E k o n o m i d a n K e u a n g a n I n d o n e s i a V o l 4 0 , No . 2 , 1 9 9 2

Kinerja Hubungan Ekonomi Indonesia-Jepand Berdasarkan Analisa Bilateral Input-Output ^

Edison Hulu

Abstract This study examines interdependency between industrial performance of

two countries, using the 1975 and 1985 Indonesia-Japan Input-Output Tables. Structural changes occur in the two countries economies are also addressed.

In order to calculate the level of inter industry feedback effect between two countries, the model of analysis is modified from a IRRIO (Interregional Input-output) two-region model. Formulation of this model is also explained i n this study.

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I . Pendahuliian

T u j u a n s t u d i i n i y a i t u m e m a p a r k a n k i n e r j a s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i , b a i k J e p a n g m a u p u n I n d o n e s i a , s e r t a k e t e r k a i t a n h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i k e d u a n e g a r a d e n g a a n m e n g g u n a k a n d a t a I n p u t - O u t p u t B i l a t e r a l k e d u a n e g a r a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 . P e n y a j i a n s t r u k t u r s e k o n o m i m e n c a k u p s t r u k t u r o u t p u t n a s i o n a l , s t r u k t u r P r o d u k D o m e s t i k B r u t o ( P D B ) b a i k m e n u r u t l a p a n g a n u s a h a m a u p u n m e n u r u t p e n g g u n a a n n y a , s t r u k t u r k o n s u m s i , i n v e s t a s i , e k s p o r d a n i m p o r . D i s a m p i n g i t u , d i s a j i k a n h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n p e n g u k u r a n k e t e r k a i t a n h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i a n t a r s e k t o r e k o n o m i a n t a r a I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g , y a k n i p e n j e l a s a n t e n t a n g b e r a p a p e r s e n d a m p a k p e n g g a n d a a n p e r u b a h a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r y a n g d i a l a m i o l e h s e b u a h n e g a r a , t e r h a d a p o u t p u t , b u k a n h a n y a t e r h a d a p n e g a r a b e r s a n g k u t a n t e t a p i j u g a k e p a d a n e g a r a l a i n s e c a r a s i m u l t a n .

P e n y a j i a n m a t e r i b a h a s a n d i m u l a i d e n g a n i i l a s a n t e n t a n g s t r u k t u r d a t a d a l a m t a b e l i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g , k e m u d i a n d i s u s u l d e n g a n p e n y a j i a n k i n e r j a s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g , d a n s e l a n j u t n y a d i s a j i k a n k e a d a a n k e t e r k a i t a n h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i a n t a r a I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g . A k h i r n y a s t u d i i n i d i t u t u p d e n g a n p e n y a j i a n b e b e r a p a b u t i r s a r a n y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n u s a h a p e n y a j i a n d a t a i n p u t - o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g m e n u r u t h a r g a k o n s t a n d a n b e b e r a p a u s a h a p e n g e m b a n g a n s t u d i l a n j u t a n y a n g b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n a n a l i s a d a m p a k m e m a k a i m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t .

I I . Struktur Data Dalam Tabel BIO Indonesia-Jepang

T a b e l B I O ( B i l a t e r a l I n p u t - o u t p u t ) I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g a d a l a h h a s i l k e r j a s a m a y a n g t e l a h t e r b i n a a n t a r a B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k I n d o n e s i a ( B P S ) d a n s e b u a h l e m b a g a d i J e p a n g y a i t u Inslitute of Developing Economie ( I D E ) . M e r e k a t e l a h m e n e r b i t k a n d u a b u a h t a b e l y a i t u ( a ) d a t a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 p a d a b u l a n M a r e t t a h u n 1 9 8 1 , d a n ( b ) d a t a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 p a d a b u l a n y a n g s a m a t a h u n 1 9 9 1 .

P e r e k o n o m i a n t i a p - t i a p n e g a r a d i b a g i m e n j a d i b e b e r a p a s e k t o r . D a t a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a k l a s i f i k a s i s e k t o r , y a i t u 7 s e k t o r , 6 4 s e k t o r , d a n 1 4 6 s e k t o r , d a n d a t a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 t e r d i r i d a r i t i g a k l a s i f i k a s i s e k t o r , y a i t u 7 s e k t o r , 7 0 s e k t o r d a n 1 2 8 s e k t o r . D a l a m s t u d i i n i p e n u l i s m e m i l i h k l a s i f i k a s i 7 s e k t o r , d a n n a m a k e t u j u h - t u j u h s e k t o r t e r s e b u t y a i t u ( 1 ) p e r t a n i a n , ( 2 ) p e r t a m b a n g a n d a n p e n g g a l i a n ( 3 ) i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r , ( 4 ) l i s t r i k , g a s d a n a i r m i n u m , ( 5 ) b a n g u n a n , ( 6 ) p e r d a g a n g a n d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i , d a n ( 7 ) j a s a - j a s a .

O u t p u t s e k t o r i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n n e g a r a r d i b e r i n o t a s i X r u n t u k

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i = l , 2 . . . , n , d i m a n a n m e n u n j u k a n b a n y a k n y a s e k t o r e k o n o m i . N o t a s i X | f m e n u n j u k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r i y a n g d i h a s i l k a n n e g a r a r y a n g d i m i n t a s e k t o r j d i n e g a r a g , d i m a n a r - g m e n u n j u k k a n n e g a r a I n d o n e s i a , n e g a r a J e p a n g , d a n n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n ( t i d a k t e r m a s u k I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g ) , u n t u k i , j = 1,2 , , n . N o t a r s i D p m e n u n j u k a n o u t p u t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n s e k t o r j d i n e g a r a r , u n t u k j = l , 2 , . . . , n , y a n g d i m i n t a u n t u k k e p e r l u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r d i n e g a r a g . V a r i a b e l D t e r d i r i d a r i k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a ( C ) , k o n s u m s i p e m e r i n t a h ( G ) , p e m b e n t u k a n m o d a l t e t a p ( H ) , p e r u b a h a n s t o k ( S ) d a n e k s p o r ( E ) . N o t a s i V | m e n u n j u k k a n n i l a i t a m b a h y a n g d i p e r o l e h n e g a r a r d a r i s e k t o r j u n t u k j = 1,2, . . . , n .

S a t u a n t r a n s a k s i d a l a m t a b e l B I O I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g a d a l a h d a l a m d o l l a r A m e r i k a s e s u a i d e n g a n k u r s y a n g b e r l a k u p a d a t i a p - t i a p n e g a r a u n t u k t a h u n 197.5 d a n 1 9 8 5 . P a d a T a b e l 1 d i t u n j u k k a n d a t a o u t p u t m e n u r u t 7 s e k t o r e k o n o m i y a n g d i p e r o l e h t a b e l B I O , b a i k u n t u k I n d o n e s i a m a u p u n u n t u k J e p a n g . t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 .

