiragalo

Mojalefa (1997 25) 0 bolela gore elemente ya felo e arotswe ka dikarolwana

tse pedi e lego (a) felo Ie itsego Ie (b) felo la ditiragalo

2541 Lefelo Ie itsego

Mojalefa (1997 26) 0 hlalosa lefelo Ie itsego ka gore Ie ama mafelo ao

mongwadi a sa a nepisego ka ge a sa bolele maina a ona go swana Ie thabeng

lesokeng nokeng bjalobjalo Bohlokwa bja mafelo ao bo lemogwa ge

nyakisiso e lebane Ie tsela yeo mongwadi a somisago mantsu Ie mafoko ka

yona

Ka ge nyakisiso ye e se e lebane Ie mongwalelo gona go tla fiwa mehlala ya

mohuta wo wa felo fela

(i) Ke ile ka tloga Ie Mna Maleka ka ya motseng wa gagwe (Let11)

(ii) Dithameng tsa gagwe go be go Ie maope a go tsenelela (Let145)

35

(iii) Eng 0 re ke nna mang A botsisa a thakgoga malaong a bile a dula ka

marago (Letll19)

Mafelo a a swanago Ie motseng dithameng Ie malaong ke mafelo ao a sa

nepisego ke ao a ukangwago ke mongwadi Ka go realo motho a ka se tsebe

ka botialo moo ditiragalo di diragetsego gona ka gobane mafelo a a akanywa

2542 Lefelo la ditiragalo

Mafel0 a ditiragalo ke ao mongwadi a a nepisago ka ge a boieia maina a ona

Ka gona mo go Lenong fa Gauta go tIo tsopolwa mehlala e se mekae go

bontsha mafelo a ditiragalo

(i) Koloi ye nngwe e senyegile kua Mmasealama (Let13)

(ii) Mmatshego 0 be a duia Gauteng (Let128)

(iii) Ke ile ka fihla magahlanong a tsela ya go tsena Mankweng Ie ye

kgolo yeo e fetelago Tzaneen (Let141)

Mafel0 ao a boletswego mo mehialeng ye ke mafelo a tlholego ao mongwadi a

bolelago maina a ona mo sengwalong

Se bohlokwa se se lemogwago ka mafelo a ke gore a lebane Ie sererwa ka ge

se laola tikologo (nako Ie feIo)

Tikologo e akaretsa mahlakore a mabedi e Iego nako Ie feio Nako e supa

nako yeo ditiragalo di diregago ka yona e lego (a) nako ye e itsego (b) nako

36

ya ditiragalo Ie (c) nako ya leago mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagatswago gona e lego lefelo Ie Ie itsego Ie lefelo la ditiragalo

255 Kakaretso

Kgaolong ye go akareditswe diteng tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Go

tIoga fao go lekotswe tlhaloso ya dikgopolo tsa letlalo la mathomo la

sengwalo la diteng bohlokwa bja sererwa Ie dielemente tsa diteng e lego

baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie felo Go tsinketswe Ie karnano gare ga

baanegwagolo Ie baanegwanyane Taba ya bohlokwa ye e lemogilwego ke

gore bothusi bja mongangiswa ke boganetsi bja mongangisi mola bothusi bja

mongangisi e Ie boganetsi bja mongangiswa

Malebana Ie ditiragalo go gateletswe magorwana Ie diphapantsho tsa ona

gotee Ie ditiragalo tsa go tlaleletsa Go rurnilwe ka go tsinkela tikologo (nako

Ie feIo) Go gateletswe tiriso ya nako Ie felo ka gore nako e supa nako yeo

ditiragalo di diregago ka yona mola felo e Ie lefelo leo ditiragalo di

phethagalago gona

37

KGAOLO YA BORARO

Thulaganyo e ya go arolwa ka dikarolo tse tharo e lego Thulaganyo

Thulaganyo I Ie Thulaganyo II

31 THULAGANYO

311 Matseno

Go setse go hlalositswe gore thulaganyo ke letlalo la bobedi la sengwalo leo

ditaba di rulaganywago ka maikemisetso a go tswetSa pele moko wa ditaba

Dikgopolo tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo tseo di tlogo hlokomelwa mo

kgaolong ye ke tse di latelago

(a) Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

(b) Moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I maikemisetso I thuto

(c) Moakanyetso

(d) Thaetlele

(e) Dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

312 Mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Mojalefa (1995 10) 0 re mabaka a thulaganyo ya

ditaba ke a mabedi e lego

(a) Mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba I molaetsa I

maikemisetso I thuto

(b) Go goka mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

38

o rurna ka gore thulaganyo ye botse ya ditaba e swanetse go hlohleletsa

mmadi gore a se nolege rnoko ge a bala sengwalo seo gape e swanetse go ba

Ie rnaatlakgogedi

313 Moko wa ditabalmolaetsalmaikemisetsothuto

Baldick (1990225) 0 akaretsa tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye ya rnoko wa ditaba ka go

re ke

a literary works treatment of its subject matter

or a topic

Kgopolo ye ya topic ye e bolelwago ke Baldick rno tsopolong ya ka godirno

ke won a rnoko wa ditaba e sego sererwa Serudu (198933) 0 re rnoko (gist)

ke kgwekgwe goba tabakgolo ya sereto goba papadi ye e tsweletswago ka

boripane sengwalong Go tswela pele 0 re ke thuto yeo mongwadi a ratago

gore mmadi a e bune ge a bala sengwalo sa gagwe

Mojalefa (1996 10) 0 akaretSa seo se boietSwego ke Baldick Ie Serudu ka go

re rnoko wa ditaba ke thuto yeo rnongwadi a ratago go e ruta babadi rnabapi Ie

taba ye e itsego rno bopbeiong Seo se ra gore ge rnongwadi a ngwala

sengwalo 0 be a na Ie rnaikemisetso goba tebanyo yeo a ratago go e lernosa

mmadi ka fao 0 swanetse go hlatholla tebanyo yeo ya gagwe rnabapi Ie taba

goba tiragalo yeo a e lernogilego bophelong bja gagwe

Y ona taba yeo a e lernogilego e bitSwa sererwa ka gona go tla lernogwa gore

sererwa ga se rnoko wa ditaba Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di a fapana Groenewaid

(1993 16) 0 tsweletsa phapano gare ga sererwa Ie rnoko wa ditaba ka ditseia

tse pedi e lego

39

(a) Sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola

moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di

lebane

(b) Sererwa se diriswa mabapi Ie histori goba tsona diteng tsa sengwalo mola

moko wa ditaba 0 somiswa ge go bolelwa ka thulaganyo

Go ka rungwa ka gore phapano yeo e bohI~kwahIokwa ka gobane dikgopolo

tseo ga di tseelane mollo Ie gatee Dingwalo di ka swana ka diteng eupsa di

tlo fapana ka moko wa ditaba Ntlha ye nngwe ye bohlokwa ke gore moko wa

ditaba 0 laola moakanyetso e lego kgopolo yeo e lebanego Ie thulaganyo ya

sengwaIo gape Ie go godisa maatlakgogedi

Seo se gatelel wago ke basekaseki ba ba ka godimo ke gore moko wa di taba deg bohlokwa kudu ka ge 0 tlemaganya ditiragalo tsa thulaganyo ka mokgwa wa

tiriso ya dithekniki tse di itsego go tswetsa pele thuto ya mongwadi

314 Dithekniki

Magapa (199788) Ie Phala (199978) ba re Kerkhoff (196216) 0 boIeia gore

thekniki ke seo se bonwago seo se tIogo kgona go diriswa go tsweletsa seo se

bolelwago ka go dirisa thekniki mongwadi 0 kgona go tsweletsa tebanyo ya

gagwe gabotse Mojalefa (1997 17) 0 re Marshall McLuthan (Lazarus Ie

Smith (1983289) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka gore ke seo mongwadi a se bolelago ka

go ngwala Ie ka wona mokgwa woo a se boletsego ka gona ka go se ngwala

(lithe medium is the message) mola Mark Schorer (Lazarus Ie Smith

1983288) a tswetsa kgopolo yeo pele ka go re

It may well become the discipline that leads

writers to discover what they have to say

40

Se se boIeIwago ke basekaseki ba ke gore thekniki ke mokgwa woo 0

akaretsago wa go ngwaia sengwalo se sengwe Ke gore ke mokgwa wa go

tswalanya phapantsho ya sengwalo Ie diphapantsho tse dingwe go tswetsa pele

moko wa ditaba

Go ya ka Mojalefa (199517-18) go na Ie qithekniki tseo di lebanego Ie

thulaganyo gammogo Ie tseo di Iebanego Ie mongwaIeio Ka go reaIo 0

gateIeIa gore go na Ie dithekniki tseo di nepisago thulaganyo ya ditaba Ie tseo

di tswalanago Ie polelo ya mongwadi Nyakisiso ye ga se ya lebana Ie letlalo la

mongwalelo ka tseia yeo e ka se sekaseke dithekniki tsa mongwalelo ka ge e

itebantse Ie tsa thulaganyo fela

Go ruma tlhaloso ya kgopolo ye Groenewaid (1993 17) 0 tlaIeIetsa ka gore

thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tsweletsago moko wa ditaba pele ka

wona Thekniki e na Ie mediro ye mebedi e Iego

(a) Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego

(b) Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

315 Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong la Gauta

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 Iebane Ie seema se Le ge 0 ka e buela

leopeng thota ntle e tlo sala (Rakoma 1983155) Go yo lekolwa ka fao moko

wa ditaba 0 laolago thulaganyo ya ditaba gore e be sengwalo

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 yo hIaIoswa go ya ka fao 0 Iebanego Ie

sephiri Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulanogare ga Brenda Ie Nnono Molaba

