kingdom fungi. the characteristics of fungi body form *unicellular *multi-cellular
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Mycelium – Branched HyphaeMycelium – Branched Hyphae
fruiting bodiesfruiting bodies
both are composed of hyphae
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Heterotrophic -* Saprophytes or saprobes –
* Symbionts -
* Parasites –
• Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi
• Heterotrophic - 'other food' * Saprophytes or saprobes - feed on dead
tissues or organic waste (decomposers)* Symbionts - mutually beneficial
relationship between a fungus and another organism
* Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host. • Parasites that cause disease are called
pathogens.
Heterotrophic by AbsorptionHeterotrophic by Absorption• Fungi get carbon from organic sources
• Hyphae release enzymes
• Enzymatic breakdown of substrate
• Products diffuse back into hyphae
Product diffuses backinto hypha and is used
Nucleus hangs backand “directs”
Hyphal growthHyphal growth• Hyphae grow from their tips
• Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae
• Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
Lichen internal structureLichen internal structure
Lobaria
Lichens are nature’s biological indicators of Lichens are nature’s biological indicators of pollution and air quality.pollution and air quality.
Fungi are Spore-ific!!!Fungi are Spore-ific!!!
• Spores - asexual (product of mitosis) or sexual (product of meiosis) in origin.
Reproduce by sporesReproduce by spores• Formed:
* Directly on hyphae
Penicillium hyphae with conidia
Hyphal growth from sporeHyphal growth from spore
mycelium
germinatingspore
• Mycelia have a huge surface area
The Characteristics of FungiThe Characteristics of Fungi• Classified by how they reproduce.
• 100,000 Species (estimated 1.5 million species total).
• Found everywhere• Cell wall present, composed of cellulose and/or
chitin. • Food storage - generally in the form of lipids and
glycogen. • Eukaryotes - true nucleus and other organelles
present. • All fungi require water and oxygen.
Ascomycota – “sac fungi”Ascomycota – “sac fungi”
• Sexual Reproduction – asci (sing. = ascus) - SAC
• Asex. Reprod. – common
• Cup fungi, morels, truffles
• Important plant parasites & saprobes
• Yeast - Saccharomyces
• Decomposers, pathogens, and found in most lichens
A cluster of asci with spores inside
Sac fungi diversitySac fungi diversity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K9HyPxzNTPY&feature=related
Basidiomycota – “club fungi”Basidiomycota – “club fungi”
• Sexual Reproduction – basidia - CLUB
• Asexual reprod – not so common
• Rusts & smuts –plant parasites• Mushrooms, puffballs• Enzymes decompose wood,
leaves, and other organic materials
SEM of basidia and spores
Deuteromycota – Form Phylum Deuteromycota – Form Phylum “Imperfect Fungi”“Imperfect Fungi”
• Fungi that seldom or never reproduce sexually.
• Asexual reproduction by vegetative growth and production of asexual spores common.
YeastsYeasts
• Single celled fungi
• Adapted to liquids* Plant saps
* Water films
* Moist animal tissues
CandidaSaccharomyces
MoldsMolds• Rapidly growth• Asexual spores• Many human importances
* Food spoilage* Food products* Antibiotics, etc.
Noble Rot - Botrytis
HUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONSHUMAN-FUNGUS INTERACTIONS
• Beneficial Effects of Fungi * Decomposition - nutrient and carbon
recycling. * Biosynthetic factories. Can be used
to produce drugs, antibiotics, alcohol, acids, food (e.g., fermented products, mushrooms).