S t r u k t u r d a t a m e n u r u t t i a p - t i a p s e k t o r d a l a m t a b e l B I O I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g d a p a t d i j a b a r k a n m e n u r u t d u a s i s i , y a i t u s i s i p e r m i n t a a n d a n s i s i p e n a w a r a n . K e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d i l i h a t d a r i s e g i p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p s e b u a h s e k t o r a d a l a h b e r b a g a i t r a n s a k s i p e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p o u t p u t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n s e k t o r b e r s a n g k u t a n , s e p e r t i p e r m i n t a a n a n t a r a ( p e r m i n t a a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n s e k t o r - s e k t o r e k o n o m i u n t u k k e p e r l u a n b a h a n m a s u k a n ) d a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r ( p e r m i n t a a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h k o n s u m e n a k h i r s e p e r t i k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a , k o n s u m s i p e m e r i n t a h , i n v e s t a s i , p e r s e d i a a n a t a u s t o k , d a n e k s p o r ) . K e g i a t a n e k o n o m i d i l i h a t d a r i s e g i p e n a w a r a n t e r h a d a p s e b u a h s e k t o r a d a l a h b e r b a g a i t r a n s a k s i p e n a w a r a n i n p u t y a n g d i p e r i u k a n s e k t o r b e r s a n g k u t a n d a l a m m e l a k s a n a k a n k e g i a t a n p r o d u k s i , s e p e r t i p e n a w a r a n i n p u t a n t a r a ( i n p u t y a n g d i t a w a r k a n o l e h s e k t o r - s e k t o r e k o n o m i ) d a n i n p u t p r i m e r ( u p a h , d a n g a j i , s u r p l u s u s a h a , p e n y u s u t a n , p a j a k t a k l a n g s u n g d a n s u b s i d i ) . K e g i a t a n p e r m i n t a a n d a n p e n a w a r a n t e r h a d a p s e b u a h s e k t o r t i d a k h a n y a t e r b a t a s p a d a a n t a r s e k t o r e k o n o m i d a l a m w i l a y a h s e b u a h n e g a r a , t e t a p i l e b i h l u a s a n t a r s e k t o r e k o n o m i d a n a n t a r n e g a r a .

P e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r i u n t u k I n d o n e s i a d a p a t d i j a b a r k a n d a l a m s e b u a h p e r s a m a a n , y a i t u :

+ c f + g | + Sf V E) ( 2 . 1 . )

1 4 9

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u n t u k i = 1 , 2 . . . . , n

d i m a n a p a n g k a t I , J d a n W p a d a s e t i a p v a r i a b e l m e n u n j u k k a n I n d o n e s i a , J e p a n g , d a n N e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a , n m e n u n j u k a n b a n y a k n y a s e k t o r e k o n o m i .

P e r m i n t a a n t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r i J e p a n g d a p a t d i j a b a r k a n d a l a m s e b u a h p e r s a m a a n , y a i t u :

=̂ I ^ ^ E ^ ^ Cf - Gf ^ if ^ Sf 7 - 1 ) = 1

^ Cj' v Gf^ Sj'^ Ef ( 2 . 2 )

u n t u k i = 1 ,2 , . . . , n

K e g i a t a n p e n a w a r a n i n p u t t e r h a d a p s e k t o r j u n t u k I n d o n e s i a d i j a b a r k a n s e c a r a s e d e r h a n a d a l a m s e b u a h p e r s a m a a n , y a i t u :

7 - 1 7 - 1 7 - 1

U n t u k j = 1 ,2 , ... , n

( 2 . 3 )

d i m a n a T j " ' d a n T j ^ a d a l a h p a j a k y a n g d i b e b a n k a n p e m e r i n t a h I n d o n e s i a , d a n b i a y a p e n g a n g k u t a n , s e r t a a s u r a n s i t e r h a d a p i n p u t s e k t o r j y a n g d i i m p o r d a r i J e p a n g d a n d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n ( t i d a k t e r m a s u k J e p a n g ) .

K e g i a t a n i n p u t t e r h a d a p s e k t o r j d i J e p a n g d i j a b a r k a n s e c a r a s e d e r h a n a d a l a m s e b u a h p e r s a m a a n y a i t u :

x \ = ^ j d l . ^ X ^ . ^ X ^ ^ . Tf . Tf. V] j - i j - i j - i ( 2 . 3 . )

d i m a n a X f ' d a n T ] ^ a d a l a h p a j a k y a n g d i b e b a n k a n p e m e r i n t a h J e p a n g d a n b i a y a p e n g a n g k u t a n , s e r t a a s u r a n s i t e r h a d a p i n p u t y a n g d i i m p o r d a r i I n d o n e s i a d a n d a r i n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n ( t i d a k t e r m a s u k I n d o n e s i a ) .

1 5 0

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N i l a i t a m b a h d a r i s e b u a h s e k t o r a d a l a h o u t p u t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d i k u r a n g i i n p u t a n t a r a y a n g d i p c r g u n a k a n o l e h s e k t o r b e r s a n g k u t a n . N i l a i t a m b a h m e n u r u t 7 s e k t o r e k o n o m i d a n k o m f x j s i s i n y a b a i k u n t u k J e p a n g m a u p u n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n t a h u n 1 9 8 5 d i t u n j u k k a n d a l a m T a b e l 2 .

P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o ( P N B ) s e b u a h n e g a r a d i l i h a t d a r i p e n g g u n a a n n y a y a i t u P N B d i u r a i k a n m e n j a d i b e b e r a p a k o m p o n e n p e n g g u n a a n y a s e c a r a a g r e g a t , s e p e r t i k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a , k o n s u m s i p e m e r i n t a h , i n v e s t a s i , p e r u b a h a n s t o k , e k s p o r d a n i m p o r . D a t a P N B u n t u k I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 d i t u n j u k k a n p a d a T a b e l 3 d a n T a b e l 4 .

I I I . Indonesia dan Jepang: Perubahan Struktur Ekonomi

P a d a b a g i a n i n i a k a n d i p a p a r k a n p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g d i l i h a t d a r i b e b e r a p a a s p e k , y a i t u a t r u k t u r o u t p u t n a s i o n a l , k o m p o s i s i P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o m e n u r u t n i l a i t a m b a h s e k t o b l d a n p e n g g u n a a n n y a , k o n s u m s i r u m a h t a n g g a , e k s p o r , i m p o r s e r t a i n v e s t a s i . W a l a u p u n p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i k e d u a n e g a r a h a n y a d i l i h a t d a l a m k u r u n w a k t u y a n g t i d a k t e r l a l u l a m a , d a r i 1 9 7 5 h i n g g a 1 9 8 5 , p a l i n g t i d a k k i t a d a p a t m e n g i d e n t i f i k a s i b e b e r a p a a s p e k e k o n o m i y a n g i t i a m p u m e n g u n g k a p k a n b e b e r a p a k e l e m a h a n s l r u k l u r e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a , r e l a t i f t e r h a d a p J e p a n g . T a b e l - t a b e l 1 h i n g g a 5 m e n y a j i k a n p e r u b a h a n ^ t r u k t u r e k o n o m i k e d u a n e g a r a s e l a m a k u r u n w a k t u y a n g d i a m a t i .