Taba ye e diragetsego ya polao ya Mmatshego Maleka ke sephiri sa Brenda a

nnosi Sephiri seo se tsweIeia ge Brenda a ganetsa Nnono go nyakiSisa mmolai

wa Mmatshego N nono 0 beelana Iebaka la go kopana Ie N aniki ka ge a na Ie

41

tshedimoso 0 tsebisa Brenda ka ga morero wo gomme a sa lemoge gore 0

iphahla ka Iefego Ge a swanetse go kopana Ie Naniki 0 hwetsa Naniki a

gobetse a idibetse Seo se mo fa maseme a go lemoga gore Brenda 0 tseba se

sengwe ka bahlasedi ba Naniki

Nnono 0 kgalengwa ka bogale ke maphodisa go sunyasunya nko mererong yeo

e sego ya gagwe y~ go nyakisisa ka lehu la Mmatshego Gape 0 hlaselwa ke

banna bao a sa ba tsebego ebile ba mo kgalemela go hlwa a nyakisiSa ka ga

polao ya Mmatshego

Maphodisa a naganela Nnono go ba modiri wa bosoro bjo bja go bolaya

Mmatshego Ie Naniki Nnono ga a dumele gore tiragal0 yeo e ka dirwa ke

mosadi fela 0 lemoga gore Mpho monna wa Naniki 0 morago ga pheta yeo e

dirilwego ka gauta Nnono 0 be a rata go nyakisiSa gore lenong leo Ie

bopilwego ka gauta ke eng

Taba ye nngwe gape e be e Ie gore Brenda 0 ile a sepela ka sefatanaga gare ga

bosego gobane mobu wa phoka 0 be 0 mometse dithaere tsa koloi ya gagwe

Seo se He sa gonontsha N nono gore a ka no ba a uta ka tsa polao ya

Mmatshego Se bohlokwa godimo ga fao e bile mongwapo letsogong Ia go ja

la Brenda Mongwapo Ie pheta ke dika tsa go utolla sephiri

316 Moakanyetso

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e hlaloswa ke Mojalefa (199463) ka gore ke

motheo gob a freimi yeo go ka thwego kanegelo e bopilwe godimo ga yona Ke

gore moakanyetso ke morero goba lenaneo la patrone ya motheo wa kanegelo

Ge a thekga seo se bolelwago ke Mojalefa Groenewald (199315) 0 re

moakanyetso ke lenaneo la dikokwane tse bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo ya

sengwalo tseo dikgontshago moko wa ditaba gore 0 bonale Mojalefa 0

41

tswela pele gona letlakaleng leo go fa mosomo wa moakanyetso ka gore

moakanyetso 0 hlopha dingwalo go ya ka magoro a tSona Mosomo wo

mongwe wa bobedi ke wa go hlalosa semele sa moanegwa

Ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye Mampho (199941) 0 re ntlha ye nngwe ye

bohlokwa ke gore moakanyetso 0 na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ao go ona go

kgethwago Ie tee leo Ie Iebanego Ie moanegwathadi Ke gore molwantshwa ~e

motho

(a) wa maemo goba (a) wa ka mehla

(b) wa bofokodi goba (b) wa go hloka bofokodi

(c) wa go kokobetswa goba (c) wa go se kokobetswe

(d) wa go amogelwa goba (d) wa go se amogelwe

Go ya ka Lebaka (199966) moakanyetso wa mohuta wo mongwe Ie wo

mongwe wa dingwalo 0 na Ie dikokwane tseo di boletswego ka godimo ke ka

faa ge go sekasekwa semele sa moanegwa yo mongwe Ie yo mongwe go

swanetsego go hlokomelwa moakanyetSo wa sengwalo seo Go elwa hloko

gore moko wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso di tla hiokomelwa gape ge bjale di

nyalanywa Ie Lenong la Gauta dikaroiong tse di Iatelago tsa kua pele

317 Thaetlele

Ge a boIe1a ka thaetlele Wilsmore (1987 404) 0 re

We cannot read titles simi) as parts of texts since

they belong both in and outside the literary

work

Polelo yeo e hlalosa gore thaetlele ke karolo ya sengwalo

43

Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele Stein (19731488) 0 re ke the distinguishing name

of a book Seo Stein a se hlalosago ka thaetlele ke gore ke leina la puku

gomme ga a bolele bohlokwa bja yona Mojalefa (199597) 0 hIaIosa

bohlokwa bjoo ka gore thaetlele ke leina la puku goba kgoboketso ya direto

Ka go realo thaetlele e na Ie mohola wa go hiaoia sengwalo gare ga tse

dingwe

Mampho (199941) 0 tlaleletsa mohola woo wa thaetIeIe ka gore thaetIeIe e

Iemosa babadi ka ga seo sengwal0 se boielago ka sona 0 gateIeia gore

thaetlele e ka thusa go hlalosa diteng tsa sengwalo Ge a tswetsa taba yeo pele

Mojalefa (1995 97) 0 re mohola wo mongwe wa thaetlele ke go fa khuetso

godimo ga sengwalo Gore sengwalo se lemogege bjalo ka modiro wa

bokgabo se swanetse go laolwa ke maikemisetso a mongwadi ka go se reela

leina Modiro woo wa bokgabo 0 lebane Ie tlhagiso (presentational

function)

Wilsmore (1987 407) 0 katolosa tlhaloso ya mediro yeo ya thaetlele ka gore ke

ye mebedi e Iego (a) go hlatholla interpretative (b) Ie go reeia Ieina

(naming) Lazarus Ie Smith (1971293) bona ba tsweletsa mehoia ye

mengwe gape ya thaetlele

Title performs one or more of the following

functions

(1) attracts attention

(2) establish the topic

(3) hints at the theme

(4) predicts mode and tone

(5) serves as memorable name for the work

44

Mesomo yeo ke

(a) Go hlola kgogedi

(b) Go tsweletsa sererwa

(c) Go hlalosa moko wa ditaba

(d) Go akanyetsa maikutlo

(e) Go bea leina la paale Ie sengwalwa

Go ka akaretswa mehola ya thaetlele ka go re e bohlokwa ka ge e Ie seripa sa

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe Sengwalo se fiwa leina gore se tle se

bonagale gabotse

Bjalo go yo lekolwa mehuta ya dithaetlele

bull Mehuta ya dithaetlele

Mojalefa (199799) 0 hIaIosa mehuta ye e fapanego ya thaetlele 0 re go na Ie

dithaetlele tse di fapanego tsa go nepisa dingwalo tse di itsego Fowler

(198296) 0 re mehuta yeo ke ye mene

(a) Dithaetlele tsa mokgwa wa Victoria tsa direto tse kopana - ke tseo di

somiswago kua nageng ya Victoria gomme tsona di lebane Ie direto tse

kopana

(b) Tsa sererwa Ie moko wa ditaba - tsona di Ie bane Ie sererwa goba moko wa

ditaba ka gare ga puku goba kanegelokopana goba papadi Ie ge e Ie padi

(c) Tsa tsopolo ya ka gare ( kudu mothaladi wa mathomo mothaladi wa

tIhabeletso gob a sekafokokgopolo)

(d) Tsa sekatshisinyo (symbolic suggestion) mohuta wo wa thaetlele ke woo

o sedimosago babadi ka seo ba ka se hwetsago ka gare ga puku

45

Bopape 0 somisitse leina la Lenong la Gauta bjalo ka thaetlele ya paditseka ya

gagwe Ka go dira bjalo 0 lemosa babadi sererwa sa padi yeo Go ka rungwa

ka gore thaetlele e lego leina la puku ye e thusa babadi go lemoga diteng tsa

sengwalo

B jale go yo lekolwa dikokwane tsa thulaganyo

32 DIKOKWANE TSA THULAGANYO

Serudu Ie ba bangwe (1990113-115) Ie Preminger (1986192) ba hialosa gore

thulaganyo e na Ie dikokwane tse tlhano Preminger gona Ietlakaleng leo 0

tswetsa tab a yeo pele ka go re

the elements ofa plot are

(1) The exposition

(2) the initiating action

(3) the rising action

(5) the falling action and

(6) the Denovement

or conclusion

Tihaloso ya Groenewald (199313) yona e fapana Ie ya boSerudu ka gore yena

o aroganya thulaganyo ka dikarolo I dikokwane tse nne e lego

(a) Kalotaba

(b) Tswetsopele

(c) Sehioa

(d) Tiemollo ya Iehuto

46

Go tlo Iemogwa gore boSerudu ba fapana Ie Groenewaid ka go aroganya

kalotaba ka dikarolwana Hie pedi e Iego tsweletso ya ditaba Ie kgakganol

thulano Ke ka faa ba nago Ie dikarolo tse tlhano mola Groenewaid a na Ie

dikarolo tse nne Ka go realo nyakisiso ye e tIo latela lenaneo la dikokwane tse

nne tsa thulaganyo go ya Ie ka fao di hlaloswago ke Groenewald

321 Kalotaba (Exposition)

Baidick (199078) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ya kalotaba Cexposition) ka go re

