knowledge politics and intercultural

7/27/2019 Knowledge Politics and Intercultural

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Knowledge Politics

and Intercultural Dynamics

Actions, Innovations, TransformationsV Training Seminar of Young Researchers in Intercultural Dynamics


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United Nations University

2012 United Nations University & CIDOB

2012 or each o their works:Elisenda Ardvol, Mieke Bal, Barbara Biglia Prez, Yann Bona Beauvois, OluwoleCoker, Katherine Chandler, Marco Antonio Chvez Aguayo, Yasser Farrs Delgado,Edgar Gmez Cruz, Alba, Marina Gonzlez Smeja, Ramin Jahanbegloo, EdurneJimnez Prez, Rajesh Kumar, Alberto Matarn Ruiz, Gonal Mayos Solsona,Yanko Moyano Daz, Sanjay Seth, David Ngendo Tshimba, Alexandra Zavos.

Proceedings o the "V Training Seminar o The Forum o Young Researchers inIntercultural Dynamics (FJIDI)" o the Barcelona Centre orInternational Aairs (CIDOB), held in Barcelona on 14-16 December 2011.FJIDI Coordinators: Yolanda Onghena & Alvise Vianello

Coordination: Alvise Vianello & Bet MaCopyediting: Laia Tarragona & Rahel AschwandenTranslations into English: Michael Bunn

CIDOB edicionsElisabets, 1208001 BarcelonaTel.: 933 026 [email protected]

Print: Color Marfl, S.L. BarcelonaISBN: 978-84-92511-40-2D.L.: B-30267-2012

Barcelona, November 2012


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Presentation ............................................................................................... 5

Introduction. Extranjeras, or how to exit cultural autism ...................... 7Mieke Bal

PANEL I

CATEGORIES AND GRAMMARS OF INTERCULTURAL DYNAMICS 27

Western knowledge and non-Western objects ...................................... 29Sanjay SethDecolonising territorial studies: epistemic considerations romthe case o Havana ................................................................................... 39Yasser Farrs Delgado and Alberto Matarn RuizGasping or breath: indigenous epistemology and the politicso knowledge production in Yoruba proverbs ....................................... 55Oluwole Coker5,000 eet is the best: re-viewing the politics o unmannedaerial systems ............................................................................................ 63Katherine Chandler

PANEL II

STRATEGIES AND RESISTANCE FROM THE POLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE 75

Intersecting relations o power and dierence in anti-racistactivist research ........................................................................................ 77Alexandra ZavosWhen the eld strikes back: science, technology and societyapproaches to eld work in sociocultural dynamicsin Guadalajara (Mexico) ........................................................................... 89Yann Bona BeauvoisI is other: Splitting as a strategy or approaching research

that includes ones own experience ........................................................ 97Alba Marina Gonzlez SmejaAgreements and disagreements on inhabiting the ringeso social research .................................................................................... 109Barbara Biglia Prez and Edurne Jimnez Prez

CONTENTS


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PANEL III

CONTEMPORARY MOBILITY AND ALTERATIONS 121

Options or an Intercultural World: Cultural Particularitiesand Shared Values .................................................................................. 123Ramin JahanbeglooIntercultural dialogue and cinema: a comparative studyo the representation o Islam in Hollywood and Bollywood ............. 131

Rajesh Kumar

PANEL IVPATHS OF CULTURE AND INCULTURE? 139

Knoweledge and culture, agents o barbarism? .................................. 141Gonal Mayos SolsonaThe other as a threat: beyond the 1994 Rwanda genocide ............... 157David Ngendo TshimbaAn arts council: what or? An historical and bibliographic reviewo the arm's length principle or current and uture internationalimplementation ....................................................................................... 169Marco Antonio Chvez AguayoThe visibility o political discourse on the internet .............................. 179Yanko Moyano Daz

CLOSING REMARKS 191

Digital technologies in the process o social research:theoretical and methodological refections throughvirtual ethnography ................................................................................ 193

Elisenda Ardvol and Edgar Gmez Cruz


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5

Ramin Jahanbegloo

Ts puct cts t pprs d cturs prstdt t V Tr Sr fr Yu Rsrcrs itrcuturDycs (FJiDi) f CiDobwc, udr t ttKwd

Pcs d trcutur dycs: cts, vts, trsfr-ts,tk pc brc tw Dcr 14-16, 2011.

T Fru ws crtd 2004 s t pc fr dctr stu-dts udr t frwrk f t itrcutur Dycs Prr fCiDob. it s t crt p spc fr t xc f ds drsrc ts, d y d fr rsrcrs wrk t fd f tr-cutur dycs fr utp dscpry prspctvs. T prps t

sts u t rd t t Fru tsf 2006, ftrtw yrs f crt d c rfct wrksps.

T ttc rs cs y t yu rsrcrs r dscussd ddtd truut t yr, cut t Tr Sr. Tfrst suc Sr, T ptcs f t dvrs: prduct, rct rpprprt f cutur spcts?, qustd dtts d r-s s trcutur prctc t src fr w spcs f ttd w ts fr vstt. T scd dt, T dycs fctct: ty, cutrs d cfcts trcutur rts,xd t sujct f spcs f ctct, s w s t dycs ttr stsd wt t, dv dpr t ssus f cfct -tt d t strts f trsfr t ucrtty f ctct

t kw cds. T trd dt ctud t s rsrctrjctry d pprcd t ssu f t ccrt f ty d,csquty, f t xc tw pp. Fr ts prspctv,w yzd t rtsp tw cutur d ptcs t rfct t f cutur dcrcy.

i 2010, wt t tt t furtr p t Tr Sr t wrs f rsrc d prtcpt, t yu rsrcrs f t Frursd t pr f frs-trs f kwd wc stsr utsd t pury cdc kwd r t tds ftrdt rsrc. Wt ts t furt sr ws r wcfcusd t Frs-otrs: Kw, , rrt, d

55

PRESENTATION


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PReSenTaTion

6

wt t prps t r ttr pts t, ccts dtrsfrts cp f rs tsvs wtut stt xsr crdts.

T fft dt f t Tr Sr tk pc 2011 d fwd ttt t ctu t rut tk d t qust t ptcs f kw-d tsvs d tr rtsp wt t crt d dvptf trcutur dycs. gudd y mk b, Sjy St, axdrZvs, R J y g my Ss, t prtcpts st-sd dt t ctrs f trcutur dycs s w s tr cpcty t dpt t dffrt dscpry prspctvs d t-ds. i ts ss, t fcus d s uc cdc kwd s tr surcs f kwd prduct d w s f frtdffus d kwd prcss. Ts vu, c t cttswc v ddrssd, prpss urus pts f vw tr f t rsrcr d t rsrc s w s t surcs f kw-d prduct, rcz t uts d ctrdcts wct yu rsrcr cutr w crry ut tr rsrc. byd

cdc kwd rfct prctcs tt prduc kwd t d d rrr t t tr d tru dtdvps t txts t dffcuts d tts f kwdd t pssty f trtvs d ptt pts fr w spcsf trcutur dycs. T puct s cuds t ts c-td t csur f t V Tr Sr, p t rtsptw tdc rsrc tds d t cstruct f pr-tcur fr f kwd, wt rfct, prtcur, t tcs f sc rsrc.

o ts ccs, ttr wt t fur drctrs f t ps wctrutd t trductry rtcs fr c f t cks f ts

puct, t vt d mk b s kyt spkr w, sdstrduc d ccud t sr, d du csttywt t prtcpts, prstd r f a stry f mdss. i tsvu w prst r trduct t ccpt f Extranjeras( utrst Sps tr ccrd t t utr).

T f ts puct s t dsst t cctv wrk f trs f t Fru f Yu Rsrcrs f CiDob d rcrd trwrk wc w ctu t crt rdr twrks tt dsstd dp t rsrc ts d study f trcutur dycs.

Tks t t crt f t Uvrsty f t Utd nts frt ac f Cvzts t V Tr Sr f FJiDi cud tk

pc d t ctrut cud utd t prst vu.

Yolanda OnghenaSr rsrc fw, CiDob

Alvise VianelloFJiDi Crdtr


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INTRODUCTION

EXTRANJERAS,ORHOWTOEXITCULTURALAUTISM

Mieke Bal

7


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9Mieke Bal

99

EXTRANJERAS,ORHOWTOEXITCULTURALAUTISM

Mieke Bal

Cultual Theoist ad Citic, Video Atist,Pofesso at the Amstedam School fo Cultual Aalysis (ASCA),

Uivesity of Amstedam

[email protected]

My d fo ts smn nd ts pubcton s smp: t s pos-sb to v bnd t potc nd cdmc mttonsmposd by tdton toug focusng on somtng i w

c, usng n untnstb Spns wod, etaeas. Wt etaeas, nd wt s t pont of nvong tm n ts contt?

in t popos fo n bton d n t spctcu nw MUaC(Muso Unvsto d at Contmpono) n Mco Cty, fomJnuy to Juy 2012, und t tt etnjs, cutos NstoGc Cncn nd and Gunt cm up wt ts wod. Tysum up t topc s tnsto d o popo o dfnt gn,somwt untnstb, but ppomty ndd s t tnston

fom ons own to t dffnt. Wt dos tt mn, nd owcn t p us n ou cdmc sc?

if w consd o popo (ons own) to mn outn wt wdy now s w s wt s ocd up n now concpton ofou vs nd wo wt i w povoctvy c cutu utsm i woud sy tt t gowt of nowdg dpnds by dfnton on mov towd dffnc, o etaeas. Fo t dpnds on ctndscontnuty, tt s, tnston, btwn wt w dy now ndt unpctd. T nd fo etaeas so ods fo t own oft dscpns, nd vn fo t md w us fo ou sc.

Etaeas not bsouty dffnt. Ty tt wc gos

byond t own, mng contct wt wt sms dffnt fomt pont of vw of t own tu tnston, wys dynmc,n movmnt. in t domn of cdmc sc i v cd sucmovmnts tvng concpts. as Jontn Cu (2006) sgud, Wstn cutu popgts t d tt you v to tv tom you fotun. On nds to undt ctng, dngous, ndtng tv to cqu nw pncs.

Cu wot ts t t opnng of n tc tt tcs t fotunsof t concpt of t pfomtv. Ts concpt md tun tp, tfst btwn posopy (w t ws usd fo t fst tm) nd t-tu (w t sovd fundmnt pobms w posng som


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ExTrAnjErAS, Or hOW TO exiT CUlTUral aUTiSM

10

knowdg dpndss muc on t

cognton tt

nbs us to connct

wt w dscov wt

wt w dy now,

s t dpnds on t

ctng pnc of

nwnss

1. i m mmb of n nfom

coctv of fmms cd

Cnm Sutcs. Fo suvy of

t fms, s www.mb.og/

twos/fms.

mttons of t posopc d); subsqunty, t tund to p-osopy nd fom t t wnt on to cutu studs, tunng gnto posopy. Ts fotun oos ot tt of t os of tpcsqu nov.

anot wy of bngng movmnt nto sc s t dvopmntof wt i v cd ntctu fndsp. Fo mp, NstoGc Cncn s wttn vw of Tavellig Cocepts n tmgzn EitBook, n wc ppovd of t d of fndsp wt ts ntmcy but so ts ctc pspctv s gud fo cutunyss (2011). Ts d fts n wt Motz Gnsns ontopotcsccodng to ltou, n ts voum. in ts sns, Gc Cncn sn ntctu fnd (Byson 2001). i m ppy tt TavelligCocepts s bn tnstd nto Spns, so tt my convstonswt Spns-spng cogus cn contnu nd gn n dpt.

accodng to my concpton of concpts tt usfu fo ntds-cpny nyss, t connctons btwn t nd sc

byond t tonsps btwn objct two nd subjct ts of t nyst, cpb of opnng t wos up to t gz oft spcttos. accodng to t dfnton of etaeas, i woudcontnd tt btwn t two, ton of ntsubjctvty pvs,n wc t two ptcpnts cn n fom c ot bcus oft dffncs. i woud vn submt tt ts ntsubjctv ton-sp s ndspnsb nd tt, n consqunc, etaeas quyndspnsb.

Nvtss, f t s bsout dscontnuty, w cnnot cqu nwnowdg, t. knowdg dpnds s muc on t cogntontt nbs us to connct wt w dscov wt wt w dy

now, s t dpnds on t ctng pnc of nwnss. i swn t bton popos n oppotunty to stngtn n ntc-tu fndsp tt dy std: btwn tvng concpts ndetaeas. i ptcpt n Cncn nd Gunts bton wt tcobotv wos tt i consd pmnt documnts.1

W v md ts fms wt vous motvtons, but n mpotnton fo m s cdmc sc ws to go byond t mttonsof wt w cn do wt tdton md suc s boos nd jouns.Tos md mtd bot n tms of dt nd of t ntnddudncs spcsts n t now sns. Snsng tos mttons,w sougt to mn wt etaeas mn nvsb s ong s wdocy spct t mts btwn dscpns nd mdums. an nt-

gnt nd opn us of dffnt dscpns nd md, n contst,ows us to do muc mo, nd to m vsb ncng spcts ndnuncs; tt s to sy, w cn dscov etaeas.