D a r i p e n ' g a m a t a n a t a s p e r u b a h a n s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i k e d u a n e g a r a t e r s e b u t b e b e r a p a k e s i m p u l a n m e n g e n a i k e l e m a h a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a d a p a t k i t a t a r i k . K e l e m a h a n - k e l e m a h a n y a n g d i p a p a r k a n p a d a b e b e r a p a p a r a g r a f b e r i k u t i n i d i h a r a p k a n a k a n m e n j a d i s a l a h s a i u d i m e n s i d a r i k e b i j a k a n e k o n o m i , b a i k y a n g d i j a l a n k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h m a u p u n o l e h s w a s t a .

Pertama, b a i k d i l i h a t d a r i s t r u k t u r o u t p u t m a u p u n n i l a i t a m b a h , p e r e k o n o m i a n I n d o n e s i a m a s i h s a n g a t b e s a r k e t e r g a n t u n g a n n y a k e p a d a s e k t o r p r i m e r ( p e r t a n i a n d a n p e r t a m b a n g a n ) d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n J e p a n g . K e a d a a n i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a b e b e r a p a f a k t o r , a n t a r a l a i n , f a k t o r p e r b e d a a n d e p o s i t s u m b e r d a y a a l a m ( l a h a n p e r t a n i a n , m i n e r a l ) , p e r b e d a a n s u m b e r d a y a m a n u s i a ( j u m l a h p e n d u d u k , d a n k o m p o s i s i k e t r a m p i l a n a t a u p e n d i d i k a n a n g k a t a n k e r j a ) , d a n p e r b e d a a n f a k t o r l i n g k u n g a n ( s e p e r t i i k l i m , s o s i a l . b i i d a y a , d a n s e b a g a i n y a ) .

Kedua, p e r b e d a a n t i n g k a t e f i s i e n s i s e c a r a s e k t o r a l . S a l a h s a t u p r o k s i p a r a m e t e r t e r h a d a p e f i s i e n s i s e c a r a s e k t o r a l y a i t u r a s i o a n t a r a k b m p o s i s i

151

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T a b e l 1 I n d o n e s i a d a n Jepang: O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B a i t o m e n u r u t l - a p a n g a n U s a h a T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 , m e n u r u t ha rga b e r l a k u

U R A I A N D a l a m J u t a Dol lar A S S t ruk tu r d a l a m p e r s e n U R A I A N

1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 6 I N D O N E S I A

1 1 .

~ o r I c H l l d l l 9 , 1 4 0 . 2 23 ,105 .1 17 .64 15 .41 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 6 , 2 9 4 . 0 18 ,394 .9 1 2 . 1 5 12^27 3. Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 1 5 , 9 9 6 . 9 4 2 , 4 2 5 . 4 3 0 . 8 8 2 8 . 3 0 4 . L is t r ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 3 9 6 . 9 1 ,623.8 0.77 l ! 0 8 5. B a n g u n a n 4 ,903 .1 16 ,085 .7 9 .46 1 0 7-3 1 u. f u 6 . P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 7 !812 !7 2 o ! 8 7 9 . 8 15 .08 1 3 . 9 3 7. Ja isa- jasa 7 , 2 5 9 . 8 2 7 , 4 0 1 . 3 14.01 1 8 . 2 8

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B ru to I n d o n e s i a 5 1 , 8 0 3 . 7 1 4 9 , 9 1 5 . 9 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0

J E P A N G 1. . P e r t a n i a n 4 4 , 5 9 7 . 1 8 3 , 1 1 5 . 9 3 .90 3 .00 2. . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 5 ,094 .1 8 , 0 7 0 . 5 0 .45 0 .29 3. . Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 4 8 7 , 2 9 6 . 8 1 ,193 ,064 .3 4 2 . 6 6 4 3 . 0 4

4 . . L istr ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 19 ,677 .1 7 3 , 1 8 3 . 4 1.72 2 . 6 4 5.. B a n g u n a n 1 1 4 , 8 4 2 . 9 2 3 4 , 8 3 8 . 2 10 .05 8 .47 6. . P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 1 6 7 , 2 8 2 . 4 3 7 1 , 4 4 0 . 1 14 .64 1 3 . 4 0 7.. J a s a - j a s a 3 0 3 , 5 5 2 . 8 8 0 8 , 4 6 6 , 4 2 6 , 5 7 2 9 . 1 6

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l Bru to J e p a n g 1 ,142 ,343 .2 100 ,0 1 0 0 . 0 0 100 .00

S u m b e r : C B S - I D E , Iiileniatioiial Input-Output TableIndoncria-Japaii 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 T o k y o - J a p a n , P u b l i k a s i l a h u n 1 9 8 1 d a n 1 9 9 1

T a b e l 2 I n d o n e s i a d a n Jepang : P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o m e n u r u t L a p a n g a n U s a h a T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 , m e n u r u t ha rga b e r l a k u

U R A I A N D a l a m J u t a Do l la r A s S t ruk tu r d a l a m P e r s e n

1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 I N D O N E S I A

1 . P e r t a n i a n 8 , 3 4 3 . 6 19 ,239 .8 2 5 . 4 6 2 1 . 8 7 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 6 , 0 5 7 . 6 15 .295 .1 1 8 . 4 9 17 .39 3 . Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 4 , 9 4 3 . 7 12 ,492 .1 15 .09 1 4 . 2 0 4 . L istr ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 2 0 1 . 8 3 5 6 . 7 0 .62 0.41 5. B a n g u n a n 1 ,829.9 5 , 6 0 1 . 0 5 .58 6 .37 6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 6 ,033 .1 15 .448 .2 18 .41 17 .56 7. J a s a - j a s a 5 ,360.1 1 9 , 5 2 5 . 3 16 .36 2 2 . 2 0

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B ru to I n d o n e s i a 3 2 , 7 6 9 . 8 8 7 . 9 5 8 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0

J E P A N G 1 . P e r t a n i a n 2 6 , 3 4 7 . 6 4 2 , 5 9 9 . 0 5 .28 3.21 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g e i i a n 2 , 5 8 5 . 7 3 , 5 9 4 . 4 0 .52 0 .27 3. Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 1 3 9 , 4 0 3 . 9 3 6 3 . 2 3 1 . 4 2 7 . 9 2 2 7 . 3 9 4 . L is t r ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 9 , 1 3 2 . 3 3 6 . 2 9 5 . 3 1.83 2 . 7 8 5. B a n g u n a n 4 6 , 8 8 4 . 4 9 5 , 7 2 0 . 4 9 .39 7 .22 6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 9 3 , 9 0 6 . 0 2 2 7 . 0 7 7 . 5 18 .80 17 .13 7. J a s a - j a s a 1 8 1 , 1 1 3 . 2 5 5 6 , 7 8 3 . 6 3 6 . 2 7 4 1 . 9 9

