konstruksi image jepang sebagai negara bukan enemy …eprints.umm.ac.id/39192/1/pendahuluan.pdf ·...
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KONSTRUKSI IMAGE JEPANG SEBAGAI NEGARA BUKAN ENEMY
STATE DI TIONGKOK DAN KOREA SELATAN
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana
Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
MIFTA AULIA SYAHRHANI
201410360311140
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
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KATA PENGANTAR
Alhamdulillah, telah selesainya skripsi sebagai syarat utama untuk
mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik dengan judul Konstruksi Image Jepang
Sebagai Negara Bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan. Puji syukur
saya ucapkan kepada Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rezekinya yang melimpah
bagi saya untuk dapat menyelesaikan lembaran-lembaran ini. Sholawat serta salam
bagi junjungan kita, sang pemberi pencerahan Nabi Muhammad SAW hingga saat ini.
Konstruksi image Jepang sebagai Negara bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan
Korea Selatan merupakan permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh Jepang terutama ketika era
PM Shinzo Abe yang mana status sebagai Enemy State telah disandang oleh Jepang
sejak akhir Perang Dunia II. Dalam melihat permasalahan bagaimana Jepang
mengkonstruksi dirinya sebagai Negara bukan Enemy State di Tiongkok dan Korea
Selatan itu pula, dianalisa menggunakan teori konstruktivis. Teori konstruktivis yang
digunakan ini adalah milik Alexander Wendt mengenai identitas yang mana dapat
diketahui identitas Jepang adalah Negara pasifis.
Adapun dengan terselesaikannya skripsi ini, maka penulis mengucapkan terima
kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:
1. Allah SWT yang selalu memberikan nikmat dan karunia-Nya kepada
penulis sehingga penulis mampu menyelesaikan skripsi ini dengan baik.
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2. Kedua orang tua, Mama dan Papa tercinta yang telah mendidik, mendorong,
dan memberikan kasih sayangnya kepada penulis agar menjadi seseorang
yang tangguh dalam menghadapi segala sesuatu. Kepada kedua Kakakku,
Kak Dita dan Kak Arif , terima kasih banyak atas dukungan doa, dan
terlebih lagi motivasi yang telah diberikan.
3. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan
Ilmu Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
4. Pembimbing pertama kesayangan yakni Bapak Tonny Dian Effendi, M.Si
dan pembimbing kedua yakni Bapak Dedik Fitra Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int
atas dukungan motivasi, serta bantuan pemikirannya, saya dapat
menyelesaikan skripsi ini di waktu yang tepat.
5. Kepada almamater Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah
membesarkan serta menjadikan saya sebagai salah satu Sarjana Ilmu
Politik.
6. Kepada yang terkasih A’ang Kunaifi dan juga Hawa serta Latte yang selalu
mendengarkan curahan hati, tangisan, mendoakan dan selalu memberi
motivasi demi terselesainya dan kelancaran skripsi ini.
7. Kos Erasmus terutama kepada Safira W. Wardani, Anisya Rachmawati,
Ervina Septyaningtyas, Indana Else Wininda yang selalu mendukung,
mendoakan, memberikan motivasi dan mendengarkan keluh kesah selama
menyelesaikan lembaran-lembaran skripsi ini hingga selesai.
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8. Keluarga besar KKN 25 Pujon terutama Bella Sekartaji yang selalu menjadi
teman dikala gabut mengerjakan skripsi.
9. Kepada keluarga besar HI D terutama Veronica Tiara Rani, Roudlotul
Inayah, Erdina Putri Amalia, Aldilla Nisa Aulia, Rivanie Trizonanda RN,
Ghilda Fitrisia Rahayu, Nurfarida Hazimah terima kasih sebesar-besarnya
atas segala petuah, motivasi, teman kegabutan, teman nongkrong, dan
doanya sehingga skripsi ini dapat selesai dengan baik. Semoga pertemanan
dan persahabatan kita tak akan lekang oleh waktu.
10. Kepada sahabat SMA yaitu Anggia Dwinda Paramhyta, Istia Hajar Al
Farisy, Laila Nur Rahmadhani, Rizki Robbi Izati walaupun terpisahkan oleh
jarak terima kasih telah memberikan motivasi dan juga doanya. Semoga
persahatan kita until Jannah.
11. Pendamping SE Jepang, Bapak Tonny Dian Effendi, M.Si beserta kawan-
kawan yang turut serta yang mana keberangkatan ke Jepang dapat
memunculkan sebuah motivasi untuk lebih giat menyelesaikan skripsi
walaupun tidak lama berada di Jepang namun kenangan dan pengalaman
yang didapatkan sungguh berharga.
12. Terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang mencintai serta mengkritik saya
selama ini dan juga ucapan terima kasih saya sampaikan kepada pihak-
pihak yang terlibat dan tidak dapat penulis sebutkan satu persatu.