Audio-VisualMedia: Documentingextranjeras

T cutos v sctd t fms fo t bton: BecomigVea (2008), Coloy(2007), nd Elea (2006). a t vov ound concpt tt qus ntdscpny nyss, nd t t sm tmptn to t d of etaea. T fst on concns t-y-od g nd dntty; t scond, mutnton compny fombfo t Scond Wod W, nd t soc spcts of t bou


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11Mieke Bal

tons t nvntd nd mpmntd; nd t td s dogu o,mny, monoogu by romnn womn wos son s ft foCnd n mgton. it nds up concnng concpt i d nvtougt of, wc i v subsqunty cd fcng (B 2006). Bow,you s vdo st of c of ts fms.

Figure 1. Still from Becoming Vera (2008) by Mieke Bal, Alexandra Loumpet

Galitzine, and Michelle Williams Gamaker. Documentary, 54 minutes.

Figure 2. Still from Colony (2006) by Michelle Williams Gamaker, Mieke Bal, Gary

Ward, Zen Marie, and Thomas Sykora. Documentary, 33 minutes.


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12

Becomig Veacbts t

mgnton s

too gnst t

ncosus t cutu

constctons mpos on

subjcts, ncudng t

concpts wt wc

w fm ou objcts

of nyss

2. Ts fm ws scnd t v-

nng bfo t smn bgn

(Dcmb 14t, Bcon t ats

Snt Monc). in my concpton, t

ws n ntg pt of my ctu.

Figure 3. Still from Nothing Is Missing Elena (2006) by Mieke Bal. Multiple-screen

video installation, 2530 minutes (looped).

in wt foows i w pn ow, n dffnt wys, ts vdos mps of t us of t udovsu mdum of vdo to compmntt concpts wtout wc w cnnot do sc; to ovcom on oft mttons of ou cdmc wo; nd to cv nd of tns-ton byond t pstmoogc domn ony. in c vdo t s

n etaea tt pcuds fc concusons, tt tnsfoms tconcpts, nd tt n t nd comps us to n pstmoogc modstymposd by t ontoogc dffnc s w s by ctv ppom-ton btwn sc nd t. if you v sn ou fm A Log Histoyof Madess (2011) t s sy to s wt i mn by tt.2

in Becomig Vea w fmd mutcutu t-y-od g tg w consdd to b t pvot momnt wn s bgn to dv-op conscous wnss of dntty. W td to gt btt gpon t ntu of dntty nd ow t concpt ps nd, t t smtm, mts ou undstndng of cutu bng. Cutuy nd tn-cy, V s Cmoonn (o t, Bmun), russn, nd Fnc. intms of soc css s s of stoctc ng on bot pnts sds;

snc pnts so ntctus, s s ot of t ound, ncudng contdctoy tngs; nd conomcy s vs qutmodsty n Ps. Tus summzd, s s t tnc dntts ndt css dntts. and w V s stongy fmd by t mbtonsnd poccuptons of pnts, s postons sf n t stoss nvnts, fctons n wc s ntgts dss nto wt ss d ound . Jumpng toug t wod ccodng to ownytm, nd ttmptng to s toug ys, t fm Becomig Veacbts t mgnton s too gnst t ncosus t cutuconstctons mpos on subjcts, ncudng t concpts wt wc wfm ou objcts of nyss.


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13Mieke Bal

Wt mtts n Vsf s ndctd s

cutu ctznsp

nd wt t fm

pos s t wys n

wc ts ctznsp

s constuctd nd

tnsmttd

3. Fo mo tnsv dscusson of

t ssus tt ts fm psnts,

s B 2009.

4. My ntptton of V, f

nd stuton, s my own pons-

bty ony. h mot ptcptd

n t mng of t fm, nd w

pobby s tngs qut dff-

nty.

in Coloy t pspctv s mo stoc. Ts fm s bout mutn-ton copotons t t bgnnngs, nd t consquncs fo twos ty mpoy t pop wo v by vtu of, nd fo, tbusnss of t mpoys. h, no stsfctoy concpt ps us con-cud; tt of pogss dos not wo, nd nc, no dos tt ofdvopmnt. Elea, fny, s vy pson documnt tt sowsus t pnc of womn bongng to goup nv documntdbfo, nd bout wc t md do not t: t mots of mgnts,womn wo sty bnd n t county of dptu, t ouss mptyof t cdn. Ty mn uncnowdgd nd ngctd, s f tydd not st. i w connct c of ts vdos to t concpts cntfo t nyss on wc ty bougt to b, nd w dtmnto wt tnt t udovsu mdum s ndspnsb fo t nyss,wtout dsmssng s dundnt t tdton nfomton md sucs boos nd jouns. Toug ts commnty i op to nsw tqustons to wc ts smn ws dvotd.

Becomig Vea qustons t mtng spcts of wt w v nd

to vu s dntty potcs n ou ttmpts to b wt t gm-ony of wt, wty, nd tosu mn n potcs, cutu, ndt cdmy. Coloyms to quston t ptnsm n mutntonbou tons n t fst f of t 20t cntuy, nd jutpos tmto t cync tntvs of tody. T fm so documnts ctncontnuty btwn tos two tttuds. Tt s to sy, t qustons tstocst d of pogss, s w s t sot-tm cutu mmoytt consds t cunt bou mgton s somtng nw. Eleams to m vsb wt mns sncd smpy bcus t s ov-ood n t study of mgton. it consds t concpt of pncnd wt t dspcmnt of mgnts mns fo tos wo stybnd. hnc, ts t wos, dffnt s ty , ndos t

concpts w wo wt nd mn t mtng ffcts.

From identity to cultural citizenship3

Wn i sowd Becomig Vea to n ntnton udnc nGmny, Fnc vw pssd s stonsmnt tt w dmd suc Fnc fm. T m cy wnt byond t obv-ous, nmy tt t cd wo s t fms mn cct s, n fct,smpy Fnc. S ws bon n Ps, toug bougt ov fomCmoon fo t occson; mot s pmy Fnc, nd svs t, most of t tm. S gos to scoo n Fnc, nd nc,s s n t pocss of bng spd by tt focfu scoo systm i

dm nd fnd confnng t t sm tm, vn f s spnds mucof summ odys n Cmoon. as you notcd, ts fomsof Fncnss subjct to som qufcton, but tn gn, ts mnotn.4

Mo tn dntty, wt mtts n Vs f s ndctd s cu-tu ctznsp nd wt t fm pos s t wys n wc tsctznsp s constuctd nd tnsmttd. T cs of t vy youngcd, ppy unw of t pssu on cutu dntty tt oug mposs on ts ctzns, nds tsf vy w to suc n nquy. Tfm dmonstts t fst gmpss of t tnsfomton nto cu-tu ctznsp. But wt nd of ctznsp s ts?


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14



Vs ft sys tt contct, s coonzton s upmstcycd, ony stngtnd t cutu of t Cmoonn ngdom ofBmun. Snc t confontton wt euop, cms, t st

vy spcfc mcnsms ...

of sstnc nd suvv tnsto wc t ngdom of Bmunsuvvs t mjo potc mntsof t stoy of t 20t cntuy

rsstnc nd suvv v cy svd t ngdom fom dms.T coonz, n ts cs Fnc, s tus stngtnd nstd ofwnd t cutu ctznsp of t Bmun. Vs ft s m-sf cs n pont: vng bn ductd, fst, n t Fnc coonscoo systm, tn t Psn unvsty, nvtss tund tooccupy s poston n t ngdom. h ts s sm dugts pos-ton s n n t ng tmy sousy:

of t ncnt ognzton wysbsd on ng, potc d s ong s t Njs suvvnd t tnsmsson contnust ngdom of Bmun suvvs, ncs s cd to ...... nsu t contnuty

Fom ts pspctv, w cn s t nt ognzton of t tu oundVs ntonmnt s Fnc-dvn sston of Bmun cutu ctzn-sp. Bmun, by t wy, s so potc ntty wtout potc ctznspn t fom of psspots; t ngdom s pt of t rpubc of Cmoon.


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15Mieke Bal

Btwn t gsof t nd fou,

V tvsd mny

ndscps, pong

w s coms fom,

to com nto own

Somdy, Vs Fnc cutu unwnss d to cng. hpnts w bound to tnsmt to som of wt ty got tns-mttd to tm, fgmnts of ot cutus tn Ps, fom wct fst s cn pc nd coos mnts tt sut own py. Wsougt to cptu tt cng n t fm. Btwn t gs of tnd fou, V tvsd mny ndscps, pong w s comsfom, to com nto own. T fms tt fs not to t od dof bcomng s tnston to pmnnt stt, owv, but moto n ontoogy of nstbty; mo Duzn tn, sy, ccodng to psyconyss-nspd commonsns noton of dntty. in nd oftsf, t qustons cutu ctznsp.

Cy, pnts, bot ntopoogsts, oo upon t dugtssttus n t Bmun tdton wt doub vw. Doub, not dvdd; fts commtmnt to sttus n Bmun s tot, vn f smsnot wotdy convncd of t tnogpc tut of t :

s must ntuy py o

vn wtout nowng ti sd t ot Njsdont you tn ss vy good?nd ty nswdno ts not s wo cts

Pps Vs cutu ctznsp of Bmun, wc compmnts Fncnss, w b nfctd by ts stng ntgton of comptcommtmnt wt t scptcsm of ntopoogc cnnnss; cn-nnss ncud n Fnc unvsty, toug t ns of Fncg ducton.

a sm doub gnc sns toug Vs bvou dung ttu, cptud wt gt ntmcy. as ft poudy commntson bng good nd t ds pn tt pttud s tsut of tu occupton by t ncstos spts, s sts st foous w t womn nd mn of fts pop dnc ound. Ts ws qut stonsng nd movng ndd. But just wn tmgs suggst sm g md t objct of n ncompnsbtu, sf-bsobd fc suddny gts up n sm to somonoutsd t fm.Cy, s s bot nsd t stuton nd ds-tncd fom t wn t suts .

h mot, so n ntopoogst nd t ston, too V toruss fo t fst tm, to ncount sd of w s coms

fom. in russ, n Moscow nd suoundngs, s vstd t stts of mots ncstos, wo w d dung t vouton. h,V uns ound n t sttng of stoc socts dscbd ndsomtms mocd by Pusn, w stct soc us dtmndgndd vs. a ospt, wy stton, town, nd pc, cd ft mots nm, cnnot but stons t tt g.Tus, s n Fumbn, ong wt cutu dntty, t s cssdntty tt s mod to . and ts, to put t bunty, s s mucn tnson wt vydy stuton n Ps s s sttus s od-st dugt of t Ng n Bmun. h Fncnss s bound to cssnomty fom wc t two ot spcts of bcgound st pt.


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16

Cy, fo V tsvsuy nggng

ndscps sm sy

ntgtd nto c

fntsy wod

5. h s cts s f pctcng t

tcngs of afcn-amcn tst

Fd Wson (Con 1995).



Cy, fo V ts vsuy nggng ndscps sm sy nt-gtd nto c fntsy wod. equy cy, nd n contst tot vson of t eds n Fumbn, s ts bts of bng nto own nds. in russ, s oos t pntngs nd scuptus n tstty oms mot sows , but onto ts pcs of fctons pojcts mgnd stos. Ts, n tun, cy nfuncdby cutu suoundngs. Fo mp, n pntng of Copt

s ponts out t bc mn n t bcgound.

5

Vs mot and counts ow gt-gndmot bdt young Pusn fom coutng dugts. in ts contt smntons t possbty tt svy ws t bcgound of Pusnsncstos v n russ:

by t wy, ty sy tt Pusnwo ws ...dscndnt of young Cmoonnwo ws pobby tn n svyto t cout of Pt t Gtws coutng t young Gtzn gs

nc my gt-gt gndmot dfusd m ccss to Vzomy ous

at tt momnt n t fm, V covs ys s f ofd by tstoy of svy. Wn mot contnus suggstng t gt-gndmots pobb csm nd/o csssm n ts ntdcton, Vsts on t sts mng ndgnnt fcs.

