Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Plant Structure

Plant cells, like those of animals, are arranged into tissues and organs.

Plant Tissues

1) Meristematic tissue 2) Protective tissue 3) Vascular tissue 4) Fundamental tissue

Meristematic tissue

Site of cell division-MITOSIS!

Located at the apex (tip) of roots and shoots

Protective tissue

Epidermis-outer layer of cells on leaves, green stems, and roots

Cuticle-a waxy layer covering the epidermis that reduces water loss and protects against infection

Cork-protective tissue on woody stems (non-living)

Vascular tissue

Conducting tissues that transport food and water up stems to leaves

Xylem-transports water up

Phloem-transports food and minerals up and down

Fundamental tissue

Used in the production and storage of food Ex) parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Plant Organs

1) Roots 2) Stems 3) Leaves 4) Reproductive structures

Roots

Anchor plant in soil Store food Take up water and

nutrients from the soil May serve as asexual

reproductive structures (ex-tubers)

May have nitrogen fixing bacteria (legumes)

3 types of roots

1) Taproot-rapid growth, few secondary branches Ex) carrots, dandelions, beets, radishes

2) Fibrous- have a lot of secondary roots Ex) grasses

3) Adventitious-may grow out of stem above ground Ex) ivy, prop roots on corn

3 types of roots

Prop roots

Roots and Microorganisms

Symbiosis-relationship between 2 organisms where at least one benefits

Legumes-members of the pea family Ex) beans, peas, clover, alfalfa

Nitrogen fixing bacteria live in nodules on the roots of legumes. They convert “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.

Roots are for food storage and asexual reproduction

Stems

Hold leaves, may allow for movement of leaves in response to sunlight

Hold flowers, fruits, and seeds

Contain vascular tissue for transport

2 types of stems

Herbaceous-soft, green, juicy Ex) plants with short life cycles like annuals

Woody-thick, tough tissue that you think of as wood Ex) plants that generally live more than 2 years and

don’t die back in the winter-maples, pines, shrubs

Leaves

Sites of photosynthesis Can be simple or

compound Waxy cuticle prevents

water loss Have stomata to allow for

gas exchange and to reduce water loss

Stomatal opening

Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

Broad flat surfaces have large surface area Arrangement on stems allows all leaves to face

sunlight Some structures move to follow the path of

sunlight

Exception-cacti have leaves modified into spines for protection

Reproductive Structures

Cones (gymnosperms) Flowers (angiosperms)

Stamens Anther Filament

Pistil Stigma Style Ovary