The setting forth of the systematic explanation of or

argument about any subject or the opening part of a

play or a story in which we are introduced to the

characters and their situation often by reference to

preceding events

Seo Baidick a se hlalosago ke gore kalotaba ke mathomo goba matseno a

papadi gob a kanegeio 0 tsweia pele go bolela dikarolo tse bohlokwa tsa

kalotaba e lego baanegwa Ie tseo ba di dirago (ditiragalo) Ie tikologo yeo ba

phelago go yona

Cuddon (1977318) 0 tiisa Ie go oketsa seo se bolelwago ke Baidick ka go re

At the beginning of his pLay the dramatist is often

committed to giving a certain amount of essential

information about the plot and the events which are

to come He may also have to give information

about what has already happened

47

Polelo ya Cuddon e hlalosa gore mo matsenong a ditaba go swanetse go ba

baanegwa Ie mathata ao ba kopanego Ie ona Le ge yena a bolela ka go nepiSa

papadi I tiragatso tlhaloso ye ya thulaganyo e ka lebantshwa thwi Ie padi Ie ge

e Ie kanegelokopana

Mojalefa (199514) 0 ruma dikgopolo tse tsa borateori ba ka godimo ka go re

kalotaba Ie ge e Ie tsweletSo ya ditaba ke matseno a ditaba tseo mongwadi a

ratago go thoma ka tsona go ngwaia sengwalo sa gagwe ke gore ke ge

mongwadi a tsweletsa ditaba Taba yeo e boleia gore ke ge mongwadi a alela

mmadi ditaba Ke gore ke ge mongwadi a rulaganya dikanegelo Ie dipadi

ditiragatso Ie ditaodiSo bjalobjalo Gona moo kalong ya gagwe ya ditaba

mongwadi 0 swanetse go utollela mmadi baanegwa ditiragaIo nako Ie felo

tseo e Iego dielemente tsa kalotaba

Mojalefa (199514) 0 tswela pele go hialosa mehola ya kalotaba ka tseia ye

Kalotaba e fapantsha ditaba tsa sengwalo Ie tseo e

sego tsa sengwalo ke gore tseo e lego tsa diteng

gore di lebane Ie moko wa ditaba Gape kalotaba e

bopa goba e hioia maatlakgogedi

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tsa kalotaba Mojalefa (199713) 0 ruma ka go re

Kalotaba ke mo mongwadi a rotosago mathomo a

thulano mathomo a ditiragalo bjaIobjaIo Kalotaba

e thoma mathomong a sengwalo ya feleia mo go

thomago thulano Thulano ya mathomo yeo e

lebanego Ie seo e lego molaetSa wa mongwadi ke

mafelelo a kalotaba

48

3211 Thulano

Cohen (197313) Ie Holman Ie Hannan (1986192) ba hlalosa kgohlano ge e

lebane Ie thulano ya maatla a a rilego Ge a tswetsa pele Cohen 0 re ke

The collision of opposing forces in prose fiction

drama or poetry

Seo Cohen a se nepiSago mo ke gore thulano e Iebane Ie dinthulwane tse pedi

tseo di kopanago ka maatla a magolo a lewatle sengwalong Thulano yeo e

ka swantshwa Ie maphoto a lewatle ge letsatsi Ie eya bodikela ge a kopana

a itiana ka maatla gomme morago ga faa a swalalana Serudu (198948)

o tswetsa pele taba yeo ka go re ge go Ie kgohlano gare ga baanegwa

mo papading pading goba mo go kanegelokopana gona go bolelwa ka

thulano 0 tswela pele ka go bolela gore kgohlano yeo e ka ba gare ga

baanegwa ba babedi goba dihiopha tsa baanegwa goba bjalobjalo Gape go tlo

Iemogwa gore thulano e ka ba gare ga moanegwa Ie tikologo ya gagwe

Seo Serudu a se gatelelago mo ke gore maatla ao a bolelwago ke Cohen a

Iebane Ie botse Ie bobe gomme 0 a lebanya Ie baanegwa Ie seo se ba

diragalegago Ge a tiisa seo Mojalefa (199516) 0 re ka faa katlego ya

sengwalo se sengwe Ie se sengwe e letse magetleng a tsweletso ya kgonthe ya

go ba Ie bothata Ka gona tseo di thulanago ke bobe Ie botse go loka Ie go se

loke lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjalo

Poielo ye ya Mojalefa e bolela ka bohlokwa bja thulano sengwalong Se

bohlokwa seo ka thulano ke go hiohieletsa mmadi go balela pele Ie pele

Phisego yeo ya go balela pele ke ona maatlakgogedi MaatIakgogedi a ka

godiswa gape ka ditsela tsohle tsa dithulano

49

Ge a tiBia seo Prince (198715) 0 re

The struggle in which the actors are engaged The

letter can fight against the fate or destiny against

their social or physical environment or against

one another (external conflict) and they can fight

against themselves (internal or inner conflict

Seo se boIe1a gore thulano e na Ie mehuta ye mebedi yeo Serudu (198949) a e

fapantshago ka go re ge moanegwa a elwa Ie dikgopolo tSa gagwe mabapi Ie

taba ye e rilego goba tikologo ya gagwe gona go thwe 0 na Ie thulano ya ka

gare Thulano ya ka ntle yona e supa phapano ya molaleng ye e lego gare ga

baanegwa mo sengwalong E ka ba go gobelana ka mats walle go rogana goba

go hlabana ka marumo

Ge a akaretsa ditaba tseo tSa thulano Marggraff (199421) 0 di lebanya Ie go

befa ga ditaba 0 tswela pele go bolela gore thulano e hlolega ge go bapetswa

botse Ie bobe maatla Ie bofokodi lethabo Ie manyami bjalobjaIo go tsweletsa

maatlakgogedi

3212 Maatlakgogedi

Fowler Ie Fowler (199580) ba hlalosa maatIakgogedi ka gore ke

The act or power of attracting a person or thing

that attracts by arousing interest

Polelo ya boFowier e hlalosa gore maatlakgogedi e lebane Ie phiSegeIo ya

mmadi Ke ka faa Groertewald (199123) a gatelelago gore maatlakgogedi a

thoma ge mongwadi a rulaganya ditaba tsa gagwe gore go be Ie thulano Ka

50

gona kgogedi e tsosa kgahiego go mmadi go baleia pele Ie pele gore a se

nolege moko ge a bala

Ge a tswetsa pele taba yeo Cuddon (1991937) 0 bolela gore mmadi ge a Ie

gare a bala sengwalo 0 ikhwetsa a Ie magahlanong a ditsela gobane ga a tsebe

gore mafeIeio a sona a tlile goba a mabjang gomme se ke sona se mo

gapeletsago gore a tswele pele Ie go bala

Seo Cuddon a se hlalosago ke gore maatlakgogedi a Iebane Ie Iebaka la

magareng leo Ie dirago gore mmadi a rato tseba pheletso ya ditaba Ke

phisegelo yeo e hlohleletsago mmadi gore a balele pele Ie pele ka gobane 0

kganyoga go tseba Ie go kwesiSa moko wa ditaba

Mojalefa (199516) 0 tiisa taba yeo ka go bolela se sengwe se bohlokwa ka

gore maatlakgogedi ke makalo Makalo yeo e hlolega gantsi moo mongwadi a

tsweletsago dikgopolo tsa gagwe ka go utama eupsa ge go thongwa go

lemoga nyepollo ya dikgopolo Seo ge e Ie diswantSho goba ge di fetoga

diswantsho kgogedi e a fela Groenewald (1998 16) 0 ruma ka go hialosa gore

maatlakgogedi a na Ie mahlakore a mabedi e lego

(i) Lehlakore la go lebana Ie tse mmadi a di tsebago (di Iebana Ie sererwa

Ie diteng)

(ii) Lehiakore Ia go lebana Ie tse mmadi a sa di tsebego (di lebanele moko wa

ditaba Ie thulaganyo)

Ka go realo se se bolelwago ke borateori ba ba ka godimo ka ga

maatIakgogedi se lebane Ie gore mmadi a bale sengwalo go fihia mafelelong a

sona ke ka baka leo a ratago go tseba tseo a sa di tsebego

51

o Tlhaloso ya kalotaba ya Lenong la Gauta

Go hIaIositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba tsela tsa diteng di

rulagantswego ke mongwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo Ge go ahIaahlwa

tIhaIoso ya kalotaba ya Lenong La Gauta go tIo somiswa Ienaneo Ie

(a) Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

(b) Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Kakaretso ya diteng tsa Lenong La Gauta

Bopape 0 thoma go ala ditaba tsa paditseka ya gagwe ka go tsweletsa

poledisano yeo e hIoIago thulano gare ga Nnono Molaba Ie mosadi wa gagwe

Brenda Brenda 0 rile ge a phafoga borokong mahlo a gagwe a be a apere

Ietshogo goba pefelo 0 He a tlosa seatla sa Nnono moIaIeng wa gagwe ka

bogaIe gomme a se kgoromeletsa kua thoko

Mmatshego Maleka 0 Ietse a bolailwe gomme ga go tsebje mmolai wa gagwe

gomme Mna Maleka 0 kgopelana Ie Nnono go nyakisiSa mmolai yoo eupsa

Brenda a ganana Ie kgopolo yeo Thulano yeo e lego gare ga Nnono Ie Brenda

e godiswa ke sephiri seo Brenda a se utelago Nnono Sephiri seo ke sona se

gapeletsago babadi go tswela pele ka go bala sengwalo gore ba kgone go

hwetsa moko wa ditaba

Brenda 0 tlalelwa ke mathata a ge Nnono a seno lemoga mmolai wa

Mmatshego Nnono ga a dumele seo gomme Brenda 0 leka go tshaba ebile 0

hiagelwa ke kotsi ya sefatanaga Ie go hlokofala semeetseng ka ge a be a

setswe morago ke maphodisa

52

bull Dielemente tsa kalotaba

Bjalo ka ge go hlalositswe gore kalotaba ke matseno a ditaba bjale go yo

tsinkelwa dielemente tse nne tsa kalotaba e lego baanegwa ditiragalo nako Ie

felo

Baanegwa

Serudu (198931) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye baanegwa ka gore ke batho bao ba

diriswago ke mongwadi mo kanegelong ya gagwe e ka ba mo pading

kanegelongkopana goba mo papading Gona moo letlakaleng leo Serudu 0

tsweia pele ka go boleia gore moanegwa ke seakanywa seo se nago Ie

boitshwaro maikutlo borutho Ie tseo se di tsweletsago ka poledisano Ie

tiro Ga se motho wa nama Ie madi eupsa ke kemedi ya motho tsoko yo a

phelago Gape go ya ka Mojalefa (199513) mongwadi a ka dirisa Ie

diphoofolo go ba baanegwa ba gagwe bjalo ka baanegwa

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Lebaka (199982) 0 re baanegwa ba thulaganyo ke

baraloki bao ba kgathago tema sengwalong Thulano gare ga bona e na Ie

mahiakore a mabedi e lego (a) lehlakore la go loka Ie (b) lehlakore la go se

Ioke Baanegwa bao ge ba fapanywa Ie ba diteng ba fapana feia ka gore ba

thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ya go swana Ie ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi

bohiohieletsi Ie ge e Ie ya bothusi

Go ya ka Phaia (199969) baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotSwe ka dikarolo tse

pedi e lego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

53

Baanegwathwadi

Mojalefa (199520) 0 re ge go bolelwa ka baanegwathwadi go bolelwa ka

molwantshwa molwantshi Ie mohiohieletsi Ke bona baanegwathwadi ba

thulaganyo bao Ke baanegwa bao ditiragalokgolo di bolelago ka bona

Molwantshwa

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya molwantshwa Prince (198778) 0 re