T most tngb st of ncount btwn V nd Pusn s tbust, wc functons s mb tgt of dntfcton fo ttt g. S cognzs t s afcn t russn. Pusns afcndntty s c n t bust, most unmbguousy n t cuy . and


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17Mieke Bal

6. On Pusns afcn bcgound,

s Gnmmnou 1997 nd

lounsbg 2000 nd 2006. Fo n

tndd dscusson of V s

contmpoy Ttn (t womn

cct n Pusns EugeeOegi, 1833), s B 2008.

tt s n fct Vs on nd ony cy afcn ftu. Vs, dnsy cud, godn-bond, coms up sv tms n t fm,s modst motv. it s md upon, bdd n afcn sty, ndcngs sv tms, tus ttctng ttnton. in t tt scn wtt bust, s s cy poud of buncs. in smotc tms, tncount s bsd on subt concty tt Vs fng, tu nd,ponts out to t vw.6

Cy, vn t ts young g s s not smpy pssv cpnt ofts cutu nousmnt. Towd t nd, t s togu wnV, most fng sp, ts nto toy pon:



(to t bndts) bndts, wts com ov you?

i t you to stop t!

and:to wom you spng?V:(to and) im tng to t two gntmn(to t bndts)ys ys but ...(to t ots n t oom)wn i m on t ponon dosnt m nos!(to t bndts)ys, im fnbut wt you dong


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18

in ts stunnng pywt fntsy, ty

spcfcy, mut-

nton bcgound

bcoms n ngdnt

fo t mgnton.

and t ddss s

t nco of bot

domns

is t ovcomng ofcoonsm v b to

vod nocoonsm?

n Bus stt?no, w NOT n Psw n Moscow!no, not t !no, w not n Fumbnft ts w go to Ps

in ts stunnng py wt fntsy, ty spcfcy, mut-ntonbcgound bcoms n ngdnt fo t mgnton. and tddss s t nco of bot domns. T ntnton fgus ofbndts, obvousy, nt Vs mgnton fom dng nd t-vson. But n sftng ddsss, V so cngs dscouss,wt fn sns of wt s bcomng n ctn stuton. Tys im fn s nd ps of potnss. T bossy qustfo snc s cs of o-pyng. But t so sows tt s s notsmpy bsobd n mgny wod. Ts s ow s pcuds cutu ctznsp to tnsfom nto gd, sngu cutu dntty.

Vs cnny ddss ts us tt suc mtus not nv oomntc, but n tmy svvy wy of dng wt confnmnt(n gnd, css, o cutu, t foms of bongng tt d to noton of cutu ctznsp) to pc nd coos nd tus consttut,o bcom, onsf. Ts, tn, s t stoy V dmonstts to us:t stoy of t psnt t ntcutu ty n wc w v.

Colony: Labourrelations

Coloys pmy st n Btng, ind, n 2006. Fom t psnt,t fm oos bc to t pst; oftn wt ongng nd sns of

oss, but so wt qustons. Ts qustons n tun ddss tfutu. Btng tody s cumbng outpost of t Bt emp.in ts ydy 16,000 wos vd nd wod togt fo t Btognzton. T Czc-bon so mnufctu Toms Bt stb-sd s compny s n y mutnton compny s fmybusnss n 1894 wt t m of povdng sos fo t pop oft wod. h nvsond wod w no mn nd go bfootnd mpoyd mny tousnds to m ts ty. hs gcys bn pssd down t gntons to Toms Bt Juno, sgndson, now t cunt CeO.

Bt ws n pmnt n soc c s mns of ncsng poft n ot wods, of mgng pvt nd soc vs wt t wo

pop dd. T Bt fmy spt tndd to t wo foc wopoducd t sos n t stt outposts of ts mp.

T fm opns, but dos not nsw t quston so cuc to tcontmpoy wod: s t ovcomng of coonsm v b tovod nocoonsm? l t fms fom t coctv CnmSutcs, t fm s no voc-ov, no pntoy ntv. instd,t pop n t t t own stos, t own vsons nd vws ofwt t mnt to b nvovd n ts mssv ntps cd Bt gobzd busnss, w woud now c t.


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19Mieke Bal


Ward, Zen Marie, and Thomas Sykora. Documentary, 33 minutes.


Ward, Zen Marie, and Thomas Sykora. Documentary, 33 minutes..


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20

T fm s potc n ts ctc psntton of bot pst ds ndcontmpoy tntvs. a potc fm, w found, s not fmtt coms up wt potc concusons but on tt opns up tvydy to ts potc spcts nd tn vs t to ts vws tofct on ow t potc of t psntd stuton sps to town potcs. T fm s mgtoy n t sns of my g pojcton mgtoy sttcs. Ts bcoms c n t focus on t tns-pot of t fbcton of sos to t soutn msp, wcp bou ncsd poft but t t sm tm poducd jobs fot mpoyd. as sut of ts, tsns ost t cnts to gbusnsss. T fm pos, n ot wods, t dctc of nt-nton commc. Coloy s so mgtoy n ts oos sttcfoms s w s n ts mut-vocd contnt. it bous t tcsof stutons nd tonsps of t pst tt coou t psntwod. hnc t mutd, somwt dusty coous n psnt-dyBtng. and bcus t s no pogss, fm Elea bcmncssy.

Extranjerasofhistory: Onfacing

Elea ws md s n mnt of t vdo nstton nothig IsMissig. Ts nstton conssts of sv f-ou vdos, wt mmum of svntn, dspyd on od-fsond montos. imgn vng oom n pubc spc. Vstos nvtd to st n mcs oon sofs. aound tm, womn sp to somon s. T ntocu-tos pop cos to ts womn, ntmts, but t tonspwt tm s bn ntuptd du to t mgton of t womnscdn: gnd-cd ty dd not s gow up; cd-n-w tydd not coos o ppov of; o t mgtd cd tsf. T ntm-

cy, wc s somtms fugt wt sgt unsnss, s cctstcof t stuton. Somtms you t ot voc, but somtmsyou do not.

Communcton unfods btwn t womn nd tv, but duto t nstton st-up, so btwn t womn, nd btwn twomn nd t vstos, t onc. T pfomtv spct on ts vs bngs bout mgng of communctons. T mcscn b movd o tund, s f on w vstng t womn on tscn, concnttng on sng mot o tntng ons ttn-ton mong tm. T womn fmd n consstnt cos-up, spotts. T ntssy pmnnt mg of t fcs povds modst monumnt to t womn wo suffd ts pofound osss.

it so focs vws to oo ts womn n t fc, n t ys, ndstn to wt ty v to sy, n ngug tt s fogn, usngpssons tt sm stng, but n dscous w cn , ffc-tvy, t to.

T s no ntv voc; ony t mots do t tng. any snsof tousm s cfuy vodd: w ntnsy vsu, t fms sownt monumntty no pctusqu scny. No spctc s offdto gtfy ds fo buty. instd, t fms ngg ntmty wtt ndvdus concnd. a sound s dgtc. indcty, t nst-ton consttuts monumnt to tos mots wo w ft bnd,bft of tos ty most csd.


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21Mieke Bal

Figure 9. Overview of the installation Nothing Is Missing (20062010) by Mieke Bal.

Multiple-screen video installation, 2530 minutes (looped). Exhibited at 2MOVE:

Migration + Video, Zuiderzeemuseum, Enkhuizen, the Netherlands, 20072008.

Photo by Astrid Van Weyenberg.

Figure 10. Still from Nothing Is Missing Elena (2006) by Mieke Bal. Multiple-

screen video installation, 2530 minutes (looped).

intmcy n t fms s nncd not ony by t subjct dscussd t dptu of t cd wo ft fo Not amc o Wstneuop but so bcus t mots t to somon cos to tm.Moov, t fmm sts t sot, swtcs t cm on, ndvs t oom, ony to tun ft t ottd tm. Ts gstu of


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22

My pmy go s topo t possbty

of n sttc

undstndng wc,

toug ntmcy nd

bdgng t gps

dug by gobzton,

cn ptcpt n t

potc

bndonng utoty nd vng wt ppns to cnc, sndp-ty, nd t ntcton btwn t two pop (of wom ony tmot s vsb) ms t fmng gy pfomtv. Tngs p-pn btwn t spng pts, but ts s du to t fmng ttn ny dctons fom t m. Ts pfomtv spct nncst vu of t pocss, som of wc s so t ssu dung vwng.

My pmy go s to po t possbty of n sttc und-stndng wc, toug ntmcy nd bdgng t gps dug bygobzton, cn ptcpt n t potc. Fo t concpt of s-ttcs i vt to t gtnt cntuy, to t posop andGottb Bumgtn (1970 [1750]), wo dvopd t concpt ofsttcs s bndng toug t snss. h so consdd sttcss usfu focus fo t potc. Fo t concpt of t potc i ooto t dstnctons btwn potcs nd t potc poposd byJcqus rnc (1999) nd Cnt Mouff (2005).

in ts dstncton, potcs s t ognzton tt stts confct; t

potc s w confct ppns. Yt, t s by vtu of t potctt soc f s possb. it cn tv, b v, nd so b dng-ous. No wond, tn, tt w usuy s to vod confct by mnsof consnsus. Potcs coms n to vt t potnt of dng ndconstnty ttmpts to dmpn t potc. a postv vw of confctmgt sound countntutv. Snc most of us ov to t potcs sdomnng nd mncng, w tnd to ttbut t ngtvty of con-fct to potcs t tn to ts countpt, ynng to b ssudby potc ds tt confct cn b dctd. and tu noug,w scw confct n ou own soc nvonmnt. Yt, s Mouffcognty gus, t cutu of consnsus sutng fom potcs dosnot mnt confct t ; t suppsss confct, vng t to ts own

potnty vocnc dvcs nd focng t undgound. Potcs s nfct gy cusvst, nd vs by t ngton of t ndcbcct of ntgonsm (2005, 10). it s so n btnt contdctonto t vd soc ty, n wc confct s gny psnt.

Wt ts dstncton n mnd w btt quppd to undstnd tpotc pont of t fms ntmcy. how do two pop wo, ft f togt, so dstcy sptd, sp to c ot? in tsconvston t momnts w t monoogu tnsfoms ntodm. Fo mp, just wn en s t t pont of compnngbout usbnd (Smons ft), t young mn ntupts tos bout somtng vy dffnt.

vy tm somon woud comto s fo my ndft woud stt gungsyng wtv cm to s mnd woud syp you mout sut, you stupd g, sty out of t

tts ow t ws fo m

ft i cm t ws t smwt you ft i st d d f cn you t bt bout m?


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23Mieke Bal

instd of to b s tob pcvd nd i

tn, tfo i m,

fcng poposs, i fc

(you), nc, w

Cy, t ntvw dos not ony sv to m pop t but soto sut tm up. Tt s wt t son s dong . it s sy to und-stnd wy.

Of t vdos of wc ts pojct conssts, Elea s t cstmp of fcng, t concpt t ctuy cts. Fcng s ttngs, o cts, t onc. lty, fcng s t ct of oong somons n t fc. it s so comng to tms wt somtng tt s df-fcut to v down by oong t n t fc t tn dnyng opssng t. Tdy, t s mng contct, pcng t mpss on tscond pson, nd cnowdgng t nd of tt contct smpy nod to b b to sustn f. instd of to b s to b pcvdnd i tn, tfo i m, fcng poposs, i fc (you), nc, w. Fo ts son, fcng s my popos fo pfomnc of con-tct coss dvsons tt vods t tps of unvsst cuson ndtvst condscndnc.

T pcpton-mg s t sut of t vws scton fom t

vsb wod of tos mgs tt mgt b usfu fo . T cton-mg psnts possbts to ct upon wt s sn. in btwn, tffcton-mg comps t vw wo s ffctd by t pcp-ton to consd cton. in nothig Is Missig, nd po n Elea,ts t typs of mgs cumnt n t mtgtd cos-up of tfc tt sutts btwn pcpton-mg nd ffcton-mg wt-out t p to cton. h, t tn pssv pcvdnss ttnds ov umn gncy, goousy ffmd scond-psonoods dspyd. T pcvdnss tt t pdomnnc of t cos-upfogounds ds to n mpowng pfomtvty. Ts bngs m tot cdmc quston of ntdscpnty. Wt t m of tnsfom-ng t fom fsonb tm nto n ntctuy sponsb nd

spcfc d, ntdscpnty cn b mod of t mnng of tpposton nt- tt i m ntstd n: s pctc of sngutonty.

Wt ts n mnd, t fc, wt t potnt ts concpt-mgposssss, smd n cnt pc to stt. But to dpoy t fcfo ts pupos qus on mo ngtv ct: t mnton of noppssv sntmntst umnsm tt s ppoptd t fcfo unvsst cms n tfod wy s t wndow of t sou,s t y to dntty tnstd nto ndvduty, nd s t st ofpocng. Wt ts mov i so s to suspnd ny tndncy to snt-mntzng ntpttons of nothig Is Missig.

T buss of t fc tt ndvdusm undpns , n tun,tcutd by mns of fom of tougt tt confuss ogn wttcuton, nd uns on stocsm s smpstcy n s t sobsssv. Common ogn s pmy doogy of unvssm. Tsnvovs motood: umn bngs bon fom mot (vnf ts unvs s no ong tu). Cton stos fom ound twod tnd to woy bout t bgnnng of umnty n tms of tnonumnty tt pcds t. Psyconyss pmy pojcts ontot mtn fc t bgnnng of t cds sttc tonty.Bot t dscous of psyconyss nd, s i w dmonstt soty,tt of sttcs sow t nd n ts scs fo bgnnngs.Bot scs fo ogns pdctd on ndvdusm, ncod s


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Wt utotsdspyng g nty

ov t nvsbty

of t ismc vd

fc, w cnnot

ovstmt t

mpotnc, not of t

fc p s, but of t

doogy of t fc

fo t constucton of

contmpoy soco-potc dvds

ty n t mytc stuctu of vouton s ongong spton,spttng, nd spcfcton.