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B r u t o J e p a n g 199 ,373 .1 1 .325 .931 .8 1 0 0 , 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0

S u m b e r : C B S - I D E , Intemational Input-Output Table Indonesia-Japan I Q J . x d a n 1 9 8 5 T o k y o - J a p a n , P u b l i k a s i t a h u n 1 9 8 1 d a n 1 9 9 - :

152

Kiner ja H u b u n g a n E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g

T a b e l 3 I n d o n e s i a : P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o m e n u r u t P e n g g u n a a n n y a T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 , m e n u r u t h a r g a b e r l a k u

U r a i a n D a l a m J u t a Do l la r A S S t ruk tu r d a l a m P e r s e n

1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 198E

I. K o n s u m s i R u m a h T a n g g a II . K o n s u m s i P e m e r i n t a h

III . P e m b e n t u k a n M o d a l T e t a p IV. P e r u b a h a n S tok

V . D i t a m b a h : E k s p o r 1 . K e Jepemg U n t u k Inpu t Anteu-a 2 . K e J e p a n g U n t u k P e r m i n t a a n Akh i r 3 . K e N e g a r a La in un tuk p e r m i n t a a n akh i r

d a n Input a n t a r a V I . D i k u r a n g i I m p o r

1 . Dar i J e p a n g Un tuk Inpu t A n t a r a 2. Dar i J e p a n g Un tuk P e r m i n t a a n A k h i r 3 . Da r i N e g a r a La in un tuk p e r m i n t a a n Akh i r

4 . Dar i N e g a r a La in un tuk Inpu t A n t a r a

V I I . Ko reks l Stat is t ik

P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o

2 0 , 5 1 8 . 9 3 ,296 .1

6 7 , 7 7 6 . 0 3 4 3 . 3

7 , 8 9 0 . 9 3 , 1 2 8 . 4

6 1 . 7 4 , 7 0 0 . 9

6 ,201 .1 1 ,596.8

7 3 5 . 5 2 , 2 0 3 . 0 4 , 6 8 8 . 0

144 .1

5 1 , 5 2 8 . 5 1 0 , 2 5 2 . 4 19 ,622 .4

8 7 1 . 5

2 0 , 9 3 1 . 0 9 , 3 7 5 , 5

123 ,8 11 ,431 .7

1 4 , 6 3 0 . 0 1 ,907.3

7 0 5 . 6 7 , 3 2 9 . 0

5 .08

- 6 2 7 . 4

6 2 . 6 2 1 0 , 0 6 2 0 . 6 8

1.05

2 4 , 0 8 9 ,55 0 .19

1 4 . 3 5

18 . 92 4 .87 2 . 2 4 6 .72 5 .33

0 .44

5 8 . 5 8 11 .67 2 2 . 3 1

0.1

23.8C 10.6<

0 . 1 ' 13.0(

1 6 . 6 ; 2 . F 0.8(1 8 .3 ; !

-0 .7

3 2 7 6 9 . 8 8 7 9 5 8 . 3 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 )

Sumber: C B S - I D E , International Input-Output TableIniloncsio-Japan 1 9 7 5 dan 1 9 8 5 Tokyo -Japan Publ ikasi lahun 1 9 8 1 dan 1 9 9 1

T a b e l 4 Jepang : P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B n j t o m e n u r u t P e n g g u n a a n n y a , T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 , m e n u r u t ha rga b e r l a k u

U R A I A N D a l a m Ju ta Do l la r A S S t ruk tu r d a l a m Perse n

1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 ( 5

I. K o n s u m s i R u m a h T a n g g a II . K o n s u m s i P e m e r i n t a h

III. P e m b e n t u k a n M o d a l T e t a p IV. P e r u b a h a n S tok

V. D i t a m b a h : E k s p o r 1 . K e I n d o n e s i a U n t u k Inpu t A n t a r a 2. K e I n d o n e s i a U n t u k P e r m i n t a a n Akh i r 3 . K e N e g a r a La in un tuk p e r m i n t a a n akh i r

d a n Input A n t a r a V I . D i ku rang i Impo r

1 . Dar i I n d o n e s i a Un tuk I npu t A n t a r a 2. Dar i I n d o n e s i a Un tuk P e r m i n t a a n Akh i r 3. Dar i N e g a r a La in un tuk Input a n t a r a 4 . Dar i N e g a r a Lair, un tuk p e r m i n t a a n akh i r

V . K o r e k s l Stat is t ik

V I . P e n d a p a t a n N a s i o n a l B r u t o

2 8 7 , 9 7 3 . 5 7 8 9 , 4 4 1 , 8 49 ,620 .1 1 2 6 , 2 0 9 . 3

1 6 1 , 4 9 0 , 7 3 6 0 , 1 6 7 . 5 1 ,756.3 8 , 4 4 8 . 3

6 7 , 5 1 4 . 7 1 9 9 , 9 1 6 . 6 1 ,158.5 1 ,810,0

566 .1 6 6 8 . 6 65 ,790 .1 1 9 7 , 4 3 8 . 0

6 9 , 5 8 3 . 5 3 ,500 .4

6 6 , 0 57 ,046 .1

8 , 9 7 1 . 0

1 5 7 , 6 6 3 . 3 1 0 , 0 5 4 . 7

132 .1 1 2 3 , 2 5 8 . 6

2 4 , 2 1 8 , 0

152 .1 (588,4)

5 7 . 5 6 9 .94

3 2 , 4 3 0 .35

1 3 . 5 2 0 .23 0,11

13 .17

1 3 , 9 3 0 .70 0 .01

1 1 . 4 2 1.80

0 .03

59.: 9.$2

27 . 0 .$4

1 5 . 0 8 0. 0 .05

1 4 . 1 9

11 0 0 9 .30 1 83

0 4

4 9 9 . 3 7 3 . 8 1 ,325 ,931 .8 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 .00

Sumber: C B S - I D E . Intemational Input-Ontpnt TableImlonesia-Japan 1 9 7 5 dan 1 9 8 5 T o k y o - J a p a n , Publ ikasi lahun 1 9 8 1 dan 1 9 9 1

53

H u l u

T a b e l 5 I n d o n e s i a d a n Jepang : K o m p o s i s i K o n s u m s i R i i m a h t angga , I n v e s t a s i , E k s p o r d a n I m p o r . M e n u r u t L a p a n g a n U s a h a , T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 ( d a l a m p e r s e n )

U R A I A N K o n s u m s i E k s p o r I m p o r I nves tas i R/T

1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 1 9 7 5 1 9 8 5 I N D O N E S I A

1 . u e r t a n i a n 15 .57 1 5 . 4 9 8.31 1 4 . 1 0 4 .23 4 .97 0 .13 0 .00 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n 0 .10 0 . 0 0 5 9 . 2 2 4 4 . 0 3 0 .64 7 .52 0 .00 0 .00