Protagonist the main character the character

constituting the chief focus of interest A narrative

articulated in terms of an interpersonal conflict

involves two major characters with opposite goals

the protagonist (or the hero) and the antagonist

Seo Prince a se bolelago ka molwantshwa ke gore ke yena moanegwa yo

mogolo Ditiragalo ka moka tse kgolo tsa sengwalo di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshwa 0 ikhwetsa a thulana Ie molwantshi ka gobane ba na Ie

maikemisetso a a fapanego

Serudu (198933) 0 katolosa tlhalosa yeo ka gore mahlo a diphedi ka moka a

tsepeletse meragelo ya molwantshwa mo sengwalong Ditiro tsa gagwe e ka ba

tse botse goba tse mpe Seo Serudu a se tiisago ke gore ke yena yoo a rwelego

mathata a maina Ke yena a tanyago sedi ya mmadi ka meragelo ya gagwe

gomme seo se dira gore babadi ba gapeletsege go balela pele Ie pele

Ge a tlaIeIetsa seo Mojalefa (199514) 0 bolela gore molwantshwa ke

moanegwa yoo a Iwantshetswago go loka goba go se Ioke ke moanegwa goba

baanegwa ba bangwe Moanegwa yoo a thulanago Ie yena re re ke molwantshi

54

Molwantshi

Beckson Ie Ganz (198914) ba hlalosa kgopolo ya molwantshi ka gore ke

moanegwathwadi yo a Iego kgahlanong Ie molwant~hwa Seo se bolelwago ke

boBeckson mabapi Ie molwantshi Baldick (199010-11) 0 se katolosa ka gore

molwantshi ke

The most prominent ofthe chacters who oppose the

protagonist or hero(ine) in a dramatic or narrative

work The antagonist is often a villain seeking to

frustrate a herroine or hero but in those works in

which the protagonist is represented an evil the

antagonist will often be a virtuous or symphathetic

character

Seo Baldick a se tiisago ke gore molwantShi e ka ba moanegwa yo mobe goba

wa go loka Poielo ye ya Baidick e boIeIwa gape ke Kruger (1988217) ge a

supa gore mosomo wa molwantshi ke go thulana Ie mediro (ye mebe goba ye

mebotse) ya molwantshwa Ke ka faD Serudu (198933) a rego molwantshi ke

moanegwa yo a lwantshago mogale goba mogaleadi ka nepo ya go mo thibela

go phethagatsa dinepo tsa gagwe

Lebaka (199985) 0 kgonthisisa kgopolo ya borateori ba ka go re molwantshi

o riteleia thulano yeo e Iego gona gare ga gagwe Ie molwantshwa ka gobane ba

na Ie tebanyo yeo fapanago Seo a se boielago ke gore molwantshi 0 tiisetsa

molwantshwa mathata Ie matshwenyego sengwalong se sengwe Ie se sengwe

55

Mohlohleletsi

Phaia (199971) 0 hlalosa kgopolo ye ka gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

thulanyago molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ka dihiogo Ke ka fao Pretorius Ie

Swart (198324) ba boielago go re

The tritagonist is the character who stands

between the extremes He She acts as a kind or

catalyst between the positive and the negative

poles

Seo boPretorius ba se hIaIosago ke gore mohiohIeIetsi ke moanegwa yo a

godisago mpherefere goba dikgohiano tseo di lego gona magareng ga

molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Ge a katolosa kgopolo yeo Serudu (198933) 0 bitsa mohlohleletsi go ba

molohlanyi gomme 0 tswela pele ka gore ke moanegwa yoo a butswetsago

mollo wa gare lehloyo ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi 0 lebelela moo phefo

e tswago pele a ka kgatha tema wa gabo ke wa ka godimo

Mojalefa (199515) ge aruma seo se bolelwago ke borateori ba bangwe ba ka

godimo 0 re mohlohleletsi yena ke moanegwa yoo a beseletsago pitsa ya

mpherefere gare ga bobedi e lego molwantshwa Ie molwantshi gore ba se

kwane gomme bona ba lebane Ie thulano mola ka thoko ye nngwe

mohlohleletsi a Iebane Ie tlemollahuto

Go ka akaretswa ka gore baanegwathwadi ba ke bona baanegwa ba bagolo ba

thulaganyo ya sengwalo Bona ba amana ka gore ba filwe mesomo yeo e

fapanego e lego bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie bohlohleletsi Kamano ya bona e

tiisa muutlakgogedi Ie go tswetsa pele moko wa ditaba

56

Baanegwatbusi

Serudu (198932) 0 bitsa moanegwa yoo go ba moanegwanyane (minor

charactor) 0 tswetsa pele kgopolo yeo ya gagwe ka gore ke moanegwa yoo

a kgathago tema ye nnyane mo sengwalong 0 thusa go bonatsa mediro ya

molwantshwa Ie mohvantshi Moanegwathusi a ka tswelela mo Ie mola goba a

tlogelwa pele sengwalo se fihia mafeIeiong

Seo se boIeIwago ke Serudu se katoloswa ke Mojalefa (1994 110) ka go re ke

baanegwa bao ba nago Ie tebanyo ya baanegwathwadi Ba thusa go hIaIosa Ie

go godisa semelo sa moanegwathwadi gape ba tlaIeIetsa kgolo Ie mediro ya

moanegwathwadi yo a itsego

Mojalefa (199515) ge a tswetsa pele kgopolo ye 0 boleia gore ge mongwadi a

rata go godisa kgogedi 0 tlo dirisa baanegwathusi Ie ge e Ie tsona ditiragalo

tsa go thusa go hiohieletsa mmadi go baieia pele Ie pele Seo Mojalefa a se

bolelago se kgonthiswa ke Groenewald (199131) ge are bangwadi ba bangwe

ba somisa baanegwathusi go tiisa tharollo ya bothata

Go tlaleletsa tlhathollo yeo ya baanegwathusi Mojalefa (199714) 0 akaretsa

mesomo ya baanegwathusi ka go re ke

- go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwathwadi

- go tiisa tlemollo ya lehuto

- go tswalanya mmadi Ie moanegwathwadi wa molwantshwa

- go godisa kgogedi

- go hlatholla tlemollahuto

57

Kgopolo ya baanegwa ba thulaganyo e fapana Ie ya diteng ka gobane

baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba fiwa mesomo ye e fapanego Baanegwathwadi ba

hIaIositswe ka go nepiswa ka mesomo ya bona ya bolwantshwa bolwantshi Ie

ya bohlohleletsi Go tswelamiddot pele go hIaIositswe ditlhathollo tsa

baanegwathwadi ka go re

Molwantshwa ke yena moanegwa yo mogolo yoo a tanyago sedi ya

mmadi ka ge ditiragalo tsa padi di lebisitswe go yena

Molwantshi ke moanegwa yoo a Iego kgahianong Ie molwantshwa e ka

ba moanegwa yo mobe goba wa go Ioka

Mohiohleletsi ke moanegwa yo a gakatsago dikgohiano tse di lego

magareng ga molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

Baanegwathusi ba thusa go bonagatsa mediro ya baanegwathwadi

Ka fao se bohlokwa ka baanegwa ba ke gore molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba

Iebane Ie thulano ka mohiohieletsi Ke gore molwantshwa molwantshi Ie

mohiohleletsi ba ka lebantshwa go tiisa kgogedi mola baanegwathusi ba tiisa

tharollo ya bothata

Q Dithekniki tsa kalotaba

Groenewald (199317) 0 re thekniki ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a tswetsago

moko wa ditaba pele ka wona 0 tsweia pele ka go re thekniki e na Ie mediro

ye mebedi e lego

bull Go gatelela go godisa go tiisa kgopolo ye e itsego Ie

bull Go Iebantsha kgopolo yeo Ie moko wa ditaba

Seo se bolelwago ke Groenewald ka kgopolo ye ke gore ke ye e Iebanego Ie

kamano Kamano yeo e na Ie mahlakore a mabedi ke Ie Ie tsepamego

58

(vertical) Ie Ie Ie rapamego (horizantal) (Mampho (199989) Ge a tswela

pele 0 hlalosa ka moo kamano e tsepamego Ie ye e rapamego di fapanago ka

gona ka go somisa mohlala wa dikgaolo tsa padi Mohola wa dikgaolo tseo go

lemogega ge go bapetswa diteng Ie thulaganyo e lego kamano ye e

tsepamego Feia ge mongwadi a somisa botelele goba bokopana bjoo bo tIo

lemogwa ge dikgaolo tsa padi yeo di ka bapetswa seng sa tsona e lego

kamano ye e rapamego

bull TIhaloso ya dithekniki Sa kalotaba

Dithekniki tse di latelago di ya go tsitsinkelwa ka gobane ke tseo di

somisitswego mo karolong ya kalotaba tebelelo-ke potsiSoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiso tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletSo tatelano

tekolapejana pheteletso tlogelo tekolanthago Ie motifi I sephegelelwa

bull Tebelelo-ke

Tebelelo-ke ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Ge a

boleia ka kgopolo ye Holman (1972408) 0 re

In fiction presented in the first person the l who

tells the story in the narrator A character within

the story - major minor or merely a witness - may

tell the story as he experienced it saw it heard it

and understood it Such a character is usually

called a first person narrator

Seo se bolelwago ke Holman ke gore moanegwa wa sengwalwa e lego

mmoledi a ka somiswa go anega ditiragal0 Serudu (198945) 0 katolosa

kgopolo ya tebelelo-ke ka gore tebeleiong yeo mongwadi 0 tsepelela fela seo

59

se laodiswago ke rnoanegi wa pele Motsweletsataba e ka ba rnongwadi ka

nosi gob a a dirisa yo rnongwe wa baanegwathwadi ba gagwe gore a tsweletse

taba Mojalefa (1995 11) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ka gore tebelelo-ke e Iebane