Tody, wt utots dspyng g nty ov t nvsbty oft ismc vd fc, w cnnot ovstmt t mpotnc, notof t fc p s, but of t doogy of t fc fo t constuctonof contmpoy soco-potc dvds. To sow bfy t wongsof ts doogy i oo to n t-stoc pubcton tt nd tsstps n ts own fd: study on t pott, t tstc gn pcnc w ndvdusm s t condton sn qu non of tgns vy stnc. T pont of t pott s t bf n t stnc of t pson dpctd, t vt tonsp btwnt pott nd ts objct of psntton (Bnt 1991, 8).T potts tt compos nothig Is Missig cng ts jontssumptons of ndvdusm nd sm, s w s t cm to gn-zd vdty.

T womn n ts wo , of cous, , s s you nd m,

nd ndvdu s dffnt fom you nd m s t wods dvdsv pogmmd. at fst sgt, ty v so bn documntds suc. at t sm tm, owv, t nstton nbs tm tosp togt fom wtn cutu-potc poston tt mstm bsouty dstnct nd bsouty connctd t onc. Ts s tmnng of t sncs tt suggsts ty stnng to on not,vn f ty nv mt n ty.

as fo t documnty ntu of t mgs, gn, ts s bot obv-ous nd obvousy fs, snc t stuton of spc s fmd s botyppson nd utty stgd. i fmd t mgnts mots t-ng bout t motvton to suppot o ty to wtod t cdn

wo wsd to v nd bout t own gf to s tm go. Tmots t bout ts cuc momnt n t pst to pson costo tm, oftn somon wos bsnc n f ws cusd by tcds dptu. Ts s fst t on t unvs pfomnc ofcontct i wnt to popos, gnst t mo cusonst unvsts.in ts pfomnc, i contnd, ntmcy pys tsf out gnst todds of gobzton-nfomd spton.

T ct nd mod of fmng tsf s mpctd n ts totcmov. it s, n on sns, pfcty nd pps cssvy documnt-y. i stgd t womn, sd t ntocutos to t pc bndt cm, st t sot, tund t cm on, nd ft t scn.Ts mtod s ypbocy documnty. To undn ts spct i

fnd fom dtng ts sots. A sow, unsmoot, nd psont suts n etaea.

T ntssy pmnnt mg of t fcs s mnt to foc vw-s to oo ts womn n t fc, nd stn to wt ty v tosy. Ts s scond fom of t pfomnc of contct. T motsbcomt ods of t nt-fc. T fc s nt-fc s n occ-son fo n cng tt, ffct-bsd s t my b, s fundmntn opnng up t dscous of t fc to t wod.Ony wn sts t toub nd t tm to ptcpt n t etaea of tsntcton cn s cv, o n, sns of ptcpton.


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25Mieke Bal

W nd to m ttnston fom n

ssntst concpton

of sttc cutu to

pfomtv on, of

t confontton of

wt w cn c t

cutu

in od to b b to

mn wt w cndo to undstnd t

contmpoy wod on

ts own tms, w must

t ou cutu utsm

Conclusion: WhattoDo?

Wt cn w do, n ou wo of sc, to t cutu utsm?in t t fms i v bfy dscussd, t mgs wo wt tunfodng of t ffcton-mg. Cos-ups subvt n tm. Ts sow ty nscb t psnt n t mg. Btwn ntv mgsnd cos-ups, tn, ptcu nd of nttmpoty mgs: ontt stgs stugg btwn fst ntv nd stss. Btwn tpcpton of etaeas tt s n ctn wy unsttng nd ncton you st pond, ffct mgs.

T cos-ups possss tmpo dnsty, nbtd by t pst nd tfutu, w ffct (nd spcy, t ffct poducd by cos-ups)mns n vnt n t psnt. Ts s not n vnt n t punctusns but sc of pocss dung wc t tn vnts unfodmo sowy nd vn mn out of vw. Bcomng fs to tpsnc of t pst, ts psnt tns. if w consd ts psnt nt domn of t soc, w cn no ong dny ou sponsbty fo

t njustcs of t pst, vn f w not guty of tm. T ffc-ton-mg bnds wt pcpton tt dy too pc but vs tc tt cn d to n cton n t futu.

Ts nbs us, s scs, to z t conncton, n t psntnd coss cutu dvds, btwn ss of dscouss nd ctvtstt outny ttd t s spt o sponsby combnd.Of t womn of nothig Is Missig, i v nd tt t nvoc-ton of dscpny fm cn somtms do mo m tn goodto t ds tt w ty to dvop toug t. W nd to m ttnston fom n ssntst concpton of sttc cutu to p-fomtv on, of t confontton of wt w cn c t cutu;

of cutu s pocss of contstton nogous to t dstnctonMouff ms btwn potcs nd t potc. Tus t bcoms pos-sb to m t tnston fom ons own to t dffnt bymns of etaeas. it s n ts dcton tt i s t possbty totcut n ntcutu dynmc n t gobzd wod. T fcoos nd tuns t spctto nto n ntocuto. it fcs somtngtt s dffcut to cnowdg. in od to b b to mn wtw cn do to undstnd t contmpoy wod on ts own tms,w must t ou cutu utsm.

Bibliography

B, M. Tavellig Cocepts i the Humaities: A rough Guide.Toonto: Unvsty of Toonto Pss, 2002. Spns tnston:Coceptos viaeos e las humaidades: Ua gua de viae (tns. Yzhnndz Vzquz. Muc, Spn: Cndc, 2009).

Fcng Svnc. Itemdialits, n. 8 (autumn, 2006), p. 189-224.

Mngs, n: ec d hd, Wm hons nd Jnny Stmn(ds.) Liteatue ad Beyod: Festschift fo Willem G. Weststei o theOccasio of his 65th Bithday. amstdm: Pgsus, 2008 , p. 65-91.


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Bcomng t Wod vsus idntty Potcs. nodlit: Tidsskift i lit-teatu og kultu, n. 24 (2009), p. 9-30.

Bumgtn, and Gottb. Aesthetica. Hildesheim. Gmny:Oms, 1970 [1750].

Bnt, rcd. Potaitue. Cmbdg, Ma: hvd Unvsty Pss,1991.

Byson, Nomn. Itoductio to Lookig I: The At of Viewig, byMieke Bal. amstdm: G & B ats intnton, 2001.

Cncn, Nsto Gc. intmdd ctc. EitBook,n. 15 (2011). p.112-15.

Con, ls G. Contmpoy atsts Go fo Boqu, n: ls G.Con nd Jont Spc(ds.) Goig fo Baoque: 18 CotempoayAti sts Fasciated with the Baoque ad rococo . Btmo: T

Contmpoy nd T Wts, 1995. p. 17-33.

Cu, Jontn. T Pfomtv, n: The Liteay i Theoy.Stnfod, Ca: Stnfod Unvsty Pss, 2006, p. 137-65.

Duz, Gs. Ciema 1: The Movemet-Image. Tas. HughTomliso ad Babaa Habbeam . Mnnpos: Unvsty ofMnnsot Pss, 1986.

Gnmmnou, Dudonn. Nw rsc on Pusns afc:hnnbs homnd. reseach i Afica Liteatues, vo. 28, n. 4(1997), p. 220-23.

lounsbg, ann. Sou Mn: and Pusn, t Bc russn.Tasitio, vo. 9, n. 4 (2000). p. 42-61.

Bound by Bood to t rc: Pusn n afcn amcnContt, n: Ctn Tm Npomnyscy, Nco Svobodny ndludm a. (ds.) Tigos Ude the Sky of My Afica: Aleade Pushkiad Blackess. evnston, il: Notwstn Unvsty Pss, 2006, p.248-78.

Mouff, Cnt. O the Political. Nw Yo nd london: routdg,2005.

rnc, Jcqus. Disageemet: Politics ad Philosophy (tns. Juros). Mnnpos: Unvsty of Mnnsot Pss, 1999.


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PANEL I

CATEGORIES AND GRAMMARS

OF INTERCULTURAL DYNAMICS

WESTERNKNOWLEDGEANDNON-WESTERNOBJECTS

Sanjay Seth

DECOLONISINGTERRITORIALSTUDIES:EPISTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE CASE OF

HAVANA

Yasser Farrs Delgado and Alberto Matarn Ruiz

GASPINGFORBREATH:INDIGENOUSEPISTEMOLOGYANDTHEPOLITICSOFKNOWLEDGEPRODUCTIONINYORUBAPROVERBS

Oluwole Coker

5,000FEETISTHEBEST:RE-VIEWINGTHEPOLITICSOF UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS

Katherine Chandler

27


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29

Sanjay Seth

2929

If s w

fus ss wi

m, s

s w fus

u wi si

WESTERNKNOWLEDGEANDNON-WESTERNOBJECTS

Sanjay Seth

Professor of Politics, Goldsmiths College, University of London

[email protected]

Iwi i is ss wi s s. I is Ghosts of War inVietnam, hik Kw dsis i f Vim udiwi ss f s w d m vi ds w fm

m. t ums w s i wd wi s ss d swi ds d diis, d wi spiis f i dd s-s p f mi md si, isd xsivmk is, d m f ppus d sms fmdi; d ss msvs ms f im ps, us um f m ss f w dd, ami d Vims. ts ss qui sm is ivi qui, d s md ffis f fd d dik,

viv m, i, d smims, v i hd. t s i Vim d iud m, u ms ,f mms f ui mmuis p w disppv f suffis, d d is s ius iki, u , Kw sus, uumd s w isd sid i p f u f i d mi i wd, is, s iqusi (2008: 16). ts w d ds f ss mki ffis ispiv f ii f s sp fius; s di xpis pis, m d fi, ddpp d fi. W is usiss f ivi. Pp i m wdd mm iis d ivs f w fuwi w i u wd (2008:135). Wv i ii piis, ss v i xis i si wd f ivi,

d ius d ffis ivi mk , wis Kw, p f s ii v si d i sp wi is i- iv, si disi up f is (2008: 18).

If s w fus ss wi m, s sw fus u wi si. adi Piipp Ds, au pp f upp amz d s u imw w sd d imdi ppsd wds, uu wdf um si d u wd f im si (1994, 324).t v si, wi iuds ims, spiis d ps; ii udsdi, f us is v sm fus i m-m wi mkid, d ws m ss sm


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WeStern KnoWleDge anD non-WeStern objectS

30

s s vi ivi si (1994: 93). t au, Ds wis,f ius f si if up ps d ims, dis s sus s (1996, 405-6).

W w s ss f um sis sk xpi d ud-sd su pm, w usu i fm f pusi. cfd s w iv i ds, spiis d ss,w s s mifsis f sm , iii pm.W xpi su ifs s sf-sm, if w Mxiss, s i sm w ss psi f si ui, if w fws f Dukim, i ms f sm fui quim,if w fuiiss. W d is dspi f ss, spiisd dd ss i pm f s wm w ski udsd, i mpi s; i xis- ds dpd up w ivd i. Ww f s w d disiuis u fm si, w smiidu, f w kw w i ps f s f wm wd is si disd, f wm, misk if mi,

wd s w, iudi u, is p wi mi dpups. ad w usu fid si-uu xpi f ifusis wud d s mpsi; , if w si-iiss, w sk u xpi i fm f vim i sis. I i s, v md f u xpipsuppss disii w u d si pis disii wi sus f u sud iv f, d.I s f au d Vims, udsd-is um sis mk vi us, vid s m, up si xpis d sf-udsdis fs wm w ski udsd i u w ms. n ussi, u s vidi f w ssum u dsipis d

xpis ff udsdi supi i w.

of us, i is f u mk f iu f si-siif-i xpis id ud sf-udsdisf s uss d diis wi uvi si s.bu w w pp si sis u w udsd-is, w w ivk idd udi uss xpi fusf u w uu, s p f u puwd. W m ss d if d u i is -d wkis f u usius, u w is is sf xpi, f -d-, Usius is p f u wd.t s f xpis w ff i v ss, wv, ws d fu p f i wd. I is s if au f amzi

d Vims f cm r w xpi us u fiu d ds f ss, d u wsip f u mi d, Usius, is ud su i uus i if. W is issu,i wds, is w w v k sf-udsdisf u sus fvu w d v d s, d smis f pps s u ivk idd fs sxpis u w is ivkd i si sixpis supi s s.