P e n g g a l i a n 3. Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 48 .01 3 9 . 9 0 15 .35 2 2 . 2 9 8 2 . 4 0 6 7 . 0 5 2 7 . 5 1 2 0 . 6 2 4 . L is t r ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 0.51 0.91 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 - 0 .00 0 .00 0 . 0 0 5. B a n g u n a n 0 .00 0 .00 1.02 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 6 5 . 3 9 7 4 . 8 0 6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n 18 .19 18 .54 13 ,72 13 .29 4 .82 5 .19 6 3 . 9 7 3 .99

T r a n s p o r t a s i 7 . J a s a - j a s a 1 7 . 6 2 2 5 . 1 6 2 .38 6 .29 7 .90 15 .27 0 .00 0 .59

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B ru to 100 .00 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0O.OC I n d o n e s i a J E P A N G

1 . P e r t a n i a n 4 .09 2 .84 0.41 0 .23 14 .98 11 .30 0 . 1 9 0 . 2 8 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n 0 .00 0 .00 0 .06 0 .03 41 .71 3 4 . 9 0 0 .00 0 .00

P e n g g a l i a n 3. Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 2 9 . 7 6 2 5 . 8 7 78 .11 8 1 . 2 5 3 0 . 0 3 3 9 . 2 8 2 7 . 3 3 3 3 . 7 5 4. L is t r ik . G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 1.77 2 .72 0.01 0 .05 0 .00 0.01 0 .00 0 . 0 0 5. B a n g u n a n 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 0 .00 6 5 . 7 8 5 9 . 0 5 6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n 2 3 . 5 1 2 0 . 7 7 16 .50 14 .59 8 .00 6 .97 6 .12 6 .92

T r a n s p o r t a s i 7. J a s a - j a s a 4 0 . 8 7 4 7 . 8 0 4,91 3 .85 5 .28 7 .54 0 .59 0 . 0 0

O u t p u t N a s i o n a l B ru to 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 100 .00 1 0 0 . 0 0 10O.OC J e p a n g

S u m b e r : C B S - I D E , Intemational Input-Ontpnt Table Indonesia-Japan 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5 T o k y o - J a p a n ,

n i l a i t a m b a h s e b u a h s e k t o r t e r h a d a p n i l a i t a m b a h n a s i o n a l ( P r o d u k P r o d u k s i B r u t o ) d a n k o m p o s i s i o u t p u t s e k t o r b e r s a n g k u t a n t e r h a d a p o u t p u t n a s i o n a l . S e k t o r p e r t a n i a n d a n p e r t a m b a n g a n d i I n d o n e s i a l e b i h e f i s i e n s i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n J e p a n g . S e k t o r I n d u s t r i d a n j a s a d i J e p a n g l e b i h e f i s i e n s i d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n d i I n d o n e s i a . K e g i a t a n s e k t o r l i s t r i k , g a s d a n a i r m i n u m s e r t a b a n g u n a n , p e r d a g a n g a n d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i s a n g a t t i n g g i e f i s i e n s i n y a d i J e p a n g d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n d i I n d o n e s i a . T i d a k e f i s i e n n y a b e b e r a p a s e k t o r e k o n o m i d i I n d o n e s i a , d a p a t d i d u g a p e n j ' e b a b n y a , a n t a r a l a i n , ( a ) t e n a g a k e r j a y a n g k u r a n g t e r a m p i l , ( b ) p e n g u a s a a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g k u r a n g m e m a d a i , ( c ) k u r a n g e f i s i e n n y a p a s a r b a i k p a s a r i n p u t m a u p u n p a s a r o u t p u t , d a n ( d ) k u r a n g n y a p e n g o l a a n u s a h a s e c a r a p r o f e s i o n a l ( s a n g a t k u r a n g j u m l a h manager y a n g p r o f e s i o n a l ) .

Ketiga, d a r i b e r b a g a i l i t e r a t i i r i l m u e k o n o m i p e m b a n g u n a n d i k e t a h u i b a h w a p e n i n g k a t a n s u m b a n g a n s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r t e r h a d a p P r o d u k D o m e s t i k B r u t o ( P D B ) d a p a t d i p a n d a n g s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u u k u r a n a d a n y a p e n i n g k a t a n p e m b a n g u n a n e k o n o m i s e b u a h n e g a r a , k a r e n a k e p a d a s e k t o r i n i s a n g a t d i m u n g k i n k a n b a n y a k s e k t o r - s e k t o r l a i n i k u t t e r k a i t , b a i k k e t e r k a i t a n d i l i h a t d a r i s e g i p e r m i n t a a n (backwardlinkages) m a u p u n d i l i h a t d a r i s e g i p e n a w a r a n (foreward inkages). P e n i n g k a t a n s u m b a n g a n s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r t e r h a d a p P D B d i I n d o n e s i a c e n d e r u n g t i d a k

1 5 4

Kiner ja H u b u n g a n E k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g

m e n g g e m b i r a k a n , h a l i n i d a p a t d i d u g a d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a b e b e r a p a f a k t o r , a n t a r a l a i n , k u r a n g n y a t e r c i p t a k e t e r k a i t a n y a n g m a k i n m a n t a p d a l a m s e k t o r - s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r i t u s e n d i r i , m a s i h b e l u m m u n c u l s e k t o r i n d u s t r i y a n g m e n j a d i s e k t o r k u n c i {key sector). S e d a n g k a n u n t u k J e p a n g , s u m b a n g a n s e k t o r i n d u s t r i k e l i h a t a n n y a s t a b i l k a r e n a k e b e r a d a a n s e k t o r i n i s a n g a t k o k o h y a n g d i d u k u n g o l e h s e k t o r j a s a y a n g m a n t a p d a n p e n g u a s a a n t e k n o l o g i y a n g t i n g g i , s e r t a t e n a g a k e r j a t e r a m p i l y a n g c u k u p m e m a d a i .

Keempat, s a l a h s a t u u k u r a n p e n g g a n d a a n e k o n o m i y a i t u r a t a - r a t a m e n g k o n s u m s i (averagepropensity to consume). U n t u k I n d o n e s i a , r a t a - r a t a m e n g k o n s u m s i c e n d e r u n g t u r u n ( d a r i 6 2 . 6 2 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 5 8 . 5 8 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 ) s e d a n g k a n u n t u k J e p a n g c e n d e r u n g n a i k ( d a r i 5 7 . 6 7 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 5 9 . 5 4 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 ) . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , a n g k a p e n g g a n d a a n e k o n o m i I n d o n e s i a y a n g b e r s u m b e r d a r i d a l a m n e g e r i c e n d e r u n g t u r u n s e d a n g k a n u n t u k J e p a n g n a i k . U n t u k I n d o n e s i a , h a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a b e b e r a p a f a k t o r , d a p a t d i d u g a , a n t a r a l a i n , ( a ) p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n n a s i o n a l c e n d e r u n g l e b i h b e s a r d i p e r o l e h o l e h k e l o m p o k k e c i l p e n d u d u k b e r p e n d a p a t a n t e r t i n g g i , s e h i n g g a p e n i n g k a t a n p e n d a p a t a n m e r e k a c e n d e r u n g t i d a k b e r a r t i t e r h a d a p k o n s u m s i a g r e g a t , ( b ) d a t a k o n s u m s i k u r a n g a k u r a t .