Ie ka faa rnongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka gona

go ya ka Ieihio Ia rnoanegwa yo rnongwe goba ka rnoanegwathwadi

bull PotSisoretoriki

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye ya potSisoretoriki Abrams (1981161) 0 re

A rhetoric question is a question asked not to

evoke an actual reply but to achieve an emphasis

that direct statement by inviting the auditor

himself to supply an answer which the speaker

presumes to be an obvious one The figure is most

used in persuasive discourse and tends to import

an oratorial tone to a speech

Serudu (198944) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo ka go re ke potsiso yeo e

botsiswago eupsa e sa tsornego karabo Nepo ke go gateleia taba go feta ge e

bolelwa thwii 0 re ke rnokgwa woo rnongwadi a hiohlago mmadi ka wona

gore a rno fe tsebe

60

Poledisano

Beckson Ie Ganz (199561) ba boleia gore thekniki ya polediSano ke polelo

yeo e diriswago magareng ga baanegwa Cohen (1973183) 0 katolosa kgopolo

ye ka go re

Dialogue is a conversation between people in

poetry plays and stories

Cuddon (1998219) 0 tiisetsa kgopolo ye ka gore yona polelo yeo ya baanegwa

ke poledisano ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Se bohlokwa se se gatelelwago ka

thekniki ye ke gore e tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse

Tshwantshiso

Ge a hlatholla thekniki ye tshwantshiSo Harris (1992222) 0 re ke

A figure in which one thing is referred to in terms

of another in a way semantically in appropriate

and in which the inappropriateness triggers alone

Tlhaloso ye e bontsha gore sekapolelo se se bapetsa dilo tSe pedi gomme

papetso yeo e hlolela mmadi makalo Cuddon (1979391) Ie boSikwane

(198471) ba hialosa ge tshwantshiso e Ie sekapolelo seo se rego selo se se

swana Ie selo sela gomme se bohlokwa se se hlaloswago ke gore ke selo seo

61

Tshwantshanyo

Holman (1972498) Ie boB rooks (1975887) ba bolela ge tshwantshanyo e Ie

sekapolelo se se bapisago dilo tse pedi tse di sa swanego Pretorius Ie Swart

(198241) bona ba hlalosa tshwantshanyo ka mokgwa wo

Here an explicit comparison is made between two

different objects scenes actions usually

connected by a comparative conjuction

Serudu (198951) yena 0 hlalosa tshwantShanyo ka go re ke sekapoielo seo ka

sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka leihlo la moya

Nepiso

Groenewald (199116) 0 hlatholla nepiSo gore ke ge mongwadi a lebanya

moanegwa goba selo go hialosa moanegwa goba selo seo Mongwadi 0 somisa

thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa yo a itsego

Boipoeletso

Mojalefa (1994174) 0 re boipoeletso ke mokgwa wo mongwadi a 0 somisago

go tSweletsa ditiragalo tse di swanago a ka di boeletsa mo mafelong a a

fapanego 0 hlalosa gore ditiragalo tseo go bolelwago ka tsona di ka

tsweletswa ke batho ba go fapana ka dinako tsa go fapana ka nepo ya go

gate lela taba Ge e Ie Rimmon-Kenan (1983 56) yena 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye

ka go re

62

Frequency involves repetition and repetition is a

mental contrast attained by elimination of the

specific qualities of speech occurrence and a

preservation of only those qualities of speech

occurrence and a preservation of only those

qualities which it shares with similar occurences

Taba yeo e bolela gore dilo tsa go swana di bolelwa gantsi

Tatelano

Go ya ka Lekganyane (199778) tatelano ke tsela yeo mongwadi a e somisago

go latelantsha ditiragalo tsa gagwe Tiragalo ya mathomo e latelwa ke ya

bobedi bjalobjalo Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo yeo Mojalefa (1994168) 0 hlalosa

gore tatelano ya ditiragalo tse botse e godisa thulano Ie bonnete bja ditaba

tseo mongwadi a ratago go di botsa mmadi

Motifi I Sepbegelelwa

Lekganyane (199794) 0 hlatholla kgopolo ye ka gore motifi ke selo gob a

lentsu leo Ie boeletswago mo kanegelong Se se hlaloswa ke Serudu (198935)

gabotse ge a re e ka ba lentsu sekafoko goba lefoko leo Ie boeletswago mo

sengwalong 0 tswela pele go hlalosa gore motifi 0 ka dirisetswa semelo sa

moanegwa mekgwa ya gagwe ya go bolela dibopego tsa gagwe goba

mafokodi Ie mabokgoni a gagwe

63

Pheteletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye Serudu (198939) 0 re ke mokgwa woo mongwadi a 0

somis ago go phagamisa boemo bja selo go feta ka moo bo tsebegago Warren

(1975885) 0 tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya pheIeIetso ka go re ke

An exaggeration or extravagant assertion used for

rhetorical effect

Seo se gatelela gore pheteletso ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gatelela ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe gob a tsa go kgahlisa

Tlogelo

Ge a hlatholla kgopolo ye Magapa (1997123) 0 re tlogelo ke thekniki ya

mongwadi ya go akgofisa nako Ke tsela ya go se hlalose ka botlalo goba go

ka thwe ke tsela ya go hlalosa ka go siroga e lego go se nepiSe taba thwii Ka

yona mongwadi ga a hlalose ditaba ka botlalo Ie ge e Ie gore ditaba tseo di

bonala di Ie bohlokwa Ka tlogelo 0 re mmadi 0 ikhweletsa ditlhaloso tseo

yena mongwadi a sego a di bolela ka gore ditaba tseo di ka hlaloswa ka

botlalo Di tla utollela mmadi sephiri

Tekolapejana

Serudu (1989480) 0 re kgopolo ya tekolapejana ke thekniki ye mongwadi a e

dirlsago ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tlogo direga mafelelong goba seo se

utollago gannyane tse di sa tlogo direga ka moragonyana mo pukung ya

gagwe Ge a tlaleletsa kgopolo ye ya Serudu Cohen (1973 185) 0 re

64

Foreshadowing is a technique whereby an author

uses details which suggest the ultimate outcome of

a plot or which meaningfully precide the

appearance ofother details in a literary work

Borateori ba ba gate lela gore mafelelong ditiragalo tseo di bolelwago di tlo

diragala ka nnete Brooks (1975884) 0 tswetSa pele taba ye ka go re

Foreshadowing is the process of giving the reader

an invitation ofsome event that is to follow

Seo se gatelelwago fa ke go ukangwa ga ditiragalo tseo di tlogo direga ka

moragonyana mo kanegelong

Tekolanthago

Tekolanthago ke thekniki ya go gopola tsa morago Ge a hlatholla lereo leo

Serudu (198945) 0 re tekolanthago ke tsenatseno ya moelwa wa tatelano ya

mehleng ya ditiragalo mo kanegeiong goba papading ka nepo ya go ukama

ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diregile eupsa di nago Ie kamano Ie ditaba tsa

bjale

Seo se bole1a gore ditiragalo tseo di setsego di diragetse di na Ie kamano Ie

kgopolo ye ya tekolanthago ka go re ke

Interpolated narratives or scenes often justified as

a mem01Y a revery or a confession by one of the

characters which represents events that happened

before the time at which the work opened

65

Seo Abrams a se kgonthiSisago ke gore ke ditiragalo tseo di diragetsego pele

gomrne moanegwa a thomago go di eIeIwa

Go ka akaretswa ka go re tIhaIoso ya dithekniki tse e bohlokwa ka gobane di

ya go sekasekwa Ie go tsinkelwa go ya ka fao mongwadi a di somisitsego ka

gona ge a rulaganya ditiragalo tsa Lenong la Gauta

33 KAKARETSO

Ge go sekasekwa thulaganyo go hlokometswe kokwane e tee mo kgaolong

ye e lego kalotaba Go hlalositswe gape Ie dikgopolo tse ding we tse

bohlokwa tsa thulaganyo e Iego mabaka a thulaganyo ya ditaba moko wa

ditaba moakanyetso thaetlele Ie dithekniki

Mabaka a thulaganyo e bile gore mongwadi 0 rata go tswetsa pele moko wa

ditaba Ie go goka mrnadi go balela pele Ie pele Go Iemogilwe Ie gore moko

wa ditaba 0 fapana Ie sererwa ka gobane sererwa se tlemaganya ditaba tsa

diteng gore e be kgopana e tee mola moko wa ditaba wona 0 swaraganya

dithekniki tsa thulaganyo gore di lebane

Moakanyetso 0 hialositswe e Ie wona woo 0 hiaotsego sengwalo se sa

Lenong la Gauta gore se lebane Ie padi ya botseka Thaetlele Ie mehuta ya

yona e tsinketswe Kalotaba e katolositswe gomrne go seditswe elemente ya

baanegwa fela Baanegwa ba thulaganyo ba arotswe ka dikarolo tse pedi e

Iego baanegwathwadi Ie baanegwathusi

Dithekniki tse di hlalositswego tsa kalotaba e bile tebelelo-ke potsisoretoriki

poledisano tshwantshiSo tshwantshanyo nepiso boipoeletso talelano

motifi pheteletSo tlogelo tekolapejana Ie tekolanthago

66

KGAOLOYABONE

41 THULAGANYO I

411 Semelo sa baanegwa

4111 Matseno

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba paditseka ya

Lenong la Gauta go yo hlokomelwa diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye e latelago e