W d u is m fm? lik kwds, v ii i piu im, d p. t p is eup. t im is md pid. as md kwd md d m


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31

Sanjay Seth

t kwdu wi w

su udsd

i wd d

u ps ws

kwd pdud

wii md

um sis

sis w

i eup

dfid u iiqu f ssi, mdiv d risskwds, f s w dmd f fusi ums wii wd f iui wd mi d pups wii f s us, d wi w v pd i. o f dfii fus f md kwd, , ws i psumd sp disii w su d , kw d kw. Ifu ssumd wd ws dividd w disdu, wi ws udsd i ms f ws d uiis,d w-disvd d si, wi ws m fmis, pupss d ds. I s vsd d w d(s)d m, psumi ds w xpid i ms f m, m i ms f ds.

o v d d i wi kwds, is kw-d d is iump. t u d um sis wi isiuiisd i 19 u is d isiui-isis f is psumpis. Mv, is kwd is - is supsdd p-md kwds f eup, u s

uus kwds f -Ws wd. Mx W w xpis i si sis imd kw-dd s v cis (1949: 58); d, usu, f kwd wi us s sp kwd,w si f is pdui is ld b hi Di, is kwd pdud wii md um sis.o kwds v dvud d suviv, w suvivs i s f xmps wi wi I i quidi,w f su fi-wi sius f ps-i s wi sds is iizs f i kwd viws.

F im w v ivd wi pdx. ev s wd m

m , v s ipis f eups iviizi missi isisd i vi d d w d k f iuudmis, kwd u wi w su udsd i wd d u ps ws kwd pdud wii md um sis sis w i eup. t is, kwds u wi w su ppd s -izd i sp d w ss kwds divd fm, d w pdud i spifi eup s-i. a mssm m v wd pdxdsid v ws dmd uss. F dspi i euppv, um sis w psumd uivs. tpd ws f kwi wd d i i i us w supi s ws. a m s si is ws

ws sd, v i-i mvms wi su vw Ws u; f ms p, s mvms su kwd wi psumd su f Ws pwd pspi f i w is d pps, d fu ud s f i, qui, fi, i sf-dmii,dm d siism. W m v eup kw-d m dsd d usd is f uis. tims f um sis w smi vidid f d izd.

bu us s mm f vi f f mk, dmd Ws ud u s fwd mi iss wi


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32

W uivsif um sis

smd ms sf-

vid, dus d

sf-qusii v

md

t mp

iu s is

isd

u siusss f isii f u

kwd, u w

umpid

mpi um

f is supii

kwds

o w kwd

is f

md kwd u

uvd, u

us i

squ f isi

suis, w

i f up

f f

idqu i

-Ws s

updi squs, d susid s f-mkdxis, simi, v mm w uivsi f um sis smd ms sf-vid, dus d sf-qusiiv md. Dips ck, f is, s susd v ps u wi xpis i um sis fsid v is wi dp i iu dv i diis f eup (ck, 2000, 4), d wi is ds i d f isf m m eupd pvii, i ds m i is wi si sis psum uivs (iudi pi, s, idividu-, ivi si d s ) m i f sd eup isfm wi ii. os v ud kwd is -d pw, d iump (d ) f mdsi sis is squ, f i iu supii, uf f f ms; md kwd supsdd idiuskwds f -Ws us i ws supi, u us iws id wi iism. t u dmi f is kwd, is svd, is s xis f pw, miis

pw f Fis wd ( uis) v tid wd ( uis f pip), d f is i v i wpp (nd 1983). os si, v susd d xpi-m wi psvi d ivii f idius kwds i d usu dmd s mi, supsiius, dm , uu.

t mp iu s, I sus, is isd u siusss f isii f u kwd, u w u-mpid mpi um f is supii kwds. o w w fid, i Dvid Ks wds, md kwd ws us i squ f isi -

suis, u ws uvii f w s f s suis (1986: 9-10). td, I sus, w mi d is mdi d md kwd , i f, us i squ f isi suis.

Society without gods and nature

tis is m x p f m pp. o w kwd is f md kwd u uvd, uus i squ f isi suis, w i f up f f idqu i -Wss.

I w sus p f si is piu impd vi xmp. t disv f si is f mksf md u d md si sis; w s xpiis wi f ds d smi fs, w mds vid s xpis, w pi ufk m disis s misppis isi u f si uss. F us, si is us d f xpi, fis mv d su-s. Fwi d f csidis d s (csidis 1987,budid 1983, lu d Muff 1985, W 2000), I sus si is smi w disvd, u smi w d. KiMi bk, isi f F vui, pus i ms di


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Sanjay Seth

d ffu: Si is ivi disv. I is ps-i f wd isiud i pi, simp u ivf (1994, 114). rpsd d isiud d , s I wi sxpi, m imi fiiius, u d m disvd.

If f mm w i pssiii si is u piu- w f sui d sui um idpd, i iv, qusi iss f w i m sud. I mp , w is siuiv usid fsi- w s xudd i d su is p--i? t sw is f us mpx, u I sus w ms sdu, ms f us k w xmps I wi- xusi/xpusi f d(s), d f u.

t xpusi f ds d spiis us ii m ud f ii, ks fm f us dividdi diff spis (cisii, Ism, buddism ). bu udsd-i ds d spiis us is isf pdu f is, d spifi

eup d cisi is, s sm ss f ii v m is. tis is i wi ii d if md smuu siuiv is, mki i pssi iv - ii, s us f wi diff iius ifs spis. tus v i f ii, s s dsis i, is cisi i (Ki 1999, 40), s pusi, is md ivi wi Ws, dui s w u-dd s s, s xpd s f wd (hik 1991: vii).lik m Ws xps, i is ws, wv, usfu - ipdus misudsdis d ufuifu mpiss w ppid iis v ud sm is ddm i ssms f if. (I psis w m i ws

19

u fud f mpiv iius sudis, Mx Mu, wpd wi sm puzzm w quizzd Idis w divd i oxfd u i ii, d udsd w m ii, d wdd w Mu k s dp isi m dm, s xpssd i, md su fuss u i-i- Mu 1892: 155) F us f is d xiss wd f ds d ss; v d fm wd u mids, fm i iis si pdus. t us i isd dismiss sf-udsdis f Vims w s iwd wi ss, f hidus w s i wd wi i um-us ds.

rd, d qu imp, si is siud disiuisi

i fm u. W d kw fm wk f Ds d s is disii is , wv, md pps. bu luims wi sm p n-Ws uus have never beeninterested i u; v v dpd i s ; v v fud us f iWss w s w udu i i d (lu 2004: 43). Idd, v Wss did ws mk su i d f i: isi f si liDs mids us mdiv pid pd wi wis, u d si, u s f m, iudi supu, pu, ifii d uu, d -is f u d uu, ivd i i- mpmi, f iv pv (Ds 1998: 154). t , I wud


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34

t ivi f siivvd suffi

f is, su

ds d ss ud

d

s i is,

us w

d i um

mid

Kwd is m f izi

wd u ,

u i ps siu

wv wd w

v

sus, s s md pid, w hs, humd s mk id ivi f pups dmi ud p i udsdi dmi f i wudsd isd is imps d w-ik uiis(Spi 1996, D 2006).

I m susi, , ivi f si ivvd suffif is, su ds d ss ud d si is, us w d i um mid di is w , si; d u, vs, ws xpd fm isw . t is w w w u Vims ss, d im d p sus f au, w fd s. W k i xpis sius us u is u f di f is: sm Vims mi ss s -i, mpii is, u w m s siifi if, if is ms ik si d, d d f vid f isis s d xiis. If au ivk u s fid wimi d pups, w s mis d pupss s w

au si s pd u. ad, fwi ip f m um, I m s susi w v mpis pivi u f si; is is disvf w s ws , , u fii pui us mds. ad fi, us i is fii, I m su-si i f i ds sv w udsd wds v fid diff.

Representing and constituting

I usi vs ik siu d fi disuss kwd, I

im w is pps ms fudm psumpi fmd Ws kwd d um sis, kwd isssi pssiv, kwd is su w mis pss s. I wi us is udi p f m ss sus kwd is m f izi wd u ,u i ps siu wv wd w v; md kw-d is simp sf-ppsi f mdi, u s pd ii p i siui i. of us, su susi ivissis. o is i, f is, d wi idism. bu, i sms m, is us w v u i mpsis divids wd i i d psi, d id, mi d idi. ts iis fus f wd s su, u squs f i pis

d fms f izi. W I s u is -sud fid, I m si fii ius, m ivi d d xis, ik diff wi mk si, u d ii dispp. l mxpi w I d m, u sm xmps.

tim Mi us disii w d ps-i, md Ws ws f ppdi d isi wd, did mk mu ss pp f ep, w iu w iid wd isd ud is disi-i. hwv, s isiuis d pis f i dmiisi,f mmdifii, d f w fms f pw d psi


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35Sanjay Seth

Mdi d iskwds d

mp

mk wd,

d d

d ,

md kwd

mis idqu

psi d

udsdi s

wds

d up ep, md kwd d si sis mm dqu s s f psi d s (Mi1988). I simi vi, I v ud m f xiis dmpis m ud idui f Wskwd i i Idi Idi suds w si w kwd i i d ws, i, dudIdis w i s f m isis, w i di-i ifs d w ids w xpsd s d iuivsi sud d ss s sifi pms, d m sidii i fudi ssumpis f md kwdud , i f, ssumd i Idi. I d s mpis d -vsis s idii fudi ssumpis udim, kwd is i w mi-dwisu d wd f disd s (wi is w kwds md s w, d i is fiu f kwd fm f i), d mi is m f ifs d ismi d mid ( w Ws-dud Idis wssumd suffi m isis, v u ms f m smd

issfu uw f is f) did v pus i Idi. hwv,s su/ i m udid pd u spi u f i d pis f w us d ffi, sm Idis did m sus w xpid m-i d ii s ifs, d w w p f i fi w diff ifs; d sm Idis did m xps-siv sus fi wd f s, d us m pf di (d mi) i s fiu f kwd, fm f i (S 2007).

a xmp: hiduism, isf smi f ivd m,ws m f ifs, u s i Idis su m

iviisi f Ws, f ws did s ws ipi sm f i pis s xpssis f m--ss ifs. I fmuis f bm Sm d aSm, hiduism f sm Idis m pp ii, w fid d misdsid i. ad sus, s m, msf iudd, v ud, did simp uw m hidus d Musim, w ss d i ss w iIdi, u d w ws f iki d xpii ii ds (S 2007). I wds, d ps f si sis su s u, si, ii d ik m ifm isiuis d pis, ps wi pvius pid sm ss is w w d, if pi, uid udsd-i ep d Idi.

bu if w ik f siu, fi su sis, i wi s immdi m su fiis d wk i mi, u s. t u fmsf siui d mpdi wd, wi vids p, disp, d fiu. ci is ffd, dispp. os isd: ii, f is, ds dispp, u is fiud s smi pps isid mss d mids (if), d is d piv sp. Mpsd is mk i pssi s is ud s f, u d ss disp isips dd dsp. I s, mdi d is kwds d m-


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36

Md kwdd si si

fmis i,

v siud u

mdi, d

idisps

u s idqu

mki ss f i

p mk wd, d d d , mdkwd mis idqu psi d udsdi swds. t is, wi md kwd s siud u mdi, i is v mus wi i wd; pu i w, wd md kwd s ius si sid wds. tis, i sms m, is i ppi m ps f -Ws, u i is s u i ds fmdi. ev , w mdi d is kwds u-us pdus, d v di i wk f sfmiv m uis, v xis wi ws f ud-sdi d i i wd. I Ws wd s i -Ws wd, ms f kwi d ivi p f md- suvivs f p-mdi dsid vu swp w- u wi i ivd u w ssi us u is f si sis (sck 2000, 62-71).

t usi dw is md kwd d si

sis w m eup. t f mdkwd, I v susd, is udi Ws; i s s pf, d s mp u f d mk ss f, is- f eup. bu kwd is w , d, wi diffsf d, is i f ms pp. g, wv, is sm i s uivs. I is is kwd s is v iumss f is pdui d vd i is u f , fiu f mps ud md rs m pp d v f. r, is kwd d isi psss wi wi i is s ssid v, f d i, fsid wd. Wi v svd siu wdi mm u mdi is wd ius si sid

s, wds wi si sis imid uid.I ud sumii md kwd, d si si-s fmis i, v siud u mdi, d idisps u s idqu mki ss f i. t d simp mi ps , m u kw-ds, u s, mdi d .

Bibliography

bk, K.M. eim d Isiui f Si: ns f cpu his, i: Mi, W. d Vm, W. (ds.) Main Trendsin Cultural History. amsdm: rdpi, 1994.

budid, j. In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities or, the End ofthe Social. (s. Fus, js d P), Smix(), 1983.

csidis, cius. The Imaginary Institution of Society. Pi Pss,1987.

ck, Dips. Provincializing Europe. Pi: PiUivsi Pss, 2000.

Ds, li. t nu f nu i e Md eup.Configurations, v. 6, . 2 (1998).


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D, P. The Intelligibility of Nature. ci: Uivsi f ciPss, 2006.

Ds, Piipp. In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia(s. n S). cmid: cmid Uivsi Pss, 1994.