IV. Hubungan Ekonomi antara Indonesia dan .jepang.

I n d o n e s i a m e l a k u k a n h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i t e r h a d a p J e p a n g d a n t e r h a d a p n e g a r a - n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a d a p a t d i l i h a t d a r i d u a k e p e n t i n g a n , y a i t u u n t u k m e m e n u h i p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r d a n k e p e r l u a n i n p u t a n t a r a d a l a m n e g e r i . U n t u k p e m e n u h a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r d a l a m n e g e r i , k e t e r k a i t a n I n d o n e s i a t e r h a d a p J e p a n g c e n d e r u n g t u r u n a n g k a p e r s e n t a s e n y a t e r h a d a p P N B y a i t u t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 2 . 2 4 p e r s e n d a n t a h u n 1 9 8 5 m e n j a d i 0 . 8 0 p e r s e n , t e t a p i t e r h a d a p n e g a r a - n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a c e n d e r u n g n a i k y a i t u d a r i 5 . 0 8 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 5 . 3 3 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 . U n t u k p e m e n u h a n i n p u t a n t a r a d a l a m n e g e r i . k e t e r i k a t a n I n d o n e s i a t e r h a d a p J e p a n g c e n d e r u n g t u r u n a n g k a p e r s e n t a s e n y a t e r h a d a p P N B y a i t u d a r i 4 . 8 7 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 2 . 1 7 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 , t e t a p i t e r h a d a p n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n c e n d e r u n g n a i k y a i t u d a r i 6 . 7 2 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 8 . 3 3 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 .

H a l y a n g b e r s a m a a n d e n g a n u r a i a n t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , J e p a n t m e l a k u k a n h u b u n g a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i t e r h a d a p I n d o n e s i a d a n t e r h a d a j n e g a r a - n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a u n t u k d u a k e p e n t i n g a n y a i t u u n t u k m e m e n u h p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r d a n i n p u t a n t a r a d a l a m n e g e r i . U n t u k m e m e n u h p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r d a l a m n e g e r i , k e t e r i k a t a n J e p a n g t e r h a d a p I n d o n e s i i

i s ;

H u l u

k e l i h a t a n n y a s t a b i l d i u k u r d a l a m p e r s e n t e r h a d a p P N B , y a i t u s e b e s a r 0 . 0 1 p e r s e n b a i k t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m a u p u n t a h u n 1 9 8 5 , d a n t e r h a d a p n e g a r a - n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a c e n d e r u n g m e n i n g k a t y a i t u d a r i 1 . 8 0 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 1 . 8 3 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 . U n t u k m e m e n u h i i n p u t a n t a r a d a l a m n e g e r i , k e t e r i k a t a n J e p a n g t e r h a d a p I n d o n e s i a d i u k u r d a l a m p e r s e n t a s e t e r h a d a p P N B c e n d e r u n g n a i k y a i t u d a r i 0 . 7 0 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 0 . 7 6 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 t e t a p i t e r h a d a p n e g a r a - n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a c e n d e r u n g t u r u n y a i t u d a r i 1 1 . 4 2 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 m e n j a d i 9 . 3 0 p e r s e n p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 .

D i s a m p i n g a n a l i s a s e d e r h a n a t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i d u a b u a h n e g a r a d a p a t d i l a k u k a n m e l a l u i a n a l i s a p e n g g a n d a a n m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t b i l a t e r a l . A n a l i s a i n i d i t u j u k a n u n t u k m e n g u k u r k o m p o s i s i p e n g g a n d a a n p e n i n g k a t a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t y a n g d i a l a m i o l e h s e b u a h n e g a r a y a n g d i r i n c i m e n u r u t s e k t o r a l d a n s e t i a p n e g a r a y a n g s e d a n g s a l i n g m e l a k u k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i . A n a l i s a s e p e r t i i n i r e l e v a n s e a m a t e k n o l o g i p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g n e g a r a b e l u m b e r u b a h d a n p e m e r i n t a h t i d a k i k u t c a m p u r t a n g a n d a l a m m e m p e n g a r u h i s i s t i m p e r d a g a n g a n i n t e r n a s i o n a l y a n g t e l a h a d a .

M o d e l l e n g k a p a n a l i s a i n p u t - o u t p u t b i l a t e r a l d a p a t d i s u s u n d a l a m s e b u a h p e r s a m a a n y a n g d i b e r i n o t a s i m a t r i k s , y a i t u :

B " B " • V X ' F '

x^ ( 4 . 1 )

u n t u k X ' ^ = X ' + + X ^ , d i m a n a X ' " y a i t u o u t p u t d a r i b e r b a g a i n e g a r a - n e g a r a d i s e l u r u h d i d u n i a i n i , X ' = o u t p u t d a r i I n d o n e s i a , X ^ = o u t p u t d a r i J e p a n g , d a n X = o u t p u t d a r i n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a d a n u n t u k F ' ^ = F ' + F ' + F * . d i m a n a F ' ^ y a i t u p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t d u n i a , F ' = p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t I n d o n e s i a , = p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p J e p a n g , F * = p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a .

M a t r i k p a d a ^ r s a m a a n ( 4 . 1 ) a d a l a h d i p e r o l e h d a r i h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n i n v e r s m a t r i k [ I - A ] ' , d i m a n a m a t r i k I y a i t u m a t r i k s s a t u a n y a n g b e r u k u r a n ( 3 x n ) X ( 3 x n ) d a n n m e n u n j u k k a n b a n y a k n y a s e k t o r e k o n o m i , d a n m a t r i k s A a d a l a h s e b u a h m a t r i k s y a n g b e r u k u r a n ( 3 x n ) x ( 3 x n ) y a n g d i h i m p u n d a r i 9 b u a h m a t r i k s y a n g m a s i n g - m a s i n g b e r u k u r a n n x n , a t a u m a t r i k s A t e r s e b u t y a i t u :

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A " A " A ' " " A " A ' '

( 4 . 2 )

E l e m e n m a t r i k s s e b a n y a k n x n , u n t u k r d a n g = 1 , J , W , d a n t i a p - t i a p e l e m e r d i b e r i n o t a s i A l f , u n t u k i , j = 1 ,2 , . . . n . R u m u s y a n g d i p c r g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h e l e m e n a\f , Y a i t u :

Xf ( 4 . 3 )

d i m a n a X f j ^ = o u t p u t s e k t o r i d a r i n e g a r a r y a n g d i p e r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i i n p u t s e k t o r j d i n e g a r a g , X ^ = o u t p u t s e k t o r j n e g a r a g . M e m a k a i r u m u s p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 4 . 3 ) d a p a t d i p e r o l e h e l e m e n m a t r i k s a p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 4 . 2 ) d a n s e k a l i g u s e l e m e n m a t r i k s p a d a ( 4 . 1 ) .