lego

(a) diphapantshotshwanelo Ie

(b) diphapantshotlaleletso

4112 Diphapantshotshwanelo

Go ya ka Phala (199992) diphapantshotshwanelo di hIaIosa semelo sa

moanegwa thwii nde Ie go dikadika Ge a katolosa kgopolo ye Lebaka

(199989) 0 re mohuta wo wa diphapantsho 0 lebane Ie dikokwane tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso fela e lego (a) molwantshwa ke motho wa

maemo gob a wa go hloka maemo Ie (b) moanegwathwadi ke motho wa

bofokodi goba wa go hloka bofokodi Mosehla (2000104) 0 tlaleletsa ka

gore dikokwane tseo di bohlokwa ka gobane di nepisa dikarolwana tse pedi

tsa mathomo tsa thulaganyo e Iego kalotaba Ie tswetsopele Go katolosa

kgopolo ye Lekganyane (199764) Ie Mampho (199959) ba re

diphapantshotshwanelo Ie diphapantsho tseo ka tshwanelo di swanetsego go

ba gona mo sengwalong ka gobane di amana Ie tlhaloso ya semelo sa

moanegwu

67

Go ka thwe diphapantshotshwanelo di hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa thwii ka

go nepisa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso Dikokwane tse

pedi tsa mafelelo tsa moakanyetso tsona di lebane Ie sehloa Ie tlemollo ya

lehuto gomme ga di nepise diphapantshotswanelo

4113 Diphapantshotlaleletso

Ge a hlalosa kgopolo ye diphapantshotlaleletso Lebaka (199990) 0 re di

hlalosa semelo sa molwantShwa ka mokgwa wa go utama Kekana (200088)

o oketsa kgopolo ye ka gore diphapantshotlaleletso ke tseo di tlaleletsago

diphapantshotshwanelo Mohola wa tsona ke go hlalosa semelo sa moanegwa

ka go siroga ka ge di sa nepise dikokwane Sa moakanyetso wa sengwalo

Gape go tlo lemogwa gore di lebane Ie go itswalanya goba go se itswalanye

ga mmadi Ie molwantshwa

4114 Tlhaloso ya semelo sa baanegwa

Pele ga ge semelo sa baanegwagolo se ka hlaloswa go tlo hlokomelwa moko

wa ditaba Ie moakanyetso ka gobane ke tsona dikgopolo tseo di laolago

semelo sa baanegwa bao

4115 Moko wa ditaba

Moko wa ditaba wa Lenong fa Gauta 0 lebane Ie sephiri ka gobane e Ie

kanegelo ya botseka Sephiri seo se tsweletswa ke thulano gare ga Nnono

Molaba Ie Brenda Maleka Taba yeo e diragetsego ke ge Brenda a bolaya

Mmatshego gomme e eba sephiri sa gagwe a nnosi gobane ke yena Brenda a

nnosi a tsebilego lebaka la go bolaya Mmatshego Ka fao moko wa ditaba 0

68

lebane thwi Ie thaetlele ya paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ka gobane tiragalo

yeo e lebane Ie sephiri Gape moko wa ditaba 0 Iebane Ie moakanyetso

4116 MoakanyetSo

Kgopolo ye ya moakanyetso e setse e hIaIositswe Go ya ka moakanyetso wa

paditseka ya Lenong Ia Gauta ya go godisa molwantshwa dikokwane tsa

moakanyetso di tIo nepisa Nnono Molaba (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho

(a) yo bohlaIe Ie

(b) wa go hloka bofokodi

Bopape 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego Nnono

Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona ge go yo lekolwa dimelo tsa

baanegwathwadi (molwantshwa Ie molwantshi) mo go kalotaba go tIo

setswa dikokwane tse pedi tsa mathomo tsa moakanyetso e lego (a) motho

yo bohlale Ie (b) motho wa go hloka bofokodi ka gobane di lebane Ie kalo

ya ditaba gape go tIo diriswa Ie diphapantsho tsa mehuta ye mebedi e lego

(i) Diphapantshotshwanelo

(ii) Diphapantshotlaleletso

Dikgopolo tse pedi tse di setse di hialositswe

Diphapantsho tsa semelo sa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi di lebane Ie

(a) Tse molaodisi mongwadi a di hlalosago ka molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(b) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(c) Ge molwantshwa Ie molwantshi ba bolelwa ke baanegwa ba bangwe

69

Mahlakore a mararo a a hlalosa semelo sa baanegwa bao ka go tiisa seo

mongwadi a nyakago gore mmadi a Iemoge moanegwa yoo Mo mongwadi 0

somisa poielo ya mahiakore a mararo go tsweletsa ponego yeo

Q Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshwa Nnono Molaba

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshwa ke motho

bull yo bohlaIe Ie

bull wa go hloka bofokodi

Ge go tsinkelwa semelo sa Nnono go tlo latelwa Ienaneo Ie

(i) TIhaIoso ya mongwadi

(ii) Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantshwa Ie molwantshi

(iii) Tseo baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka yena Ie

(iv) Tihokomelo ya dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di somisitsego go hlalosa

molwantshwa

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Molwantshwa ke yo bohlale

Molaodisi 0 hialosa seo a kilego a se dira e Ie go bontsha go ba yo bohiale

Mehiaia ye e latelago e supa seo

70

liKe be ke opelwa ke digoba tsa mmele wa ka

morago ga mosomo wo mogolo wa go loki sa koloi

bosegong bja maabane (LetI)

Ie

liKe ile ka leba khitshing megopolo ye mentsi e

selaganyaselaganya ka mo hlogong ya ka Ke ile ka

tsea ketlele ya mohlakase ka e tlatsa seripagare ka

meetse ka e gotetsa (Letl33)

Mehiaia ye e Iaetsa bohiale bja Nnono bjalo ka ge e Ie molaodisi mo pading ya

Lenong fa Gauta

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShwa

Nnono e be e Ie motho yo bohlale ka gobane ge Kwete a seno mo leletsa

mogaia go mo tsebib gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi Maleka ba rapaletse ga

se a ka a tshoga Ie go boifa seo 0 He a tlogela mosomo wa gagwe wa ka

mehla a leba lapeng la ba ga Maleka

Seo se tiiswa ke ge are

Mogongwe 0 tla gopola gore ke motho wa go

tshogatshoga ka boomo feia yeo ga se kgonthe ya

taba Ka tlhago ga ke motho wa IefSega e bile nka

se be ke boieia maaka ge nka re ke mogale II

(LetlI6)

Ie

Ke be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile mogajana

mme ka tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke se na

mothusi (Led 19)

71

Ie

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke ile ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tSwela pele Ie go nyaka (Letl32)

Ie

Ntle Ie go hum a lodi ke He ka gogomela diaparong

tsa go robala Ka itahlela malaong Ke be ke

ipothapotha ka mekgwa e mentSi go thibela

mengwapo Ie dikgobalo tseo di ka bago di bon ala

mmeleng wa ka gore Brenda a se di bone a hlwa a

ntswentse ka dipotsiSo tsa go se feIe (Letl 77)

Seo se tsweletswago mo ditsopoiong tse ke gore Nnono ke motho yo bohlale

gobane ga a rate ge batho ba bona seo a se dirago Ie seo se mo diragetsego

gore ba se tlo mo sitiSa go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe

Tse baanegwa ba bangwe ba di bolelago ka molwantShwa

Baanegwa ba bangwe ba paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta ba bontshitse gore

Nnono ke motho yo bohl ale gobane Morena Maleka 0 bile Ie tshepo ye e

tletsego gore Nnono 0 tla somisa bohiale Ie bokgoni bja gagwe go hwetsa

babolai ba Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 tiisa seo ka go re

Gona Nnono hwetsa mmoIai hwetsa mmolai wa

mosadi wa ka wena tsoma mmolai wa Mmatshego

Yeo ke yona taba e nnosi yeo ke go kgopelago

yona (Let130)

Ie

Nnono ke manyami go kgopeia thuso ya gaga mo

modirong wo mobjaIo wo mothata Ie gona wa kotsi

72

bjalo eupsa ga go yo mongwe yo a ka nthusago ntle

Ie wena Ke tshepile wena fela (Letl31)

Polelo ya ditsopolwa tse e laetsa gore Nnono ke yo bohlale wa bokgoni Ie

botshepegi

4117 Dithekniki tseo mongwadi a di dirisitSego go hlalosa Nnono (molwantshwa) bjalo ka motho yo bohlale

Dithekniki tse dirisitswego ke tse di Iatelago e lego tebeleIo polediSano Ie nepiso

Dithekniki tse di setse di hlalositswe ka gona go yo fiwa mehlala ya dithekniki

tSeo go ya ka Lenong la Gauta

bull Tebelelo-ke

Thekniki ye ke ye nngwe ya dithekniki tsa thulaganyo ya sengwalo Mongwadi

o tsepelela fela selo seo se laodiswago ke moanegi wa pele Tebelelo-ke e

Iebane Ie ka faa mongwadi a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka faa a di hlalosago ka

gona ka Ieihlo Ia molwantshwa

MehIaIa ya tebelelo-ke ke ye e Iatelago

liKe ile ka ntsha sekerete ka se gotetsa mme ka se

bea molomongf (LetL 1)

Ie

Ke rile ge ke re palakata mahlo a ka a re

kwakwankwa Ie motho (Let156)

Ie

Letsatsi Ie Ie latelago ke ile ka ya mosomong ka

nako ya mehleng (LetlI57)