The Spears of Twilight: Life and Death in the Amazon Jungle (s.j ld). nw yk: nw Pss, 1996.

hik, j. Fwd, i: Smi, Wifd cw. The Meaning andEnd of Religion. Mipis: Fss Pss, 1991.

j, Pik (d.) The Social in Question. rud, 2002.

Ki, rid. Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory, India andThe Mystic East. ld: rud, 1999.

K, Dvid. The Critique of Pure Modernity. ci: Uivsi f

ci Pss, 1986.

Kw, hik. Ghosts of War in Vietnam. cmid: cmidUivsi Pss, 2008.

lu, es d Muff, c. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy.ld: Vs, 1985.

lu, bu. Politics of Nature (s. ci P). hvdUivsi Pss, 2004.

Mi, tim. Colonizing Egypt. cmid: cmid Uivsi

Pss, 1988.

Mu, Mx. Anthropological Religion. ld: lms, g dc, 1892.

nd, asis. The Intimate Enemy. nw Di: oxfd Uivsi Pss,1983.

S, S. Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India.Dum: Duk Uivsi Pss, 2007.

Spi, Sv. The Scientific Revolution. ci: Uivsi f ciPss, 1998.

W, P. a ei nw o f csiusss, f Vii,f tu, i: Ds, li (d.) Biographies of Scientific Objects.Uivsi f ci Pss, 2000.

W, Mx. oivi i Si Si d Si Pi, i: Sis,edwd d Fi, h (ds.) The Methodology of the Social Sciences:Max Weber. nw yk: t F Pss, 1949.


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39Yasser Farrs DelgaDo anD alberto Matarn ruiz

The homogenising and unsustainable nature ofgeneralised territorial, urban and architectural practices

by h md-20h cy, h d chc, m d d mm hd ckwdd h hm f h -d pcc d fcm, dvcd p wh h d fh Md Mvm dd h i C f Mdachc d cmmcd w xpm. Hwv, dy hdcy wd hm d pcc: h m

c h p h hv cm dmk dpy pcf pdc f yp h my f-f y, whch hv fw fc p h c hm wh pcfc c c y (F, 2010). th phm whch dfh hh c chc wh ppd v vdyd chcd y h f d m; chc whchfh m f h p d vd hm f y c c-d y mch f h pf cmmy f h dcp, whhv f dy . sch d dd c p f h cq f h International style, h wdpd pcccd md wh h d f modernityd modernisation, mch h h xh f p-md chc h -m f h md d.

th h c, d p h dm f h p-m w m k p ck d cmp dy c wh h h xd f h c xp f h W: v wh hc f yy cd wh ch h, typological varietycx-d h dffc cmp wh h dy. th md fCh mdv c dffd cdy fm h imc cm-p, w h fm h F e d Mmc; v m h c f g zmw, xmp h dcmd hvm f Wd achc Hy. th w ch pd h cpdd pcfcy phyc-vm,chc-pdcv d c-c fc h hy cd d

3939

DECOLONISING TERRITORIAL STUDIES:EPISTEMIC CONSIDERATIONS FROM THE CASE OF HAVANA

Yasser Farrs Delgado

Architect, [email protected]

Alberto Matarn Ruiz

Lecturer in Urbanism and Land Use Management,University of Granada

[email protected]


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DeColonising territorial stuDies: ePisteMiC ConsiDerations FroM tHe Case oF HaVana

40

th f chyfv h liberationof the cityfm hy d c,whch p hd fh f cd

1. W hv hhhd h m-cvw h djcv, vhh h k d xp ch.

2. th , h f h m-p pp f cmc cvd fc h c-y dpd d dccdfm h c d pcfcvm, c d dy

q, wh h m f c cd, fc .

3. Mh vw h dcp p f h f h hc pc f -, h, h p f hyc y mc h dc c fc d f-c d h dff hdvd f f h cpc p c f -p f h dcp xp f h dy f hpc.

hv hd pc vc w h yp fh m d h c wdvw f ch cy.

C w h m h h cx f dy wd ym,dmd y h W md d dvpm wdvw? acc w ypc dvy d h dvy f wdvwhm h f yy cd dy? i ypc dv-y pmd? o d dvy? t w h q, cd h h d k wh h d dpp dh h pdc f md d c y c, v phyc-vm cd h m f cd chh ch, c h f f chy, xp- f d m d f f y vcm yc (v hh hy c w pm).

a h mph h d h h phm f hm,h h hc pm, vfw ch hc, vm, cmc d h fd. i fc, cc-

dc h dd y vy dv dcp, wh my dffwy f ppch h pm. i h pc, h d f h deter-ritorialisation of the metropolis, cd y h i w p aMh, pcy , w h m-c d md-cpy f h q.

Mh (2011) h fd --chc pm1 h h xp f chh vd d c f md f mp chcd y hmetropolis form, c wh y dpv d -pc , whch h phyc cf m wh, d c d y hchc, hm h d ccp,

c-cphc, dv h dvd q f h pc, ck hc qy d dc m f f md (Mh,1989: 115). i f h cy whch h pc f h ky fcc, d kycp c wh h md d-c (Mh, 2011), p d h pc f vd pd d h p f dvpmm h pm xcd cmp whch ch cy p h f p c.

accd Mh (2011: 53-68), h f chy fv hliberation of the city fm h y d c, whch p hd f h pc c d d d,d q f pc y h c p h

wh cc chy md d p fm h liberationof the territory2. th w pc hv w chcc cmm:decontextualisation d degradation. th fm hhh h dc- f landscape identities () hh h k f h k wh w fm f m d h pc3; h hw h hffc h environment (h k f vm cw h f vm kwd d h d f c y h cmmy d h), social exclusion (dcd y hw f h v cd f h p mm f cy, whff h ffc f vm dd x), dh ffc f rootlessness d phc my (whch hv v f dy).


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Homogenisation presented as a sui generis product ofcapitalism

Table 1. 100 concepts to describe the recent urban changes

A. NAMES GIVEN TO NEW METROPOLITAN FORM B. NAMES GIVEN TO NEW INTERCITY RELATIONS

1 ANTICITY 1 ARCHIPELAGO ECONOMY

2 BOOMBURB 2 CHAIN OF METROPOLITAN AREAS

3 CITIES LA CARTE 3 CITIES IN GLOBAL MATRICES

4 CONCENTRATED DECENTRALIZATION 4 CROSS-BORDER NETWORK OF GLOBAL CITIES

5 COUNTRIFIED CITY 5 FUNCTIONAL WORLD CITY SYSTEM

6 DISURB 6 GLOBAL CITY NETWORK

7 EDGE CITY 7 GLOBAL CITY SYSTEM

8 EDGE COUNTY 8 GLOBAL COMPETITION AMONG CITIES

9 EDGELESS CITY 9 GLOBAL GRID OF CITIES

10 EXIT RAMP ECONOMY 10 GLOBAL METROPOLITANISM

11 EXOPOLIS 11 GLOBAL NETWORK OF CITIES

12 GALACTIC CITY 12 GLOBAL NETWORK OF FINANCIAL CENTERS

13 LIMITLESS CITY 13 GLOBAL NETWORK OF MAJOR METROPOLITAN MANAGEMENT CENTERS

14 MAJOR DIVERSIFIED CENTER 14 GLOBAL NETWORK OF NODES AND HUBS

15 MEGACENTER 15 GLOBAL SYSTEM OF CITIES

16 MEGACOUNTY 16 GLOBAL URBAN HIERARCHY

17 MEGALOPOLIS UNBOUND 17 GLOBAL URBAN NETWORK

18 METROPOLITAN-LEVEL CORE 18 GLOBAL URBAN SYSTEM

19 METROPOLITAN SUBURB 19 GLOBAL WEB OF CITIES

20 METROTOWN 20 HIERARCHICAL GLOBAL SYSTEM OF URBAN PLACES

21 MINI-CITY 21 INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL-LOCAL NETWORKS

22 MINI-DOWNTOWN 22 INTERNATIONAL HIERARCHY OF CITIES

23 MULTICENTERED NET 23 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS OF INTERLINKED CITIES

24 NET OF MIXED BEADS 24 INTERNATIONAL URBAN SYSTEM

25 NEW DOWNTOWN 25 INTERNATIONALLY NETWORKED URBAN SPACES

26 OUTER CITY 26 LYNCHPINS IN THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

27 OUTTOWN 27 METROPOLITAN HIERARCHY EXERCISED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

28 PENTURBIA 28 NEO-MARSHALLIAN NODES IN GLOBAL NETWORKS

29 REGIONAL CITY 29 NETWORK OF WORLD CITIES

30 REGIONAL TOWN CENTER 30 NODAL CENTRES OF THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY

31 RURURBIA 31 NODES IN GLOBAL NETWORKS OF INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

32 SERVURB 32 PLANETARY URBAN NETWORKS

33 SLURBS 33 SYSTEM OF MAJOR WORLD CITIES

34 SPILLOVER CITY 34 SYSTEM OF WORLD CITIES

35 SPREAD CITY 35 TRANSNATIONAL SYSTEM OF CITIES

36 SPRINKLER CITY 36 TRANSNATIONAL URBAN SYSTEM

37 STEALTH CITY 37 TRANSNATIONAL URBANISM

38 SUBCENTER 38 WORLD CITY ACTOR NETWORK

39 SUBURBAN BUSINESS CENTER 39 WORLD CITY HIERARCHY

40 SUBURBAN DOWNTOWN 40 WORLD CITY NETWORK

41 SUBURBAN EMPLOYMENT CENTER 41 WORLD CITY SYSTEM

42 SUBURBAN FREEWAY CORRIDOR 42 WORLD HIERARCHY OF FINANCIAL CENTRES

43 SUBURBAN GROWTH CORRIDOR 43 WORLD RELATIONS OF CITIES

44 SUBURBAN NUCLEATION 44 WORLD SYSTEM OF CITIES

45 TECHNOBURB 45 WORLD SYSTEM OF METROPOLISES

46 THE NEW HEARTLAND 46 WORLD URBAN HIERARCHY

47 URBAN CORE 47 WORLD URBAN SYSTEM

48 URBAN GALAXY 48 WORLD-SYSTEMS CITY SYSTEM

49 URBAN REALM 49 WORLDWIDE GRID OF GLOBAL CITIES

50 URBAN VILLAGE 50 WORLDWIDE GRID OF STRATEGIC PLACES

sc: ty y l (2004)


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42

4. th m m c hpd h h hd h mpc dcp cd h pd w my c-cd h fhm fh hc d cy c f lH Vj, h m p fcc f y cvy h cy, h d Mc,h b Ch d fw e Vdd.

th m f dff ccp , d chc hm. t m fw: no-place(a, 1993); global city (s, 1999); festivalisation (V, 1994)d urBANALization (M, 2008). ech ff w vw, mm cc h h, f hm ccd dc hch sui generis pdc f h c f cpm, d- d m fdm fc hxp f hm pc. th ppcv x wh d v whch hp wh w pp c h hyph- f h cp xcvy f h pc f , dchc hm, h f h cm h cp-m h f h pc. i md Mh, whch h m f D d g (1987) cpm d mch, d h 100 ccp cmpd yty d l (2004), d h a-amc hfm xpcd y c d c h md-20hcy. th h f djcv ch global, international,world d transnational, d whch p vdc f h mp-

c d h cmc dm f cpm dfv f ch fm (t 1).

The deterritorialisation of the metropolis in Havana:the collapse of the hypothesis of capitalist exclusivity

th phm dcd c dfd h c f C. i wh Mh cmm dcx d dd-, x ch mf c cd: 1) h pf f chc; 2) h fetishisation f h d chc m;3) h mc f w fc (m d h no-places); 4)

h pv ch fm f h h;5) h w vy f md , d 6) h df h f mp d h cdc wh h hcc f h m. th cfc h f fdwkcd w spm 2009 d J 2010 hw h wcc d fhm wh hh mpc Hv dcp h hv cd y d, d fhm, h fm fm cd y h pph hv ffcd h m f h cy.

H, hpp c, ffc d d h pmm kdwh h p p f h cy f vm c h1990 p fh xmp f h phm. th w c-

c pv c hy c dmkd p f h c c h wh m mpc4.th fhm cdd p fc d d m f h mpc hy hv hd h dcp. thxmp f fm f h hh fmc y h pp w y cdd whch, w xv, yd h m f h wk,hh h h dy xpd y M Cy (2007) de Cd (2000).

Vwd wh, h c xmpf h dd f h vm h dd h phyc f


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i Hvdc dcd m f eco-environmental

degradation

h, ch fm d h f f hk wh c d. t v m d f h pm, w cd fw m f m f h wk dd (F 1); cphy f f h h wy whch d pdhh h cy (appdx 1). W m h h dc wh fw mpc, wk h p d.

Figure 1. Examples of the deterritorialisation of the architecture and the city in

Havana

Ph: ld rd o, chc.

i wh Mh, d Hv c dcd m f eco-environmental degradation. W c h,f xmp, fm h hydphc ym d h pc,pc h hv h d hd h mp - p v c F pp 1926 h p h pdy; h , hy cdd ky v f h vf Hv (gm, 2008).