M e m p e r h a t i k a n s t r u k t u r d a t a p a d a t a b e l B I O I n d o n e s i a y a n g t e l a h d i t u j u k a n p a d a b a g i a n t e r d a h u l u , m a k a m o d e l l e n g k a p p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 4 . 1 ) t i d a k s e c a r a p e n u h d i g u n a k a n k a r e n a

X ^ = 0 , B ' ^ = 0 , B ^ ^ = 0 , B ^ ^ = 0 , d a n F * = 0 . o l e h k a r e n a i t u , p e r s a m a a n ( 4 . 1 ) m e n j a d i :

( 4 . 4 )

d i m a n a I a d a l a h m a t r i k s s a t u a n b e r u k u r a n n x n , d a n p e r s a m a a h ( 4 . 2 ) m e n j a d i :

x' B " B " O" V x' B " B'' 0 F '

0 0

A = A " A " 0 A - " A ' ' 0 A " ' ' A " ' ^ O ( 4 . 5 )

E l e m e n m a t r i k s B ' ^ p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 4 . 4 ) d i b c r i n o l a s i b\f, u n t u k r , g = I , J , d a n W , d a n i . j = 1,2 . . . , n . K o e f i s i e n - k o e f i s i c n h\f d a p a t d i p c r g u n a k a n s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u a l a t m e n g u k u r t i n g k a t l e r k a i t a n e k o n o m i a n t a r - s e k t o r d a n a n t a r - n e g a r a s e c a r a s e r e n t a k .

157

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D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r j I n d o n e s i a d a p a t d i u r a i k a n m e n j a d i a] p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r i u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , pj p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r i u n t u k j e p a n g , d a n 6 ] p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t s e k t o r i u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a i a i n y a , d i m a n a a + b + d = 1 0 0 p e r s e n . S e j a l a n d e n g a n i t u , u n t u k J e p a n g d i b e r i n o t a s i a j , P j , d a n 8 j u n t u k j = 1 ,2 , . . . , n . R u m u s u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h a ] , Pj , d a n 6 j a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

1 - 2 ' ' " I - 1

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< • - 1

/ • - 1 1

1 0 0 p e r s e n

N i l a i a j , P j , 5 j , af , pf , d a n 8 / u n t u k 7 s e k t o r e k o n o m i b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a d a l a m t a b e l B I O I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g t a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n t a h u n 1 9 8 5 d i t u n j u k a n d a l a m t a b e l 6 .

K i n e r j a h u b u n g a n e k o n o m i a n t a r a I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g b e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n d a l a m t a b e l d i a t a s , s e c a r a v e r b a l a k a n d i p a p a r k a n d a l a m u r a i a n b e r i k u t i n i .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e n i n g k a t a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 8 5 , 4 7 p e r s e n

T a b e l 6 I n d o n e s i a d a n Jepang : D a m p a k ( d a l a m p e r s e n )

P e n g g a n d a a n E k o n o m i T a h u n 1 9 7 5 d a n 1 9 8 5

U R A I A N T a h u n I ndones ia J e p a n g N e g a r a La in

I N D O N E S I A 1. He r tan ian 1 9 7 5 8 5 . 4 7 6 .04 8 .49

1 9 8 5 8 9 . 5 5 2 .72 7 .73 2 . P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 1 9 7 5 8 4 . 0 2 4 .95 1 1 . 0 2 P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n

1 9 8 5 9 0 . 7 0 2 .62 6 .68 3. Indus t r i M a n u f a k t u r 1 9 7 5 7 6 . 8 7 14 .14 8 .99

1 9 8 5 7 9 . 8 5 6 .65 1 3 . 5 0 4. L istr ik , G a s d a n / t i r M i n u m 1 9 7 5 7 0 . 0 8 6 .64 2 3 . 2 9

1 9 8 5 8 9 . 8 3 2 .51 7 . 5 6 5, B a n g u n a n 1 9 7 5 6 7 . 3 3 19 .82 1 2 . 8 5 B a n g u n a n

1 9 8 5 8 1 . 3 8 9 .13 9 .49 6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 1 9 7 5 8 0 . 6 5 5 .85 1 3 . 5 0

1 9 8 5 8 6 . 5 6 2 .15 11 .29 7. J a s a - j a s a 1 9 7 5 8 2 . 6 0 6 .92 1 0 . 2 8 J a s a - j a s a

1 9 8 5 8 5 . 0 0 5 .23 9 .77 J E P A N G

1, P e r t a n i a n 1 9 7 5 0 .42 9 2 . 5 5 7 .03 1 9 8 5 0 ,54 9 2 . 6 2 6 .84

2. P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 1 9 7 5 0 .33 9 4 . 3 5 5.31 P e r t a m b a n g a n d a n P e n g g a l i a n 1 9 8 5 0.71 9 4 . 0 9 0 .21

3. Indust r i M a n u f a k t u r 1 9 7 5 0 .78 8 7 . 7 2 1 1 . 4 9 1 9 8 5 0 .94 8 8 . 8 5 10 .21

4 . L istr ik , G a s d a n A i r M i n u m 1 9 7 5 1.99 8 0 . 1 3 1 7 . 8 8 1 9 8 5 8 .47 7 6 . 2 8 1 5 . 2 5

5. B a n g u n a n 1 9 7 5 0 .39 9 3 . 1 9 6 .43 B a n g u n a n 1 9 8 5 0 .58 9 3 . 5 7 5 .85

6. P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 1 9 7 5 0 .36 9 1 . 4 5 8 .19 P e r d a g a n g a n d a n T r a n s p o r t a s i 1 9 8 5 0 .52 9 1 . 4 9 7 .99

7. J a s a - j a s a 1 9 7 5 0 .34 9 3 . 7 9 5 3 . 8 7 J a s a - j a s a 1 9 8 5 0 .55 9 3 . 7 4 5 ,71

Sumber ; D io l ah dar i C B S I D E . I n te rna t i ona l I n p u l - O u l p u t Tab le Indonesla-. Iapan 1975 dan 1985 Tokyo-Japan. Publ ikasi lahun 1981 dan 1991

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m e n g g a n d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 6 , 0 4 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 8 , 4 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 9 , 5 5 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 2 , 7 2 f x r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r t a m b a n g a n d a n p e n g g a l i a n d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 8 4 , 0 2 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n 4 , 9 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 1 , 0 2 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 9 0 , 7 0 u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 2 , 6 2 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , 6 , 6 8 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 7 6 , 8 7 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 1 4 , 1 4 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 8 , 9 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 7 9 , 8 5 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 6 , 6 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 3 , 5 0 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r l i s t r i k , g a s d a n a i r m i n u m d i l n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 7 0 , 0 8 p e r s e n m e n g g a n d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n 6 , 6 4 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 2 3 , 2 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 9 , 8 3 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 2 , 6 1 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 7 , 5 6 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r b a n g u n a n d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 6 7 , 3 3 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n 1 9 , 8 2 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 2 , 8 5 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 1 , 3 8 u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 , 1 3 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , 9 , 4 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r d a g a n g a n d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 8 0 , 6 5 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n l u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n 5 , 8 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g . d a n 1 3 , 5 0 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 6 , 5 6 u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 2 , 1 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , 1 1 , 2 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r j a s a - j a s a d i I n d o n e s i a p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 8 2 , 6 0 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , d a n 6 , 8 2 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 0 , 5 8 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a