Penulis
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Daftar Isi
Lembar Cover Dalam . .......................................................................................... . i
Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi . ................................................................................ . ii
Lembar Pengesahan . ............................................................................................ . iii
Pernyataan Orisinalitas ......................................................................................... . iv
Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi . ......................................................................... . v
Motto. .................................................................................................................... . vi
Kata Pengantar . .................................................................................................... . vii
Abstraksi . ............................................................................................................. . x
Abstract . ............................................................................................................... . xi
Daftar Isi ............................................................................................................... . xii
Daftar Tabel . ........................................................................................................ . xvi
Daftar Grafik . ....................................................................................................... . xvii
Daftar Singkatan dan Akronim . ........................................................................... . xviii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN . ................................................................................. . 1
1.1 Latar Belakang . .............................................................................................. . 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah . ......................................................................................... . 7
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian . ..................................................................... . 7
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian . .................................................................................... . 7
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian . .................................................................................. . 8
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a. Manfaat Akademis . ........................................................................... . 8
b. Manfaat Praktis . ................................................................................ . 8
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu . ..................................................................................... . 8
1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep ........................................................................... . 18
1.5.1 Konstruktivis . ........................................................................................... . 18
1.6 Metodologi Penelitian . ................................................................................... . 28
1.6.1 Metode Penelitian ..................................................................................... . 28
1.6.1.1 Jenis Penelitian . ................................................................................. . 28
1.6.1.2 Metode Penelitian . ............................................................................. . 28
1.6.1.3 Tingkat Analisa . ................................................................................ . 28
1.6.1.4 Variabel Penelitian . ........................................................................... . 29
1.6.1.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian . ................................................................ . 29
a. Batasan Waktu ............................................................................. . 29
b. Batasan Materi ............................................................................. . 30
1.6.1.6 Teknik dan Alat Pengumpulan Data . ................................................ . 30
1.7 Hipotesa .......................................................................................................... . 30
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................................... . 32
BAB 2 JEPANG SEBAGAI ENEMY STATE. .................................................. . 35
2.1 Ekspansi Jepang di Asia Pada Perang Dunia II . ............................................ . 35
2.1.1 Perang Jepang-Tiongkok 1894-1895 . ....................................................... . 35
2.1.2 Perang Jepang di Sekutu . .......................................................................... . 38
2.1.3 Kolonialisme Jepang di Asia . ................................................................... . 42
2.2 Jepang Sebagai Negara Pasifis . ...................................................................... . 46
2.3 Pandangan Jepang Sebagai Enemy State ........................................................ . 48
2.4 Pandangan Negara Bekas Jajahan Jepang . ..................................................... . 50
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BAB 3 JEPANG SEBAGAI BUKAN ENEMY STATE . ................................. . 54
3.1 Kepentingan Jepang Mengkonstruksi Image Jepang . .................................... . 54
3.2 Upaya Jepang Mengkonstruksi Image Jepang . .............................................. . 58
3.2.1 Hard Power . ............................................................................................. . 58
3.2.1.1 Revisi Artikel 9 . ................................................................................ . 58
3.2.1.2 Proaktif Pasifisme . ............................................................................ . 62
3.2.2 Soft Power . ................................................................................................ . 64
3.2.2.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) . ......................................... . 64
3.2.2.1.1 Official Development Assistance (ODA) di Tiongkok . .......... . 67
3.2.2.1.2 Official Development Assistance (ODA) di Korea Selatan . ... . 72
3.2.2.2 Japan Foundation . ............................................................................ . 75
3.2.2.2.1 Japan Foundation di Tiongkok . ............................................. . 78
3.2.2.2.2 Japan Foundation di Korea Selatan . ...................................... . 81
3.2.2.3 Abenomic . .......................................................................................... . 83
3.2.2.3.1 Abenomic di Tiongkok . ........................................................... . 89
3.2.2.3.2 Abenomic di Korea Selatan . .................................................... . 92
3.3 Konstruksi Image Jepang Sebagai Negara Bukan Enemy State
di Tiongkok dan Korea Selatan. ..................................................................... . 93
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BAB 4 PENUTUP . .............................................................................................. . 104
4.1 Kesimpulan . ................................................................................................... . 104
4.2 Saran . .............................................................................................................. . 107
Daftar Pustaka . ..................................................................................................... . 109
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Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1 Posisi Penelitian . .................................................................................. . 15
Tabel 2 U.S Aircraft Damaged at Pearl Harbor . ............................................... . 39
Tabel 3 U.S Casualties at Pearl Harbor . ........................................................... . 40
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Daftar Grafik
Grafik 1 Opini Publik Jepang-Tiongkok . ............................................................ . 69
Grafik 2 Alasan Pandangan Negatif Tiongkok Terhadap Jepang . ...................... . 70
Grafik 3 Jumlah Pelajar Bahasa Jepang di Tiongkok . ........................................ . 79
Grafik 4 Pandangan Hubungan Masa Depan Jepang dan Tiongkok . ................. . 95
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN DAN AKRONIM
ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations
DK : Dewan Keamanan
FDI : Foreign Direct Investment
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
JENESYS : Japan East-Asia Network of Exchange for Students and Youths
JIBC : Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
JF : Japan Foundation
JLPT : Japanese Language Profiency Test
JPY : Japanese Yen
JSDF : Japan Self Defense Forces
KTT : Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi
LDP : Liberal Democratic Party
NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ODA : Official Development Assistance
PBB : Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
PDB : Produk Domestik Bruto
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PKO : Peacekeeping Operations
PM : Perdana Menteri
SCAP : Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
SDF : Self Defense Forces
UKM : Usaha Kecil Menengah
USD : United States Dollar
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………….. The Japan Foundation, Seoul: Report on the “Tadanori Yokoo Poster
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