73

Tshomiso ya rnabopi la ke Ie ka ke yeo e kgotsofatsago ka gobane e laetsa

gore rnotho wa pele 0 somisitswe go laodisa ditaba tsa Lenong la Gauta Ke ka

fao go thwego mongwadi 0 hlalosa ditaba ka leihlo la molwantshwa

Tshomiso ya thekniki ye e dirile gore go be Ie maatlakgogedi gomme seo se

dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnolwantshwa

bull Poledisano

Ke polelo yeo e diriswago rnagareng ya baanegwa ba sengwalo Thekniki ye e

tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa mongwadi 0 bonagale

gabotse Mehla1a ya poledisano ya Lenong la Gauta

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego II

(letl94)

liKe ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0

ile a tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsiboeng a

Labone Ke ka gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse

dithaere tsa koloi ya gaga go itaetsa mo nkego 0

sepetse rno phokeng (Letl 94)

Poledisano ya Nnono Ie Brenda e tsweletsa bohlale bja Nnono ka gobane 0

kgona go lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 gornaretsego dithaere tSa koloi ya

Brenda Ie mmolai wa Mrnatshego Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go tsweletsa

bohlale bja Nnono rno nyakisisong ya mmolai wa Mrnatshego

74

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e sOrrllswa ke mongwadi ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie

moanegwa yo a itsego bjalo ka molwantshwa goba molwantshi ba sengwalwa

seo

Mehlala ya thekniki ya nepiso ya Lenong 1a Gauta

Nnono e be e Ie yo bohiale ka gobane 0 be a filwe mosomo wa go ba

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka letsatsi Ie lengwe 0

boletse ka boyena go tsweletsa bohlale bja gagwe ge are

liKe ile ka ntsha senotlelo ka morabeng wa paki ka

notlolla lebati la teroware yeo e bego e Ie ka

letsogong la go ja Ke ile ka bula lebati ka ntsha

setlanyi sa mohlagase ka se bea tesekeng Ke He

ka tsea dipampiri tsa go ngwala mangwalo Ie

diomfolopo tsa tsona ka di bea kgauswi ga

setlanyi (Letl 7)

Polelo ye ya mongwadi I molaodisi e laetsa gore Nnono 0 bohlale 0

ipshina ka mosomo wa gagwe 0 a 0 rata Babadi ba itswalanya naye ka

lebaka la bohlale bja gagwe

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go molaleng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba ikgweranya Ie

yena ka lebaka la bokgoni Ie mediro ya gagwe ye mebotse

75

o Molwantshwa ga a na bofokodi

Nnono ga a Da bofokodi

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi I molaodisi

Mongwadi 0 somisitse molwantshwa e lego Nnono g9 anega Ie go

laodga ditiragalo tsa paditseka ya Lenong la Gauta Ka gona tlhaloso ya

mongwadi e tsweletswa ka leihlo la molwantshwa e lego mmoledi yo a

nago Ie leina e lego Nnono Molaba

Polelo Ie ditiro t8a molwaDtshwa

Mehlala ye e latelago ya Lenong la Gauta e laetsa molwantshwa Nnono

e Ie motho wa go hloka bofokodi Seo se tiiswa ke Nnono ge a boieia

mantsu a

Go loki Ie Morena Maleka Ke tla leka ka faD nka

kgonago (Let131)

Morena Maleka ke He go tswela pele ka mosomo

wo gomme ga go yo a ilego go nthibela Ke ya

thoko e tee fela gomme thoko yeo ke pele pele

fe1a (Let174)

Ke ile ka e kgotla mme ka phatsa leswiswi ka

tsama ke letsa molodi (Letl151)

Dipolelo tse tsa Nnono di tiisetsa taba ya go re molwantshwa ke motho

wa go hloka bofokodi Le ge Nnono a be a tseba gore mosomo wa gagwe

76

o be 0 Ie kotsi kudu 0 ile a bontsha go ba Ie kgotleleIo maatia Ie

mafolofolo a go phethagatsa morero wa gagwe Nnono 0 ile a gafa

bophelo bja gagwe gore setshaba sa gabo gammogo Ie mong wa gagwe

Morena Maleka ba bolokege Seo se bonagetse ge a ikemiseditse go

nyaka mmolai wa Mmatshego go fihieia a mo hwetsa a sa tshwenywe ke

gore Ie yena a ka bolawa mo nyakisisong yeo

Ge baanegwa ba bangwe ba bolela Ie yena

Ditsopolwa tSe di latelago tsa Lenong la Gauta di tsweletsa seo

baanegwa ba bang we e lego Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Maroga ba se

bolelago ka Nnono 0 rile go lemoga kotsi ya mosomo are

Bona Nnono nka go eletsa ka taba e tee fela Eya

gae 0 ye 0 tSwele pele ka modiro wa gago

kgaogana Ie ditaba tse 0 tla ipona 0 ikhuditSe

ditaba tse ntsi Ntsha nko mo mererong yeo 0 sa e

tsebego gomme 0 tla ipona 0 phefile tse ntsi go

sego bjalo 0 tla kwa bohIoko (letl 42)

Ie

Go mpotsa gona 0 mpoditse eupsa ga ke kwane Ie

taba yeo Ie gatee Modiro wo mobjalo ga ke rate

ge 0 ka 0 dira gomme 0 ka se ke (let176)

Ie

0 tla tsoga gosasa wa ya mosomong wa gago wa

ka mehla gomme Ie matsatsi a a latelago wa tswela

pele Ie go dira bjalo wa tlogela go tsenya nko mo

mererong e sego ya gago A ke re 0 nkwa

gabotse (let189)

Ie

77

liE Ie gore 0 gopotse gore 0 selwana rnang ge 0

itebeletse Mosaa 0 na Ie rnahlajana gomme a tla

go lahla 0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila

rno ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa SepeIa (letll12)

Dipolelo Ie ditiro tsa Morena Maleka Naniki Brenda Ie Sersanta

Maroga di be di bontsha gore NnQno ke rnotho wa go hloka bofokodi 0

eletswa gore a tlogele go tsenyatsenya nko rnererong yeo e sego ya

gagwe eupsa Nnono 0 na Ie rnaatla a go tswela pele go dira nyakisiSo ya

gagwe Seo se bontshwa ke ge Nnono a sa suthiswe rnaeleng Ie

dikgopolong tsa baanegwa ba bangwe bao

4118 Dithekniki tseo di somisitswego go hlalosa Nnono go ba motho wa go hloka bofokodi

bull Poledisano

Thekniki ye e tsweletsa rnaikutlo a baanegwa ba sengwalo gore rnolaetsa

wa rnongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse PolediSano ya Nnono Ie Sersanta

Maroga e Iaetsa gabotse gore rnosorno wo Nnono a 0 dirago 0 kotsi ebile

ga se 0 lebane Ie yena Go tiisa seo Sersanta Maroga 0 re

0 ntshe nkonyana ye ya gaga ya rnatshila rno

ditabeng tsa rnaphodisa (Letl112)

bull Tshwantshanyo

Ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se swantshwago goba se bapiSwago Ie se

sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka

78

Ieihio Ia moya Ge Nnono a boledisana Ie Maroga Maroga 0 boIe1a go

re

MoSaa 0 na Ie mahlajana gomme a tla go Iahla n

(Letl 112)

bull Nepiso

Go ya ka tlhaloso ye e setsego e fiIwe nepiso ke ge mongwadi a

hialosetsa mmadi se yena a se bonego se Ie bohlokwa Mongwadi 0

nepisa baanegwathwadi mo mathomong a sengwalo sa gagwe

Mongwadi 0 somisa moanegwa yo mongwe go nepisa selo se bohlokwa

Mohiaia wa nepiSo mo go Lenong La Gauta ke polao ya Mmatshego

Mongwadi 0 hialosa polao ye sehiogo ya Mmatshego 0 bolailwe ke

Brenda gomme Nnono 0 nyakisisa Brenda a ntse a dula Ie go robala Ie

yena eupsa a sa tsebe ge e Ie mmolai wa Mmatshego

Mmadi 0 Iemoswa sehlogo sa Brenda mola ka Iehiakoreng Ie Iengwe a

itemogela go hloka bofokodi bja Nnono ka boyena Mongwadi 0 tiisa

maatlakgogedi ka go dira gore mmadi a buse a itemogele bosoro bja

Brenda ka botlalo

o Diphapantshotlaleletso

Lenaneo leo Ie tlogo latelwa ge go sekasekwa diphapantShotlaleletso ke

Ie Ie latelago

N nona 0 bogale

79

Nnono 0 rutegile

Nnono 0 humile

Nnono 0 na Ie thuso

Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

bull Nnono 0 bogale

Ditiro Ie dipoielo tsa Nnono di laetsa gabotse gore 0 bogale Seo 0 se

Iaeditse ge K wete a seno mo tsebisa gore Morena Ie Mohumagadi

Maleka ba rapaletse a se ke a diega 0 Be a gafa bophelo bja gagwe gore

a hwetSe mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka Bogale bja mmakgonthe ke

bjoo a bo bontshitsego ge a nyakisiSa mmolai wa Mohumagadi Maleka

Ka lebaka leo babadi ba itswalanya naye ka ge a se na bofokodi ke

motho yo bogale

Seo se tiiswa ke mantsu a gagwe ge are

liKe be ke ithoga Ie go itshola ge ke itirile

mogajana mme ke tsena ka mo ngwakong ebile ke

se na mothusL (Letl 19)

Ie

liKe ile ka busa moya ka pejana Ie gona ka

bogajana gomme ka thoma go gitlwa ke letswalo

Pelo ya ka e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi mo ke bego ke

sia gore Ie motho yo a lego bokgole bja kilometara

aka ekwa ge e tula mafahla a ka ll (Let121)