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44

th df Hv mpc dcd mfsocio-economicdegradation

5. hp://www.dd.c/-c/cc/cc1-140508.hm

6. Pd Fy 2011. th dc-m v www.m.cw.c

th dvpm f Hv h xp f cd ck h f h w, whch wwd p h -d fd . tdy, ffc c cm h h cycmp wh h f h Wd Hh o h p 10 m q m f pc ph, v h h 13m2/p h5. Hwv, h fw pc h h c mcp (HVj, C H d 10 d oc) h pph dc(ch M d lw). th h h v fh mp , h cmpc f h cy fc dh fc h h ccd pph d h cy d c p 1959. b f my -, pc dy f h m mpdmd: pk d -d v f jcd d-cm p wh h px f pv ccd hv f cyc, wh h c, d cc f h cc c d p f , whh f fc (chp p) hc y. th

dcd y h pf ccv, ppy h c-c f yd h dc-mk pw, ph h d y h chc d dcp ds F (2010).

Mwh, h p f h v d h y, h fc f h hydphc d h mf fdd f h w ym cc vm qy.Hcy pk, h cy d ck v (g,bc, Cjm, ly, M P, amd, Q dJm), h ck f cc h pd yd fwpcfc v, h d y ch d cd

h phy fcy f h uvy f Hv (Hdf,M et al., 2008).

th d f Hv mp c dcd m f socio-economic degradat ion, h cydv h C vm dc h m dcd h sc d ecmc Pcy gd f h Py d hrv6. i m d h h pm h fd vh p dcd.

i C, c h y y f h v, h mdd cdppd c p, hy h md ch wh yd hd w ppd f h pv hf

f qy h v pd yd dwwd -m (Cy, 2008: 568). th hd y m fh sv c Cc f M ecmc ac (CMea)d h cy fc, p 1990, hmyc h w hhy ffcv, d whch h pc- f v h w pcdd sh amc, hh dd wd p f h pp (D, 2001); h w mdd h y y h f micro-districts, d h fm f ypfd, ympjc, h h pphy f Hv d hh h fh cy ( F 2).


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th d Hv mpf dy hphm pc

Fig. 2 The microdistrict Plaza de la Revolucin. An example of the model of dete-

rritorialised, functionalist, anonymous town planning that spread throughout the

country in the 1970s to provide a mass solution to the housing problem, using

Soviet technology and standardised projects.

Ph: ld rd o, chc.

af h k-p f h sv u (whch d h f75% f h C cmy), cmc c cmmcd whchh h c cf d w c c(D, 2001), whch ch wh v fcy mccmcdc h cc h pm. i p f h cy p-p v cp d h d m, c-cmcdd h cm cy v c h 1990. r C(2010) hd wh h dcd h h p f hddf hd f wk h pc d c, wh my cc h h xc m f p m h m pp, d h vy v h w w hv ck wh fm d pc d . a h xpd h

chc f h nouveau riche macetas whch c wh c pc cc.

A need for new explanations for the deterritorialisa-tion of the metropolis

th d Hv mp f dy h phm- pc c h khd f xc yd cpm cm. th v pm wh w-fd :

Theoretical: fm d c ym

yd h h whch cm h x sui generis pdcf cpm; h , d h fmd hypothesis of capi-talist exclusivity.

Practical: h vy fcc f h hc pc q hdpym f w cc m f wh hpp C , d chc c, d whch cdcfy ph fw C f f c f v - v.

lkw, h c q h py f ff v fm p socialist antithesis d cm ppd y vcm h pm dd y cpm d


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46

7. accd h unDP HmDvpm rp (2010), C hh p amc.

8. th m " mccphy",d m C' pfcmmy, dc h xcvfc Hv h hd cp- h dm f cd h h c; h cmd y pm y-m f m dv ppm hh h cy. F fh fm h pcy, Cy (1997).

mch. th my q, c C c ym hpvd xmp f y, ccd hm dvp-m dc h pc h p f h k7.th d h q, why d h dcy wd d- x C? P w cd h f hfw hc c h k pc:

Scenario A: C real socialism w fm f cpm d,hf, h hyph f cp xcvy xp h xcf h d f h mp.

Scenario B: C real socialism w fm f cpm;h d c xpd m f h cp- hk h pd f 1959, y c, c f m w h fc h h sc hk mpmd h ffcy fm vcm cp cp.

Scenario C: fc, cd x whch fv h pf fh d f h mp yd h f whh

c cp ym.

i y c, c h h pm f h d fh mp h cdd h cfc-chc d cdmcph, d h chd pc d c dm, wh hd vd. nvh, jd y c px C, d m h ffc w x d h mpc-, m h p f mk h dc y f h d h p. th c py xpd yh ck f pc f ccm (Cd, 2000). ah ffc h wy whch h md dmd hh - pc m h pm f ypc

f cp, dvpm d d ppch cmhd wh h pf my.

rd h fmd c, qy h hdc h m hyph. th m h jfyScenarioA, w cpd d cq f cm ff y h pp h cpm d, wd pp mpc xp, d k cc h d Phyc P, h f whch (cmpd - mccphy8) d, d h fc h d hm h d mk d pc hv xcy h dv fc f mm. a w d y sb (2003), i c dd h h cy, v wh h

hcm h hv wdy dcd, h d dccmc d c fm whch h phc pch pyd c . Mwh, h jfc f Scenario Bchm wh c cy dc h fm p f vydyC f, ccd whch h dc md hv wy h cc , h pm fm ck f c. a h dd, hf, h p c d pd h ymd ppch. th c d ff y pc f ccm dcd h f h pm h c, w w hw fh , v h c m f px chd d d w d- wh h x v d vv ccp.


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th dpx cmp whh hmy fh pmc mddpyd y h W h md/cwd ym

9. C-gm pcf h hcv dc dhh h cw coloniality of knowledge,coloniality of being, d colonialityof power, xcd fm Wpv. e. D, a. Qj, W.M, C. Wh, r.gf,e. ld d h xp hwh y h dcd h-cy.

Mwh, ccp h py f ScenarioCp dffp f dp: f fm x h dffc w cd cp pcc, dc h d dcd fc h m. H mh pv f dc h h mm whch ppm h cq d hy fachc, um d ld u, fc h cmpx d c- f jc f dy.

Innovative grammars: territorial coloniality and itstriangular structure

sm f h m mp cc h h k cmphvxp f chc, d px fdd cmc pc; m h h Mx-d ppch(Hvy 2004, 2004) whch xp h v f hm -m p f h hy f h c , fm fpdc h m . th h c,

ccdc h hm xpd y mp-c h pdc f md dvpmm. thy vdm, h pdcv h h mpd hcpm d c cm (t, 2009: 63), hy d v h wh wk f hch h h pdcf hm pc. th y cm v f w cd h cmpxc f chc, d px (Cd,1998), whch mp h dd f h cq f wd cy. Hc h f c d wh hthy f Mdy/Cy.

ow h c k h x w h d f h

mp d md pc, w pp dc h dyf m h cq f h W hmc md f cv.th v h h deterritorialisingpraxis complies with the hegemonyof the epistemic model deployed by the West in the modern/colonialworld system. t dd h, hp territorial coloniality yc cy, h ppd d f md fc d px h d h there is no modernity withoutcoloniality. Cd h v cmpx why d- x, yd h c ym.

if w cd h cy cc f p f pw whch,hd d mdy d h ep c xp,ffc h wd ym d yd c c

h pdc ecm (gf, 2003, 2008), p h h f dd pcc cqc f h pv f h W pm. W c hdf territorial coloniality, pc xp f h ccp fcolonialityffd y s C-gm (2007)9, y p h cc f p f pw h px h vd h hmcy ccp v h h cqy fd. lkw, w c pk f h w h coloniality of territorial knowledge, h coloniality of territo-rial power, d h coloniality of territorial being (F 3).My fcvfy h.


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48

F xmp, h coloniality of territorial powerc dfd wh h ccp coloniality of power f W M (2003) h fd f jcvy whch c p f pp dfwh y cc d, hf, hy h pw fc.th xcd h c (wh hd h pw f c mp whchxp c cc, fd, d h), d c c (wh cvm c, w h c wh dc-mk pw);hh h c ccd.

Figure 3. The triangle of territorial coloniality. A conceptualisation created to present

the arguments of Santiago Castro-Gmez (2007) on the structure of coloniality.

ColonialitYoF KnoWleDge

(territorial)

ColonialitYoF PoWer

(territorial)

ColonialitYoF being(territorial)

sc: pdcd y h h

Mwh, h coloniality of territorial being h dmch h urban being p v h fm f hm xc(non-urban being) h hv dcdd y h fwd cy. th dv y d f d h, h f-v f pc (V, 1994), h h dh dffc h m f c wk cm-

pd -c wk j m f h mchm hc h dmc. l h pp f h wd cmm d m , : living yym wh livingin the city.

a f h coloniality of territorial knowledge, h hd y pf px whch c yp f kwd dm hdc hw ccv d h h y, h cy dchc. exmp f h : h pv wh whch h dc-p v W f y, cy d chc;h xp f p f W f, d h jc fvyh h d, vc d pp p vdp h p-dy pm h h ch f d

-chc d d pdc.

The singularity of the coloniality of territorial knowledge.Comprehensible alternatives from an intercultural and inter-scien-tific grammar

F h pp f h m, mp hhh h fch h coloniality of territorial knowledge xcd y y hW wdvw h -w wdvw; d v ym cfc dcp h (F 4). th c c- wh whch md cfc dcp ck hm


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xc dm fc h h h c. i hpc, h cphy f dff kwd (whch, whcm ccv, pd F 5) hw h f-d h h l ccp f y (terra-torium: dh m) p cmpy px. th p-, d y h hmc dpym f h dcm fmd cc, c h pf my d pdy wh environmentd society d dff ccp- v; dc h d x h, -Wwdvw .

Figure 4. Hierarchies in the coloniality of territorial knowledge.

global/Western MoDernePisteMiC KnoWleDge

loCal/non-WesterntraDitional ePisteMiC

KnoWleDges

DisCiPlinarY KnoWleDge

otHer DisCiPlinarY KnoWleDges

HierarCHies in tHe ColonialitYoF territorial KnoWleDge

sc: pdcd y h h

Figure.5. The decolonisation of territorial knowledges involves transgressing the

tree structure of the production of knowledge.

arCHiteCture

CiVilengineering

eartHsCienCe

biologiCalsCienCe

HuMansCienCe

legalsCienCe

eConoMiCsCienCe

arCHiteCtural

WorKs

engineering

WorKs

non-biologiCal

Matter

biologiCal

sPeCies

senseoF

iDentitY

legal-JuriDiCal

oWnersHiP

ProDuCtiVe

relations

bio-PHYsiCalMatriX

aPProPriationrelations

TERRA-TORIUM(TERRITORY)

DisCiPlinarisation/territorialColonialit

Y

transDisCiPlinaritY/territorial DeColonisation

builtenVironMent

naturaleCosYsteMs

aFFeCtiVeaPProPriation

legal-JuriDiCalaPProPriation

sc: pdcd y h h


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50

th ppcv fmdy/cy m xp hhmc dcyf hmh x ydcpm dcm

if w md h fc h h f h W-ccwdvw p f dy wd , pfcy cmph h h d decolonise knowledge d y k cc mm d wdvwdc fdd h dv. th ch h y y vcm h m f h dcp dcd whtransdisciplinarity (C-gm, 2007), d y h criticalinterculturality (Wh, 2010) yd ecc vm. bhc w h v d hvwy xd p fm h dm , d chc- pcc; w y d hw h pcc cd hh h wy f ccv f whch h ad f sumak kamaa d pachamama pm bv decd.

Returning to Havana

th ppcv f mdy/cy m xp-

h hmc dcy f hm h x ydcpm d cm; mk v whch, wh dcd my cmc xp, cd. Wh h ppch, p hk h dy f h d f h mp phm y h d k v h ecm.

appy h ppcv Hv c xp mdpy h wy whch h d f h mpffc h vm h cx. th p c fyxpd m f c-vm c-cmc dd-, vv d h d f h identity of the territory; h

h hcy d dc f h w d h d whch, fm h ppcv, pv ecc h hccqc f h md pjc. i h pc whmm h h d f identity sh amc d Cchc hy d ck h md-20 h cy, wh w dd whh h w pph m f pdc- f md (Cd, 1998). H, c ecm hd, h f identity in architecture d cc f national identities whch h yym wh cy dc f hyd c, d d chmpp-Cm c h m d c.

Wh wh p h x d sh

amc c d, wh m, h pcfc cf C , d chc c, h h d fdy f xcvy ep ; c hd,h xm f h hc pp d cdd hm v y m fp h chc- f C pp d m p fm h boho (ypch), wh h h, dd h af-C pp c w ccp h hp f h C h, v hhy w v h c d md h pc. thecm jf h m white cityd y M Cy (2009) dc Hv, d xmpf cy f kwdxcd fm W pm.


