kp 1.2.4.2 & 1.2.4.3 osteoarthrology
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kuliah pakar dr. NurTRANSCRIPT
The Skeletal The Skeletal System:System:
Structure, Function, Structure, Function, and Diseasesand Diseases
of the bones and of the bones and jointsjoints
Is this the correct anatomical position?
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
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Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
Divided into two divisions Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones
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Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
Bones of the Human BodyBones of the Human Body
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The skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone Homogeneous
Spongy bone Small needle-like
pieces of bone Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Bones are classified by their shape:
1.Long- bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)
2.Short- usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)
3.Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
4.Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)
Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
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Figure 5.1
Types of Bone CellsTypes of Bone Cells
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Osteocytes Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Changes in the Human SkeletonChanges in the Human Skeleton
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In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
Bone FracturesBone Fractures
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A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green twig
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization Realignment of the bone
Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton:
skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with
swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the axial skeletonAppendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20a
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Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts
Skull Vertebral Column Rib Cage
The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton
Slide 5.20b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
The Skull•8 sutured bones in cranium•Facial bones: 13 sutured bones 1 mandible
Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses
Bones of the SkullBones of the Skull
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Figure 5.11
Allows forgrowth
Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Slide 5.25a
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Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
The Hyoid BoneThe Hyoid Bone
Slide 5.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue, and other muscle attachments
Figure 5.12
The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column
Slide 5.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs made of cartilage
The spine has a normal S curvature
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
Thoracic cageribsthoracic
Vertebraesternumcostal cartilages
•True ribs are directly attached to the sternum(first seven pairs)•Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib•Two pairs of floating ribs
JointsA joint, or articulation, is the place where two
bones come together.
• Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
The Synovial JointThe Synovial Joint
Slide 5.51Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5.52a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape
Slide 5.52b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
Types of JointsHinge- A hinge joint allows extension and
retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)
Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)
Cranium BonesFrontal Bone
Occipital Bone
Temporal Bone
Parietal Bone
Parietal Bone
Maxilla and Mandible
Maxilla
Mandible
?
Clavicle or Collarbone• The clavicle, or
collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little finger.
Scapula• The scapula is
located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the arms.
Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck bones)
2) The thorasic region (what
the ribs attach to)
3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)
Coccyx and Sacrum
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Rib Cage
Sternum (Breastbone)
Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
Femur (Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneous
Skeletal System ReviewMy Videos\wholebodyskeleton.mov
Joints of the Body• Ball and Socket
Joint: Round end of bone fitting snuggly within another bone.– Ex. Shoulder and
Hip
Joints of the Body• Hinge Joint:
Movement at joint in one direction like a door.– Ex. Knee and
Elbow
Joints of the Body• Pivot Joint: Bone
resting atop another bone permitting free movement.– Ex. Neck, Wrist
and Ankles
Joints of the Body• Fixed Immovable:
Joint does not move– Ex. Skull
• Gliding Joint: Bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement.– Ex. Knuckles
The Connectors of the Body
• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone
The Connectors of the Body!!
• Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones
The Connectors of the Body
• Cartilage: It acts as a cushion between bones at a joint and protects the bones.