Polelo ya mongwadi molaodisi e supa gore Nnono 0 bogale Ke ka

lebaka leo a kgonnego go hwetsa mmolai wa Mmatshego Babadi ba

80

itswalanya Ie yena ka bog ale bjoo bja gagwe Bjale go latela dithekniki

tse di somisitswego go laetsa bog ale bja Nnono

bull Tshwantshanyo

Go boletswe gore thekniki ye ke sekapolelo seo ka sona selo se

swantshwago goba se bapiswago Ie se sengwe nepo e Ie go bopa

seswantsho seo seboledi se se bonago ka Ieihio Ia moya Mongwadi 0

tsweletsa Nnono e Ie yo bogale 0 tswela pele go somisa thekniki ye go

Iaetsa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e kata bjalo ka pitsi Nnono 0 be a

tshogile a lebeletse ka mokgwa woo Mmatshego a bego a rapaletse ka

gona ka sekgothi mme a tomotse mahlo a hwile (letL21)

bull Pheteletso

Thekniki ye go thwe ke poielo yeo e feteleditswego ka kudu gomme

polelo yeo e ka gateleia ge ditaba e Ie tse mpe goba tsa go kgahlisa

Mongwadi 0 hIaIosa gore pelo ya Nnono e be e betha kudu mo e Iego

gore Ie motho yo a Iego bokgole bja kilometara 0 be a ka ekwa Seo se

laetswago ke go tiisetsa gore Nnono 0 be a kgotlelela Ie ge a be a

tShogile Mmatshego 0 letse a bolailwe Morena Maleka 0 hlatholleia

Nnono ka masula ao a ba wetsego Ke ka fao Maleka a rego

0 ile Nnono 0 ile MmatShego 0 He 0 bolailwe

(Let120)

81

bull Nnono 0 rutegile

Babadi ba itswalanya Ie Nnono ka gobane 0 boIeIwa bjalo ka rnotho yo a

rutegilego 0 tsene sekolo ebile 0 ithutile rnosorno wa bornakhanekhe

Mediro Ie dipolelo di dira gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie yena ka gore 0

dira tse di lokilego Seo se tsweletswa ke Nnono ka nama ge are

Morena Maleka 0 ile a ntsenya sekolo go fihia ke

phetha dithuto tsa rnphato wa Iesorne Morago ga

fao 0 ile a nthornela kholetsheng ya Mrnadikoti fao

ke ilego ka ithutela bornakhenekhe (let 11)

bull Nnono 0 humile

N nono 0 be a dula ngwakong wo rnogoIo wa go ba Ie rnafastere a a nago

Ie digareteine Ie go ba Ie sefatanaga se sefsa sa rnabaibai sa Granada

Mosadi wa gagwe Brenda Ie yena 0 be a sepela ka sefatanaga se sefsa

seo a se reketswego ke tatagwe Tiragalo ye e laetsa bohumi bja Nnono

Polelo ye e Iatelago e tiisa kgonthe ya taba ye ya go hurna ga Nnono

Ke ile ka bula Iebati la karatshe mme ka itahlela

ka gare ga Granada ya ka ye rnpsha ye tala If

(Letl5)

bull Thekniki ya nepiso

Ka ntle Ie polelo rnongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye ka go nepiSa Nnono

Ie rnosorno wa bornakhenekhe Ie sefatanaga sa gagwe sa Granada ka

gobane theknikhi ye go thwe ka yona rnongwadi 0 e somisa ge a rata

gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie rnoanegwathwadi ka ge Nnono a dirile tseo

82

di lokilego di rategago setshabeng ke ka lebaka leo babadi ba

itswalanyago Ie yena

Nnono 0 na Ie tbuso

Erile ge Nnono a fihla ngwakong wa Morena Maleka a hwetsa ngwako

o hlakahlakan~ 0 ile a nyaka go ka tseba gore go diregile eng gomme a

nyaka thuso go Kwete 0 rile ge a sepelasepela Ie ngwako a hwetsa

diatlana tsa Mmatshego gomme a di somisa gore go se tIe go bwetswa

menwana ya gagwe ge maphodisa a tla be a thomile ka dinyakisiso tsa

bona Kgonthe ya taba ye e tsweletswa ke Nnono ge are

Go kgonthisisa gore ga ke sa dira diphoso tse

dingwe ke He ka apara diatlana tse tsa Mmatshego

mme ka tsweia pele Ie go nyaka (Letl 32)

bull Tbekniki ya tekolapejana

Thekniki ye e setse e hlalositswe ka botlalo Ge e hlaloswa kgopolo ye

go thwe mongwadi 0 e dirisa ge a rata go tsweletsa seo se tIogo direga

mafelelong goba seo se utollago gannyane tse di sa tIogo direga ka

moragonyana Nakong ya ge Nnono a putuka ngwako wa Mmatshego 0

kgonne go Iemoga gore seo a se dirago se ka tIa sa mo hlagisetsa

mathata ka moragonyana ge maphodisa a thoma ka dinyakisiso tsa bona

Ke ka faa a ilego a nyaka thuso ya diatlana tSa Mmatshego Mongwadi 0

dirisitse thekniki ye go tsweletsa seo a Iemogilego gore se tIa direga

nakong ye e tlago Nnono 0 be a tla swarwa ke maphodisa ge nka be ba

hwetse menwana ya gagwe ka ngwakong

83

bull Nnono 0 na Ie bokgoni

Ditiro tsa Nnono di Iaetsa gabotse gore 0 na Ie bokgoni 0 be a rata seo a

se dirago ka mehia Mosomo wa gagwe wa ka mehla e be e Ie

mookamedi yo mogolo wa Maleka Service Centre Ka morago ga lehu la

Mmatshego Morena Maleka 0 mo kgopetSe go nyakisisa mmolai wa

Mmatshego Ge a tswela pele ka dinyakisiso tsyo re kwa ge are

liKe be ke ikhwetsa ke thabile ebile ke kgotsofetse

fela ke be ke ekwa gore go na Ie se sengwenyana

seo se bego se ngwaetsangwaetsa mogopolo wa ka

mme se ntlhokisa lethabo leo Ie phethegilego Ke

ile ka ikhwetsa ke re Mpotse Brenda na 0 ile wa

tswa ka koloi mesong goba mantsibueng a labone

Ke ra gore ke bone mobu 0 gomaretse dithaere tsa

koloi ya gago go itaetsa mo nkego 0 sepetse mo

phokeng (Letl 94)

bull Poledisano

Mo poledisanong ya gagwe Ie Brenda Nnono 0 kgonne go lemoga gore

Brenda 0 tseba sengwenyana ka ga polao ya Mmatshego Thekniki ye go

thwe e gatelela go tsweletsa maikutlo a baanegwa gore molaetsa wa

mongwadi 0 bonagale gabotse Mongwadi 0 somisitse thekniki ye go

laetsa Nnono go ba Ie bokgoni

bull Nepiso

Thekniki ye e dirisitswe go bontsha bokgoni bja Nnono 0 kgonne go

lebantsha Ie go nepisa mobu wo 0 lego dithaereng tsa koloi ya Brenda Ie

84

go bolawa ga Mmatshego Thekniki ye ge e hlaloswa go thwe mongwadi

o somisa thekniki ye ge a rata gore mmadi a ikgweranye Ie moanegwa

Go ya ka semelo sa molwantshwa go pepeneneng gore ke motho yo

bohlale wa go hloka bofokodi Ka go realo babadi ba itswalanya Ie yena

ka Iebaka Ia mediro Ie dipolelo tsa gagwe tse botse

Cl Diphapantshotshwanelo

Molwantshi Brenda

Go ya ka moakanyetso molwantshi ke motho

- wamaemo

- wa bofokodi

Ge go Iekolwa semelo sa molwantshi e lego Brenda go tl0 Iatelwa

Ienaneo Ie

Tlhaloso ya mongwadi

Molwantshi ke motho wa maemo

Mongwadi 0 somisitse mmoledi wa letseka yo a nago Ie leina e lego

Nnono Molaba mo pading ya Lenong la Gauta ka go realo ga a bolele

ka semelo sa molwantshi thwi Bopape 0 somisitse gape Ie thekniki ya

tebelelo-ke yeo e lebanego Ie ka fao a bonago ditaba ka gona Ie ka fao a

di hlalosago ka gona ka leihio Ia moanegwathwadi

85

Polelo Ie ditiro tsa molwantShi

Brenda e be e Ie morwedi wa Morena Maleka 0 be a nyetswe ke Nnono

Molaba Ba be ba duia ntlong ya bona ye kgolo PoIeIo ya Brenda e be e

Iaetsa gore ke motho wa maemo Seo se tsweletswa ke ge a be a

boledisana Ie Nnono are

Gape ke mosadi wa gago mme ke tlamegile go

tseba Bjale 0 be 0 reng 0 sa nteletse mogaIa11

(Letl3)

Ie

liKe bolawa ke bodutu bjang ge ke setse ka mo

ngwakong wo mokaa ke nnosi fela ge nka be re na

Ie se sengwenyana seo se re tlemaganyago bjalo ka

ngwana Ie Ierato Ia rena Ie be Ie tla phadima neng

Ie neng Ie gona ra se bolawe ke bodutO11 (Letl

95)

Ie

0 a tseba go boima go mosadi ge a tlogela

ngwako wa gagwe 0 tla hwetsa ka motsotswana

wa mafeIeIo se goba sela se sa dula madulong a

sona gomme 0 tlamegile go se bea fao se

swanetsego (LetI 97)

Dipolelo tse tsa Brenda di Iaetsa gabotse gore ke mosadi wa Iapa 0 na

Ie maikarabelo a se sengwe Ie se sengwe mo Iapeng Ia gagwe Se se

bontsha gore Brenda ga a ikgalale Ie gatee ke motho wa maemo Ntle Ie

pelaeIo polelo ye e supa gore ka kgonthe ke motho wa maemo

86