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a f vyh xpd h pv d h fw d, c ccdd h h c f C wd f xm m dpy: ) h cd xpd y hhy d ccm f h chc, m d d C whch h cc f h cd d - f h x ; ) h p c fh dc f h dm my; d c) h w- d h x w h p f pf d cc.

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V, Mc (d.). Grandi eventi. La festivalizzazione della politicaurbana. Vc: ed i Cd, 1994.

Wh, C. icdd cc y dcc c. i: V,J.; tp, l.; Wh, C. Construyendo Interculturalidad. l P, bv: iii-Cab, 2010.


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Ramin Jahanbegloo

5555

Ts ppr drws fr crpus f Yru prvrs,in situ, t sttt tfct tt t rvc ft vr rsurcs t Yru pp, s svr dus scts,xtds yd rtstc dsttc

GASPING FOR BREATH: INDIGENOUS EPISTEMOLOGY

AND THE POLITICS OF KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN

YORUBA PROVERBS

Oluwole Coker

Dept. of English, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, Nigeria

[email protected],[email protected]

a t Yru, ustc-cu-cutur rup fud tWstr prt f nr, kwd prduct rsds t pr-vr r f t pp. T rtv cpcty f t trsc

rsurcs f Yru prvrs s ty vs crss svr frtrsf pstc prccts. hwvr, t s crsy dffcutt xpt ts rsurcs fr ctprry pprprt s rsut ffctrs suc s cutr-cutur, ps duct p d trs f dus vus y wvs f drst. T fuy udr-std t jctv f ts ppr s t dquty ct prvrs tkwd prduct trprs afrc cscusss. of curs,w t afrcs -scr trdt, wc cpd t trsss

f cu tcs v r s, t tury fws tt c sctywud tury vv r frs t srv t utfrus purpss t sc qut.

Svr scrs v dwd t sfcc f r trdt/r tr-dt pp f afrc dsct. Scrs suc s Rut F r rud-rk wrk Oral Literature in Africa pss tuquss f vrus frs f r rt. ltr scrs k a(1975), ajuw ( 1979) d brr (1988), t t just fw vdstrtd t vrcy f t r rs tru spcfc studs std frs suc s Ifa Rus ptry, Ijala Yru hutrs Dr,Oriki(Yru Prs r Dscrptv Ptry), rspctvy. Wt cs ut fts scry trvts s tt t Yru pssss rc d st

xust rprtr f r rt. hwvr, t fcus f ts ppr tprvr r t Yru s drct csquc f ts ctrty Yru pstc prcsss .Ts s t sy tt, t dvrsty f prv-rs d ts uru ptrty ks t t fr tt st suts tkwd trprs, spcy fr prduct, trsss d dffuscrss strt f t sc frc.

Ts ppr drws fr crpus f Yru prvrs, in situ, t stt-t t fct tt t rvc f t vr rsurcs t Yrupp, s svr dus scts, xtds yd rtstc dsttc pps. gv t ky r prvrs prfr pr-trtscts, t s strssd tt kwd prduct, rtcut d


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gaSPing FoR bReaTh: inDigenoUS ePiSTemologY anD The PoliTiCS oF KnoWleDge PRoDUCTionin YoRUba PRoVeRbS56

Prvrs crdy v t

drs w urd t

sc-cutur vus f

t scty d pt

wys frwrd t

t

Prvrs r

strtcy xptd

t trprt xsttpsts d ffr

sts t cs

f dvdu d

cu xstc

xptt fr u dvpt r dpy srd t rc rp-rtr f Yru prvrs. Ts ppr ts spcfc pstcccrs, k t d tc prcpts, t sust tt t survv fr rtstc rsurcs s drcty prprt t t ustc qust frdvct. Fr trry ytc stdpt, fr xp, prvrss sst ttc drvrs r w rprstd t crpus f wrttafrc trtur. T rut w c dduc s tt t pst-c cu d t dscct tw sc-strc rts dfrtrs f kwd fd xpt t ft f udr-xprdrtur afrcs drv fr pstc rdr.

as i ptd ut rr, t Yru v rc trdt wc s dquty rsrcd y scrs crss dscps. a uqu fturf ts trdt s t rcss f t r cutur. Prvr s rsur t Yru prts tr rs. Prvrs rs y rrdd scy cus f t utfrus fucts typrfr d tr ctrty t kwd prduct dusscts. T pt s tt, ssty r-drv cutur, t

Yru pc t f pss t ctt d tur f prvrs.Ts cs prtcury rvt w csdrs t jr surcsf kwd prduct, s w s t cs f dsst.

T pt t t ts rrd s tt, s t f duct, rustrct d pstc rvc, prvrs r f ky pr-tc Yru scts prtrt ts. Prvrs c rdyv t drs w urd t sc-cutur vus f t scty dpt wys frwrd t t. as t sy s, agba ki I wa loja kiori omo tuntun wo (w dr s t rkt, t w-r ywud t ck ttt). Trfr, t r f drs us prvrss sts rs k fkts s prut. Prps

ctr r wr t Yru dpy t trccy f prvr dyss t r f r.

ow t t structur f t Yru rus pt wc cc-dts svr dts xt t supr , t us f prvrsys cs prtv. hwvr, t ctrty f if, s cdakerefinusogbon, akoniloran bi iyekan eni (if, t ws wsds s, t sct tcr k s rt); prtcuryfrruds t sprtu ssc f r d vr rsurcs. as rcs Yru pts rt wt dvts tru rdds d prvrs,t cs qust f rus prtv t trrt prvrs. as ttr f fct, s t ctr surc f Yru dus s tif trry crpus, t dsty f t sss rqurs rt tct d

stry t ptrt t. Ts xps wy t crpus s dscrd st strus f Yru pspy.

idus kwd prduct t Yru dpds ry t xpst f t prvr r. Fr t w-t-t ctu-u, prvrs r strtcy xptd t trprt xstt pstsd ffr sts t cs f dvdu d cu xstc.edrs r sddd wt t rus tsk f us pprprt prvrs ts rrd, sc oro ki i tobi ka bi obe bu, ( ttr w wty ttr s, t ust dscussd). i tr wrds, prvrs r k dp-tc ts wc utty dur crss rts. Wt t Yruus t furtr c tr scts d dvc t cus f u-


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olUWole CoKeR

ty s rty ddd t prvr r. i fct, t Yru vprvrs wc rt t c ccs d wc furtr dffrt ps-tc ds. Fr stc, t dt ctd t sytt ilera loro (t s wt) dcts t prtc f ty v t Yru, w okunrun diwo n diigun, bowo ti mo ni oogunn mo (w sck prs rducs t cst f srvc/dct, tdct s tury rducd sc t ut f y dtrst vu/quty f drus) ps tt k u scts, qu-ty tcr cs t pru. i spt f t fr, wvr,ut t urus ptts f rc vr strus Yruscts, t prtc r s t s dscct f ts ct-ud rvc ctprry scty. Ts dvpt, s tdrr, c sd t t fut f psud-trcy, cutr-cutursd t swp ffcts f sd wrd.

T xptt tt: y psud-trcy, rfrs t t fct tt dsptt ssupt tt t scty s trstd t t scr trdt, vst jrty f t pput s st uttrd. Ty r st tw

t ps f trcy d trcy; d r u t dquty cc-dt t cutur ts rpt prvrs wc k ckry ft trdt d drty. i tr wrds, w dus rsurcssp fr rt d fr ttt, t rty s tr uttr cty scty, s uc s tt suppsd t tr ct furtr t v-usf t trdt scty rrrd prvrs.

Cutr-cuturs wc t t ise loogun ise prcp (rd wrk st tdt t pvrty) s d t cs t cutur spc. T c-tprry scty ctds wt t vs f cut trs, ctf vus d t tdcy t r cvts. ordry, tdus wsd rpt prvrs wud v sudd cvt

ts dvpt tt oun ti a ko jiya fun ki i to ojo (yt turd fr ds t st); ut t rty s tt f s w vd s bo tigba, t bo ti to (t xpdt wy, t t rt wy). i tr wrds,t r scty rdy pys ttt t t vus prtd t-rt d std crts pr ssus wc r tttc tt ts rprstd trdt scts.

as t Yru wud prvry ds, agbajo owo la fii so aya(t tks ccd /tt p t t t cst), t vut f pprprt d fc pstc rdr ctprry sctydpds w prprd d ccdt t frcs f drtyc . T fct tt omo to so ile nu, o so apo iya ko (w cdfrts t , s/ sud wt dr) ps tt t

ptcs f kwd prduct wc frustrt t cuct f cu-tur vus d vrtus s ud t suffr stck, s s currty wtssd t vs cs t puc spc. T ft f prvrs ctprry scty, trfr, s k tt f t frtt st wcrcy s t cpcty t t crrst.

my prss s tt t scty wc rs fr t prst ps-tc ctrpt fcs crtc ss f drct. T ssu s ttt fudt f sc vus s csd t t dustf psud-Wstrst, wc tsf s t dquty d.Fr prvrs t wr ut f ts suffct, rrtt wctrscds r sttc curt wud rqurd sc, s t


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gaSPing FoR bReaTh: inDigenoUS ePiSTemologY anD The PoliTiCS oF KnoWleDge PRoDUCTionin YoRUba PRoVeRbS58

Yru pstcqut scts

t cycs f

kwd (ogbon),

wsd (imo) d

udrstd (oye)

Yru wud sy, omo to so ile nu, o so apo iya ko ( cd tt jtt-ss t s dsstr wt t pp). T succcty cptur tkwd ptcs s t ffcts t pc f prvrs t Yru,t prvr tt, arakun laso gbagi, ko si eno to rin ihoho de ibe (t sp fr w frc t g rkt s y t dd t s wrd-r, s t t rkt kd), pty cpturs t stut.

Proverbs in the knowledge equation

Yru pstc qut scts t cycs f kw-d (ogbon), wsd (imo) d udrstd (oye). Fr F, trtsp tw ts ky spsts s t y trwv, ut ss trdpdt, just k ttc qut. T fuy pprc-t t sfcc f kwd s t frst pr t pstcprcss, tr s d t ys prvrs tt ftur kwd str ttc trust. it sud pssd tt ts cs prt-t v wt t Yru ccpt f prvrs s strus f

Yru kwd (a).

T strt wt, t Yru prvr tt Ogbon ologbon ki i je ki a peagba ni were (s ss kwd ds t r t dr tsrqut f d) dcts tt xprc d t ty t sfttru dffrt vwpts r t quts f dr. Tsdrcty rts t t pc f drs t Yru pt. Ty srvs trprtrs d dsstrs f dus psty, us pr-vr u t trv ttrs csdrd trct, ct prvr agba ki i wa loja ki ori omo tuntun wo (t s t pss tv dr rkt wr t wrs d wud wd).i ts rrd, t prvr just td rs vy t pc f

drs t y s purvyrs f sud judts, ut s s c-tr t t tc f w d rdr. i fct, w cd r vs csdrd t cds cduct trsrsss, t s c t Yru t prvry sut tt ko ni agba nile r a oran an sile (tr s dr t prss fy/t prs ds ttk ss ck ). Suc sss r usuy dctts fwtr t prs s abiiko or akoogba (r d t trd r trdut uw). it sud td tt ts rrd, pss tr- r duct pts, trsty, t dus d t Wstr/fr duct. Ts ps tt stut wr s s st ck t rqust kwd s, t dctt s ck t tdstc stt. Ts s t scr t frt.

Kwd prduct t rr scty s y dffrt w tstt s tk t ccut. i ts cs, kwd sr, prcpsf cctv rspsty d dcrtc ts d swy. Trfr,w t Yru dcr tt Ogbon o di igi (knowledge does not tielogs of wood) d Oro sunnukin, oju sunnukun ni a fi n wo (a seriousmatter requires serious pondering), t cvt sudd s t fcttt kwd rqurs srus pdr, d c c tv py vr s. i tr wrds, csutt s cssry tck suc ssus; ftr , Ologbon kan o ta koko omi seti aso ri( ttr w kwd s s, /s ct t wtr kt,d isin wo, iworiwo wo, oun ti a ba jijo wo,gigun lo n gun (w prts csdr ssu, tr s ud t prrss)


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iduspsty

t Yru s suffr

d sp fr rt

T fct tt prvrs r vcs f kwd d r ctr tkwd prduct d, fct, strtc t kwd quts dut. i fct, prvrs r rrdd s t cr f trdtkwd cus t tprc rprstts cvyd trut c usfu surcs f sss tt v t rd.(Kz, 2009, 12).

Ts cssry drvs fr t r tur f dus scty, wrkwd s trsttd crss rts. as rty td y ak(2007):

r rrtvs wr t rrdd s fts f fcy ut s dyf t cutys cutur d pspc tuts, v s tctu prfrc f ts rrtvs ws quy sttcy dty ps. Tu

knowledge politics and intercultural

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