160

Kiner ja H u b u n g a n Ekono i ro I n d o n e s i a - J e p a n g

t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 5 , 0 0 u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 5 , 2 3 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , 9 , 7 7 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r t a n i a n d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 4 2 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 2 , 5 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 7 , 0 3 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 , 5 4 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 2 , 6 2 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 6 , 8 4 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r t a m b a n g a n d a n p e n g g a l i a n d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 3 3 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 4 , 3 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 5 , 5 1 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 , 5 1 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 4 , 0 9 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 5 , 2 1 j j e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r i n d u s t r i m a n u f a k t u r d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 7 8 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 8 7 , 7 2 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 1 , 4 1 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 , 9 4 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 8 8 , 8 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 0 , 2 1 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r l i s t r i k , g a s , d a n a i r m i n u m d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 1 , 9 9 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 8 0 , 1 3 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 7 , 1 8 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 8 , 5 7 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 7 6 , 2 8 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 1 5 , 2 5 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r b a n g u n a n d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 3 9 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 3 , 1 9 p e r s e t i u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 6 , 4 3 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 , 5 8 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 3 , 5 7 p e r s q n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 5 , 8 5 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r p e r d a g a n g a n d a n t r a n s p o r t a s i d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 3 6 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 1 , 4 5 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 8 , 1 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 . 5 2 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 1 . 4 9 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 7 , 9 9 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

161

H u l u

D a m p a k p e n i n g k a t a n s a t u s a t u a n p e r m i n t a a n a k h i r t e r h a d a p o u t p u t s e k t o r j a s a - j a s a d i J e p a n g p a d a t a h u n 1 9 7 5 s e b e s a r 0 , 3 4 p e r s e n m e n g a d a k a n o u t p u t y a n g s a m a u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 3 , 7 9 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 5 , 8 7 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a a s i n g l a i n n y a . K e m u d i a n , p a d a t a h u n 1 9 8 5 b e r u b a h m e n j a d i 0 , 5 5 p e r s e n u n t u k I n d o n e s i a , 9 3 , 7 4 p e r s e n u n t u k J e p a n g , d a n 5 , 7 1 p e r s e n u n t u k n e g a r a - n e g a r a l a i n .

V. Penutup

U l a s a n y a n g d i b e r i k a n d a l a m s t u d i i n i a d a l a h b e r d a s a r k a n h a s i l a n a l i s a d a t a I n p u t - O u t p u t a n t a r a I n d o n e s i a d a n J e p a n g p u b l i k a s i B i r o P u s a t S t a t i s t i k I n d o n e s i a d a n Institute of Developing Economies d i T o k y o , J e p a n g . P u b l i k a s i s e p e r t i i n i p a t u t d i h a r g a i d a n d i h a r a p k a n t i d a k t e r h e n t i d a n j i k a m u n g k i n d i p e r l u a s . D a t a y a n g d i s a j i k a n d a l d a l a m p u b l i k a s i a d a l a h m e n u r u t h a r g a y a n g b e r l a k u , a l a n g k a h l e b i h b a i k j i k a d a t a d i s a j i k a n m e n u r u t h a r g a k o n s t a n , s e h i n g g a f a e d a h a n a l i t i s n y a m a k i n l u a s .

A n a l i s a y a n g d i b e r i k a n h a n y a a n a l i s a s e d e r h a n a y a i t u a n a l i s a m a k r o s t r u k t u r e k o n o m i d a n a n a l i s a k e t e r k a i t a n a n t a r s e k t o r e k o n o m i a n t a r d u a n e g a r a y a n g d i k e m b a n g k a n d a r i a n a l i s a k e t e r k a i l a n e k o n o m i a n t a r d a e r a h d a l a m m o d e l i n p u t - o u t p u t a n t a r d a e r a h . A n a l i s a l e b i h l a n j u t , d a p a t d i s a r a n k a n u n t u k d i l a n j u t k a n k e p a d a a n a l i s a d a m p a k , s e p e r t i k o m p o s i s i s u m b e r p e r t u m b u h a n e k o n o m i , p e n g a r u h p e m b a t a s a n i m p o r d a n e k s p o r d a n s e b a g a i n y a .

DAFTARPUSTAKA

C B S - I D E ( 1 9 8 1 ) , International Input-Output Table Indonesia-Japan, 1 9 7 5 , ( T o k y o : C B S - I D E )

C B S - I D E ( 1 9 9 1 ) , Intemational Input-Output Table Indonesia-Japan, 1 9 8 5 , ( T o k y o : C B S - I D E )

H e w i n g s , G . J . D . ( 1 9 8 5 ) , Regional Input Output Analysis, ( L o n d o n , S a g e P u b l i c a t i o n s . )

L a n d e s m a n n , M i c h a e l ( 1 9 8 3 ) , Disproponional Growth and Stmctural Change in The European Community, ( V i e n n a : I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r A p p l i e d S y s t e m A n a l y s i s . )

M e i e r , G e r a I d M . ( 1 9 7 6 ) , L eadingIssues in Econom ic Developm e/zr. ( N e w Y o r k : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ) T h i r d E d i t i o n .

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Miller, Ronald E . , Peter D. Blair (1985), Input-Output Analysis: Foundations a/irfFx/entio/u, (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Iilc.)

Piplow, Rolf (1983), Objectives of Industrial Changes and Some Conclusion on Using Input-Output Models, (Vienna: International Institute for Applied Systein Analysis.)

Round, Jeffrey I . (1979), "Compensating Feedback Effect in Interregional Input-Output Models", 7o«n7fl/ of Regjgnal Science, Vol 19, No. 2, pp. 145-155

Skolks, Jiri (1989), 'Input-Ouput Structural Decomposition Analysis for Austria" ,yo«ma/ of Policy Modelling, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 45-66

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163

Contributors to this Issue

Arifin, Bustanul Doctoral Candidate, L a n d R e s o u r c e s D e p a r t m e n t , I n s t i t u t e f o r E n v i r o n m e n t a l S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f W i s c o n s i n , M a d i s o n , U S A

Basri, Muh. Chatib Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a

Hulu, Edison L e c t o r e r , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , N o m m e n s e n H K B P U n i v e r s i t y , M e d a n

Ikhsan, Mohamad Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a

Moeis, Jossy P. Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , U n i v e r s i t y o f I n d o n e s i a , J a k a r t a

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